The Integrated Circuit
Digital logic and electronic circuits derive their functionality from electronic switches called transistor. Roughly speaking, the transistor can be likened to an electronically controlled valve whereby energy applied to one connection of the valve enables energy to flow between two other connections.By combining multiple transistors, digital logic building blocks such as AND gates and flip-flops are formed. Transistors, in turn, are made from semiconductors. Consult a periodic table of elements in a college chemistry textbook, and you will locate semiconductors as a group of elements separating the metals and nonmetals.They are called semiconductors because of their ability to behave as both metals and nonmetals. A semiconductor can be made to conduct electricity like a metal or to insulate as a nonmetal does. These differing electrical properties can be accurately controlled by mixing the semiconductor with small amounts of other elements. This mixing is called doping. A semiconductor can be doped to contain more electrons (N-type) or fewer electrons (P-type). Examples of commonly used semiconductors are silicon and germanium. Phosphorous and boron are two elements that are used to dope N-type and P-type silicon, respectively.
A transistor is constructed by creating a sandwich of differently doped semiconductor layers. The two most common types of transistors, the bipolar-junction transistor (BJT) and the field-effect transistor (FET)
are schematically illustrated in Figure 2.1.This figure shows both the silicon structures of these elements and their graphical symbolic representation as would be seen in a circuit diagram. The BJT shown is an NPN transistor, because it is composed of a sandwich of N-P-N doped silicon. When a small current is injected into the base terminal, a larger current is enabled to flow from the collector to the emitter.The FET shown is an N-channel FET, which is composed of two N-type regions separated by a P-type substrate. When a voltage is applied to the insulated gate terminal, a current is enabled to flow from the drain to the source. It is called N-channel, because the gate voltage induces an N-channel within the substrate, enabling current to flow between the N-regions.
Another basic semiconductor structure is a diode, which is formed simply by a junction of N-type and P-type silicon. Diodes act like one-way valves by conducting current only from P to N. Special diodes can be created that emit light when a voltage is applied. Appropriately enough, these components are called light emitting diodes, or LEDs. These small lights are manufactured by the millions and are found in diverse applications from telephones to traffic lights.
The resulting small chip of semiconductor material on which a transistor or diode is fabricated can be encased in a small plastic package for protection against damage and contamination from the out-side world.Small wires are connected within this package between the
semiconductor sandwich and pins that protrude from the package to make electrical contact with other parts of the intended circuit. Once you have several discrete transistors, digital logic can be built by directly wiring these components together. The circuit will function, but any substantial amount of digital logic will be very bulky, because several transistors are required to implement each of the various types of logic gates.
At the time of the invention of the transistor in 1947 by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the only way to assemble multiple transistors into a single circuit was to buy separate discrete transistors and wire them together. In 1959, Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce independently invented a means of fabricating multiple transistors on a single slab of semiconductor material. Their invention would come to be known as the integrated circuit, or IC, which is the foundation of our modern computerized world. An IC is so called because it integrates multiple transistors and diodes onto the same small semiconductor chip. Instead of having to solder individual wires between discrete components, an IC contains many small components that are already wired together in the desired topology to form a circuit.
A typical IC, without its plastic or ceramic package, is a square or rectangular silicon die measuring from 2 to 15 mm on an edge. Depending on the level of technology used to manufacture the IC, there may be anywhere from a dozen to tens of millions of individual
transistors on this small chip. This amazing density of electronic components indicates that the transistors and the wires that connect them are extremely small in size. Dimensions on an IC are measured in units of micrometers, with one micrometer (1mm) being one millionth of a meter. To serve as a reference point, a human hair is roughly 100mm in diameter. Some modern ICs contain components and wires that are measured in increments as small as 0.1mm! Each year, researchers and engineers have been finding new ways to steadily reduce these feature sizes to pack more transistors into the same silicon area, as indicated in Figure 2.2.
When an IC is designed and fabricated, it generally follows one of two main transistor technologies: bipolar or metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS). Bipolar processes create BJTs, whereas MOS processes create FETs. Bipolar logic was more common before the 1980s, but MOS technologies have since accounted the great majority of digital logic ICs. N-channel FETs are fabricated in an NMOS process, and P-channel FETs are fabricated in a PMOS process. In the 1980s, complementary-MOS, or CMOS, became the dominant process technology and remains so to this day. CMOS ICs incorporate both NMOS and PMOS transistors.
