牛津词典2014年度新词出炉[提要] 1.vape——2014年，“Vape”击败一众对手，成为牛津大辞典评选出的年度新词。回顾牛津词典历年年度热词，英国的omnishambles“错的离谱”，big society”大社会“等词都有着英国人特有的严谨和学术。
1.vape——2014年，“Vape”击败一众对手，成为牛津大辞典评选出的年度新词。随着人们对健康的关注，电子水烟成为时尚新宠。英文单词Vape既代表电子香烟这一名词，也同时可以用作吸电子烟这一动词。牛津词典每年公布的年度新词都代表了这12个月以来的潮流风向，除了Vape外，他的竞争者们也十分有趣，下面就让我们一起“涨知识”吧。
2.slacktivism——slacktivism意为“懒人行动主义”，意思是天天在网络上慷慨激昂，指点江山，现实生活中却啥都不做的一类思想和行为。
3.normcore——作为小老百姓，我们常常理解不了啥是时尚，normcore就是由时尚界流行起来的一个词，意思是以穿那些面料简单，没什么设计，颜色也单一的衣服为时尚的一种潮流。通俗而言，就是“只要我自己穿着高兴，就是时尚。”
4.bae——“Hey，bae！”现在潮人们就实行这么说，其实bae这个词就是“baby”的简称，表达对朋友的亲昵。现在时尚达人和Hip-hop界的潮人们都这么说，还不赶快学起来？
5.contactless——contactless指现在智能卡和只能手机等电子设备采用的先进技术，该技术可以令电子读卡器在不接触的条件下无限读取数据，一般多用于交款和支付。
6.budtender——budtender指在大麻商
店或者大麻药店工作的店员。
7.indyref——indyref是independence referendum的缩合词，指于今年9月18日举行的苏格兰独立公投，看来苏格兰闹独立真正是英国人民不可言说之痛啊。
牛津英汉双解大辞典 Y, y / waI; waI/ n (pl Y's, y's / waIz; waIz/) the twenty-fifth letter of the English alphabet 英语字母表的第二十五个字母: `Yak' begins with (a) Y/`Y'. yak 一字以 y 字母开始. Y chromosome (biology 生) chromosome that occurs singly and only in male cells, and produces a male after combining with an X chromosome during thereproductive process Y染色体. Cf 参看 X chromosome(X). Y-fronts n [pl] (Brit propr 专利名) men's underpants, with seams and an opening in the front sewn in the shape of an inverted Y 男用内裤（前有倒Y形开口者）: a pair of Y-fronts 一条男用内裤（前有倒Y形开口者）. -y (also -ey) suff 後缀 1 (with ns forming adjs 与名词结合构成形容词) full of; having the quality of 充满...的; 多...的; 有...性质的: dusty * icy * clayey. 2 (with vs forming adjs 与动词结合构成形容词) tending to 有...倾向的; 易...的: runny * sticky. -ily (forming advs 用以构成副词). -iness (forming uncountable ns 用以构成不可数名词). -y suff 後缀 1 (with vs forming ns 与动词结合构成名词) action or process of ...的行动或过程: inquiry * expiry. 2 (also -ie) (with ns forming diminutives or pet names 与名词结合构成指小词或昵称): piggy * doggie * daddy * Susie. Y abbr 缩写 = 1 yen1. 2 / waI; waI/ (US infml 口) = YMCA, YWCA. Y / waI; waI/ symb 符号 (a) (also y) (mathematics 数) unknown quantity 未知数: x = y + 2. (b) (fig 比喻) second unknown or unspecified person, number or influence 第二个未知的或未指明的人、数或影响力: Mr X met Miss Y. X先生遇见了Y小姐. yacht / jCt; jBt/ n 1 light sailing-boat, esp one built specifically for racing 快艇; （尤指专为竞赛用的）帆船: [attrib 作定语] a yacht race, club, crew 帆船竞赛、俱乐部、（一组）选手 * a sand yacht, ie a yacht-like vehiclewith wheels for use on sand 沙滩车. 2 large (usu power-driven) vessel used for private pleasure cruising 大型（通常为机动的）游艇. Cf 参看 dinghy. yacht v [I] (usu in the continuous tenses 通常用於进行时态) travel or race in a yacht, especially as a hobby 乘坐快艇、帆船、游艇或进行比赛（尤指作为爱好）: I go yachting most weekends in the summer. 在夏天, 我大多数周末都乘快艇游玩. yachting n [U] art, practice or sport of sailing yachts 帆船驾驶（术）; 帆船驾驶运动: [attrib 作定语] yachting equipment 帆船驾驶设备. yachtsman / -smEn; -smEn/ n (pl -smen / -smEn; -smEn/, fem 阴性作 `yachtswoman) person who has
