Theranostic vitamin E TPGS micelles of transferrin conjugation for targeted co-delovery of docetaxel

Vitamins ---- Translation1.Researchers found that the level of vitamin C stored in the body of the victim with a common cold fell drastically and was close to the level of people suffering from scurvy.2.Minor degrees of vitamin C deficiency are common, though outright scurvy only occur when the diet is markedly deficient in fresh fruits and vegetables.3.Vitamins are organic compounds that must be supplied in the diet or injected into the body to maintain health.4.Vitamins produce no energy but play an essential role in the transformation of energy and in the regulation of metabolism.5.Vitamins are classified/distinguished by the letters of the alphabet, such as vitamins A, C, D, E, K and the B-complex.6.Vitamins and minerals are found in small amounts and are needed in minute quantities, as compared with the other nutrients.7.The diseases which develop from the absence of vitamins are known as vitamin deficiency diseases. For example, a lack of vitamin A brings about night blindness; a deficiency of vitamin D results in rickets.8.Some vitamins are soluble in fats whereas others are soluble in water. They are, therefore, termed fat-soluble and water soluble vitamins respectively.9.In addition to the general nutrients, another two groups of nutrients, vitamins and inorganic, or mineral, salts are also required by the body.10.Most nutrients contain more than one nutrient, but no single food contains all the nutrients in the amounts you need.食物抗癌1.Overwhelming statistical evidence shows that smokers are more likely to develop cancer of the lung, throat, and tongue than are non-smokers.2.Fruits and vegetables are chock-full of a variety of antioxidants which can snuff out oxygen free radicals, substances that are thought to make cells more susceptible to cancer.3.A well-balanced diet will give your body various nutrients of vitamins, minerals, proteins, starches, and sugars that it needs to operate smoothly.4.The risk of lung cancer is directly related to the number of cigarettes smoked each day--the higher the number, the higher the risk.5.Even smokers may be protected from developing lung cancer by a daily portion of carrots, spinach or any other vegetables and fruits.6.Some studies of animals and humans have suggested that vitamin A offers some protection against lung cancer.7.Further studies will be necessary before the link between lung cancer and carotene can be firmly established.8.Animal studies show that garlic blocks carcinogens that have been linked to colon and stomach cancer.9.A diet of more fruits and vegetables will undoubtedly play a major role in reducing cancer incidence as well as the number of deaths caused by the disease.10.Beta-carotene not only has a direct toxic effect on tumor cells, but also reduces the growth of lung-cancer cells and altered the proteins needed for tumors to grow.化学与物质----Translation1.Briefly speaking, a scientist differs from an artist mainly in that a scientist not only interprets the outer world, but also tries to transform it into a better one.2.Science begins with necessity, curiosity, and questions about the unexplained phenomena in nature.3.The ways in which an element or a compound combines or reacts with other things are its chemical properties.4.The chemist is interested in the composition and properties of substances and the transformations they undergo during a chemical reaction.5.It is very easy to fall into the habit of taking some painkiller when there is any slight pain.6.The delicate operations performed by surgeons today would not be possible without anesthetics.7.Today it is generally recognised that the human body is a chemical factory in which countless complex chemical and physicalchanges are constantly taking place.8.The substance salt is composed of the metal sodium and the corrosive gas chlorine, but its chemical properties are quite different from those of sodium and chlorine.9.Chemotherapy is the treatment of disease by the administration of chemical substances which kill or prevent the growth of pathogenic organisms within the body.10.Substances that lessen pain but do not affect other sensations are called pain relieving drugs.麻醉药Translation1.It is not many years since a man who had to have an operation felt all its pain.2.It is attributable to the discovery of anesthetics that surgeons can now perform all kinds of operations without causing pain.3.Spinal anesthesia produces excellent anesthesia and relaxation for the performance of many operations on the lower parts of the body.4.The exact mechanism in which the general anesthetic drugs exert their effect on the brain is still unknown, although many theories have been proposed.5.The introduction of anesthetics to surgery has made possible much more delicate and lengthy operations, thus greatly extending the field of surgery.6.Narcotics are applied to those drugs which are sedative in their action upon the body but which also produce insensibility to pain.7.Contrary to what one might think, it’s only 50 years or so since penicillin, the antibiotic once regarded as the wonder drug, came into being.8.Scientists point out that since the sedative action of a drug results from its effect on the nerves, it must possess solubility in the fluids of the body which surround the nerves.9.An anesthetic must be volatile if it is to be administered through oral inhalation, while those which can be administered through the rectum or injected into the spine do not have to be volatile.10.In spite of the danger of a patient’s contracting pneumonia after the use of ether as an anesthetic, ether is still widely employed because the anesthesia it produces is one of deep relaxation.绿色药房-草药Translation1.The plant kingdom was once man’s only pharmacy. Yet when you enter a modern chemist’s shop today, you can hardly find a sign of the use of plants in medicine.2.Today the number of plants used in medicine has decreased, but hidden away in many pills, capsules, and medicine bottles are the active chemicals originally found in the plant kingdom.3.Some chemicals which plants make may be poisonous, others may be chemicals that are extremely valuable to us as medicines.4.During the many thousands of years that man has been on the earth, he has been trying out various plants that grew around him.5.There has existed for many years mistrust, suspicion or hostility between the orthodox and the herbal practitioner which threatens the possibility of a good working relationship.6.When one considers the therapeutic impact of quinine, it is evident how great is the debt of medicine to plant-derived drugs.7.However, the past few decades have witnessed an obvious diminution in the number of plant-derived drugs introduced into medicine.8.The legacy of traditional Chinese medicine is a treasure house with an inexhaustible supply of new potential drugs which is to be explored with an introduction of new approaches.9.Had pharmacological approaches not been introduced into the investigation of Vinca rosea, the discovery of vincalcukoblastine would have been postponed by many years.10.Western practitioners find it difficult to believe that someone who knows nothing of a disease mechanism could still be capable of curing it.Natural Products1. One of the oldest of human activities is the study of plants and animals, particularly as sources of food.2.From the earliest times man had to distinguish between those plants which were poisonous and those which were not and there graduall y developed a knowledge of natural drugs.3. As late as the beginning of the present century pharmacognosy had developed mainly on the botanical side, being particularly concerned with the description and