集成电路（译文）
数字逻辑和电子电路由称为晶体管的电子开关得到它们的（各种）功能。粗略地说，晶体管好似一种电子控制阀，由此加在阀一端的能量可以使能量在另外两个连接端之间流动。通过多个晶体管的组合就可以构成数字逻辑模块，如与门和触发电路等。而晶体管是由半导体构成的。查阅大学化学书中的元素周期表，你会查到半导体是介于金属与非金属之间的一类元素。它们之所以被叫做半导体是由于它们表现出来的性质类似于金属和非金属。可使半导体像金属那样导电，或者像非金属那样绝缘。通过半导体和少量其它元素的混合可以精确地控制这些不同的电特性，这种混合技术称之为“半导体掺杂”。半导体通过掺杂可以包含更多的电子（N型）或更少的电子（P型）。常用的半导体是硅和锗，N型硅半导体掺入磷元素，而P型硅半导体掺入硼元素。
不同掺杂的半导体层形成的三明治状夹层结构可以构成一个晶体管，最常见的两类晶体管是双极型晶体管（BJT）和场效应晶体管（FET），图2.1给出了它们的图示。图中给出了这些晶体管的硅结构，以及它们用于电路图中的符号。BJT 是NPN晶体管，因为由N—P—N掺杂硅三层构成。当小电流注入基极时，可使较大的电流从集电极流向发射极。图示的FET是N沟道的场效应型晶体管，它由两块被P型基底分离的N型组成。将电压加在绝缘的栅极上时，可使电流由漏极流向源极。它被叫做N沟道是因为栅极电压诱导基底上的N通道，使电流能在两个N区域之间流动。
另一个基本的半导体结构是二极管，由N型和P型硅连接而成的结组成。二极管的作用就像一个单向阀门，由于电流只能从P流向N。可以构建一些特殊二极管，在加电压时可以发光，这些器件非常合适地被叫做发光二极管或LED。这种小灯泡数以百万计地被制造出来，有各种各样的应用，从电话机到交通灯。
半导体材料上制作晶体管或二极管所形成的小芯片用塑料封装以防损伤和被外界污染。在这封装里一些短线连接半导体夹层和从封装内伸出的插脚以便与（使用该晶体管的）电路其余部分连接。一旦你有了一些分立的晶体管，直接用电线将这些器件连线在一起就可以构建数字逻辑（电路）。电路会工作，但任何实质性的数字逻辑（电路）都将十分庞大，因为要在各种逻辑门中每实现一种都需要多个晶体管。
1947年，John Bardeen、Walter Brattain和and William Shockley发明晶体管的时候。将多个晶体管组装在一个电路上的唯一方法就是购买多个分离的晶体管，将它们连在一起。1959年，Jack Kilby 和 Robert Noyce各自独立地发明了一种将多个晶体管做在同一片半导体材料上的方法。这个发明就是集成电路，或IC，是我们现代电脑化世界的基础。集成电路之所以被这样命名，是因为它将多个晶体管和二极管集成到同一块小的半导体芯片上。IC包含按照形成
电路所要求的拓扑结构连在一起的许多小元件，而无需再将分立元件的导线焊接起来。
去除了塑料或陶瓷封装后，一个典型的集成电路就是每一边2mm至15mm的方形或矩形硅片。根据制造集成电路的技术水平的不同，在这种小片上可能有几十个到几百万个晶体管，电子器件这种令人惊异的密度表明那些晶体管以及连接它们线是极其微小的。集成电路的尺寸是以微米为单位测量的，1微米是1米的百万分之一。作为参照，一根人的头发其直径大约为100微米。一些现代集成电路包含的元件和连线，是以小到0.1微米的增量来测量的。每年研究人员和工程师都在寻找新的方法来不断减小这些元件的大小，以便在同样面积的硅片上集成更多的晶体管。
在集成电路的设计和制造过程中，常用两种主要晶体管技术是：双极和金属氧化物半导体（MOS）。双极工艺生产出来的是BJT（双极型晶体管），而MOS工艺生产出来的是FET（场效应晶体管）。在20世纪80年代以前更常用的集成电路是双极逻辑，但是此后MOS技术在数字逻辑集成电路中占据了大多数。N沟道FET 是采用NMOS工艺生产的，而P沟道FET是采用PMOS工艺生产的。到了20世纪80年代，互补MOS即CMOS成为占主导地位的加工技术，并且延续至今。CMOS 集成电路包含了NMOS和PMOS两种晶体管。
英文 小四号字，单倍行距，首行缩进2个字符，不能定义文档网格。约3千英文单词。 MCU Description SCM is also known as micro-controller (Microcontroller Unit), commonly used letters of the acronym MCU MCU that it was first used in industrial control. Only a single chip by the CPU chip developed from a dedicated processor. The first design is by a large number of peripherals and CPU on a chip in the computer system, smaller, more easily integrated into a complex and demanding on the volume control device which. INTEL's Z80 is the first designed in accordance with this idea processor, then on the development of microcontroller and dedicated processors have parted ways. 一、SCM history SCM was born in the late 20th century, 70, experienced SCM, MCU, SoC three stages. SCM the single chip microcomputer (Single Chip Microcomputer) stage, mainly seeking the best of the best single form of embedded systems architecture. "Innovation model" success, laying the SCM and general computer completely different path of development. In the open road of independent development of embedded systems, Intel Corporation contributed. MCU the micro-controller (Micro Controller Unit) stage, the main direction of technology development: expanding to meet the embedded applications, the target system