牛津词典系列 牛津辞典是英国牛津大学出版社出版的多种英语词典的统称，是英国语言词典的代表。牛津词典详细追溯了每个英语词的历史演变（对其最早的出现年代有明确的标注），释义和引证繁富，因而是英语词汇的最高权威。 牛津老大 The Oxford English Dictionary，20 Volume Set《牛津英语大辞典》【查早到1150年（的古旧词）】类似《汉语大词典》 牛津老大：最高级的牛津词典，就是The Oxford English Dictionary（20 Volume Set）简称OED，这是牛津兄弟的老大，也是英语词典界的圣经。它一共有20卷，目前国内书商动辄索价￥20000RMB。这么贵的词典谁会买呢？问得好。其实，没有任何人能够读完这本词典，它的存在更具有象征意义，象征着人类对知识无限的追求。 然而人类的这点成就这一切，在电子时代失去了骇人的体量和质感。OED的光盘版，只需要两张CD-ROM。但凡买过这套电子版的人，无不怨声载道，因为它的接口设计实在太差了。查完一个词之后，居然没有一个后退键。只能用鼠标浏览，但又不支持鼠标右键的COPY和粘贴。总之，如果花钱买来的话，大概会非常痛苦。 顺便说一句，The Oxford English Dictionary（20 Volume Set）有个缩印版，The Compact Oxford English Dictionary，内容跟OED一样，价格只要￥3200，但字体非常恐怖，是把OED四页的内容印到一页上，如果你不想写一部失乐园续集的话，最好还是打消买它的念头。 牛津老二 The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary，2 Vol.Set《牛津简编英语词典》【查早到17世纪（的古旧词）】类似《辞源》 牛津老二：The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary （2 Vol. Set），可能是牛津也觉得自己浪费森林太不象话，于是出了一个简编版。不要以为看到Shorter，就真Shorter，其实，这是牛津家族中第二大的词典。两大本3888页的厚度，也够意思了。这本词典在国内由上海外语教育出版社引进第五版。网上可以找到供Mdict词典软件使用的牛津简编词典包。 牛津老三 The New Oxford Dictionary of English《新牛津英语大词典》【查现代的（百科新词）】类似《辞海》 该词典国内已经出版了，双解版名为《新牛津英汉双解大词典》（上海外语教育出版社），在网上也要卖￥315左右。如果OED和SOED侧重词源学，引经据典太多，太学术的话，那么ODE就是给人类预备的。不过这本词典的中文翻译挺讨厌，因为把每个例句都翻译了，包括：“Yes，I will.” 这样的。如果你想拥有一本英英的原版，先不要急着去亚马逊下单，下面有一个终极解决办法，金山词霸2009[牛津版]收录其双解版。 牛津老四 Concise Oxford Dictionary《牛津简明英语词典》【查现代的（英文新词）】类似《现代汉语词典》 该词典是大学级别词典（College Dictionary），中高级用用也足够了，简称COD。由外语教学与研究出版社引进。
职称英语查词典的技巧 职称英语是闭卷考，但允许考生携带词典进入考场。关于词典，国家有明确的规定，以下词典不允许带入考场： 有职称字样的词典不要带入考场; 针对职称英语考试编写的词典不能带入考场; 电子出版物，即电子词典不能带入考场。 其它的词典国家没有明确的规定。因此建议尽量选择具备同义词、收词量相对较大的词典。 此外，能否取胜职称英语，掌握查词典的技巧，尤其是合理分配查词典的时间也是很关键的。 在以往的`考试中，很多考生把词典当成“救命稻草”，抱着一大堆各种类型的词典进考场。但往往不是多数词典派不上用场，就是因为翻词典而浪费了大量的时间无法做完 ___，因此，建议:要有针对性地带词典。例如针对英语考试中的第一部分词汇题，老师建议考生带一本同义词词典或双解词典，这类词典的特点是用几个同义词注解某一英文单词，考生可以非常方便地在注解中找到答案。
其次，为了节省时间，考生最好是带自己经常使用、习惯了其编排规律的词典。在以往的考试中，甚至有少数考生对英语词典中字母表排列顺序的规律都不了解，这等于把这一得力工具浪费了。 综上所述，带一本自己常用的，正规的双解词典就好了，因为是去参加考试，不是去翻字典。 对于词汇选择题，最好从B、C两个选项查起。根据美国权威机构通过对标准化考试的研究与分析，选择题的4个选项中，B、C两个选项是正确答案的可能性更高。从这2个选项查起，更能节约考试时间。 重点查阅单词的常用解释。单词与汉语一样，一个单词可能同时有好几个解释，但是职称英语考试中一般都只会考察单词的常用意思，因此有多个解释的单词只需查阅其前三个解释即可。 一旦将答案确定，不要再查询其它单词，以免浪费时间。有些考生希望能确认或是不太肯定所选择答案，往往就把4个选项均查询了一遍，不仅浪费了时间，也可能将原本的正确答案修改了，第一感觉是很重要的!