identification of drugs.4.Undoubtedly the plant kingdom still holds many species of plants containing substances of medical value which have yet to be discover ed.5. As a result of modern isolation and pharmacological testing procedures, new plant drugs usually find their way into medicine as purified substances.6. Many of the botanical, chemical and physical techniques employed in pharmacognosy are also applicable to the analysis of other comm odities, such as foods, spices and cosmetics.7. While pharmacognosy has been generally studied for practical purposes and may thus be called an applied science it has played an imp ortant role in the development of the pure sciences.8. Recent phytochemical examination of plants which have a suitable history of use in folklore for the treatment of cancer has, indeed, oft en resulted in the isolation of principles with antitumour activity.9. The growth of knowledge of biochemistry and physiology, which led to the concept of the chemical control of biological processes, has been of particular importance for pharmacology.10. Primitive man depended on preventive use of nature’s stock of plants and herbs to avoid disease and to maintain health and vigor.有机化学Translation1. The remarkable advances made in modern medicine would not have been possible without the aid of chemistry.2. Since the body is essentially a chemical machine, a knowledge of the chemistry of bodily functions seems essential to the physician.3. The production of food by plants and animals involves the rearrangement of atoms in molecules.4. Fortunately, few kinds of work seem to urge people on to success more effectively than does the pursuit of chemistry.5. So far the motive behind the search for synthetics has been a wish to produce better things for less money, and for more people.6. Isolation of increasing numbers of purified materials from living forms and recognition of the fact that all contained carbon gave birth to organic chemistry.7. When coal is burned in a furnace it combines with oxygen to give carbon dioxide, a new substance with different composition and properties from coal and oxygen.8. Many specific chemical reactions are important because of the energy which they use or supply.9. In the study of organic chemistry, students are expected to use familiar symbols which are constructed into two- or three-dimensional molecular formulas.10.From the food we eat, the clothes we wear to the buildings we live in, all have been fashioned to a considerable extent by organic chemistry.新药研制1Translation1.Formerly, drugs were extracted from natural plants and animal sources, and therapeutic use was based on traditional experience.2.Drug development strategies involve serendipity, molecular roulette, programmed basic research with synthesis of specific chemical, etc..3.Though it’s the most satisfying in the development of new drugs, the approach is expensive and there is no guarantee of success.4.When a drug is used by millions, there are certain to be adverse reactions even though the risk to any individual is small.5.Most drugs have a safe upper limit of dosage; beyond this toxic effects may be expected to occur.6.Penicillin, one of the most powerful killers of bacteria was discovered quite by accident by Alexander Fleming.7.Pharmacological experiment on a new drug determines whether the drug has the desired profile of action in model system.8.The increase in knowledge of biochemical mechanisms results in a more rational approach to the development of new drugs.9.Extensive formal toxicological tests are required before a new drug can be used on patients.10.Chemists and biologists have now attached great importance to such fields of research as molecular biology and biochemicalpharmacology.新药研制 2 Translation1.The rationale for the development of new drugs should be provide better drugs; better in the sense of being either more effective, safer or cheaper.2.The representative of the pharmaceutical manufacturer has been specially trained to promote his particular new product.3.Only after animal studies have proved efficacy can clinical evaluation of new drugs be undertaken.4.New drug evaluation in man can be divided into four phases each of which should be conducted under strict supervision.5.A dose-ranging study should only be performed on volunteers who are informed about the implications of the tests, and who give their consent freely.6.Dose-ranging studies should only be performed under medical supervision, as there exist some possible risks during the test.rge scale clinical trials in Phase 3 are to establish new drug’s profile of action and frequency of adverse effects.8.The expensive cost in drug development is borne by the pharmaceutical manufacturer, which justifiably expects to recoup it when the product is finally marketed.rmation about the new drug published in well-established journals is more reliable than that offered by the medical representative whose livelihood depends on the ability to promote the product.10.Heavy investment in promotion has not simply led to the use of undistinguished new drugs, but to a higher cost of the drugs as well.药理学范畴Translation1.The science of the effects of drugs on the body is called pharmacology, and the scientists who study it are pharmacologists.2.Pharmacology is not a science that can be studied on its own, but that closely related to other branches of science.3.Pharmacologists should not only understand the normal processes that take place in the body, but know how the functions of the body are affected by disease.4.Properly used, drugs are great blessing to mankind; improperly used, they could destroy the race.5.During the first part of the twentieth century there have been enormous strides in the field of pharmacology.6.Man continues to strive, not only for a longer life span, but for a healthier one as well.7.With the frequent use of more than one therapeutic agent by a patient, particularly the elderly, drug interactions that result in toxicity are likely events.8.The clinician is interested primarily in drugs that are useful in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases.9.Most of the natural drugs are now highly purified and differ little from synthetic chemicals, the interests of the clinician in pharmacognosy are correspondingly decreased.10.As a border science, pharmacodynamics borrows freely from both the theories and experimental techniques of physiology, biochemistry, immunology, pathology, etc..良药滥用-----Translation1.Although the development of antibiotics has been of incalculable benefit to mankind, it has also given rise to serious complications.2.The widespread use of antibiotics has resulted in the natural evolution of strains of disease germs which are resistant to such medications.3.A new multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, now prevalent in the world, causes serious infections that may not respond to chemotherapy.4.Some antibiotics are effective against a large range of microorganisms, they are, therefore, known as broad-spectrum antibiotics.5.Some drugs may not cause physical dependence, or addiction, but many persons do become habituated to their use.6.Drug abuse is thought of as the misuse of drugs potentially harmful to the individual user or to society.7.Many persons, believing that antibiotics can cure any disease, press their doctors for a dose of penicillin for such virus ailment as influenza.8.Addiction is the body’s continued need for drugs because of their physiological effects after they are first taken.9.In comparison, the inadequacies and potential dangers of antibiotics are much less widely known.10.Antibiotics are used so carelessly around the world that they are creating a new health threat to mankind.抗癌的食物（全文翻译）现在饮食开始被考虑作为抵抗癌症的主要武器。

