英文翻译终稿

英语演讲稿中文翻译5篇晦涩的英语演讲稿刚拿到手肯定不好背诵,但是有了附带的译文那就不一样了,结合背诵速度杠杠的。

你知道英语演讲稿中文翻译有哪些吗?下面是小编整理的英语演讲稿中文翻译，欢迎大家阅读分享借鉴。

英语演讲稿中文翻译1ladies and gentlemen, good morning! i’m very glad to stand here and give you a short speech.man’s life is a process of growing up, actually i’m standing here is a growth. if a person’s life must constituted by various choices, then i grow up along with these choices. once i hope i can study in a college in future, however that’s passed, as you know i come here, now i wonder what the future holds for me.when i come to this school, i told to myself: this my near future, all starts here. following i will learn to become a man, a integrated man, who has a fine body, can take on important task, has independent thought, an open mind, intensive thought, has the ability to judge right and wrong, has a perfect job.once my teacher said :” you are not sewing, you are stylist; never forget which you should lay out to people is your thought, not craft.” i will put my personality with my interest and ability into my study, during these process i will combine learning with doing. if i can achieve this “future”, i think that i really grow up. and i deeply believe kindred, good-fellowship and love will perfection and happy in the future.how to say future? maybe it’s a nice wish. lets make up our minds, stick to it and surely well enjoy our life.中文大意:女士们，先生们，上午好。

英文The road (highway)The road is one kind of linear construction used for travel。

It is made of the roadbed，the road surface, the bridge, the culvert and the tunnel. In addition, it also has the crossing of lines, the protective project and the traffic engineering and the route facility。

The roadbed is the base of road surface, road shoulder，side slope, side ditch foundations. It is stone material structure, which is designed according to route's plane position .The roadbed, as the base of travel, must guarantee that it has the enough intensity and the stability that can prevent the water and other natural disaster from corroding.The road surface is the surface of road. It is single or complex structure built with mixture。

The road surface require being smooth，having enough intensity，good stability and anti—slippery function. The quality of road surface directly affects the safe, comfort and the traffic。

三级英语翻译作文范文模板Title: Three-level English Translation Essay Template。

Introduction:In today's globalized world, the ability to effectively communicate in multiple languages is becoming increasingly important. With English being the most widely spoken language in the world, the demand for proficient English translators is on the rise. In this essay, we will explore the three-level English translation and provide a template for writing a comprehensive essay on this topic.Body:I. Definition of Three-level English Translation。

A. Three-level translation refers to the process of translating a piece of text from one language to another while maintaining the original meaning, style, and tone of the source material.B. The three levels of translation include literal translation, cultural translation, and communicative translation.C. Literal translation focuses on accurately translating the words and phrases from the source language to the target language without altering the original meaning.D. Cultural translation involves understanding the cultural nuances and context of the source language and conveying them effectively in the target language.E. Communicative translation aims to ensure that the translated text is easily understood and resonates with the target audience.II. Importance of Three-level English Translation。