第四篇 Animal?s “Sixth Sense” A tsunami was triggered by an earthquake in the Indian Ocean in December, 2004. It killed tens of thousands of people in Asia and East Africa. Wild animals, 1 , seem to have escaped that terrible tsunami. This phenomenon adds weight to notions that 1 they possess a “sixth sense” for 2 , experts said. Sri Lankan wildlife officials have said the giant waves that killed over 24,000 people along the Indian Ocean island?s coast clearly 3 wild beasts, with no dead animals found. “N o elephants arc dead, not 4 a dead rabbit. I think animals can 5 disaster. They have a sixth sense. They know when things are happening,” H. D. Ratnayake, deputy director of Sri Lanka?s Wildlife Department, said about one month after the tsunami attack. The 6 washed floodwaters up to 2 miles inland at Yala National Park in the ravaged southeast, Sri Lanka?s biggest wildlife 7 and home to hundreds of wild elephants and several leopards. “There has been a lot of 8 evidence about dogs barking or birds migrating before volcanic eruptions or earthquakes. But it has not been proven,” said Matthew van Lierop, an animal behavior 9 at Johannesburg Zoo. “There have been no ＿10＿ studies because you can?t really test it in a lab or field setting 2 ,” he told Reuters. Other authorities concurred with this 11 . “Wildlife seem to be able to pick up certain 12 , especially birds … there are many reports of birds detecting impending disasters,” said Clive Walker, who has written several books on African wildlife. Animals 13 rely on the known senses such as smell or hearing to avoid danger slid as predators. The notion of an animal “sixth sense” — or 14 other mythical power is an enduring one 3 which the evidence on Sri Lanka?s ravaged coast is likely to add to. The Romans saw owls 15 omens of impending disaster and many ancient cultures viewed elephants as sacred animals endowed with special power or attributes. 词汇： tsunami /tsju:5nB:mi / n.海啸 concur /kEn5kE: / v.(with)同意，赞成 trigger /5tri^E / v.引发，触发 impending /im5pendiN / adj.迫近的 ravaged adj.被毁坏的 predator /5predEtE / n.食肉动物 leopard /5lepEd / n.豹 mythical /5miWikEl/ adj.神话般的 eruption /i5rQpFEn / n.喷发 owl /Eul / n.猫头鹰 migrate /mai5^reit / v.迁移 omen /5Eumen / n.预兆，征兆 volcanic /vCl5kAnik / adj.火山的 endow /in5dau / v.赋予注释: 1. adds weight to notions that ：更加相信…… 2. field setting ：field 意为“实地，野外”， setting 意为“环境”。 field setting 可译为“野外环境”。 3. enduring one ：由来已久的信念。 one 指代在句首出现的， noiton enduring 意为“持久的，永久的”。练习：
《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》的语法性研究 文献综述 一、该选题的国内外研究现状 《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》的语法性研究与分析对于词典的编纂提供了很好的向导，也对英语学习者对英语的学习带来了帮助。英语词典吸收了新的语言学理论，出现了许多新的释义方式，词典编纂者应时刻掌握使用者需求动态与认知习惯要求，编纂出更适合需求的词典。 （一）国外研究现状 早在二十世纪七十年代，Hornby A S于1978发表了“Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English-The complete Guide to Written and Spoken English ”的文章，从而对词典的研究打开了序幕，将词典的功能扩大化、细致化。 《牛津高阶》是历史悠久的字典，许多字典的标准是由它所建立，可以称为字典的大哥大。针对读者学习需求，不收古语、罕语，也不收字源。以国际音［IPA］为准，兼收英国音和美国英；英文定义简明；例句丰富；动词分及物和不及物，名词分可数和不可数。作为ESL词典的开山鼻祖，OALD确立了很多词典编写的标准，这些标准广泛的被其他出版社采用。OALD也一直把发行量第一作为广告来宣传自己。 A.P.Cowie于2002年发表的一篇论文名为“English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners: A History”也描述了英语词典对于外国学习者在学习英语的过程中所起到的作用，并且对其历史也作了详细的研究。同年，Rundel L.M. 也发表了一篇名为“Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners”的论文，他主要是针对一些进阶的学习者做的一些研究，他是用麦克米伦英语词典来作为研究对象，旨在通过对麦克米伦词典的研究来达到研究出增进人们学习英语的最佳途径以及编辑英语词典的方法等等。 （二）国内研究现状