维生素c能抑制疾病英语作文英文回答：Vitamin C is an essential nutrient that plays a vital role in maintaining overall health and well-being. Its potent antioxidant properties have made it a subject of extensive research, particularly in the context of its potential role in disease prevention. Here's a comprehensive overview of the evidence supporting the disease-fighting benefits of vitamin C:Immune Function:Vitamin C is crucial for a robust immune system. It supports the production, maturation, and function of immune cells, including white blood cells and antibodies. This enhanced immune response helps the body fight offinfections caused by viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens. Studies have shown that regular vitamin C intake can reduce the duration and severity of common colds and infections.Cardiovascular Health:Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant that helps protect against oxidative damage caused by free radicals. These free radicals can contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases such as heart disease and stroke. Vitamin C supplementation has been associated with lower levels of LDL ("bad") cholesterol and improved blood vessel health, reducing the risk of heart disease.Cancer Prevention:Although the exact mechanisms are still being explored, research suggests that vitamin C may play a role in cancer prevention. Its antioxidant properties help neutralize free radicals that can damage DNA and lead to cancer formation. Additionally, vitamin C may enhance the immune system's ability to recognize and eliminate cancer cells. Studies have shown a potential association between higher vitamin C intake and reduced risk of some types of cancer, including lung, prostate, and colorectal cancer.Eye Health:Vitamin C is essential for maintaining eye health. Itis a major component of the lens and helps protect against age-related eye diseases such as cataracts and macular degeneration. Regular intake of vitamin C has been shown to reduce the risk of these eye conditions and preserve vision.Other Benefits:Beyond its disease-fighting benefits, vitamin C plays a role in various other bodily functions, including:Collagen Production: Vitamin C is necessary for the synthesis of collagen, a protein that provides structureand support to connective tissues.Iron Absorption: Vitamin C enhances the absorption of iron from plant-based foods, improving iron levels and preventing anemia.Skin Health: Vitamin C supports skin health by protecting against sun damage and promoting collagen production, giving the skin a youthful and radiant appearance.中文回答：维生素C可以抑制疾病。