Study on the phase solubility of all-trans-retinoic acid/cyclodextrin inclusion complex and the effects of water-soluble polymerAuthorChen Zhongjian1,2, Qi Jianping1, Wu Wei1, Lu Yi1*Address1 School of pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, 2012032 Pharmacy Department, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, ShangHai 200443 * Correspondence Author Email66645445@ qq. ComAbstractThrough phase solubility study, we investigated the solubilization effects of cyclodextrin (CD) on all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). We studied the effects of water-soluble polymers on the phase solubility of ATRA/CD inclusion complex, which were based on common used gel matrix. According to the study, ATRA formed 1:1 inclusion complex with α-CD, β-CD and γ-CD. ATRA could form 1:1 inclusion complexes with2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) when 30 HP-β-CD concentration was below 6%. Otherwise, it could form 1:2 inclusion complex. The maximum solubility of ATRA, in aqueous solution of α-CD, β-CD, γ-CD and HP-β-CD, was 5.5、 15.1 、 24.2 and 34.6 times that in pure water. The addition of water-soluble polymers could further increase the stability constant of ATRA/β-CD inclusion complex and the solubility of ATRA, among which, CMC-Na showed the most significant effect. With the addition of 0.5% CMC-Na to β-CD solution, the stability constant of ATRA/β-CD inclusion was increased 4.6 times, while the maximum solubility of ATRA was increased 247.4 times that in water and 16.4 times that in 1.8% β-CD solution respectively. With CMC-Na as matrix and β-CD as solubilizer, the topical preparation of ATRA will be prepared with increasing unit concentration of ATRA and decreasing potential adverse effects.Keywords: pharmaceutics; all-trans-retinoic acid; cyclodextrin; CMC-Na; phase solubility; water-soluble polymer.1.IntroductionAll-trans-retinoic acid(ATRA),which is a intermediate product of VitaminA in human metabolism, has been widely used in the treatment of skin diseases and tumors[1-5]. However,ATRA’s low solublility in water, instability in light or heat, and susceptibility to oxidation have severely limited its production and use. Moreover, in the treatment of skin diseases, the therapeutic dose of ATRA is close to its toxic dose,which often leads to some adverse reactions like decrustation,erythema, skin burning, and tingling[6-9]. For this reason, people have done a lot of research on ATRA/CD inclusion complex [10-15]. Though the cyclodextrin and ATRA/CD inclusion complex can significantly increase the solubility of ATRA, the preparation contains a large amount of cyclodextrin (40%), which causes low drug loading and potential adverse reactions[16]. Meanwhile, the combination of ATRA/CD inclusion complex is not stable. Once meeting water, ATRA will be soon separated out again[13]. Studies have shown that a small amount of water-soluble polymers can significantly improve the efficiency of cyclodextrin for guest molecules like HPMC, PVP, PEG, etc[17-20]. In fact, gel matrix of topical preparations are also often made of hydrophilic polymers like PVA, CMC-Na, Carboper and so on.By investigating these polymers’ impact on the solubilization ability of cyclodextrin on ATRT and on the stability constant of ATRA/ -CD inclusion complex, we can lay the groundwork for preparing topical preparation of high ATRA loading.2.Materials and Methods2.1 Instruments and reagentsAgilent 1200 high-performance liquid chromatograph ( Agilent Company from the US), ATRA (Northeastern Pharmaceutical Factory from Shenyang) ,α-cyclodextrin (α-CD), β-cyclodextrin (β-CD),γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD), and 2-hydoxypropy-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), were all bought from Tailong International Trade Company. The reagents were all AR and the water was super-pure.2.2 Experimental methodsThe phase solubility research was conducted by the method that Higuchi and Connors had reported. We took water or 0.5% water-soluble high polymer as a solvent and prepared α-CD, β-CD, γ-CD and β-CD solutions in different concentration. Then, we added excessive ATRA, sealed the solutions, put them under dark treatment with foil and a 10-minute ultrasonic water bath, and put them in the 25 ℃ water bath shaker lasting 6 days. After equilibrium, we filtrated the suspension through 0.45μmicroporous membrane. After the filtrate being diluted to a proper multiple, we determined its concentration by HPLC. We drew a phase solubility graph with a CD concentration horizontal axis and a drug concentration ordinate.If there's a straight line in the graph, it can indicate that it forms a 1:1 inclusion, and its Stability constant ( K1:1) can be calculated through slope1 and S0 according to the formula below[13].K1:1 =slope1/S(1-slope1)If there's an intersecting line in the graph, it can indicate that after forming a 1:1 inclusion, it forms into a 1:2 inclusion. And its Stabilityconstant ( K1:2 ) can be calculated through slope2 and S'0 according to the formula below[13].K2:1=slope2/S'(1-slope2)3. ResultsBecause of the poor aqueous solution of β-CD, we conducted this experiment under its saturated solubility (1.8%). The phase solubility of all-trans-retinoic acid in different cyclodextrin was shown in Figure 1. It showed that ATRA formed AL type inclusion complex. ATRA formed inclusion with α-CD ,β-CD ,γ-CD by 1:1. When the HP-β-CD concentration was below 6%, it formed 1:1 inclusion complex. Otherwise, it formed 1:2 inclusion complex.Fig.1 Phase solubility diagram of ATRA in α -CD 、β-CD 、γ -CD and HP-β-CD aqueous solution.Fitted equations of phase solubility diagram and the stability constants of ATRA in different cyclodextrin aqueous solutions were shown in Table 1. Except α-CD, each linear correlation coefficient was above 0.99, and the maximum al test, which was close to each linear intercept value, showing solubility of ATRA in aqueous solution was (6.5±0.5)×10-4 mM in actua fine fit.Table 1 Fitted equations of phase solubility diagram and the stability constants of ATRA in different cyclodextrin aqueous solutionsWe respectively used 0.5% PVA, HPMC, Carboper 934 and CMC-Na aqueous solution to substitute water as solvent, in order to study the influence of the water-soluble to polymers of ATRA / β-CD phase solubility. The results were shown in Figure 2. From the figure , in various water-soluble Polymer solution, ATRA / β-CD still became AL type 1:1 inclusion complex, but in the CMC-Na solution it became AL+ type inclusion, and in the PVA solution it formed AL- type inclusion. In addition, in the same β-CD concentration, ATRA significantly increased solubility, which indicated that water-soluble polymers could contribute to the β-CD inclusion of ATRA.Fig.2 Phase solubility diagram of ATRA/β-CD in PVA, HPMC, Carboper 934and CMC-Na aqueous solution (0.5%,w/v)The inclusion stability constants of ATRA / β-CD in different water-soluble polymer solution of is shown in Table 2. As in the CMC-Naand PVA solution, ATRA and β-CD respectively form AL- or AL+ typeinclusion complex, every point after half of the linear equations are selected to fit. Besides, because of the equation intercepts of two types of inclusion both deviating from the measured solubility, we use the measured solubility (S5% polymer) to substitute the intercept tocalculate K1:1 .Table 2 Fitted equations of phase solubility diagram，the stability constants and solubility of ATRA/ β-CD in different water-soluble polymer solutions4. DiscussionWe can learn from the K1:1 that β-CD, γ-CD and HP-β-CD, α-CD form the most stable, averagely stable, and