牛津英语词典又加新字！「Me Time」「Hangry」考下你识几多个！以为你在求学期间已经看毕整本牛津英语词典就代表把全部英文字都学懂了？那你就大错特错啦！事关牛津英语词典每年都会增添新词，例如是网络上很多人在使用的字眼，像selfie这个字。或是一些被大家自行组合的字。只可说牛津英语词典真的是跟着这个世界的潮流在走动！ 1/ Mansplain 这个字相信是由Man+Explain洐生而成，意思是男人在解释事情上所表现的不屑、傲慢态度，一副高高在上的大男人主义。这种情况很多时是发生在而对女性上。 2/ Me Time 这个相信大家都有在使用吧？Me Time即是个人专属时间，不属于他人，是完全可以做自己放松的事情的时间。 3/ Hangry 不要以为编打错字啊！这个是hungry及angry组成的新字，意即因为肚子饿而脾气暴燥发脾气。 4/ Snowflake 雪花这个字本来就已经存在，现时加添了一个新意思，那就是用来形容一些以为自己享有特权或优待的人，是带有贬义的。 5/ Ransomware 用来形容用来进行网络攻击的勒索软件。 6/ Tomoz 大家都懒得写Tomorrow，而写Tomoz。 7/ Dickish 用来形容讨厌或可鄙的人 下面这些字都是与小孩有关的。 8/ BFN BFN=Big Fat Negative 没有怀孕 9/ BFP BFP=Big Fat Positive 怀孕
10/TTC TTC=Trying to conceive 尝试去怀孕 11/CIO CIO=Cry it out 让婴儿哭够就会睡的训练方法 现时很流行即将成为父母的都会在婴儿出世前去一次旅行，如同结婚时的honeymoon，大家叫做babymoon。
职称英语核心词汇汇总
职称英语考试备考技巧 一、词汇： 需要考生在最后阶段练习查字典，建议一天练习查60对，而且一个词汇题要反、正查，同时也要进行职称考试中常考词汇的记忆，这样可以在考试时提高速度，节省时间。 词汇题一般情况下仅凭字典一般也能做对，因此考生对自己不认识、不熟悉或没有绝对把握的题一定要通过字典来确认，从而确保词汇题100%的正确率。特别提醒考生，考试时要带上一本带有同义词的词典。且词典不能含有职称、考试等字样，更不能带电子词典。 二、阅读判断： 答题时需掌握一条原则，就是在文章中有明确提出的才能确定为对。题目中若出现must、only、all、always等时，答案一般不会是对的。 除上面的原则外，一般根据下列原则和规律也可以确定正确答案。选择A、B或C的三种情况： 选A的情况：如果某题干与原文信息完全一致或基本一致 选B的情况：如果某题干与原文信息完全相反 选C的情况：如果某题干部分或局部信息在原文中未提到 三、概括大意和完成句子： 概括大意要先看选项，寻找关键词，确定所考段落。完成句子则要根据所给的短句进行选择，比较好的方法是找同类动词。 同时读每段话时，要抓住该段话的主题句和核心词汇，正确答案常常是主题句的改写。读每段话时，并不是该段话全要仔细阅读。这样，既浪费时间，也不容易抓住重点。应该抓住该段话的主题句。 四、阅读理解： 首先要重点掌握教材上的阅读理解的重点文章的背诵，来抓住出自教材上的分数，这是顺利通过考试很关键的一步。
同时充分利用老师在课上讲的解题技巧，如大标题做题法、红花绿叶原则、顺序出题原则、关键词回归定位法通过做模拟试题来进行解题技巧的演练和应用。 在做题时要注意：搞清主旨题、细节题、推理题、逻辑关系题、观点态度题。注意标题、首尾段、首尾句、逻辑关系处、细节处等出题点；在阅读时见到日期、数量等要先做好标记，这样有重点有理有节的解题，才有可能取得满意的成绩。 五、补全短文： 要先看标题定文体，再看选项，观察选项时应注意抓主干，猜大意，弄清选项大意是表示定义、因果、例子还是措施；不要放过代词、专用名字、连接词、数字等特征词；然后回头再去看课文，明确1-5的位置。 解每道题时只需要阅读该题所在段落，不需要阅读其他段落。往往通过阅读该题目的前后句就能够确定答案，在考试时，应该注意利用以下前后句子存在的关系来做题： (1)利用转折关系 (2)利用归纳总结关系 (3)利用总分关系 (4)利用并列关系 六、完形填空： (1)掌握教材上的文章内容，尤其是2013年新增文章。把这些文章在考前一个月内，争取背到“滚瓜烂熟”，这样，就算考试时怎样变化都可以应付。 (2)语法知识的总结和固定搭配、词组的记忆。这样在做题时，阅读整篇文章，考生才能从头判断每个空所缺的词的语言形式，如词类、时态、语态，并判断该词应具有的符合文章上下文的词义，最后从给出的四个选项中，选出在语法与词义上均与原文相符合的一个。除掌握以上解题技巧外，考生最好配合在模拟真实的考试时间进行模拟试题的演练，这样不但可以直接掌握复习效果，还可以迅速找到自己的薄弱环节，通过单项训练，逐一提高成绩。最后，提醒考生，在抓紧时间复习的同时要放松心情，以轻松的心态迎接考试。预祝顺利通过考试！ 全国职称英语考试必过秘籍（免背单词+免读全文版） 1、试题概况及答题顺序 1.1、必杀技：见下表中“答题顺序”：
+141阅读判断 A Dog’s Dilemma 1. The African wild dog has been endangered. A. Right 2. The spotted hyena is on the verge of extinction. B. Wrong 3. The remaining lions will die out within decades. C. Not mentioned 4. The dominant female is always left behind to protect the young. B. Wrong 5. There is a tension between babysitting and hunting. A. Right 6. The size of a pack must be big enough for it to survive. A. Right 7. Steps will be taken to protect the African wild dog. C. Not mentioned The National Trust 1. The National Trust is financed by both （…）government allocations. B. Wrong 2. British people’s (…) been increasing. A. Right 3. Lord Lothian was one of the founders of the National Trust. C. Not