Unit,24年小学六年级上册英语第四单元期中试卷考试时间：90分钟（总分:110）B卷一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 听力题：A chemical that promotes combustion is called an ______.2. 选择题：What do you call the part of the day when the sun rises?A. MorningB. EveningC. AfternoonD. Night3. 填空题：I want to learn how to ________ (骑自行车).4. 选择题：What is the opposite of fast?A. QuickB. SlowC. SpeedyD. Rapid5. 选择题：What is the name of the famous ancient city in Egypt?A. CairoB. AlexandriaC. ThebesD. All of the above6. 填空题：The ________ (海岸线) is long and sandy.7. 选择题：What do you call the process of a seed growing into a plant?A. GerminationB. FertilizationC. PollinationD. Photosynthesis答案: A8. 选择题：What is the largest planet in our solar system?A. EarthB. MarsC. JupiterD. Venus9. 听力题：A _____ is a small celestial body that orbits the sun.10. 选择题：Which animal says "meow"?A. DogB. CatC. CowD. Sheep11. 听力题：The baby is _____ on the floor. (crawling)12. 填空题：My sister has a __________ (可爱的) smile.13. 听力题：I have a ___ (project/test) next week.14. 听力题：The pizza is ___ (delicious/yummy).15. 填空题：The _____ (根) helps to anchor the plant in the soil.16. 填空题：The dog barks _______ (很大声).17. 选择题：What do we call the act of telling someone to be quiet?A. SilenceB. HushC. ShhD. Quiet答案:B18. 填空题：__________ (表面张力) affects how liquids behave in different environments.19. 填空题：The _______ (The New Deal) introduced various programs to combat economic hardship.20. 听力题：An object that spins will continue to ______ (spin) unless acted upon by a force.21. 填空题：My aunt works as a __________ (护士) in the clinic.22. 填空题：The ancient Romans utilized ________ to enhance their architecture.23. 选择题：Which fruit is yellow?A. AppleB. BananaC. CherryD. Grape答案: B24. 选择题：What is the capital city of Samoa?A. ApiaB. Pago PagoC. MulifanuaD. Lalomanu25. 选择题：What do we call the main character in a story?A. AntagonistB. ProtagonistC. Supporting characterD. Minor character答案:B26. 选择题：What do you call a person who makes movies?A. DirectorB. ProducerC. ActorD. Filmmaker27. 填空题：My favorite holiday is ________ (万圣节) for the costumes.28. 填空题：I enjoy doing ______ (实验) in science class. It helps me learn through hands-on activities.29. 填空题：My dog has a very ______ (友好的) personality.30. 选择题：What do you call the act of doing something useful for someone else?A. HelpingB. AssistingC. ServingD. Supporting答案: A31. 选择题：How many months are there in a year?A. 10B. 12C. 11D. 932. 填空题：Brazil is famous for its _____ (47) during Carnival.33. 选择题：What is the opposite of "love"?A. HateB. LikeC. CareD. Enjoy34. 填空题：The ________ (农业实践改进) ensures sustainability.35. 听力题：The antelope is quick and agile in the ____.What do we call a person who catches fish?A. FishermanB. HunterC. FarmerD. Forager37. 选择题：What is the name of the famous mountain range in South America?A. RockiesB. AndesC. HimalayasD. Alps答案:B38. 填空题：The _____ (大自然) provides many resources.39. 听力题：A base turns red litmus paper ______.40. 选择题：Which animal is known for its ability to change colors?A. ChameleonB. FrogC. SnakeD. Fish答案: A41. 填空题：I love to ______ (与朋友分享) my interests.42. 选择题：What is the capital city of Angola?A. LuandaB. BenguelaC. HuamboD. Lubango43. 听力题：Chemical kinetics studies the rates of ______ reactions.44. 听力题：The process of ______ occurs when minerals crystallize.What do you call a small, flying insect that makes honey?A. BeeB. FlyC. MosquitoD. Ant答案:A46. 听力题：The process of changing from a gas to a liquid is called _______.47. 选择题：What is the largest mammal in the world?A. ElephantB. Blue WhaleC. GiraffeD. Hippo答案:B48. 听力题：The __________ is the process of a liquid turning into a solid.49. 选择题：What do we call the soft tissue inside bones?A. CartilageB. MarrowC. TendonD. Ligament答案:B50. 听力题：The chemical formula for brassylic acid is ______.51. 填空题：The __________ is known for its ancient temples and pyramids. (埃及)52. 填空题：A _______ (海马) swims in the sea.53. 听力题：The ____ is a small insect that can be found in many gardens.54. 听力题：The sandwiches are ___ (fresh/old).What is the term for the amount of space an object occupies?A. MassB. VolumeC. WeightD. Density答案:B56. 填空题：The ________ (地壳) is constantly changing.57. 填空题：I hope to make a positive impact on my _______ (社区). Every little effort counts.58. 听力题：A _______ is a solution that cannot dissolve any more solute.59. 选择题：What is the name of the famous American holiday celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November?A. ThanksgivingB. ChristmasC. New Year'sD. Independence Day答案:A60. 填空题：A _____ (盆栽) can add charm to any room.61. 填空题：In PE class, we play many sports like ________ (篮球) and ________ (排球). It helps us stay ________ (健康).62. 填空题：I enjoy going to the ______ (博物馆) to learn about science and history.63. 选择题：What do we call the time it takes for the Earth to rotate once on its axis?A. YearB. MonthC. DayD. Hour答案:C. DayWhich animal is known for its long neck?A. ElephantB. GiraffeC. HorseD. Dog答案:B65. 听力题：The cat likes to _____ in the sun. (nap)66. 填空题：The ______ (植物的医用特性) are explored in research.67. 选择题：What is the opposite of "happy"?A. JoyfulB. SadC. ExcitedD. Angry答案:B68. 选择题：What is 20 15?A. 4B. 5C. 6D. 769. 听力题：The teacher is very ________.70. 听力题：The process of ______ can lead to the formation of new landforms.71. 选择题：What do you call the middle of the Earth?A. CrustB. MantleC. CoreD. Shell答案: C72. 听力题：The _____ (钱包) is on the table.What is the name of the famous lighthouse in Greece?A. Pharos of AlexandriaB. Cape HatterasC. Eddystone LighthouseD. Portland Head Lighthouse74. 听力题：Turtles have a hard ______ for protection.75. 选择题：Which of these is a popular sport?A. ChessB. FencingC. FootballD. Knitting76. 听力题：They like _____ (to run) in the park.77. 填空题：My friend, ______ (我的朋友), has a pet rabbit.78. 听力题：She has a red ___. (bike)79. 选择题：What do we call a young alligator?A. HatchlingB. PupC. KitD. Chick答案:A. Hatchling80. 填空题：I can ______ (跑) fast.81. 填空题：Playing with toys helps me learn how to ________ (动词) with others. It teaches me important ________ (名词).82. 听力题：A chemical change can result in a change in ______.83. 选择题：What is the term for a plant that grows in dry conditions?A. AquaticB. TerrestrialC. XerophyticD. Epiphytic答案:C84. 选择题：What is the name of the famous ancient city in Peru?A. Machu PicchuB. CuscoC. LimaD. Arequipa答案:A85. 填空题：We have _______ for breakfast.86. 听力题：The girl loves to ________.87. 选择题：What is the name of the famous archaeological site in Italy?A. PompeiiB. HerculaneumC. Ostia AnticaD. All of the above答案: D. All of the above88. 填空题：My favorite _____ (玩具小汽车) is red.89. 填空题：Planting trees can help combat ______ (气候变化).90. 听力题：The Earth's surface is influenced by both climatic and ______ factors.91. 填空题：The _____ (野生)flowers bloom in springtime.92. 选择题：What do you call a solid that has no definite shape?A. LiquidB. GasC. SolidD. Plasma答案:A93. 听力题：I like to ride my ______ (bike) after school.94. 填空题：The _______ (The Treaty of Versailles) ended World War I and imposed penalties on Germany.95. 选择题：What do you call a baby cow?A. CalfB. FoalC. KidD. Lamb答案:A96. 填空题：The country known for its tea ceremonies is ________ (日本).97. 听力题：The __________ can indicate areas at risk of environmental degradation.98. 听力题：The _______ of an object can be changed by adding or removing mass.99. n Wall fell in _____. 填空题：The Berl100. 听力题：An emulsion is a mixture of two liquids that do not _____.。