the most unstable inclusion complexes with ATRA respectively. Preliminary study indicates that ATRA molecule packages into cyclodextrin with its branched-chain part. α-CD has the smallest molecular cavity. Therefore ATRA can’t go deep into the interval part of main molecules of α-CD, and thus their inclusion complex has the least stability constant. γ-CD has the biggest cavity. Therefore ATRA will come off even when included into the interval part. β-CD has the most fitting cavity size. Thus it has the highest stability constant. Although HP-β-CD has the same cavity size as β-CD, the steric effect of hydroxypropyl in cavity opening can stop ATRA going deep into the interval part, which makes HP-β-CD have lower stability constant than β-CD. We can know from Figure 1 and Table 1 that ATRA has the highest stability constant with β-CD, which prevents ATRA from precipitation. But the maximum solubility of ATRA can be merely promoted to about 0.010 mM because of the limitation of the aqueous solution of β-CD. To further elevate the solubilization effect of β-CD on ATRA is decisive for practical application.According to the results from Table 2, in the polymer solution, the inclusion stability constant of ATRA/β-CD inclusion complex increases significantly, compared with that in aqueous solution. The former is 2-5 times of the latter. More importantly, compared with the aqueous solution,the solubility of ATRA increases significantly, which increases dozensto hundreds of times. Compared with the β-CD solution, the solubilityof ATRA is also increased several times to ten times.In the investigated polymers, CMC-Na has the most significant effect. Relative to singleβ-CD solution, the addition of 0.5% CMC-Na makes the solubility of ATRA increase by 16.4 times, while the solubility of ATRAin this solution is 247.4 times more than that in pure water. However,the ability to improve the solubility of ATRA is limited. The solubilityof ATRA in 0.5%CMC-Na solution is 0.0027±0.0006 mM, which indicates thatCMC-Na and β-CD have the synergy of solubilization for ATRA. Water soluble polymers can react with the outside surface of cyclodextrins molecules[19-21], and form aggregate or compound—[(medicine / cyclodextrin)n—water soluble polymers]. This kind of macromolecularcluster has higher stability constant than[22] pure clathrate, so it canfurther enhance the solubility. CMC-Na may also form the same structurewith the clathrate of ATRA/β-CD, and have the synergy of solubilization.CMC-Na is usually used as gel base. Therefore, this result has an important practical value for the external preparation of ATRA:(1)The drug loading of ATRA is improved remarkably. When we use HP-β-CD as the solubilizer, the saturation solubility of ATRA in 10%HP-β-CD solution is 0.7% （mg/100mL） and the drug loadings is 0.007%(mg / 100 g). However, when we use 1.8% β-CD and 0.5% CMC-Na as the solubilizer, the saturation solubility of ATRA is 5% （mg/100mL） andthe drug loadings is 0.2% (mg / 100 g).(2) The security is improved. The reduction of the amount of solubilizerwill reduce the potential side effect which it will bring.5. ConclusionCyclodextrin inclusion compound can significantly improve the solubilityof ATRA. The clathrate which is formed by ATRA and β-CD has higher stability constant than what is formed by ATRA andα-CD (orγ-CD or HP-β-CD). The joining of Water-soluble polymer can significantly improvethe stability constant and solubility of β-CD/ATRA, CMC-Na has a more effective function than other polymers. This system has potential prospect of the external preparation of ATRA.AcknowledgementWe gratefully acknowledge the assistance of David Hill in preparingwater-soluble polymers.We also thank Professor Wang from ZheJiang University for providingthe technical support.Thanks to J. Jones for assistance with the experiments and to R. Smithfor valuable discussion.It is supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China.References1Kligman AM, et al. (1986) Topical tretinoin for photoaged skin J Am Acad Dermatol, 15: 836-859.2 Choi Y, et al. (2003) Inhibition of tumor growth by biodegradable microspheres containing all-trans-retinoic acid in a human head-and-neck cancer xenograft Int J Cancer, 107: 145-148.3Um S J, et al. (2001) Antiproliferative mechanism of retinoid derivatives in ovarian cancer cells Cancer Lett, 174: 127-134.4Hurst RE, et al. (1999) Complexity, retinoid-responsive gene networks, and bladder carcinogenes is Adv Exp Med Biol, 462: 449-467.5 Reynolds CP, et al. (2003) Retinoid therapy of high-risk Neuroblastoma Cancer Lett, 197: 185-192.6 Elbaum DJ. (1998) Comparison of the stability of topical isotretinoin and topical tretinoin and their efficacy in acne J Am Acad Dermatol, 19:486-491.7 Amdidouche D, et al (1994) Evaluation by laser Doppler velocimetry of the attenuation of tretinoin induced skin irritation by beta-cyclodextrin complexation Int J Pharm, 111: 111-116.8 Lehman PA, Slattery JT, Franz TJ. (1988) Percutaneous absorption of retinoids: Influence of vehicle, light exposure, and dose J Invest Dermatol, 91:56-61.9 Nighland M, et al. (2006) The effect of simulated solar UV irradiation on tretinoin in tretinoin gel microsphere 0.1% and tretinoin gel 0.025% Cutis, 77: 313-316.10Amdidouche D, et al. (1989) Inclusion of retinoic acid in beta-cyclodextrin Int J Pharm, 54:175-179.11Lin HS, et al. (2000) 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin increases aqueous solubility and photostability of all-trans-retinoic acid J Clin Pharm Ther, 25: 265-269.12 Lin HS, et al. (2000) Kinetic study of a 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin-based formulation of all-trans-retinoic acid in Sprague-Dawley rats after oral or intravenous administration J Pharm Sci, 89: 260-267.13 Montassier P, et al. (1997) Inclusion complexes of tretinoin with cyclodextrins Int J Pharm, 153: 199-209.14Qi Z H, Shieh WJ (2002) Aqueous media for effective dilivery of tretinoin J Incl Phenom Macrocycl Chem, 44: 133-136.15Ascenso A, et al. (2011) Complexation and full characterization of the tretinoin and dimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin complex AAPS Pharm Sci Tech, 12: 553-563.16Cal K, Centkowska K. (2008) Use of cyclodextrins in topical formulations: Practical aspects Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 68: 467-478.17Patel AR, Vavia PR, (2006). Effect of hydrophilic polymer on solubilization of fenofibrate by cyclodextrin complexation J InclPhenom Macrocycl Chem, 56: 247-251.18Riberio, LSS FERREIRA ADC, Veiga FJB. (2003) Physicochemical investigation of the effects of water-soluble polymers on vinpocetine complexation with beta-cyclodextrin and its sulfobutyl ether derivative in solution and solid state Eur J Pharm Sci, 20: 253-266.19 Valero M, Perez BI, Rodriguez LJ, (2003) Effect of PVP K-25 on the formation of thenaproxen: beta-cyclodextrin complex Int J Pharm, 253:97-110.20Lu Y, Tand N, Qi JP, et al (2010). Phase solubility behavior of hydrophilic polymer/ cyclodextrin/ lansoprazole ternary system studied at high polymer concentration and by response surface methodology Pharm Dev Technol: ( accessed 10 November 2010, epub ahead of print ).21 Ribeiro L, Loftsson T, Ferreira D, et al (2003) Investigation and physicochemical characterization of vinpocetine-sulfobutyl ether beta-cyclodextrin binary and ternary complexes Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 51: 914-922.22Cappello B, Carmignani C, Iervolino M, et al. (2001) Solubilization of tropicamide by hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin and water-soluble polymers: in vitro/ in vivo studies Int J Pharm, 213: 75-81.。

