英语翻译
Unit 1Book 3.中国传统节日以中国的农历为依据。农历年的岁首称为春节，俗称“过年”，有祈年等多种习俗，是中国人民最隆重的传统节日，象征团结兴旺。其他主要的节日有元宵节、清明节、端午节、七夕节、中秋节、重阳节、冬至节、腊八节等等。各个节日都有其来源讲究和风俗习惯。农历节日与农历中的二十四节气不同。农历节日是中华民族凝聚力和生命力的体现
Traditional Chinese festivals are usually fixed to the Lunar calendar. Jan uary 1st on the lunar calendar has been designated as the Spring Festival ( generally referred to as guonian). There are several customs during the Sp ring Festival, such as praying for a good harvest, etc. The Spring Festival is the most ceremonious traditional festival in China and symbolizes unity and prosperity. Some other significant Chinese festivals include the Lant ern Festival, the Pure Bright Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival. the Doub le-Seventh Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival, the Double-Ninth Festival, the Winter Solstice, and the Eight Day of the Twelfth Lunar Month, etc. Each festival has its own unique origin and custom. These Chinese festiva ls that follow teh Lunar calendar are different from the 24 Solar Terms in theLunar calendar. They embody China's cohesion and vitality.
Unit 2 Book 3.茶是中华民族的举国之饮，发端于神农，兴盛于唐宋（618-1279）。开门七件事，柴米油盐酱醋茶，是中国人日常生活的写照。茶文化是茶的自然和人文双重属性的引申与概括。中国的茶道
精神将儒释道三教融入其中，其主要目的是借助饮茶艺术来修炼身心，体悟大道，提升人生境界。
Chinese Tea Culture
As a traditional drink for Chinese people, Chinese tea is believed to have first started with Chinese Emperor Shen Nong, and flourished in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Making tea was considered one of the seven basic d aily necessities along with fuel, rice, oil, salt, soy sauce, and vinegar, whil e drinking tea is an apt portrayal of daily life in China. Tea culture is the e xtension and generalization of the science and the humanities character of tea. In China, the tea spirit blends the thoughts of Confucianism, Buddhis m, and Taoism, and it aims to help people cultivate both mind and body, c omprehend the truth, and elevat the realm of life through the art of drinki ng tea.
Unit 3Book3.中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的画特指国画。其绘画形式是用毛笔蘸水、墨、颜料作画于绢、帛、宣纸之上，古代称之为水墨丹青。为区别于西方的油画而称之为“中国画”，简称“国画”。其题材有人物、山水、花鸟等。技法可分为工笔和写意。国画的艺术特质在于“笔墨”，强调以形写神，画尽意在。国画在艺术创作上反映了中化民族的审美意识和情趣。
The four art forms in ancient China are guqin, chess, penmanship, and pai nting. And painting particularly refers to traditional Chinese painting. Tra ditional Chinese painting is done with a brush dipped into black or colore
d ink and is painted on silk or xuan paper. In ancient China, it was called “ink-painting.” In order to distinguish it from Western oil-paintings, th
e Chinese people term their works “traditional Chinese painting” (abbr eviated to “Chinese painting”.) The subject matters o
f Chinese paintin
g s are typically figures, landscapes, birds and flowers. The drawing skills a nd techniques employed by the Chinese painters can be divided into two f orms: fine brushwork and free-hand brushwork. The artistic characteristic s lie in “the writing brus
h and ink.” Chinese painting emphasizes using the shape to convey the feelings of the painter. Even though a painting is a finished product, it endlessly conveys a meaning. In terms of the artistic creation, traditional Chinese painting is a reflection of the aesthetic consc iousness and artistic sentiment of the Chinese people.
Unit 4Book3 .中国是酒的故乡。古人将酒的作用归纳为治病、养生、礼仪三类。酒文化是中华饮食文化的重要组成部分，它的精神文化价值体现在社会政治生活、文学艺术乃至人生态度、审美情趣等诸多方面。无酒不成宴，酒筹文化是中国合餐制的产物。宴席上的酒令五花八门，猜拳、文字令、筹令等都富有丰富的文化内涵，若胸中无数，则难以自如应对。
China is the home of wine and spirits. The functions of wine and spirits w ere classified by the ancients into three kinds: treating patients, keeping in good health, and showing politeness and respect to others. China's wine a nd spirits culture is an important part of Chinese food culture, and it embo
dies its values
in many aspects, such as in social and political life, literature and art, life philosophies, aesthetics, and so on. There is an old saying which goes, " It is not a banquet without wine." Under the custom of having dinner toget her in China, drinking games were therefore introduced. There are many kinds of banquet betting and drinking games, like the morra ( a finger-gue ssing game), wine/spirtis words, wine/spirits chips (a drinking game), all with rich cultural connotations. In reality, it is difficult to win unless you have a card up your sleeve.
5. 中国石窟
中国石窟组要反映的是佛教文化艺术。敦煌莫高窟、大同云冈石窟、洛阳龙门石窟、天水麦积山石窟，号称中国四大石窟艺术景观。佛教石窟随山雕凿、彩绘，形象生动自然，将崇尚美与世俗情融为一体，把天然造化与人工创造有机结合，是由建筑、绘画、雕塑等组成的博大精深、绚丽夺目的综合艺术殿堂。其艺术成就为世界瞩目，已成为重要的世界文化遗产。
Chinese Grottoes
Chinese grottoes mainly reflect the art of Buddhist culture. In China，there are four major art landscape of grottoes:the Mogao Grottoes at Dunhuang, the Y ungang Grottoes at Datong, the Longmen Grottoes at Luoyang, and the Maijishan Grottoes at Tianshui. Carved and painted on mountains, the Buddhist grottoes mingle both sublimity and secular
feelings together, presenting us a vivid and natural appearance. They embody the systematic combination of both the exceptional artistry of great nature and the extremely fine craftsmanship of mankind. The Chinese Buddhist Grottoes are regarded as a profound and stunning general art gallery, which are composed of architecture, painting, sculptures, etc. The artistic achievements of Chinese grottoes have attracted the attention of the world, and have become important international cultural heritage.