mentioned 4. The Trust’s “Country House (…)to 150 old houses or so. A. Right 5. A project which is to fortify a 16th (…) approved by the National Trust. B. Wrong 6. The public may (…) food and beverage. C. Not mentioned 7. The National Trust helps promote tourism in Britain.A. Right Lower Body Fat Means Better Performance 1. Fans can be very critical of a fashion model's figure. A. Right 2. People like football stars more than they like pop stars. C. Not mentioned 3.Ronaldinho is a well-known Spanish star. B. Wrong 4. The president of Brazil showed no concern about Ronaldo's figure. B. Wrong 5. According to Carlos Alberto (…) shape has changed, A. Right 6. The football game demands a lot from players. A. Right 7. Ronaldinho often goes to pubs. C. Not mentioned 概括大意与完成句子 Is There a Way to Keep the Britain's Economy Growing 1. Paragraph 2 E Gift of Talking 2. Paragraph3 C Strength of the Creative Economy 5. Every country has its own way C to feed its people 6. The British government doesn’t seem F to worry about the British economy 7. The creative industries find it difficult E to make a profit 8. Many graduates are employed B to do low-skill jobs
牛津高阶英汉双解词典 英语谚语、格言和警句_Sayings and Proverbs 谚语、格言和警句蕴藏着人类的智慧，简短的词句、诙谐的表达中流露着人生的哲理。我希望能和大家一同分享这些睿智的语言，体悟语言世界的奥妙。现计划每天摘录一句，并附解释。如果大家对其中的某些妙句有兴趣和想法，欢迎大家针对性地发表意见；同时欢迎大家收集英语谚语、格言和警句在本贴发布，以供大家分享，最好注明出处。希望与大家快乐而智慧地共同进步。 我目前所摘的谚语、格言和警均来自《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》（第七版）【商务印书馆，牛津大学出版社（中国）有限公司，2009年4月第3版】 Below is a list of well-known sayings and proverbs: fixed phrases or sentences that give advice or say something that is generally true. 下列广泛流传的谚语、格言和警句，即给予劝戒或表达普遍真理的固定短语或句子。 1—absence makes the heart grow fonder ?英文解释：used to say that when you are away from sb that you love, you love them even more ?翻译：不相见，倍思念 2—there's no accounting for taste ?英文解释：used to say how difficult it is to understand why sb likes sb/sth that you do not like at all ?翻译：人的爱憎好恶是无法解释的；人各有所好 3—actions speak louder than words ?英文解释：what a person actually does means more than what they say they will do ?翻译：行动比言语更为响亮 4—it'll be all ringt on the night ?英文解释：used to say that a performance, an event, etc. will be successful even if the preparations for it have not gone well ?翻译：（演出、活动等）到时候自会成功的；车到山前必有路 5—the apple doesn't fall far from the tree OR—the apple never falls far from the tree ?英文解释：a child usually behaves in a similar way to his or her parent(s) ?翻译：有什么样的父母就有什么样的儿女；上行下效
《牛津高阶英语词典》（第8版）使用心得（George Chen） 如果说辞典界有什么事情发生，而可以称得上是重大消息，OALD 推出新版绝对够资格排得上前三名。学习型辞典在市场上的主流地位，任何新旧更替，必然引起话题，元老级的OALD 新版上市，当然更加受瞩目。这些辞典的前世今生，我在过去谈学习型辞典时，已着墨许多，这里就不再多谈，有兴趣的读者不妨参考过去我谈论学习型辞典的文章，或者本文末尾，我所列的几本参考书籍。 我直接进入主题，先从印刷版的前后版比较起，距离上一版大约五年了，五年的时间酝酿一个新版，差不多是个恰当的时间。这次新版与旧版版面比较，差别不大，新字增加这必然要有的。辞典封底的文字宣称有1000 new words and meanings，新字真的不是我很在意的部分，不过还是未能免俗，稍稍看一下，底下这些都是新加入的字：biofuel, malware, blogosphere, robocall, slow food, Skype, upsell, …我又从Susie Dent 的The Language Report 这本专聊新字的书找了一些，在这本OALD8 里检验。Family 与friend 结合的framily 没有；已经炒热过不少新闻的cyberbullying (网络霸凌)，也找不到。elephant in the room 收进来了，有异曲同工之妙的moose on the table 还付诸阙如，可惜。botnet 收进来了，却没有在zombie 底下加上计算机相关的新定义，又是另一个可惜之处。新字是个永远填不满的无底洞，所以新字的话题看看就好。 总页数1938，与旧本相比，多了30余页。二千页差不多是辞典容纳量的上限，再多，不易携带；再少，怕内容单薄。除了几本双解辞典之外，英文学习型辞典差不多都是这等规模。有限的纸面空间，多了新数据，势必在别的地方删除相同份量的数据。所以，印刷版末尾处看到Visual V ocabulary Builder Contents 变得充实，我们也大胆推估，其它必有别的数据被删减了。