全文翻译工作文案英文"English:"When it comes to translating copy, it's not just about swapping words from one language to another; it's about capturing the essence, tone, and intent of the original message while making it resonate with the target audiencein the translated language. As a professional translator, I understand the nuances and intricacies involved in this task.For instance, consider a marketing campaign for a new smartphone. The original English copy might emphasize the device's sleek design, powerful features, and user-friendly interface. When translating this into Chinese, I not only need to ensure the accuracy of the technical terms but also adapt the language to appeal to the cultural preferences and sensibilities of the Chinese market. This might involve incorporating idiomatic expressions or colloquialisms that resonate with Chinese consumers.中文：在进行文案翻译时，不仅仅是将一个语言中的词汇换成另一种语言；而是要捕捉原始信息的本质、语气和意图，同时使之与目标受众产生共鸣。

1、嘉德引年祺佑善人Virtue contributes to prolonging life,and lucky continues to blessing descendants.2、品鉴嘉和温度悦动天地大美Tasting the Beauty and harmony of the world,showing the elegant and pleasant of the nature.3、从这里开始未来没有边际It is from here that there is no boundary in the future.4、没有什么能够阻挡因为远方就在那里Nothing can stop going forward, because the success is in far future.5、上善若水润泽天下The highest good is like water, which benefits to the world.6、拓跋峰顶方知何为宽广Learn the immensity of the world only after trekking up to the pinnacle.7、厚德之土根植大爱无疆T he soil with moral integrity, rooted in great love.8、红了山花绿了翠柳为你而来桃花源Red flowers and green willows bring you to the Peach Garden.9、藏世于千年耀世于永恒Hid in the world for a thousand years,but shining through all eternity.10、谋定而动江山于胸Planning and then acting with confident.11、撷山水之灵孕日月昭彰In the spirit of the notorious pregnancy landscape,the sun and the moon are brilliant12、道法自然天清地宁It is better to follow Natural rule, so the world will be more peaceful.13、大格局大手笔一切唯心唯量Generous trend and achievement are all in the mind.14、价值绚烂于高瞻远瞩V alue is splendid to show great foresight.15、何谓大美大羊为美What is beautiful?The big sheep is the most beautiful object of all according to the traditional Chinese idea.16、山已成峰云端有我When mountains have peaks,I success above the cloud.17、通达你我之界天涯近在咫尺Link up the world between you and me,the skyline will be near the hand.18、层级不在实力的掣肘身未动境已成Power, are not in powerful constraints, and Coming to power naturally.19、无需选择只因本然如此No need to choose as it is the nature.20、何者为大因你而大What is powerful because of you making powerful.。