Unit 6 Book3. 中国古典文学名著
中国古典文学包括诗歌、散文、小说以及词、赋、曲等多种文体，艺术表现手法丰富各异。而小说中的《三国演义》、《水浒传》、《西游记》、《红楼梦》则被称为中国四大古典文学名著，至今在国内外都有着广泛而深远的影响。研读四大古典文学名著，能够了解中国传统人文社会、民俗之心理，是汲取古代文明精粹、处事为人策略与智慧的重要途径。
Chinese Classical Literature
Chinese classical literature includes poetry, prose, fiction, and ci (new lyr ics written to pre-existing tunes), fu (“descriptive poems” of prose-poet ry), qu (a freer form based on the new popular songs and dramatic arias), and many other styles. Its artistic expressions are various in technique. Fo ur classics of Chinese literature are Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Wat er Margin, Journey to the West, and Dream of Red Mansions, which have
extensive and far-reaching significance both on a national and internation al level. Through reading “the four famous novels” carefully, you can e xperience traditional Chinese society and human culture, and folklore cus toms. And it is an important way to absorb the quintessence of traditional Chinese culture as well as to pick up strategies and wisdom on how to get along with others.
Unit 7Book3 .中药主要由植物药（根、茎、叶、果）、动物药（内脏、皮、骨、器官）和矿物药组成。因以植物药为主，故也称中草药。中药的应用理论独特，认为中药有四气五味。“四气”指药性的“寒热温凉”，“五味”指“辛酸甘苦咸”。中国人探索中草药已有几千年的历史，如今中医药及其诊疗方法已传播到世界各地。
Traditional Chinese medicine mainly consists of plant medicine (roots, st erns, leaves, fruits), animal medicine (viscera, skins, bones, organs), and mineral medicine. Chinese herbal medicine is based on plant medicine. A ccording to the unique application theory of traditional Chinese medicine, it is believed that it contains “ four natures and five flavors.”“Four Natures” refers to the properties of “coldness, heat, mildness, and cool ness,” while “five flavors” refers to the properties of being “pungent , sour, sweet, bitter, and salty.” It is said that Chinese people have been c onducting research into herbal medicine for thousands of years. Nowaday s, traditional Chinese medicine and its therapeutic methods have extensiv ely been spread to the far corners of the globe.
Unit 8Book 3 中国瓷器
瓷器是中华民族对世界文明的伟大贡献。早在八千年前的新石器时代，中国的先民就发明使用了陶器。商代（前1600-前1046）中期创造出了原始瓷器。汉代（前206-公元220）末期烧制出成熟的青瓷。以后瓷器由中国传播到世界各地，中国也博得了“瓷之国”的称号。英语中“瓷器（china)”一词已成为“中国”的代名词。
Chinese Porcelain
Porcelain is regarded as one of Chinas outstanding contributions to the w orlds civilization. As early as the Neolithic Age about 8,000 years ago, th e Chinese ancestors invented and began to use pottery. Proto-porcelain w as invented in the mid-Shang Dynasty. Celadon was molded in the late H an Dynasty. From then on, porcelain was introduced by China to the rest of the world. China was therefore dubbed the “porcelain country.” In E nglish, the word “china” has become a word that represents “China”.
Unit 1 Book 4 剪纸
剪纸又叫刻纸，窗花或剪画。剪纸在纸的发明之前就已经流行，当时人们运用金箔，绢帛，皮革等片状材料，通过镂空雕刻的技法制成工艺品。汉代（前206-公元220），纸张的发明促使了剪纸的发展与普及。民间剪纸的题材多来源于现实生活，充满纳福迎祥的主题，表达对美好生活的向往。
Paper cutting (otherwise known as jianzhi) is also called kezhi, chuanghua or jianhua. Paper cutting was popular even before paper was invented. When there was no paper, people carved on gold leaf, silk , feathers , and so on, with a carving technique known as hollow-cutting to make handicrafts. In the Han Dynasty(206BC-220AD), the invention of paper promoted the development and popularity of paper-cutting. The
folk themes of the paper-cutting are rooted in real life, filled with the themes of enjoying a life of ease and comfort, and expressing the desire for a happy life.
Unit 2 Book 4 儒家思想
儒家思想也称为儒学，由春秋（前770-前476）末期伟大的思想家、教育家孔子所创立。历代代表人物有孟子、董仲舒、朱熹、王阳明等。主要经典有：四书（《大学》、《中庸》、《论语》、《孟子》），五经（《周易》、《尚书》、《诗经》、《礼记》、《春秋》）等。儒家学派以“仁义礼智信”为核心内容，构成了其伦理思想体系，是中国古代长达两千余年封建社会的主流意识。
Confucianism
Confucian thought, also called Confucianism, was established by Confucius, a great thinker and educator who lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period (770BC-476BC). Some representatives of Confucianism throughout Chinese history include Mencius, Dong Zhongshu, Zhu Xi, and Wang Yangming. The main classics of Confucianism are the Four Books(The Great Learning, THe Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius, and Mencius) and the Five Classics (Zhouyi,
Shangshu(Collection of Ancient Texts), The Book of Songs, The Rites, and The Spring and Autumn Annals). The Confucian School regards “benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and fidelity”as being at the core of its ethical system. Confucianism was the main ideology of feudal society for more than 2000 years in China.
Unit3 Book 4 中国象棋
中国象棋早在战国时期（前475-前221）就有记载，最初称为六博，用象牙做成，到了北宋（960-1127）末期定型为近代模式。棋盘为九竖十横线画成的长方形平面，是中国封建社会制度和文化的缩影——有军中帐（九宫）、士位（士，仕），文官（象，相），武将（车，马，炮），士兵（兵、卒）。是世界四大棋类（中国围棋、中国象棋、国际象棋、日本将棋）之一.