从《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》第四版与第六版释义与注释的比较看词典发展的变迁 崔彬彬 《牛津高阶词典》Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English (以下称OALD)最早是由已故AS霍恩比先生编纂的Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English，由牛津大学出版社在1948年出版。此后，凭借其精湛的编纂技术，高度的敬业精神等因素，牛津辞典很快成为词典界的权威及英语学习者心目中的首选，因此在全世界范围内得以一版再版,并被陆续翻译成各种语言。为了紧随时代的步伐，满足我国英语学习者的迫切需要，我国引进了《牛津高阶词典》并对其进行翻译使之成为适合于中国读者使用的英汉双解词典。第一部《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》以OALD 第二版为底本编译，于1970年出版，之后二版三版……一发不可收。至今在中国已有六版《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》。每一版都见证着中外词典编纂人世世代代不懈的追求与辛勤的耕作，才使得词典发展到了今天的成熟与多姿。这些版本之间到底有什么不同？仅仅是时间上的差异，单词量的差异还是产生了其它微妙的变化？本文拟从《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》第四版与第六版释义与注释的比较来看不同版本词典的发展与变迁。《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》（以下简称牛津）第四版出版于1997年9月，共1910页。第六版出版于2004年6月，共2166页，与第四版出版的时间相隔不到七年。下面将就释义与注释为例阐述两版之间的差异。 一、释义的变化 释义的变化首先体现在前言中。在牛津第四版的前言中，没有对释义进行单独介绍。但在第六版中不仅包含此项内容，并有“释义说明”一项，占据两页的篇幅。可见第六版的编纂者已经赋予释义新的内涵及重要性并对此加强了阐释力度。编者在序言中指出“所有释义均用不超过3000的词汇解释。释义中所用词汇在附录8中给与列出。”（见牛津第六版序言）3000的词汇量已控制的非常小，接近高中生的词汇水平，也就是说连中学生都可以看得懂，可见编纂者在释义上所下的功夫与其独具匠心。下面主要以forgive及frenetic为例，具体看一下与第四版相比，第六版在释义方面有哪些改进。为清楚起见，释义将逐条列出。 forgive: 1. [Tn, Tn·pr, Dn·n]~ sth, ~ sb (for sth/doing sth) stop being angry or bitter towards sb or about sth; stop blaming or wanting to punish sb原谅；宽恕；饶恕（4版） 1. ~ sb/yourself (for sth/for doing sth)to stop feeling angry with sb who has done sth to harm, annoy or upset you; to stop feeling angry with yourself原谅；宽恕（6版） 从这一释义对比中，可以看出第六版有很大改进：如在释义之首用介词to开始，使表述更加严谨；在释义的措辞上也更注重科学性，更加易懂，如改being angry 为feeling angry；删除了词义中所没有的义项，如stop blaming or wanting to punish sb，取而代之的是stop feeling angry with sb who has done sth to harm, annoy or upset you。尽管只是一个简单的改变，却使得词典使用者更加清晰明了forgive所能应用的情景。原谅只是说明一个人已不再对别人或自己生气，而并不能表明此人还有要责备或惩罚别人的意思；另外，可以很明显的看到，在第四版具体释义前面出现的[Tn, Tn·pr, Dn·n]在第六版中已消失不见，这更利于英语学习者的使用。另外，在第六版中增加了to stop feeling angry with yourself，使得语言学习者
2014职称英语《综合B》真题及答案 第一部分：词汇选项 下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。 1.The group does not advocate the use of violence. A.support B.limit C.regulate D.oppose 2.His stomach felt hollow with fear. A.empty B.sincere C.respectful D.terrible 3.His professional career spanned 16 years. A.started B.changed C.moved https://www.doczj.com/doc/7d14427062.html,sted 4.His knowledge of French is fair. A.very useful B.very limited C.rather special D.quite good 5.Afterwards there was just a feeling of let-down. A.disappointment B.excitement C.anger D.calm 6.It was a magic night until the spell was broken. A.charm B.time C.space D.opportunity 7.The worst agonies of the war were now beginning. A.parts