requirements for the various peripheral circuits and interface circuits, highlight the object of intelligent control.It involves the areas associated with the object system, therefore,the development of MCU's responsibility inevitably falls on electrical, electronics manufacturers. From this point of view, Intel faded MCU development has its objective factors. In the development of MCU, the most famous manufacturers as the number of Philips Corporation. Philips company in embedded applications, its great advantage, the MCS-51 single-chip micro-computer from the rapid development of the micro-controller. Therefore, when we look back at the path of development of embedded systems, do not forget Intel and Philips in History. 二、Embedded Systems Embedded system microcontroller is an independent development path, the MCU important factor in the development stage, is seeking applications to maximize the solution on the chip; Therefore, the development of dedicated single chip SoC trend of the natural form. As the microelectronics, IC design, EDA tools development, application system based on MCU SoC design have greater development. Therefore, the understanding of the microcontroller chip microcomputer can be, extended to the single-chip micro-controller applications. 三、MCU applications SCM now permeate all areas of our lives, which is almost difficult to find traces of the field without SCM. Missile navigation equipment, aircraft, all types of instrument control, computer network communications and data transmission, industrial automation, real-time process control and data processing, extensive use of various smart IC card, civilian luxury car security system, video recorder, camera, fully automatic washing machine control, and program-controlled toys, electronic pet, etc., which are inseparable from the microcontroller. Not to mention the area of robot control, intelligent instruments, medical equipment was. Therefore, the MCU learning, development and application of the large number of computer applications and
英语演讲稿及翻译(精选多篇) 第一篇：英语演讲稿范文有翻译 英语演讲稿范文有翻译 dearstudents,ourwayoflifeisalwayssunny,blueskies,whichint heendthemostdazzlingrayofsunlight?itwassaidtobeexcellentacade micperformance,itwassaidtobegiventohelpothers......andithinkt hatourwayoflifeofthemostbrilliantsunshineshouldbereportedtobe longtothetemplemap,helpustogrowthankstoeveryone.yes,theinstit uteofthanksgivingisafeeling,theinstituteofthanksgiving,butals oacharacter. asteachersandourstudents,themostimportantgratitudeisascho ol.schoolstogiveusabiggrowthstageoflife:brightandspaciousclas srooms,newdesksandchairs,air-conditionedandwell- being,aswellasmulti- mediafacilities,hasprovideduswithanattractivelearningenvironm ent.readonebookbrightandcleanrooms,providesuswithknowledgeoft hemarinetour;flatbeautifulbigplayground,provideduswithagoodpl acefortheexercise,andpotteryroom,computerroom,danceroom,multi - purposehall,andsoon,noschoolisnotoutofdevotiontoourselflelove!