The earliest records of Chinese chess can be traced back to the Warring
States Period(475BC-221BC).The early-stage Chinese chess was composed of six pieces carved out of ivory, and was therefore called “Six Boxing”. Its final form of play was fixed at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty(960AD-1127AD) after a long period of development. The chessboard is a rectangular board that is 9 lines wide by 10 lines long. Composed of marshal or general , advisors(scholar or official), civil officials(elephant or minister), military officers(chariots, horses, and cannons),and soldiers(soldiers or pawns), Chinese chess is Chinese social institution and culture in miniature. It is also one of the four most popular chess games in the world, the other three being the Chinese Weiqi, the game of chess, and shogi(or general’s chess)
Unit 4Book4二十四节气
中国古代的先民们，根据太阳在黄道（即地球绕太阳公转的轨道）上的位置，将一年分为二十四个等分，并分别赋予具有特定含义的专有名称，如春分、清明等，这便是二十四节气。二十四节气以黄河流域气候为背景，把自然季节现象与农事活动的相互联系作为内容列入历法，用以指导农业生产。它是中国古代先民们发明的一种独特而伟大的历法。
The 24 solar terms
The ancient Chinese divided the year into 24 equal segments according to the positions of the sun on the ecliptic. Names were given with special
connotations for these segments; such as vernal equinox(occurs on March 20 or 21) and pure brightness(occurs on April4,5,6); and hence they are called the 24 Solar Terms. Originating from the Reaches of the Yellow River，the 24 Solar Terms are basically a calender to govern agricultural arrangements which take into account the changes in climate and practical agricultural needs. The 24 Solar Terms are considered a great and unique creation of the ancient Chinese.
Unit 5Book 4 中国书法
中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“书”特指书法。它是用毛笔书写篆、隶、行、楷、草等各种汉字的艺术。中国书法在技法上讲究笔法、墨法、章法等，其艺术的和谐之美体现在字里行间。隶书的蚕头燕尾，楷书的中规中矩，草书的龙飞凤舞，行书的潇洒飘逸，可谓异彩纷呈，千姿百态。中国书法体现了中华民族豪爽大气、端庄含蓄的特点。Chinese Calligraphy
The four ancient Chinese artistic forms are called guqin, chess, penmanship, and painting; and penmanship particularly refers to the Chinese calligraphy. Chinese calligraphy is a kind of art using a brush to write seal script, official script, regular script, cursive script, grass script, and other various writing styles of Chinese characters. The writing techniques of Chinese calligraphy are highlighted by the manner of using a brush, the way ink is used, the art of composition, and so on. Its harmonious beauty of art is reflected in between the lines. Chinese
calligraphy exhibits its beauty in different poses, such as the uniqueness
of the official script’s “silkworm head and swallow tail”, the regular script’s requirement to “stick to the norm and rules”, the characteristics of grass script’s “flying dragons and dancing phoenixes”, and the distinctive “natural grace” of the cursive script. Indeed, Chinese calligraphy reflects the personality of Chinese people’s straightforwardness, dignity, and reticence.
Unit 6Book4 中国古琴
中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“琴”特指古琴，亦称瑶琴，玉琴，七弦琴，是中国古老的一种弹拨乐器。据《史记》记载，琴的出现不晚于尧舜时期。为区分于西方乐器，现被称为“古琴”。古琴依凤之身形而制并命名各部位，反映出儒家的礼乐思想及中国人所重视的和合性。
Chinese Guqin
As one of the four art forms(namely guqin, chess, penmanship, and painting)in ancient China, guqin is a kind of plucked string instrument which is also known as yaoqin, yuqin and qixianqin. According to the Chinese history book Shih CHi, qin appeared no later than the Yao and Shun eras. In order to distinguish it from similar musical instruments of the West, it was called guqin,. The guqin’s design imitates the shape of a phoenix. People also named different parts of the guqin after the names of various body parts of the phoenix. This naming method reflects
Confucius’ thoughts on music and the ideology of harmony that Chinese people value.
Unit 7 Book 4十二生肖
十二生肖是中国用十二种动物所组成的记年方法。我国自古就有“干支纪年法”，而我国西北地区游牧的少数民族则以动物纪年，两种纪年法相互融合，形成了现在的十二生肖，即：子鼠，丑牛，寅虎，卯兔，辰龙，巳蛇，午马，未羊，申猴，酉鸡，戌狗，亥猪。属相的基本意义在于使人们圆融通达，和衷共济。
The Chinese Zodiac
The Chinese Zodiac is the Chinese way of numbering the years. It attributes an animal to each year, according to a 12-year cycle. Since ancient times, the Chinese people began to use the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches to record the passing of years. At the same time, Chinese nomadic people who lived in northwest China instead used animals to number the years. The two ways of numbering the years were smoothly integrated, and the Chinese Zodiac took shape. The 12 animals in the Chinese Zodiac are: rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, ram, monkey, rooster, dog, and pig. The meaning of the symbolic animal of the birth year is that it can make people magnanimous and be of one mind in times of difficulty.
Unit8 Book 4 唐诗宋词
唐诗代表了中华诗歌的最高成就。知名诗人多若星辰，李白，杜甫，白居易都是世界闻名的伟大诗人。唐诗分为古体诗，律诗，绝句，又有五言、七言之分，其题材广泛，数量庞大，风格和流派多样。宋词是继唐诗之后中国古代文学史上的又一座高峰，历来与唐诗并称双雄。宋词以长短句为主，依词牌填词，豪放派和婉约派词风各异，主要代表有辛弃疾，苏轼，柳永，李清照等。
Tang Poetry and Song Ci
Tang Poetry represents the highest achievement of Chinese poetry. There were many distinguished poets in the Tang Dynasty, including Li Bai, Du Fu, and Bai Juyi, who are world-famous. There are various forms of Tang Poetry, such as pre-Tang poetry, regular poems, short poems. Regular poems and short poems can also be divided into pentasyllabic and heptasyllabic according to the characters contained in each line. There is an enormous collection of Tang Poetry, with a wide range of subjects, styles, and schools. Its artistic charm touches everyone deeply. Song Ci is another summit in the history of classical Chinese literature. Tang Poetry and Song Ci have consistently been called the two literary giants. The main form of Song Ci is a kind of peotry that chiefly consists of
seven-character lines interspersed with shorter and longer ones. The writers poetize according to particular tunes. There are two major styles os Song Ci, called the Powerful and Free School,, and the Soft and
Tuneful School. Xin Qiji, Su Shi, LiuYong , LiQingzhao ,etc are the main representatives.