6376Vitamin / Official MonographsUSP 39r U= peak area of the all-trans -retinyl ester from theADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTSSample solution•P ACKAGING AND S TORAGE : Preserve in tight containers,r S = peak area of the all-trans -retinyl ester from theand store at room temperature. Protect Tablets from appropriate Standard solutionlight.C S = concentration of retinol in the appropriate•L ABELING : Label it to indicate the chemical form of vita-Standard solution (µg/mL)min A present, and to indicate the vitamin A activity in C U = nominal concentration of vitamin A, as retinol,terms of the equivalent amount of retinol. Vitamin A ac-in the Sample solution (µg/mL)tivity may be stated also in USP units. USP units of activ-Acceptance criteria: 95.0%–120.0% of the labeled ity for vitamins, where such exist or formerly existed, are amount of vitamin A, as retinol (C 20H 30O)equivalent to the corresponding international units,where such formerly existed. International units (IU) for PERFORMANCE TESTS vitamins also have been discontinued; however, the use •D ISSOLUTION 〈711〉of IU on the labels of vitamin products continues. Where [N OTE —Perform this test under light conditions that min-articles are labeled in terms of Units in addition to the imize photo degradation.]required labeling, the relationship of the USP Units or IU Medium: 1% (w/v) sodium ascorbate and 1% (w/v)to mass is as follows. One USP Vitamin A Unit = 0.3µg of octoxynol 9 in 0.05 M phosphate buffer pH 6.8;all-trans -retinol (vitamin A alcohol) or 0.344µg of all-900mLtrans -retinyl acetate (vitamin A acetate) or 0.55µg of all-Apparatus 2: 75 rpm trans -retinyl palmitate (vitamin A palmitate), and 1µg of Time: 45 minretinol (3.3 USP Vitamin A Units) = 1 retinol equivalent Standard solution: Dissolve a suitable amount of USP (RE).Retinyl Acetate RS or USP Retinyl Palmitate RS in isopro-•USP R EFERENCE S TANDARDS 〈11〉pyl alcohol, and dilute with Medium to obtain the con-USP Retinyl Acetate RS centration similar to that expected in the Sample solu-USP Retinyl Palmitate RStion . [N OTE —The amount of isopropyl alcohol should be 5%–10%.]Sample solution: Withdraw a portion of the solution under test, pass through a suitable filter of 0.45-µm pore size, and use the pooled sample as the test speci-Vitamin Emen.Solution A: Methanol and water (90:10)DEFINITIONSolution B: Methanol and isopropyl alcohol (55:45)Vitamin E is a form of alpha tocopherol (C 29H 50O 2). It in-Mobile phase: See the gradient table below.cludes the following: d - or dl -alpha tocopherol (C 29H 50O 2);d - or dl -alpha tocopheryl acetate (C 31H 52O 3); d - or dl -alpha Time Solution ASolution B tocopheryl acid succinate (C 33H 54O 5). It contains NLT (min) (%) (%)96.0% and NMT 102.0% of C 29H 50O 2, C 31H 52O 3, or 01000C 33H 54O 5, respectively.80100IDENTIFICATION 130100•A .13.11000[N OTE —Use low-actinic glassware.]15100Sample solutionsAlpha tocopherol: 1mg/mL in dehydrated alcohol Chromatographic systemAlpha tocopheryl acetate: Transfer 220mg of d - or (See Chromatography 〈621〉, System Suitability ).dl -alpha tocopheryl acetate to a round-bottom, glass-Mode: LCstoppered, 150-mL flask, and dissolve in 25mL of de-Detector: UV 325 nmhydrated alcohol. Add 20mL of diluted sulfuric acid in Column: 4.6-mm × 10-cm; 3-µm packing L1alcohol (1 in 7), and reflux in an all-glass apparatus for Flow rate: 1.0mL/min 3 h, protected from sunlight. Cool, transfer to aInjection size: 50µL 200-mL volumetric flask, and add diluted sulfuric acid System suitabilityin alcohol (1 in 72) to volume.Sample: Standard solution Alpha tocopheryl acid succinate: Transfer an amount Suitability requirementsof the sample, equivalent to 200mg of alpha tocoph-Tailing factor: NMT 1.5 for retinyl acetate and NMT erol, to a round-bottom, glass-stoppered, 250-mL 2.0 for retinyl palmitateflask, dissolve in 50mL of dehydrated alcohol, and re-Relative standard deviation: NMT 2.0%flux for 1 min. While the solution is boiling, add,Analysisthrough the condenser, 1g of potassium hydroxide Samples: Standard solution and Sample solutionpellets, one at a time to avoid overheating.Calculate the percentage of the labeled amount of re- [C AUTION —Wear safety goggles.]tinyl acetate or retinyl palmitate dissolved:Continue refluxing for 20 min and, without cooling,add 2mL of hydrochloric acid dropwise through the Result = (r U /r S ) × (C S × V/L) × 100condenser.[N OTE —This technique is essential to prevent oxidative r U= peak area of the all-trans -retinyl ester from theaction by air while the sample is in an alkaline Sample solutionmedium.]r S = peak area of the all-trans -retinyl ester from theCool, and transfer the contents of the flask to aappropriate Standard solution500-mL separator, rinsing the flask with 100mL each C S = concentration of retinol in the appropriateof water and of ether, and adding the rinsings to the Standard solution (µg/mL)separator. Shake vigorously, allow the layers to sepa-V = volume of Medium , 900mL rate, and collect each of the two layers in individual L = label claim of vitamin A, as retinol (µg/Tablet)separators. Extract the aqueous layer with two 50-mL Tolerances: NLT 75% (Q) of the labeled amount of portions of ether, and add these extracts to the main retinyl acetate or retinyl palmitate is dissolved.ether extract. Wash the combined ether extracts with •U NIFORMITY OF D OSAGE U NITS 〈905〉: Meet the four 100-mL portions of water, then evaporate the requirements ether solution on a water bath under reduced pres-USP 39Official Monographs / Vitamin6377sure or in an atmosphere of nitrogen until about 7 or Temperature8mL remain. Complete the evaporation, removing Column: 280°the last traces of ether without the application of Injection port: 290°heat. Immediately dissolve the residue