关于基于FPGA的波形发生器论文翻译的译文 FPGA 技术介绍 概述 场域可程式化闸阵列(FPGA) 技术正持续发展，而全世界FPGA 市场的产值，则预估可从2005 年的19 亿美金提升到2010 年的27 亿 5 千万美金。FPGA 是在1984 年由Xilinx 公司所发明，从简单的胶合逻辑(Glue logic) 晶片，演变为可取代客制的特定应用积体电路(ASIC) 与处理器，适用于讯号处理与控制应用。为何FPGA 技术如此成功？此篇文章将介绍FPGA，并说明数项让FPGA 如此独特的优点。 何谓FPGA？ 最笼统来说，FPGAs 即为可再程式化的晶片。透过预先建立的逻辑区块与可程式化路由资源，不需更改面包板或焊锡部分，即可设定这些晶片以建置客制硬体功能。使用者可于软体中开发数位运算系统(Computing task) 并将之编译为组态档案或位元流(Bitstream)，可包含元件接线的相关资讯。此外，FPGA 完全为可重设性质，当使用者重新编译不同的电路设定时，可立刻拥有不同的特性。在过去，工程师必须深入了解数位硬体设计，才能够使用FPGA 技术。然而，高阶设计工具的新技术可针对图形化程式区或 C 程式码，转换为数位硬体电路，即变更了FPGA 程式设计的规则。 FPGA 整合了ASIC 与处理器架构系统的最佳部分，使FPGA 晶片可应用于所有产业。FPGA 具有硬体时脉的速度与可靠性，且其仅需少量即可进行作业；可降低客制化ASIC 设计的费用。可重新程式设计的晶片，具有与软体相同的弹性，却不受限于处理核心的数量。与处理器不同的是，FPGA 为实际的平行架构，因此不同的处理作业并不需要占用相同资源。每个独立的处理作业均将指派至专属的晶片区块，不需影响其他逻辑区块即可自动产生功能。因此，当新增其他处理作业时，应用某部分的效能亦不会受到影响。 FPGA 技术的5 大优点 效能–透过硬体的平行机制，FPGA 可突破依序执行(Sequential execution) 的固定运算，并于每时脉循环完成更多作业，以超越数位讯号处理器(DSP) 的计算功能。BDTI 为着名的分析公司，并于某些应用中使用DSP 解决方案，以计算FPGA 的处理效能2。于硬体层级控制I/O 可缩短回应时间并特定化某些功能，以更符合应用需求。
英语演讲稿带翻译5篇 Most people would like to be popular with others， but not everyone can achieve this goal. What is the secret to popularity？ In fact， it is very simple. The first step is to improve our appearance. We should always make sure that we stay in good shape and dress well. When we are healthy and well-groomed， we will not only look better but also feel better. In addition， we should smile and appear friendly. After all， our facial expression is an important part of our appearance. If we can do this， people will be attracted to our good looks and impressed by our confidence. Another important step is developing more consideration for others. We should always put others first and place their interests before our own. It＇s also important to be good listeners； in this way people will feel comfortable enough to confide in us. However， no matter what we do， we must not gossip. Above all， we must remember to be ourselves， not phonies. Only by being sincere and respectful of others can we earn their respect. If we can do all of the above， I am sure popularity will come our way. 如何才能受人欢迎 大部分的人都想受人欢迎，但是并非每个人都能达到目标。受欢迎的秘诀何在？事实上是很简单的。步骤一，先改善我们的外表。我们得确保自己很健康， 并且穿着体面。当我们既健康又穿戴整齐时，不仅看起来更有精神，自己也会觉 得好多了。此外，我们要保持微笑并表现得很友善。毕竟，脸部表情是外观很重 要的一环。如果我们能做到这一点，别人会被我们的美好外表所吸引，并对我们
英语翻译的指导书范文 《翻译实践》，又称“翻译大作业”，是为已经系统地进行了翻译课程、掌握了基本翻译知识和技巧的英语高年级学生而开设的专业实训课程。 通过翻译实践，检验学生对翻译的本质和规律的理解和掌握情况，考察学生的实际翻译能力，使学生对所学的翻译理论有切身体会和理解，并能学以致用。其主要任务是在巩固翻译的基础理论、翻译方法和技巧的基础上，引导学生进行大量的练习，在实践中证明和巩固所学理论，深化学生的语言能力、百科能力、领悟能力、再现能力、译文对比分析能力、译作鉴赏能力。 本次实训是在巩固翻译的基础理论、翻译方法和技巧的基础上，引导学生进行大量的练习，在实践中证明和巩固所学理论，深化学生的语言能力、百科能力、领悟能力、再现能力、译文对比分析能力、译作鉴赏能力。其内容如下： 实训目的: 通过实训了解商贸函电的特点；了解商务建交函的主要内容和语篇特点；了解商务信函翻译的主要原则。熟练运用词类转换、语序调整、省词略词、语气转换、分译合译等等，并结合自身的特点，能够对商贸函电进行基本准确的翻译。
实训过程： 1) 分析商务信函的文体特征 2) 学生进行项目练习，翻译商务信函 3) 学生课堂汇报 实训目的：通过实训加深了解公共场所中各种不同的中英文标识；掌握中英文公共标识的语言特点；熟悉翻译表达阶段的两种基本方法：直译法和意译法，并根据不同的语境作不同的处理，采用以下几种方式灵活处理：去繁从简、遵从习惯、程式化套译、反面着笔等。 实训过程： 1) 讲解英汉标识语的差异、翻译原则及翻译要点 2) 学生调查、讨论 3) 小组汇报讨论或调查结果。
实训目的：通过实训加深了解求职信翻译的常见词汇和翻译的 过程，并对其进行熟练翻译。 实训过程： 1) 分析求职信的固定格式、翻译的常见词汇和句型、 2) 学生操练 3) 译文纠错、评鉴——学生展示 实训目的：通过实训加深了解商品说明书的语言特点、商品说 明书翻译必须注意的几个方面、并能灵活运用各种翻译方法进行翻译。 实训过程： 1) 分析说明书的语言特点 2) 商品说明书的项目操练 3) 商品说明书纠错、评鉴——学生展示