中西语言文化差异与英汉互译 【摘要】不同的国家有着不同的语言文化，翻译与文化有着密可不分的联系。文化的共性使翻译成为可能，但其语言文化的个性又给翻译活动设置了障碍。我国汉族文化与英、美等西方文化之间存在很大差异，这种差异造成思维方式不同，具体体现在汉、英两种语言上的互译上。因此，在当今全球化竞争日益激烈的形势下，把中英文翻译地更准确更贴近两种语言文化氛围是十分必要的。 【关键词】思维方式；差异；英汉翻译 0.引言 翻译作为语际交际是语言的转换过程，同时也是文化交融的过程。在很大程度上，它与文化因素、背景知识有很大的关系。翻译作为沟通两种不同语言的桥梁，在跨文化交际中起着不可或缺的重要作用。然而，不同的语言文字有着其自身的文化内涵：一种语言文字中的某些含义，有时候很难通过译文用另一种语言文字传达给读者，而翻译中所失去的恰恰就是跨语言文化的内涵与微妙。正因为如此，翻译工作者就要从提高自身的素质方面出发，努力创造出既符合我国国情，又符合英语特点，并能让英语国家人们读懂和理解的英语表达法。 1.中西语言文化差异 由于中西方文化差异的影响，英语重形合，而汉语重意合。由于中国传统的思想把人与自然看成是一个有机的整体，从而形成了汉民族汉语重意合和具象思维的特点。西方的哲学家认为人类可以征服自然，这使得他们常把观察的视点放在动作的承受者上，所以，英语中存在大量的被动语态。另外，汉民族的思维受道家和儒家思想的影响，汉语常用人称作主语，经常会用“有人”“人们”“大家”等泛指人称或省略主语的无主句。同时在对待时间的态度上，中国人以过去为取向，无论人们做什么都要考虑此事过去是否做过，而西方人尤其是英美人则习惯未来取向，主张一切着眼于未来。从而决定了中国人偏重顺向的和螺旋式的思维，而西方人则偏重于逆向和直线式的思维。英语具有明显的词形变化、形式多样的语法形式。而汉语无词形变化，语法形式的表达主要依靠词汇手段。英语可通过动词的屈折变化来体现不同的时态，而汉语因无词形变化需借助于词汇手段即表示时间的副词来交代动作发生的时间。英语是形合语言，这源于西方人习惯于分析，逻辑和推理，思维模式呈线性。反映在语言上是注重形态变化和语法结构，多用关联词语体现句子内部和句子之间的关系，结构较明晰。而汉语是意合语言，中国人讲注重整体和谐，具有直观性、综合性和整体性特点，汉语思维重综合和意会，反映在句子成分和结构上相对不明晰，这些差异在语篇衔接上有所体现，作为在作者和读者之间起到桥梁作用的译者，应该了解英汉语篇连接上的差异，需要使用一些翻译策略，使译文通顺连贯。 2.差异与英汉互译
常见中国传统文化名词英语翻译 风水：Fengshui; geomantic omen 阳历：solar calendar 阴历：lunar calendar 闰年：leap year 十二生肖：zodiac 春节：the Spring Festival 元宵节：the Lantern Festival 清明节：the Tomb-sweeping Day 端午节：the Dragon-boat Festival 中秋节：the Mid-autumn Day 重阳节：the Double-ninth Day 七夕节：the Double-seventh Day 春联：spring couplets 春运：the Spring Festival travel 把中国的汉字“福”字倒贴在门上(听起来像是福到)预示新年有好运：turn the Chinese character for luck (fu) upside down to make “dao”(which sounds like arrival) and put it on your door to bring in good fortune for the new year 庙会：temple fair 爆竹：firecracker 年画：(traditional) New Year pictures 压岁钱：New Year gift-money 舞龙：dragon dance 舞狮：lion dance 元宵：sweet sticky rice dumplings 花灯：festival lantern 灯谜：lantern riddle 食物对于中国佳节来说至关重要，但甜食对于农历新年特别重要，因为他们能让新的一年更加甜蜜。Food is central to all Chines festivals, but sugary snacks are especially important for Lunar New Year, since they sweetne up prospects for the coming year. 传统的佳节食物包括年糕、八宝饭、饺子、果脯和瓜子。Traditional holiday treats include nian gao (rice pudding), ba bao fan (eight treasure rice), jiao zi (crispy dumplings), candied fruits and seeds. 四合院：Siheyuan/ Quadrangle 亭/阁：pavilion/attic 刺绣：Embroidery 剪纸：Paper Cutting 书法：Calligraphy 针灸：Acupuncture 象形文字：Pictograms/Pictographic Characters 偏旁：radical 战国：Warring States 人才流动：Brain Drain/Flow 铁饭碗：Iron Bowl 黄土高原：Loess Plateau 红白喜事：Weddings and Funerals ——仅供参考
Unit 1 Book3 中国传统节日 中国传统节日以中国的农历为依据。农历年的岁首称为春节，俗称“过年”，有祈年等多种习俗，是中国人民最隆重的传统节日，象征团结兴旺。其他主要的节日有元宵节、清明节、端午节、七夕节、中秋节、重阳节、冬至节、腊八节等等。各个节日都有其来源讲究和风俗习惯。农历节日与农历中的二十四节气不同。农历节日是中华民族凝聚力与生命力的体现。 Traditional Chinese Festivals Traditional Chinese festivals are usually fixed according to the lunar calendar. January 1st on lunar calendar has been designated as the Spring Festival (generally referred to as guonian). There are several customs during the Spring Festival, such as praying for a good harvest, etc. The Spring Festival is the most ceremonious traditional festival in China and symbolizes unity and prosperity. Some other significant Chinese festivals include the Lantern Festival, the Pure Bright Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival, the Double-seventh Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival, the Double-Ninth Festival, the Winter Solstice, and the Eighth Day of the Twelfth Lunar Month, etc. Each festival has its own unique origin and custom. These Chinese festivals that follow the lunar calendar are different from the 24 Solar Terms in the lunar calendar. They embody China’s cohesion and vitality. Unit 3 Book3 中国画 中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“画”特指国画。