in dilute sulfu-Detector: 290°ric acid in alcohol (1 in 72), transfer to a 200-mL Carrier gas: Heliumvolumetric flask, and dilute with the alcoholic sulfuric Flow rate: 1mL/minacid to volume.Split ratio: 100:1Analysis Injection size: 1µLSample: Use the appropriate Sample solution.System suitabilityAdd 2mL of nitric acid with swirling to 10mL of Sam-Samples:System suitability solution and Standardple solution, and heat at about 75° for 15 min.solutionAcceptance criteria: A bright red or orange color Suitability requirementsdevelops.Resolution: NLT 3.5 between alpha tocopherol and •B. O PTICAL R OTATION〈781〉alpha tocopheryl acetate, System suitability solution Sample solutions Relative standard deviation: NMT 2.0% for ratios Alpha tocopherol: Dissolve 100mg of alpha tocoph-of alpha tocopherol to internal standard peak re-erol in 50mL of ether.sponses from replicate injections, Standard solution Alpha tocopheryl acetate: Transfer a volume of sam-Analysisple solution for Alpha tocopheryl acetate from Identifica-Samples:Standard solution and Sample solutiontion test A, equivalent to 100mg of the test article, to Calculate the percentage of d- or dl-alpha tocopherola separator, and add 200mL of water. Extract first(C29H50O2) in the portion of Vitamin E taken:with 75mL, then with 25mL, of ether, and combineResult = (R U/R S) × (C S/C U) × 100 the ether extracts in another separator.Alpha tocopheryl acid succinate: Transfer a volumeR U= ratio of alpha tocopherol peak response to of sample solution for Alpha tocopheryl acid succinateinternal standard peak response from the from Identification test A, equivalent to 100mg of theSample solutiontest article, to a separator, and add 200mL of water.R S= ratio of alpha tocopherol peak response to Extract first with 75mL, then with 25mL, of ether,internal standard peak response from the and combine the ether extracts in another separator.Standard solutionAnalysisC S= concentration of USP Alpha Tocopherol RS inSample: Use the appropriate Sample solution.the Standard solution (mg/mL) To the entire volume of a Sample solution, as preparedC U= concentration of Vitamin E in the Sampleabove, add 20mL of a solution (1 in 10) of potas-solution (mg/mL)sium ferricyanide in sodium hydroxide solution (1 inAcceptance criteria: 96.0%–102.0% of d- or dl-alpha 125), and shake for 3 min. Wash the ether solutiontocopherol (C29H50O2)with four 50-mL portions of water, discard the wash-•A LPHA T OCOPHERYL A CETATEings, and dry over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Evapo-[N OTE—Use low-actinic glassware.] rate the dried ether solution on a water bath underInternal standard solution, System suitability solution, reduced pressure or in an atmosphere of nitrogen un-Standard solution, Sample solution, Chromato-til 7–8mL remain, then complete the evaporation, re-graphic system, and System suitability: Proceed as moving the last traces of ether without the applica-directed in the Assay for Alpha Tocopherol. For the Stan-tion of heat. Immediately dissolve the residue indard solution, Sample solution, and Relative standard5.0mL of isooctane, and determine the optical rota-deviation, substitute alpha tocopheryl acetate for alpha tion using as c the number of g of total tocopherols,tocopherol and USP Alpha Tocopheryl Acetate RS for determined in the Assay, in each 100mL of solutionUSP Alpha Tocopherol RS.employed for the test.AnalysisAcceptance criteriaSamples:Standard solution and Sample solution d-Isomers: NLT +24°Calculate the percentage of d- or dl-alpha tocopheryl dl-Forms: Show no optical rotation activityacetate (C31H52O3) in the portion of Vitamin E taken:•C. The retention time of the major peak for alpha to-copherol of the Sample solution corresponds to that ofResult = (R U/R S) × (C S/C U) × 100 the Standard solution, as obtained in the Assay.R U= ratio of alpha tocopheryl acetate peakASSAYresponse to internal standard peak response •A LPHA T OCOPHEROLfrom the Sample solution [N OTE—Use low-actinic glassware.]R S= ratio of alpha tocopheryl acetate peak Internal standard solution: 10mg/mL of squalane inresponse to internal standard peak response cyclohexanefrom the Standard solution System suitability solution: 0.1mg/mL each of USP Al-C S= concentration of USP Alpha Tocopherylpha Tocopherol RS and USP Alpha Tocopheryl AcetateAcetate RS in the Standard solution (mg/mL) RS in cyclohexaneC U= concentration of Vitamin E in the SampleStandard solution: 10mg/mL of USP Alpha Tocopherolsolution (mg/mL)RS in Internal standard solutionAcceptance criteria: 96.0%–102.0% of d- or dl-alpha Sample solution: 10mg/mL of Vitamin E (d- or dl-al-tocopheryl acetate (C31H52O3) pha tocopherol) in Internal standard solution•A LPHA T OCOPHERYL A CID S UCCINATE Chromatographic system[N OTE—Use low-actinic glassware.] (See Chromatography 〈621〉, System Suitability.)Internal standard solution, System suitability solution, Mode: GCChromatographic system, and System suitability: Detector: Flame ionizationProceed as directed in the Assay for Alpha Tocopherol.Column: 0.25-mm x 30-m fused silica capillary,For the Relative standard deviation, substitute alpha bonded with a 0.25-µm film of phase G2tocopheryl acid succinate for alpha tocopherol.Standard solution: Transfer 30.0mg of USP AlphaTocopheryl Acid Succinate RS into a 20-mL vial. Add2.0mL of methanol, 1.0mL of 2,2-dimethoxypropane,6378Vitamin / Official Monographs USP 39and 0.1mL of hydrochloric acid to the vial. Cap tightly,•USP R EFERENCE S TANDARDS〈11〉and sonicate. Allow to stand in the dark for 1 h ± 5USP Alpha Tocopherol RSmin. Remove from the dark, uncap, and evaporate just USP Alpha Tocopheryl Acetate RSto dryness on a steam bath with the aid of a stream of USP Alpha Tocopheryl Acid Succinate RSnitrogen. Add 3.0mL of Internal standard solution, andmix on a vortex mixer to dissolve.Sample solution: Transfer 30.0mg of Vitamin E (d- ordl-alpha tocoopheryl acid succinate) into a 20-mL vial.Add 2.0mL of methanol, 1.0mL of 2,2-dimeth-Vitamin E Capsulesoxypropane, and 0.1mL of hydrochloric acid to thevial. Cap tightly, and sonicate. Allow to stand in the DEFINITIONdark for 1 h ± 5 min. Remove from the dark, uncap,Vitamin E Capsules contain Vitamin E or Vitamin E Prepara-and evaporate just to dryness on a steam bath with the tion, where Vitamin E is a form of alpha tocopherol aid of a stream of nitrogen. Add 3.0mL of Internal stan-(C29H50O2) that includes d- or dl-alpha tocopherol dard solution, and mix on a vortex mixer to dissolve.