优秀英语演讲稿带翻译3篇 优秀英语演讲稿带翻译篇1 we are busier and busier now. sometimes we just feel stressed and painful and we forget to smile. please smile! smile to others around you. smile to the world! smile is important in our life. for ourselves, smile can make us happy and relaxed when we are sad or stressed. when you smile, the world in your eyes are better.for others, smile can make others feel comfortable and relaxed and they will like you. also, smile can bring you success. i once read a story. a salesman tried his best to sale things but always failed before. then he learned how to smile. he smiled all the time and others felt he was so kind and his smile was so attractive that they all wanted to but his things. finally, the man became successful. no matter you are happy or sad, do it now. the power of a smile is large. it can make all of us feel happy including yourself. smile to the world, to others and to everything. 我们现在忙,忙。有时我们只是感到压力和痛苦,我们忘了微笑。请微笑!对别人微笑。向世界微笑! 微笑在我们的生活中是很重要的。对于自己,微笑可以使我们快乐和放松当我们悲伤或压力。当你微笑的时候,世界在你眼中更好。对另一些人来说,微笑可以让别人感到舒
河北建筑工程学院 毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译 系别：机械工程系 专业：机械电子工程 班级：机电（本）091 姓名：张少强 学号： 2009322110 外文出处：English in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering 附件：1、外文原文；2、外文资料翻译译文。 指导教师评语： 签字： 年月日 金属热处理 普遍接受的金属和金属合金的热处理定义是“在某种程度上加热和冷却金属或金属合金，以获得特定的条件和属性。”加热的唯一目的是进行热加工，锻造操作是被排除在这个定义之外的。热处理有时候也用产品表示，同样玻璃和塑料也被排除在这个定义之外。 变换曲线 热处理的基础是在一个单一的图表上绘制的包含三个所有的等温转变曲线或TTT曲线。因为曲线的形状，他们有时候也称为c曲线或s曲线。 TTT曲线绘制，特定的钢在给定的条件下和预定的时间间隔内记录以检查的组织结构转换的
数量。众所周知共析钢（T80）在超过723℃形成的是奥氏体，在此温度下形成的是珠光体。为了形成珠光体碳原子应该分散形成渗碳体。扩散是一个过程需要足够的时间来完成奥氏体向珠光体的转变。我们可以注意到在不同的样本内在任何的温度下数量都在发生变化。这些点被绘制在以时间和温度为轴的坐标内。通过这些点共析钢的变换曲线如图1所示。曲线的左极端代表在任何给定的温度下奥氏体向珠光体的转变。同样的右极端代表完成所需要的时间。这两个曲线之间转换的点代表部分转换。水平线条s M和f M发代表开始和完成的马氏体转变。 热处理工艺的分类 在某些情况下，热处理在技术和使用程序上是分开的。而在其他情况下，,描述或简单的解释是不够的，因为相同的技术常常可以获得不同的目标。例如，应力消除和回火需要相同的设备和利用相同时间和温度循环。然而这是两个不同的过程。 图8.1 T80钢在等温间隔下的热处理图 以下对热处理的描述主要是根据他们之间的关系来安排的。正火指加热铁合金到高于它转变温度上的一个合适温度(通常是50°F到100°F或28℃到56℃)。接下来是在精致空气至少是在低于其转变温度范围下冷却。由此产生的结构和性能和通过完全退火是一样的。对大多数铁合金来说正火和退火是不一样的。 正火通常被用作调节处理，尤其是没有经过高温锻造或其他热加工的精炼粒钢。正火的成功通常由另一个热处理来完成如奥氏体化的淬火、退火或回火。 退火是一个通用术语，它表示一个热处理，包括加热和保持在一个合适的温度后以一个合适的冷却速度冷却。它主要用来软化金属材料，但它同时也会产生其他属性或期望的微观结构。
大学英语（四） 1－7单元讨论话题11个 Unit 3 Who are teachers’ pets, boys or girls? How to avoid gender bias in classroom? Unit6 Why would people like to take risks? What are the links between health risks and environmental pollution? Unit 7 Talk about the similarities and differences between your expectations of college life and the reality. 大学英语（四）汉译英句子 Unit 1 1. 还在小时候，布利茨恩(Blizten)就会戏弄祖母，把她的拖鞋挪走。 Even when young, Blizten would tease Grandma by carrying her slippers away. 2.这个笑话的幽默之处在于第二位男士说他的妻子不是一位贵妇。 The humor lies in the fact that the second man is saying that his wife is not a lady. 3.一个真正有幽默感的人在任何聚会上常常是注意力的焦点。 The truly humorous individual is often the focus of attention in any gathering. 4.双关语与其他幽默形式相比需要更细微、更巧妙的语言技巧。 Puns require more subtle and sophisticated language skills than other humor forms.