英文文献全文翻译[文章正文]A Brief Introduction to the Translation of English LiteratureTranslation plays a crucial role in bridging the cultural gap between different nations and promoting mutual understanding. As English literature enjoys a global prominence, the translation of English literary works into other languages becomes an essential task. In this article, we will explore the intricacies of translating English literature and discuss the challenges and strategies involved.1. The Importance of English Literature TranslationEnglish literature has had a significant impact on world culture and has been widely read and studied in various countries. From the works of Shakespeare to the novels of Jane Austen, English literature represents a rich literary tradition that deserves to be shared with readers worldwide. By translating these works into different languages, we ensure that the beauty and nuances of English literature are accessible to a broader audience.2. The Challenges of Translating English LiteratureTranslating English literature poses several challenges due to the inherent linguistic and cultural differences. English, with its peculiarities and idiomatic expressions, often requires careful consideration to maintain the authenticity and richness of the original text. Additionally, cultural references, humor, and wordplay can prove to be particularly challenging during the translation process. Striking a balance between fidelity to thesource text and ensuring a seamless reading experience in the target language is no easy task.3. Strategies for Translating English LiteratureTo overcome the challenges mentioned above, translators employ various strategies to ensure accurate and effective translations of English literature. Here are a few key strategies commonly employed:a) Cultural Adaptation: Translators must understand the cultural context of both the source and target languages to ensure that the translation resonates with the target audience. This may involve adapting idioms, references, and jokes to make them relatable and understandable in the target language.b) Style and Tone Consistency: Capturing the style and tone of the original text is vital in preserving the author's voice. Translators need to be mindful of the author's intended tone and ensure consistency throughout the translated work.c) Localization: Certain elements of English literature may need to be localized to resonate with the target culture. This may involve changing names, locations, or even altering certain plot points that may not be relatable or appropriate for the target audience.d) Collaborative Efforts: Translating English literature often involves working closely with authors, editors, and other linguistic experts. Encouraging collaboration can help ensure that the translation accurately reflects the author's intent while also meeting the linguistic and cultural expectations of the target audience.4. The Role of TranslatorsTranslators of English literature have a great responsibility to faithfully convey the emotions, themes, and ideas expressed in the original text. They must possess a deep understanding of both the source and target languages and be skilled in capturing the nuances of the literary work. Through their dedication and expertise, translators enrich the literary world by making English literature accessible to non-English speakers.ConclusionTranslating English literature is undoubtedly a complex task that requires linguistic prowess, cultural understanding, and the ability to capture the essence of the original work. By overcoming the challenges and employing effective translation strategies, translators contribute to the global dissemination of English literature and nurture cross-cultural connections. Their work allows readers around the world to appreciate and engage with the beauty and wisdom of English literary masterpieces.。