B.pains C.aspects D.results 8.He led a very moral life. A.human B.intelligent C.natural D.honorable 9.They are trying to identify what is wrong with the present system. A.discover B.prove C.consider D.imagine 10.Several windows had been smashed. A.cleaned B.replaced C.broken D.fixed 11.London quickly became a flourishing port. A.successful B.major https://www.doczj.com/doc/7d14427062.html,rge https://www.doczj.com/doc/7d14427062.html,mercial 12.The committee was asked to render a report on the housing situation. A.copy B.publish C.summarize D.furnish 13.The curriculum was too narrow and too rigid. A.hidden B.traditional C.official D.inflexible 14.The majority of people around here are decent. A.real B.honest C.normal D.wealthy
https://www.doczj.com/doc/7d14427062.html,/ .375. School Lunch Research has shown that over half the children in Britain who take their own lunches to school do not eat properly in the middle of the day.In Britain schools have to provide meals at lunchtime.Children can choose to bring their own food or have lunch at the school canteen. One shocking finding of this research is that school meals are much healthier than lunches prepared by parents.There are strict standards for the preparation of school meals,which have to include one portion of fruit and one of vegetables,as well as meat,a dairy item and starchy food like bread or pasta.Lunchboxes examined by researchers contained sweet drinks,crisps and chocolate bars.Children consume twice as much sugar as they should at lunch time. The research will provide a better understanding of why the percentage of overweight students in Britain has increased in the last decade.Unfortunately,the government cannot criticise parents,but it can remind them of the nutritional value of milk,fruit and vegetables.Small changes in their children’s diet can_affect their future health.Children can easily develop bad eating_habits at this age,and parents are the only ones who can prevent it.A Powerful Influence There can be no doubt at all that the Internet has made a huge difference1to our lives.Parents are worried that children spend too much time playing on the Internet,hardly ever doing anything else in their spare time.Naturally,parents are curious to find out why the Internet is so attractive,and they want to know if it can be harmful for their children.Should parents worry if their children are spending that much time staring at their computers? Obviously,if children are bent over their computers for hours,absorbed in some game,instead of doing their homework,then something is wrong.Parents and children could decide how much use the child should_make of the Internet,and the child should give his or her word that it won’t interfere with homework.If the child is not holding to this arrangement,the parent can take more drastic steps dealing with a child’s use of the Internet is not much different from negotiating any other sort of bargain about behaviour.Any parent who is_seriously alarmed about a child’s behaviour should make an appointment to discuss the matter with a teacher.Spending time in front of the screen does not necessarily affect a child’s performance at school.Even if a child is absolutely crazy about using the Internet,he or she is probably just going through a phase,and in a few months there will be something else to worry about!The Old Gate In the Middle Ages the vast majority of European cities