汉译英翻译格式规范 I 格式规范 1. 正文标题、机构名称、图表格名称和表头中所有单词（除虚词外）的首字母均大 写；但标题为句子的情况除外； 2. 译文中出现的标准、规范名称，单独出现时每个单词首字母均应大写并斜体，不 加引号；在表格中出现时不用斜体； 3. 摄氏度符号统一从“符号”“Times new roman”中找到“°”（位于最右一列）插 入，然后在后面加上大写“C”，即“°C”； 4. 排比和并列的内容，标点应统一。一般做法是中间采用“;”，最后一个采用“.”， 最后一个与倒数第二个之间用“; and”； 5. 数值范围的表示形式应是：110-220 kV，而不是110 kV～220 kV；注意：数字和 连字符之间没有空格，数字和单位之间有空格数字与单位之间要加一个空格，但“°C”、“°F”和“%”除外； 6. 在英文中，百分号应采用英文半角“%”，而不可采用中文全角“%”； 7. 公式中的符号从“插入公式”中选择； 8. 文本框中第一个单词首字母大写； 9. 1号机组和2号机组、一期和二期的表示方法：Unit 1 & 2；Phase I & II； 10. 第x条（款、项）和第y条（款、项）的表示方法：Article x and Article y，即表 示条（款、项）的词不能省略； 11. 文件中出现公式时，公式后说明性文字的“其中”、“式中”统一译为“Where:”， 注意其后加冒号；对公式中的字母和符号进行解释时，采用“-”，其前后均不空格，“-”后的首字母为小写；公式后的说明要用分号，最后采用句号。例如： Where: F sc-short circuit current force (lb/ft); V-velocity; P-gas density. 12. 冒号后首字母小写； 13. 大于号、小于号、等号两边均有空格； 14. 表格的标题和标题栏字体加粗； 15. 注意上下标与原文一致； 16. 直径符号φ的输入方法：插入，符号，字体选择Symbol，然后选择输入φ，并采用 斜体；
英语演讲稿及翻译 we are the world ,we are the future someone said “we are reading the first verse of the first chapter of a book, whose pages are infinite”. i don’t know who wrote these words, but i’ve always liked them as a reminder that the future can be anything we want it to be. we are all in the position of the farmers. if we plant a good seed ,we reap a good harvest. if we plant nothing at all, we harvest nothing at all. we are young. “how to spend the youth?” it is a meaningful question. to answer it, first i have to ask “what do you understand by t he word youth?” youth is not a time of life, it’s a state of mind. it’s not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips or supple knees. it’s the matter of the will. it’s the freshness of the deep spring of life. a poet said “to see a world in a grain of sand, and a heaven in a wild flower, hold infinity in the palm of your hand, and eternity in an hour. several days ago, i had a chance to listen to a lecture. i learnt a lot there. i’d like to share it with all of you. let’s show our right palms. we can see three li nes that show how our love.career and life is. i have a short line of life. what about yours? i wondered whether we could see our future in this way. well, let’s make a fist. where is our future? where is our love, career, and life? tell me.yeah, it is in our hands. it is held in ourselves. we all want the future to be better than the past. but the future can go better itself. don’t cry because it is over, smile because it happened. from the past, we’ve learnt that the life is tough, but we are tougher. we’ve learnt that we can’t choose how we feel, but we can choose what about it. failure doesn’t mean you don’t have it, it does mean you should do it in a different way. failure doesn’t mean you should give up, it does mean you must try harder. as what i sai d at the beginning, “we are reading the first verse of the first chapter of a book, whose pages are infinite”. the past has gone. nothing we do will change it. but the future is in front of us. believe that what we give to the world, the world will give to us. and from today on, let’s be the owners of ourselves, and speak out “we are the world, we are the future.”