其绘画形式是毛笔蘸水、墨、颜料作画于绢、帛、宣纸之上，古代称之为水墨丹青。为区别于西方的油画而称之为“中国画”，简称“国画”。其题材有人物、山水、花鸟等。技法可分为工笔和写意。国画的艺术特质在于“笔墨”，强调以形写神，画尽意在。国画在艺术创作上反映了中华民族的审美意识和情趣。 Traditional Chinese Painting The four art forms in ancient China are guqin, chess, penmanship, and painting. And painting particularly refers to traditional Chinese painting. Traditional Chinese painting is done with a brush dipped into black or colored ink and is painted on silk or xuan paper. In ancient China, it was called “ink-painting”. In order to distinguish it from Western oil-paintings, the Chinese people term their works “traditional Chinese painting” (abbreviated to “Chinese painting”). The subjec t matters of Chinese paintings are typically figures, landscapes, birds and flowers. The drawing skills and techniques employed by the Chinese painters can be divided into two forms：
1. 元宵节：Lantern Festival 2. 刺绣：embroidery 3. 重阳节：Double-Ninth Festival 4. 清明节：Tomb sweeping day 5. 剪纸：Paper Cutting 6. 书法：Calligraphy 7. 对联：(Spring Festival) Couplets 8. 象形文字：Pictograms/Pictographic Characters 9. 人才流动：Brain Drain/Brain Flow 10. 四合院：Siheyuan/Quadrangle 11. 战国：Warring States 12. 风水：Fengshui/Geomantic Omen 13. 铁饭碗：Iron Bowl 14. 函授部：The Correspondence Department 15. 集体舞：Group Dance 16. 黄土高原：Loess Plateau 17. 红白喜事：Weddings and Funerals 18. 中秋节：Mid-Autumn Day 19. 结婚证：Marriage Certificate 20. 儒家文化：Confucian Culture 21. 附属学校：Affiliated school 22. 古装片：Costume Drama 23. 武打片：Chinese Swordplay Movie 24. 元宵：Tangyuan/Sweet Rice Dumpling (Soup) 25. 一国两制：One Country, Two Systems 26. 火锅：Hot Pot 27. 四人帮：Gang of Four 28. 《诗经》：The Book of Songs 29. 素质教育：Essential-qualities-oriented Education 30. 《史记》：Historical Records/Records of the Grand Historian 31. 大跃进：Great Leap Forward (Movement) 32. 《西游记》：The Journey to the West 33. 除夕：Chinese New Year’s Eve/Eve of the Spring Festival 34. 针灸：Acupuncture 35. 唐三彩：Tri-color Pottery of the Tang Dynasty/ The Tang Tri-colored pottery 36. 中国特色的社会主义：Chinese-charactered Socialist/Socialist with Chinese characteristics 37. 偏旁：radical 38. 孟子：Mencius 39. 亭/阁：Pavilion/ Attic
2009年4月 第6卷第4期 Journal of Hubei University of Economics(Humanities and Social Sciences) 湖北经济学院学报（人文社会科学版） Apr.2009Vol.6No.4 一、英汉互译应注意文化差异 众所周知，文化差异是翻译中的一大障碍。任何译者都必然会遇到它。这是因为不论笔译还是口译都是借助语言来完成的；而语言本身就是文化信息的载体与容器。 [1] 而且语言与 文化密不可分，即“语言与文化的联系既多样又广泛。毫无疑问，学者、作家及社会活动家的写作活动是民族文化的重要因素，它对语言规范的发展有着影响。”从翻译的角度来看，文化差异往往通过对两种不同语言文字的比较与对照得到真实的体现，而译者必须尊重各民族语言文化的同时，还必须考虑各民族的适应度和可接受度。在交际时，译者必须介绍该民族文化在语言交际中的差异，否则就造成很大的笑话。据说一个由于文化的差异，而造成语言交流时的误解故事，即一个很流行的故事就是有位中国官员携妻子访美，在与美国员相遇寒暄时，双方都忽视了对方的语言文化差异而造成语义误解的尴尬局面。从这个事例中我们可领悟道译者在口笔译时都必须从不同的文化背景，文化常识等知识的角度去理解其语言语义。比如译者所进行的是英译汉，他或她就须首先想到本民族读者所特有的语言文化，照顾其身份与利益，扬长避短，使一些难为本民族读者所接受的文化因素尽量离他们远一些，或提醒他们以批判的态度待之，在可让译文适合欧化的同时，注意使用规范的词与句，要尽可能地从汉语中去寻找现成或规范的部分，有时即便无计可施也得设法为之，这就是翻之技巧。当然还可采用加脚注的办法，其目的都是为了消除文化上的障碍，理解上的困难。 如：“You don ’t want to lose Larry altogether,do you ?” She shook her head. S.Maugham:THE RAZOR ’S EDGE,p.256. “你不想完全失掉拉里，是吗？”她点头。 周煦良译：《刀锋》，第245页。 [2] 从译文看，译者很了解原语的文化背景，并善于处理文化差异所造成的理解障碍，即将shook 摇头译成点头。摇头是英美人同意否定句问话的习惯，译者为了使中国读者不至误会，而译成了点头。这里的文化差异在于：回答否定句时，英美人是着眼于所问的内容，而中国人则着眼于问话本身的正确与 否。所以译者的译文是恰到好处的。达到了使广大读者也无理解困难或异议。 就语言文化本身来言，一民族的文化之所以是另一民族理解和翻译的障碍，是因为它事先未为这个民族的人所了解。不管是英译汉还是汉译英，译者除了重视东西文化之间的差异外，还应重视其它翻译技巧。如“读者对等”“归化、异化”等等。 就“读者对等”而言，它是奈达有名的“灵活对等”理论的一个极为重要的部分。而众多的奈达的研究者们看中的只是他的语言形式、语言风格、语言神韵的对等，对“读者对等”这一部分采取视而不见的态度。而谭载喜在《奈达论翻译》一书中从读者反应这一角度对奈达的理论又进行了卓有成效的概括与研究。他在《翻译的性质》这一章中，特别强调论述了这一点，奈达主张，从读者的角度来看翻译，则必须引进另一观点，要看译作能否被读者所理解、衡量它的标准不仅在于译文中词句能否被理解，还在于读者对整个译文会产生什么样的反应。