(C29H50O2), d- or dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate (C31H52O3), Analysis and d- or dl-alpha tocopheryl acid succinate (C33H54O5);Samples:Standard solution and Sample solution and Vitamin E Preparation is a combination of a single Calculate the percentage of d- or dl-alpha tocopheryl form of Vitamin E with one or more inert substances. Vita-acid succinate (C33H54O5) in the portion of Vitamin E min E Capsules contain NLT 95.0% and NMT 120.0% of taken:the labeled amount of Vitamin E.Result = (R U/R S) × (C S/C U) × 100IDENTIFICATION•A.R U= ratio of alpha tocopheryl acid succinate peak[N OTE—Use low-actinic glassware.]response to internal standard peak response Sample solutionsfrom the Sample solution Alpha tocopherol: Solution with a nominal concentra-R S= ratio of alpha tocopheryl acid succinate peak tion of 1mg/mL in dehydrated alcohol response to internal standard peak response Alpha tocopheryl acetate: Transfer 220mg of d- orfrom the Standard solution dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate from the Capsule contentsC S= concentration of USP Alpha Tocopheryl Acid to a round-bottomed, glass-stoppered, 150-mL flask,Succinate RS in the Standard solution and dissolve in 25mL of dehydrated alcohol. Add(mg/mL)20mL of dilute sulfuric acid in alcohol (1 in 7), andC U= concentration of Vitamin E in the Sample reflux in an all-glass apparatus for 3 h, protected fromsolution (mg/mL)sunlight. Cool, transfer to a 200-mL volumetric flask, Acceptance criteria: 96.0%–102.0% of d- or dl-alpha and add dilute sulfuric acid in alcohol (1 in 72) to tocopheryl acid succinate (C33H54O5)volume.Alpha tocopheryl acid succinate: [C AUTION—Wear SPECIFIC TESTS safety goggles.] Transfer an amount of Capsule con-•A CIDITY tents, equivalent to 200mg of alpha tocopherol, to a Diluent: Alcohol and ether (1:1), neutralized to phenol-round-bottomed, glass-stoppered, 250-mL flask, dis-phthalein with 0.1 N sodium hydroxide solve in 50mL of dehydrated alcohol, and reflux for 1 Sample: 1.0g min. While the solution is boiling, add, through the Analysis: Dissolve the Sample in 25mL of Diluent, add condenser, 1g of potassium hydroxide pellets, one at0.5mL of phenolphthalein TS, and titrate with 0.10 N a time to avoid overheating.sodium hydroxide until the solution remains faintly pink Continue refluxing for 20 min and, without cooling, after shaking for 30 s.add 2mL of hydrochloric acid dropwise through the Acceptance criteria: Alpha tocopheryl acid succinate condenser. [NOTE—This technique is essential to pre-requires 18.0–19.3mL of 0.10 N sodium hydroxide; the vent oxidative action by air while the sample is in an other forms of Vitamin E require NMT 1.0mL of 0.10 N alkaline medium.]sodium hydroxide.Cool, and transfer the contents of the flask to a500-mL separator, rinsing the flask with 100mL each ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTSof water and of ether, and adding the rinsings to the •P ACKAGING AND S TORAGE: Preserve in tight containers,separator. Shake vigorously, allow the layers to sepa-protected from light. Protect d- or dl-alpha tocopherolrate, and collect each of the two layers in individual with a blanket of an inert gas.separators. Extract the aqueous layer with two 50-mL •L ABELING: Label Vitamin E to indicate the chemical formportions of ether, and add these extracts to the main and to indicate whether it is the d- or the dl-form. Theether extract. Wash the combined ether extracts with Vitamin E activity may be expressed in terms of thefour 100-mL portions of water, then evaporate the equivalent amount of d-alpha tocopherol, in mg/g, basedether solution on a water bath under reduced pres-on the following relationship between the former USPsure or in an atmosphere of nitrogen until about Units1 (equal to the former International Units) and mass.7–8mL remain. Complete the evaporation, removing 1In terms of USP Units, 1mg of dl-alpha tocopherol = 1.1 former USP Vita-the last traces of ether without the application of min E Units; 1mg of dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate = 1 former USP Vitamin E heat. Immediately dissolve the residue in dilute sulfu-unit; 1mg of dl-alpha tocopheryl acid succinate = 0.89 former USP Vitamin EUnit; 1mg of d-alpha tocopherol = 1.49 former USP Vitamin E Units; 1mg of ric acid in alcohol (1 in 72), transfer to a 200-mLd-alpha tocopheryl acetate = 1.36 former USP Vitamin E Units; and 1mg of volumetric flask, and dilute with dilute sulfuric acid in d-alpha tocopheryl acid succinate = 1.21 former USP Vitamin E Units. In alcohol (1 in 72) to volume.terms of d-alpha tocopherol equivalents, 1mg of d-alpha tocopheryl acetate Analysis= 0.91; 1mg of d-alpha tocopheryl acid succinate = 0.81; 1mg of dl-alphatocopherol = 0.74; 1mg of dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate = 0.67; and 1mg of Sample: Use the appropriate Sample solution.dl-alpha tocopheryl acid succinate = 0.60.Add 2mL of nitric acid with swirling to 10mL of Sam-ple solution, and heat at about 75° for 15 min.Acceptance criteria: A bright red or orange colordevelops.。