had walls around them.This was partly for defensive reasons but another factor was the need to keep out anyone regarded as undesirable,like people with contagious diseases.The Old City of London gates were all demolished by the end of the 18th century.The last of London’s gates was removed a century ago,but by a stroke of luck,it was never destroyed. This gate is,in actual fact,not called a gate at all;its name is Temple Bar,and it marked the boundary between the Old City of London and Westminster.In 1878the Council of London took the Bar down,numbered the stones and put the gate in storage because its design was unfashionable it was expensive to maintain and it was blocking the traffic. The Temple Bar Trust was set up in the 1970’s with the intention of returning the gate home.The aim of the Trust is the preservation of the nation’s architectural heritage.Transporting the gate will mean physically pulling it down,stone by stone,removing and rebuilding it near St Paul’s Cathedral.Most of the facade of the gate will probably be replaced,though there is a good chance that the basic structure will be sound.The hardest job of all,however,will be to recreate the statues of the monarchs that once stood on top of the gate.Family History In an age when technology is developing faster than ever before,many people are being attracted to the idea of looking back into the past.One way they can do this is by investigating their own family history.They can try to find out more about where their families came from and what they did.This is now a fast-growing hobby,especially in countries with a fairly short history,like Australia and the United States. It is one thing to spend some time going through a book on family history and to take the decision to investigate your own family’s past.It is quite another to carry out the research work successfully.It is easy to set about it in a disorganized way and_cause yourself many problems which could have been avoided with a little forward planning. If your own family stories tell you that you are connected with a famous character,whether hero or criminal,do not let this idea take over your research.Just treat it as an interesting possibility.A simple system for collecting and storing your information will be adequate to start with;a more complex one may only get in your way.The most important thing,though,is to get started.Who knows what you might find? Helen and Martin With a thoughtful sigh,Helen turned away from the window and walked back to her favourite armchair.Would her brother never arrive?For a brief moment,she wondered if she really cared that much. Over the years Helen had given up waiting for Martin to take an interest in her.Her feelings for him had gradually weakened until now,as she sat waiting for him,she experienced no more than a sister’s curiosity to see what had become of her brother. Almost without warning,Martin had lost his job with a busy publishing company after spending the last eight years in New York as a key figure in the US office.Somehow the two of them hadn’t bothered to keep in touch and,left alone,Helen had slowly found