英语文件翻译English File Translation (700 words)Translation from Chinese to EnglishTitle: The Importance of Environmental Protection Introduction:As the world becomes more industrialized and urbanized, environmental protection has become an issue of great importance. Protecting the environment is not only necessary for our current well-being but also for the betterment of future generations. In this article, we will explore the importance of environmental protection and the steps we can take to preserve our planet.Body:1. Health and Quality of Life:Environmental protection plays a vital role in maintaining our health and quality of life. Clean air, water, and land are essential for our well-being. Pollution, on the other hand, can lead to various health problems such as respiratory diseases, cancer, and allergies. By protecting the environment, we ensure a healthy and enjoyable living environment for ourselves and our future generations.2. Biodiversity and Ecosystems:The Earth is home to a wide variety of species and ecosystems. Environmental protection is crucial for preserving biodiversity and ensuring the survival of these species. Ecosystems provide us with various services like air and water purification, climate regulation,and nutrient cycling. By protecting these ecosystems, we can maintain a balance in the natural world and prevent the loss of valuable species.3. Climate Change:One of the most pressing environmental issues we face today is climate change. The burning of fossil fuels and deforestation have led to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, resulting in global warming and extreme weather events. Environmental protection involves reducing our carbon footprint by adopting renewable energy sources and promoting sustainable practices. By mitigating climate change, we can protect our planet and prevent its catastrophic consequences.4. Sustainable Development:Environmental protection and sustainable development go hand in hand. It is important to strike a balance between economic growth and environmental preservation. By promoting sustainable practices, we can meet our present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This includes sustainable agriculture, responsible consumption, and waste management. By embracing sustainable development, we can create a thriving society that respects and cares for the environment.Conclusion:Environmental protection is a crucial responsibility that we all share. The health and well-being of current and future generations depend on our actions. By protecting the environment, we ensure a better world for ourselves and our children. It is important toremember that even small changes in our daily lives, such as reducing waste, conserving energy, and planting trees, can make a significant difference. Let us all work together to protect the environment and create a sustainable future.。