[3]这无疑告诉了翻译工作者在英汉互译时不仅要注重读者的反应，也要注意语义上的对等原则。 二、英汉互译应注意语义上的对等原则 1.最切近对等原则的实现 语言文化的差异，使双语翻译中绝对对等的实现难以完全达到，然而在可能的范围内尽量地贴近则是可以达到的。当然英语属印欧语系，汉语属于汉藏语系，双语的表达方式有不尽相同的地方，在这种情况下，一个成功的翻译者要学会灵活地加以变通，准确地再现原语的精神，追求最切近对等原则的实现，从而实现对等。例如： （1）鸳鸯道：家生女儿怎么样？牛不吃水强按头。（《红楼梦》四十六回） “It makes no odds ”,said Faithful,“You can take an ox to the water,but you can ’t make him drink (Hawkes) “What difference does it make?You can ’t force an ox to bend its head to drink ”,said Yuan yang.(Yang) 霍克斯将英谚中“You can take a horse to the water,but you can ’t make him drink ”作了变通，这样既保持了汉语谚语 的表达力，也成功地达到了对等。对西方读者而言，也是一点 论语言文化与翻译技巧 王芳，张君 (湖南工业大学外国语学院，湖南株洲412008) 摘 要：语言是交际的工具,是文化信息的,若忽略了语言与文化,无论怎么说都难以获得成功的译文；同样是 翻译，译文还有高下优劣之分。好的译文不仅符合作者的原意，还能传达其微妙之处，使读者能很好理解原文要旨，感受其风格等。本文试图用一些例证，以印证语言文化与翻译技巧的重要性。 关键词：文化；翻译；技巧 122··
中国传统文化专有名词英文翻译 中国传统文化的英语单词你都了解吗？以下内容是关于中国文化的英语单词，与大家一起分享！ 1 .上海大剧院Shanghai Grand Theatre 2 .龙须沟Longxu Ditch 3 .样板戏model opera 4 .地雷战The Mine Warfare 5 .贵妃醉酒Drunkened Concubine 6 .霸王别姬Farewell to My Concubine 7 .荒山泪Tears of Huangshan 8 .群英会Gathering of Heroes 9 .借东风East Wind 10 .将相和General and Premier Make Up 11 .杨门女将Women General of Yang Family 12 .凤阳花鼓Flower Drum Dance 13 .大海啊，故乡Home in the Sea 14 .我的中国心My Chinese Heart 15 .军港之夜Night at the Naval Port 16 .冬天里的一把火Winter Fire 17 .十面埋伏（古曲）Ambush from All Sides 18 .天仙配Goddess Marriage 19 .牡丹亭Peony Pavilion 20 .春江花月夜Moon and Flower in the Spring River 21 .琵琶记The Story of Pipa 22 .醒世恒言Lasting Words to Awaken the World 23 .梁祝（小提琴协奏曲）Butterfly Love 24 .警世通言Ordinary Words to Warn the World 25 .喻世明言Clear Words to Illustrate the World 26 .“三言”、“二拍” Three V olumes of Words,Two V olumes of Slapping 27 .拍案惊奇Surprise Stories to Make One Slap the Desk 28 .红楼梦A Dream of Red Mansion/Chamber 29 .水浒Water Margin 30 .西游记Journey to the West 31 .三国演义Romance of the Three Kingdoms 32 .聊斋志异Strange Tles from a Scholar's Studio 33 .长生殿Palace of Eternal Life 34 .桃花扇The Peach Blossom Fan 35 .儒林外史The Scholars 36 .五女拜寿Celebrating Mother's Birthday 37 .清明上河图Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival
传统文化英语作文 1.假定你是李华,是某高中的一名学生。为了让更多的人了解中国优秀的传统文化,你校近日将举办中国传统文化展(The Traditional Chinese Culture Fair)。请给你的外教Mr. Smith写一封电子邮件,邀请他参加。邮件的内容包括: 展会的宗旨,时间、地点以及参加人; 展出内容:相关书籍、图片、实物等; 注意:词数100左右;可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。 Dear Smith, I'm writing to invite you to the Traditional Chinese Cultural Fair to be held by our school at the Art Center this Friday afternoon, from 2pm to 5pm. Since this event aims to help more people learn about the traditional Chinese culture, the staff, all the students and their parents as well as anyone interested in it are welcome. At the Fair, related books, pictures, videos and objects will be exhibited, through which visitors will not only understand traditional Chinese culture better but also definitely feel the unique beauty of it. If you're interested, please come and enjoy it. And I'd be glad to offer any help. Looking forward to your early reply. Yours, Li Hua 2.假如你是李华，你校将举办中学生文化艺术节，请给你的英国朋友Peter写信，邀请他参加这次艺术节并请他表演一个节目．信的内容包括： 1．演出地点、时间及参加人员； 2．介绍艺术节主题：弘扬传统文化，促进文化交流． 注意：1．词数：100左右 2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯． 参考词汇：中学生文化艺术节the Middle School Art Festival 承办 host 弘扬 carry forward . Dear Peter， How is everything going？I'm honored and happy，hearing you are a fan of traditional Chinese Art and Culture．Here comes a piece of good news appealing to you．The Middle School Art Festival hosted by our school is drawing near． The festival is to carry forward traditional culture and promote cultural exchange．