PROBLEM B: College Coaching Legends Sports Illustrated, a magazine for sports enthusiasts, is looking for the “best all time college coa ch” male or female for the previous century. Build a mathematical model to choose the best coll ege coach or coaches (past or present) from among either male or female coaches in such sports as college hockey or field hockey, football, baseball or softball, basketball, or soccer. Does it m ake a difference which time line horizon that you use in your analysis, i.e., does coaching in 19 13 differ from coaching in 2013? Clearly articulate your metrics for assessment. Discuss how y our model can be applied in general across both genders and all possible sports. Present your m odel’s top 5 coaches in each of 3 different sports. In addition to the MCM format and requirements, prepare a 1-2 page article for Sports Illustrate d that explains your results and includes a non-technical explanation of your mathematical mod el that sports fans will understand. 问题B：大学教练— 《体育画报》(一本面向体育爱好者的杂志)正在寻找上世纪的“最佳的大学教练”（男女不限）。建立数学模型，从大学曲棍球、美式足球（橄榄球）、棒球、垒球、篮球或英式足球教练中选择最佳的大学教练或教练团队，男女均可。在分析中运用不同的时间段是否会导致不同的结果？换言之， 1913年的训练方式是否与2013年的不同？清晰地阐述你的分析原理，并讨论你的模型如何能普遍应用到所有可能的体育运动中，且不受性别限制。运用模型分别找出3个不同体育运动中的5位最佳教练。 除了根据MCM的格式和要求提交论文，还需向体育画报杂志提交一份1-2页的文章，用通俗易懂的语言阐述你的研究结果，使体育迷们能够充分理解。
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Catalogue Page 1. Purpose (04) 2. Scope and Equipment description (04) 3. Handling procedure (04) 4. Notes (05) 5. Reference (06) 6. Involving SOP (06) 7. Attachments (06)
Making a description of cleaning method of the B+S vial washing machine. This SOP is suitable for the cleaning of Formulation Workshop2 B+S vial washing machine. 3.1 Cleaning before washing the vials 3.1.1 The cleaning of the vial washing machine Open the air compress valve and the machine to operating the power source, turn the 3 on the right side on the control table to raise the machine’s cover as the pattern show n. 3.1.1.1 Check up if there are some last used Penicillin vials, scrap vials, scrap glasses been left in the machine and clean up. First use totally clean cloth with injection water to wipe the direct contact parts between the machine and Penicillin vials (such as the vial entering revolving stage, vial entering track, vial emerging track, the module used for seizing the vial ), wiping at least three times until we cannot see anything dirty on it.