原文：Marketing in Research and DevelopmentThe Role of the "Innovation Navigator"Marketing in the Management ofResearch Institutions and EnterprisesInvolved in ResearchDr. Marcus LemmensLemmens Consulting-linking industry and science, Bonn-Berlin-LondonBackgroundOver the last ten years,research and development(R&D) has increasingly become a focal point of public awareness. Companies investing in this sector can reckon with a secure future. Therefore, this also benefits the supply systems in society as well as the government institutions .There have been positive developments in the attitude of citizens towards scientific progress and the issue of innovation in general .Thanks to the presentation of measurable results, publicised and public opinion has increasingly approved of investments in teaching, research and development. Here, pharmaceutical research based on biotechnology has contributed a number of examples .And new opportunities, for instance in environmental protection, medicine and industrial safety have promoted sympathy with more funds for R&D also being contributed from public sources.Financial competitionAgainst this background, public funding of research,teaching and development is being re-oriented in terms of its structure. What used to be mainly across-the-board basic funding of institutions is now shifting towardsallocations via a basic budget and supplementary funding via priority areas or individual research projects. This is becoming apparent in higher education institutions, institutes and extra-university research institutions having to compete for these public funds. Usually, it is particularly such priority or project funding that offers attractive amounts of money that may exceed basic funding or can at least be applied more flexibly. In order to compete successfully for funds, institutions have to establish modem science or research management concepts. And R&D marketing assumes a crucial role in this management process.Enterprises engaging in researchCompanies involved in research are also facing new challenges. To optimise costs and resources, they are increasingly seeking co-operation with research institutions and groups of companies. This is aimed at ensuring that individual companies embarking on research activities, running a lower risk. The goal here is to dispose of sufficient qualified knowledge for innovation in the future.(Definition: Innovation is a successful transfer of discoveries to successful sales.) This also applies to any type of innovation strategy being pursued(cumulative innovation=continuous development of knowledge and innovation and radical innovation=combination of cutting-edge technologies and services, North,2000). Should the need arise, R&D marketing has to set individual priorities depending on the strategy opted for. What is certain is that marketing also constitutes a prerequisite for the success of enterprises engaged in research.The role of marketingIn R&D, marketing encompasses more than the traditional fields of activity. This is why it is especially important that marketing should gain approval within the R&D institutions and companies .For under favourable conditions, marketing can assume the role of an"innovation navigator"(Abresch, 2000) bothin public-funded and private research and development.Provided that this is possible, marketing conducted by a research institution or a company involved in research already combines the following phases at a very early stage: market analysisdemand assessmentdevelopment of ideasdevelopment of strategyresearchproduct or service developmentenvironmental and trend analysesMarketing feeds the insights gained from the market into the R&D process. In his way,marketing prevents cost-intensive knowledge being established in Application-oriented R&D from which no innovation is to be expected. So marketing attempts to ensure that demand plays the key role for the R&D company or institute(demand requirements take priority). In contrast,researchers tend to attribute the key role to technology (technological advancement takes priority) (Gerybadze, 2000).Marketing is understood as a steering of the(research) institute or company by the market .And additionally, marketing crucially influences R&D. This means that target markets and groups are defined. Requirements can be deduced from this context, and the R&D process can constantly be measured against the compass needle of the market. If this proves successful,marketing is able to fulfil its role as an "innovation navigator".Marketing conceptScience as such as well as R&D in general is always conducted in the context of religious and philosophical values, and therefore against the background of the society in which research is being conducted (Kashiwagi,2000).And since R&D is embedded in a process of increasing internationalisation, a modem marketing concept ought to consider the intercultural differences of R&Dvalues in addition to the navigation tasks for product innovation, process innovation and social innovation .Here, the author would propose a sub-project in the framework of the workshop aimed at developing an R&D marketing concept taking inter-cultural aspects (Western and Eastern or oriental value orientations) into account.译文：营销调查研究和发展扮演创新导航者的角色——营销在科研机构和企业管理中的调查研究工作Marcus Lemmens 博士Lemmens咨询联系工业和科学，波恩一柏林一伦敦背景在过去的十年，调查研究与发展（R＆D）的问题日益成为公众意识的焦点。