And it provides audience with a stage where they can sample different forms of traditional Chinese and foreign culture while putting on performance．Next Friday，on the 30th of June，the festival will be held in the Shiyu Building．All of us students will take part in it．I sincerely hope that you can join us in our performance．By the way，it will be nicer of you to show us something from your country，since it will satisfy our curiosity about Britain． All of us will feel graced with the presence of you and your family． Yours，Li Hua 3. 假定你是李华，你的留学生同学Smith对中国传统文化很感兴趣，想要了解端午节。请你写信向他介绍中国的传统节日——端午节。包括以下要点： 1)端午节的时间及起源（农历五月初五）； 2)端午节的习俗； 3)邀请他端午节那天和你一起过节。 注意：1)词数100左右。 2)可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 Dear Smith,
浙江大学（2011-2012）学年秋冬学期 《中英语言与文化比较》课程期末论文 姓名祖木热提古丽·牙生学号 3100105234 班级人文1012 成绩 Cross-cultural Comparison of Chinese and English Public Service Advertising 《中英公益广告的跨文化比较》 摘要：公益广告以社会关注的问题为核心，通过媒介以广告的方式引起公众注意并改变公众的态度和行为促进社会健康持续发展。在公益广告设计中，修辞手法的广泛使用是公益广告的一个重要特征。由于受自身民族语言文化的制约与影响，英汉公益广告又各自有风格特点。本文通过英汉广告修辞手法的比较，以期在公益广告理解与翻译中，把握其自身的特点。 关键词：英汉公益广告,修辞手法,比较与翻译 一、引言 公益广告亦称公共服务广告、公德广告，是以为公众谋利益和提高福利待遇为目的而设计的广告；是企业或社会团体向消费者阐明它对社会的功能和责任，表明自己追求的不仅仅是从经营中获利，而是过问和参与如何解决社会问题和环境问题这一意图的广告，它是指不以盈利为目的而为社会公众切身利益和社会风尚服务的广告。它具有社会的效益性、主题的现实性和表现的号召性三大特点。亚里士多德在《修辞学》一书中将修辞定义为 “ 一种能在任何一个问题上找到可能的说服方式的功能”，因此在广告语言里运用修辞是再适合不过了。“从大量的广告作品实例来看，凡属优秀的广告作品，无一不有十分精美的语言文字，修辞格式是语言文字艺术之花，绝大多数语言文字精美的广告作品，又都成功地运用了修辞格式”。公益广告创作者为了能更好地传播主题，达到其说服教育的目的，常常要用一些修辞手段使其语言更加准确、鲜明、生动而且有力。 英汉公益广告中都使用大量的修辞手法赋予广告极强的艺术性。因此在翻译公益广告时既要重视功能性又不可忽视艺术性。失去语言的魅力也就失去了广告的魅力。广告译文能否与原文在语用上等效取决于广告修辞手法的传译。由于这些广告都是基于本民族语言特点及文化内涵形成的，所以传译往往较难。 二、英汉公益广告的修辞手法与翻译 公益广告的真实性与思想性要通过艺术的形式才能表达出来，所以说，广告的艺术性才是广告的灵魂，成功的公益广告应具有一定的艺术感染力。艺术的感染力不仅体现在图片上，语言的感染力也非同小可，其中修辞手法就是赋予公益广告艺术感染的常用方法，因此下文将分别从英语和汉语的公益广告中欣赏修辞与试析翻译公益广告修辞的沿用与转换。 （一）英语公益广告中常见的修辞与翻译 1.头韵，英语语音修辞手段之一，它蕴含了语言的音乐美和整齐美，使得语言声情交融、音义一体，具有很强的表现力和感染力，从应用范围，结构特征及审美值三个方面对其进行分析讨论，将有助于我们理解和欣赏这辞格。英语的公益广告中为了达到理想的语音美的效果，会使用头韵修辞手法，如：“Loose Lips Sink Ships.”这是二次大战期间美国保密防谍的标语。在翻译这则广告时，欲在译文同样使用头韵的修辞传达原文的语意功能几乎是不可能的，因此在处理这句标语时，我们不妨利用汉语中的文化或不同的修辞使译文同时具备功能性与艺术美，如译文“一言不慎，千帆尽沉”中采用汉语的四字格，“祸从口出”中的习语，以及“三思而后言”中仿拟修辞手法的使用都能从不同的角度译出原文的语意和美感。 2.脚韵，脚韵也类似汉语中的押尾韵，指词尾音素重复。在英国，男士们都比较绅士，在用完抽水马桶后通常会被期待着将坐垫放下，以表示对女性的尊重和体谅，所以在有些地方就会有这样一条公益广告，“Please be sweet，put down the seat.”其中采用的就是以/e/音结尾的“sweet”和“seat”。这样一种温馨提示使得男士的举手之劳让女士都能从中受益，使社会更加和谐。在翻译句广告时应将其语音功能放在首位，其次追求其形式美。故此提示语译文“麻烦放下坐垫，谢谢您的关照”中用“麻烦”、“谢谢”礼貌体，以及句式字数上的对应来实现语言的魅力，最终达到公益广告为公众服务的效能。 3.强调，指采用修辞手法（Stylistic Devices）来表现句中相对重要的概念。这种修辞手法主要通过以下途径来实现词序或位置、对照或对比、重复、省略、语气、固定句式或结构。由于文化背景不一样，西方国家主张个性张扬，这也使得西方的公益广告中出现强调“you”的作用，如美国一则家喻户晓的以Smoky Bear
元宵节： Lantern Festival 2. 刺绣：embroidery 3. 重阳节：Double-Ninth Festival 4. 清明节：Tomb sweeping day 5. 剪纸：Paper Cutting 6. 书法：Calligraphy 7. 对联：(Spring Festival) Couplets 8. 象形文字：Pictograms/Pictographic Characters 9. 人才流动：Brain Drain/Brain Flow 10.四合院：Siheyuan/Quadrangle 11.战国：Warring States 12.风水：Fengshui/Geomantic Omen 13.铁饭碗：Iron Bowl 14.函授部：The Correspondence Department 15.集体舞：Group Dance 16.黄土高原：Loess Plateau 17.红白喜事：Weddings and Funerals 18.中秋节：Mid-Autumn Day 19.结婚证：Marriage Certificate 20.儒家文化：Confucian Culture 21.附属学校：Affiliated school 22.古装片：Costume Drama 23.武打片：Chinese Swordplay Movie 24.元宵：Tangyuan/Sweet Rice Dumpling (Soup) 25.一国两制：One Country, Two Systems 26.火锅：Hot Pot 27.四人帮：Gang of Four 28.《诗经》：The Book of Songs 29.素质教育：Essential-qualities-oriented Education 30.《史记》：Historical Records/Records of the Grand Historian 31.大跃进：Great Leap Forward (Movement) 32.《西游记》：The Journey to the West 33.除夕：Chinese New Year’s Eve/Eve of the Spring Festival 34.针灸：Acupuncture 35.唐三彩：Tri-color Pottery of the Tang Dynasty/ The Tang Tri-colored pottery 36.中国特色的社会主义：Chinese-charactered Socialist/Socialist with Chinese characteristics 37.偏旁：radical 38.孟子：Mencius 39.亭/阁： Pavilion/ Attic 40.大中型国有企业：Large and Medium-sized State-owned Enterprises 41.火药：gunpowder 42.农历：Lunar Calendar 43.印/玺：Seal/Stamp 44.物质精神文明建设：The Construction of Material Civilization and Spiritual Civilization 45.京剧：Beijing Opera/Peking Opera