介孔Pt /二氧化钛纳米复合材料作为高活性催化剂氧化二 氯乙酸 摘要：介孔Pt /二氧化钛纳米复合材料合成的两个途径:(1)原位制备Pt /二氧化钛纳米复合材料使用一步法合成的Pt 和TiO2的前体下嵌段共聚物溶液作为结构导向剂，其次是干燥、煅烧和减少气体H2。（2）铂粒子光化学沉积到介孔二氧化钛。在450 °C 下煅烧的介孔Pt/TiO2 纳米复合材料的透射电镜图像表明TiO2纳米粒子的平均直径约10 nm 无结块、大小和形状均匀一致。光分解沉积后，Pt纳米粒子分散良好统一高度统一,表现出直径约3nm；然而, 原位制备时Pt粒子直径约 15nm,最有可能是在高温下煅 烧和减少H2引起的。光催化活 性的新合成介孔光催化剂是衡 量和比较赢创德固赛原装气相 法二氧化钛P25和Pt/TiO2 P 25 在光降解二氯乙酸(DCA) 的 过程中释放H离子的速度来确定有机碳的含量。这两种制备路线是增加了Pt的岛屿和Pt粒子的大小。介孔Pt /二氧化钛纳米复合材料比赢创德固赛原装气相法二氧化钛P25光催化降解DCA高出2倍的活性。更大感光的介孔Pt /二氧化钛纳米复合材料归因于光分解沉积过程中的高分散性和Pt粒子的小尺寸(3nm)。就我们所知,光子降解沉积效率ξ= 7.95%是目前ξ值最高的报道。 1 前言 二氧化钛具有良好定义的介孔结构的设计是一种很有希望实现高光催化活性的方法。由于自有序介孔通道能方便底物分子的分子快速转移[1]。在另一方面,高度结晶的催化剂有利于快速的光分解沉积在二氧化钛粒
子表面，从而抑制他们的重组,增强的光子效率[2]。然而，半导体氧化物的制备表现出有序介孔结构和高度结晶孔壁通常是一个具有挑战性的任务[3]。虽然安东内利和同事在1995年已经合成了介孔二氧化钛[4]，但是有关报道有序介孔二氧化钛的合成的文献数量还是很有限。最近纳米尺度的贵金属颗粒和集群吸引了大量关注由于其独特的性质和潜在的应用在光化学、电化学、光学、电子、和催化等方面[6，8]。例如，贵金属沉积在二氧化钛表面可以通过吸引电子有效地分离导带的电子空穴。这个过程被证明能提高整体的光催化反应效率[9]。有几个因素强烈影响二氧化钛催化剂的活性:反应的活性表面积浓度中心，底物分子的吸附和他们类型的协调,费米能级和氧化中心(如中心被困的孔洞) 及氧化还原的属值。因此，增加的效率原则上，二氧化钛催化剂，可以有不同的实现的表面改性方法：贵金属离子的吸附和（或）的纳米微粒氧化还原活性分子的锚定等。 根据不同的制备条件，光分解沉积，通常存款收益率小金属从一个程序一些直径大约20 nm[10]的大小和分散然而，金属沉积二氧化钛粒子将是至关重要的控制他们的光催化活性。考虑到很强的影响存款规模和分散，制备的发展方法提供了一个控制存款规模必不可少的[11]。此外，高均匀性的Pt和二氧化钛在大小和形状也似乎是重要的实现增强光催化活动[12]。在本研究中，二氯醋酸(DCA) 被选为复合模型测试新准备的光催化剂，因为它有关工业污染物及其光催化降解机理已被完全阐明。气相法纳米级二氧化钛P25，Fe2O3-TiO2、银/二氧化钛、Pt /二氧化钛、钛白及介孔钛酸复合纳米材料分别在紫外线UV100 [13-17]以及可见光下照射[18]。 本研究报告主要是编制和适当的联系纳米Pt/TiO2 网络组装，通过从适合的前体结构加入导向剂的嵌段共聚物的一种新型原位制备方法。使用表面活性剂非常均匀的形成可控合成二氧化钛纳米晶体小粒径(大约10(2nm)在一个单步过程。达到这个规模领域是很重要的，因为热力学二氧化钛纳米粒子大小的稳定性，即在粒子直径< 16 nm(光催化更活跃)锐钛矿相已被证明比金红石相更稳定的[19]。我们的集中采用制备不同的介孔
一，翻译时间 1，试译文件需在发布任务的2天之内上传，我们将根据提交上来的试译文件选出中标作品，并发站内信通知，注意查收。为方便联系，可以在提交试译文件时留下联系方式（QQ，邮箱，最好是手机） 2，提交作品到指定的邮箱，不能按时交任务的话，要及时通知我。 5，如果稿件由于质量问题被退回，要求从退回日期算起一天之内发回。 二，翻译格式要求 1.应为纯文本格式，编码UTF-8, 统一使用Editplus 3。见附件 介于Editplus界面，左右宽度很大，总的拉动下面那个Bar，可以调整。找到左上Document，点击下拉出现菜单，选择Word-wrap Options...再选择enable word-wrap,然后下面那个format 选80，应该就可以了。 2.格式采用一段英文一段中文的方式（不是一句一句对应，而是一段一段），英 文下面跟中文，可以按照自然段的格式，不要把英文删掉。 使用中文标点，包括逗号（，），句号（。），省略号（……），引号（“”），破折号（——）等都用专门的全角中文标点，而不要使用英文标点。 3. <>表示一条评论的开始，要求一条一条翻译。不要搞混。<>中的内容保留， 不要做任何变动。 4，翻译文本应为纯文本格式，在保存翻译文件的时候点下拉框选编码UTF-8，不要更改原文件名。 三，翻译内容注意事项 1.TripAdvisor 一定要翻译成“到到网”，这个是网站的中文名字。 2.题目括号<>里面的酒店名不需要翻译，正文中的地名，酒店名尽量要翻译（可 在到到网和携程网上找），正文中的人名不需要翻译。 3.Review 里会有一些带感情色彩的话，特别是褒义的，在翻译的时候一定要把 这种感情给表现出来，语气也可以强烈些。比如说，“Amazing Value”有些人把它翻成“物有所值”，但也有些人把它翻成“物超所值”，肯定是后者表达的感情色彩更强烈，也更贴切。