专利名称：丝氨酸蛋白酶和外用类视色素组合物
专利类型：发明专利
发明人：M·塞伯特,S·J·维希涅夫斯基,G·F·考文贝赫,S·S·夏皮罗
申请号：CN98802506.X
申请日：19980206
公开号：CN1258215A
公开日：
20000628
专利内容由知识产权出版社提供
摘要：本发明涉及治疗寻常痤疮和/或在哺乳动物皮肤上产生抗衰老作用的方法,以及对此有效的组合物。

更具体地说,本发明涉及丝氨酸蛋白酶作为唯一活性组分或用于有效治疗寻常痤疮和/或在哺乳动物皮肤上产生抗衰老作用的组合物,或与类视色素化合物组合有效用于相同用途的组合物。

申请人：强生消费品公司
地址：美国新泽西州
国籍：US
代理机构：上海专利商标事务所
代理人：陈文青
更多信息请下载全文后查看。

医学博士英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is the most common cause of death in patients with heart failure?A. Heart attackB. Kidney failureC. Respiratory failureD. Sepsis答案：C2. The primary function of the liver is to:A. Produce bileB. Regulate blood sugar levelsC. Filter bloodD. Produce hormones答案：A3. In medical terminology, "icterus" refers to:A. JaundiceB. HematuriaC. DyspneaD. Edema答案：A4. The term "neuropathy" is most closely associated withwhich system of the body?A. Musculoskeletal systemB. Nervous systemC. Cardiovascular systemD. Respiratory system答案：B5. Which of the following is a risk factor for developing diabetes?A. High blood pressureB. Family history of diabetesC. Both A and BD. Neither A nor B答案：C6. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for:A. Magnetic Resonance ImagingB. Myocardial Reperfusion ImagingC. Metabolic Rate ImagingD. Mitochondrial Respiratory Index答案：A7. A patient with a diagnosis of "pneumonia" is most likely to exhibit which symptom?A. CoughB. DiarrheaC. RashD. Headache答案：A8. The "HIV" in medical terminology stands for:A. Human Immunodeficiency VirusB. Hepatitis Infection VirusC. Hemophiliac Infection VirusD. Hypertension Infection Virus答案：A9. Which of the following is a type of cancer that originates in the blood?A. LeukemiaB. MelanomaC. Lung cancerD. Breast cancer答案：A10. The "ICU" in a hospital setting refers to:A. Intensive Care UnitB. Inpatient Care UnitC. Imaging Control UnitD. Infection Control Unit答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The medical term for inflammation of the heart muscle is ________.答案：cardiomyopathy2. A(n) ________ is a medical professional who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ear, nose, and throat.答案：otolaryngologist3. The process of removing waste products from the body is known as ________.答案：excretion4. A(n) ________ is a type of cancer that originates in the prostate gland.答案：prostate cancer5. The abbreviation "CT" stands for ________.答案：computed tomography6. A patient with a diagnosis of ________ is experiencing difficulty in breathing.答案：asthma7. The medical term for the surgical removal of the appendix is ________.答案：appendectomy8. A(n) ________ is a medical condition characterized by high blood pressure.答案：hypertension9. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for ________.答案：magnetic resonance imaging10. The term "diabetes" refers to a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood ________ levels.答案：glucose三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. Explain the difference between a "benign" tumor and a "malignant" tumor.答案：A benign tumor is a growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. It is generally not life-threatening and can often be removed surgically. In contrast, a malignant tumor is cancerous, meaning it can invade and destroy surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems, posing a significant health risk.2. What is the role of the spleen in the human body?答案：The spleen is an important organ in the immune system, primarily responsible for filtering blood and removing damaged cells and bacteria. It also plays a role in the production of white blood cells and the storage of platelets and red blood cells. Additionally, the spleen helps in the recycling of iron from old red blood cells.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Discuss the importance of a balanced diet in maintaining good health.答案：A balanced diet is crucial for maintaining good health as it provides the body with the necessary nutrients, vitamins, and minerals required for optimal functioning. Ithelps in maintaining a healthy weight, supports the immune system, promotes proper growth and development, and reduces the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. A balanced diet typically includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats, while。

国外防脱成分1. 5α-还原酶抑制剂（5α-Reductase Inhibitors）：这类成分通过抑制5α-还原酶的活性，减少二氢睾酮（DHT）的生成。

DHT是导致脱发的一个主要因素。

常见的5α-还原酶抑制剂成分包括育龄酮（Finasteride）和达特罗品（Dutasteride）。

它们被用于治疗男性型脱发。

2. 米诺地尔（Minoxidil）：米诺地尔是一种外用药物，被广泛用于治疗脱发。

它作为一种血管扩张剂，可以促进毛囊血液循环，刺激毛发生长。

米诺地尔通常以2%或5%的浓度供应，常见的产品包括罗格（Rogaine）和雷蒂恩（Regaine）。

3. 肽类成分（Peptides）：肽是由氨基酸组成的短链分子，可以在脱发治疗中发挥多种作用。

例如，生发肽（Copper Peptides）可以促进毛发生长和细胞再生，同时抗氧化肽（Antioxidant Peptides）可以减少氧化应激对毛囊的损害。

4. 生长因子（Growth Factors）：生长因子是一类蛋白质信号分子，可以刺激细胞增殖和分化。

在防脱发产品中，常见的生长因子包括基质生长因子（Fibroblast Growth Factors）、表皮生长因子（Epidermal Growth Factors）和血小板衍生生长因子（Platelet-Derived Growth Factors）等。

它们可以促进头发的生长和修复受损的毛囊。

5. 植物提取物：许多植物提取物被用于防脱发产品中，它们具有不同的功效。

例如，生物素（Biotin）是一种维生素B，可以改善头发的强度和弹性。

薄荷脑（Menthol）可以刺激头皮，促进血液循环。

植物提取物如大豆胶原蛋白（Soy Protein）、人参（Ginseng）、迷迭香（Rosemary）等也被认为对头发生长和健康有益。

6. 抗氧化剂：抗氧化剂可以帮助减少自由基的损害，保护毛囊免受氧化应激的影响。

常见的抗氧化剂成分包括维生素E（Vitamin E）、维生素C（Vitamin C）、绿茶提取物（Green Tea Extract）和茶多酚（Polyphenols）等。

- 185 -①中国医科大学研究生院　辽宁　沈阳　110000②徐州医科大学附属医院急诊科　江苏　徐州　221000通信作者：袁响基于纳米颗粒递送系统治疗脓毒症的研究进展茆健①　袁响② 【摘要】　脓毒症是当今全球治疗最棘手的危重症之一。

早期、足量使用敏感抗生素及升压、补液等对症治疗是当前指南推荐的主流治疗方式。

然而因脓毒症本身的复杂病理生理机制与日益增长的抗生素耐药性，脓毒症病死率仍高达30%~50%。

纳米药物递送技术的快速发展为脓毒症治疗带来新的曙光。

文章综述了当今研究的几类主要的纳米颗粒，以及这些纳米颗粒治疗脓毒症的最新进展。

【关键词】　脓毒症　纳米颗粒　药物递送 Progress of Research on Nanoparticle-based Delivery System for the Treatment of Sepsis/MAO Jian, YUAN Xiang. //Medical Innovation of China, 2024, 21(11): 185-188 [Abstract]　Sepsis is one of the most intractable critical illnesses worldwide. Early and adequate administration of sensitive antibiotics and symptomatic treatments such as vasopressors and fluid resuscitation are the prevalent treatments recommended by the current guidelines. However, due to the complex pathophysiological mechanism of sepsis and increasing antibiotic resistance, the mortality of sepsis reaches up to 30%-50%. The rapid development of nano-drug delivery technology has shed light on promising effectiveness on treatment of sepsis. In this review, several main types of nanoparticles researched today and the latest progress of these nanoparticles in the treatment of sepsis are reviewed. [Key words]　Sepsis　Nanoparticles　Drug delivery First-author's address: Graduate School of China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, China doi：10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2024.11.040 脓毒症是一种由感染引起的全身炎症反应综合征（systemic inflammatory response syndrome，SIRS），是世界上死亡率最高的疾病之一[1]，脓毒症每年发病率高达25%~30%[2]，每年新增脓毒症患者约2 000万人，病死率高达26%[3]。