风水：Fengshui; geomantic omen 阳历：solar calendar 阴历：lunar calendar 闰年：leap year 十二生肖：zodiac 春节：the Spring Festival 元宵节：the Lantern Festival 清明节：the Tomb-sweeping Day 端午节：the Dragon-boat Festival 中秋节：the Mid-autumn Day 重阳节：the Double-ninth Day 七夕节：the Double-seventh Day 春联：spring couplets 春运：the Spring Festival travel 把中国的汉字“福”字倒贴在门上(听起来像是福到)预示新年有好运：turn the Chinese character for luck (fu) upside down to make “dao”(which sounds like arrival) and put it on your door to bring in good fortune for the new year 庙会：temple fair 爆竹：firecracker 年画：(traditional) New Year pictures 压岁钱：New Year gift-money 舞龙：dragon dance 舞狮：lion dance 元宵：sweet sticky rice dumplings
花灯：festival lantern 灯谜：lantern riddle 食物对于中国佳节来说至关重要，但甜食对于农历新年特别重要，因为他们能让新的一年更加甜蜜。 Food is central to all Chines festivals, but sugary snacks are especially important for Lunar New Year, since they sweetne up prospects for the coming year. 传统的佳节食物包括年糕、八宝饭、饺子、果脯和瓜子。 Traditional holiday treats include nian gao (rice pudding), ba bao fan (eight treasure rice), jiao zi (crispy dumplings), candied fruits and seeds. 四合院：Siheyuan/ Quadrangle 亭/阁：pavilion/attic 刺绣：Embroidery 剪纸：Paper Cutting 书法：Calligraphy 针灸：Acupuncture 象形文字：Pictograms/Pictographic Characters 偏旁：radical 战国：Warring States 人才流动：Brain Drain/Flow 铁饭碗：Iron Bowl 黄土高原：Loess Plateau 红白喜事：Weddings and Funerals 儒家文化：Confucian Culture 孟子：Mencius
1.狮舞（Lion?Dance）是中国最广为流传的民间舞蹈之一。狮为百兽之首，在中国传统中，狮子被视为是能带来好运的吉祥物（mascot）。古人将狮子视作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驱赶邪恶、保护人类。据记载，狮舞已拥有了2,000多年的历史。在唐代（the?Tang?Dynasty），狮舞就已经被引入了皇室。因此，舞狮成为元宵节（the?Lantern?Festival）和其他节日的习俗，人们以此来祈祷好运、平安和幸福。The?Lion?Dance?is?one?of?the?most?widespread?folk?dances?in?China.The?lion?is ?the?king?of?animals.?In?Chinese?tradition,?the?lion?is?regarded?as?a?mascot, ?which?can?bring?good?luck.Ancient?people?regarded?the?lion?as?a?symbol?of?br aveness?and?strength,?which?could?drive?away?evil?and?protect?humans.?The?dan ce?has?a?recorded?history?of?more?than?2,000?years.?During?the?Tang?Dynasty,? the?Lion?Dance?was?already?introduced?into?the?royal?family?of?the?dynasty.?T herefore,?performing?the?lion?dance?at?the?Lantern?Festival?and?other?festive ?occasions?became?a?custom?where?people?could?pray?for?good?luck,?safety?and? happiness. 2.中国将进一步发展经济、扩大开放，这对海外企业（enterprises）意味着更多的商机。改革开放以来，中国企业与海外企业一直积极开展经济技术合作，并取得了巨大成就。海外企业不仅帮助了中国企业的成长，而且也在合作中获得了收益。中国政府将继续提供有利的政策和条件，推动中国企业与国外企业进一步开展合作。 China?will?develop?its?economy?further?and?open?itself?wider?to?the?outside?w orld,which?offers?more?business?opportunities?to?overseas?enterprises.?Since? China’s reform and opening upChinese enterprises have been cooperati ng with overseas enterprises in terms of economy and technology and
汉英语言文化对比与翻译 目录 摘要 (3) 关键词 (3) 一、语言文化差异 (3) 1、词汇本身的意义 (3) 2、词汇的文化差异 (3) 二、世界观和价值观差异 (4) 1、文化行为差异 (4) 2、了解日常生活方式和交际模式 (4) 三、语言的理解与分析 (4) 1、结构分析 (5) 2、语义分析 (6) 结束语 (6)
参考文献...................................................。.. (6) [摘要] 语言是一种文化现象，它是文化的载体，本文对英汉语言在语言自身、价值观、成语谚语文化、语用理解等跨文化差异方面作了简要探讨。汉英翻译过程中的语言心理过程即对两种语言的分析理解过程。这一理解过程是汉英翻译的关键。只有理解判断正确，做到表达自然地道，再现原文风格。 [关键词]文化差异分析翻译 语言本身就是一种文化现象，它是文化的载体。语言和文化相互依存、相互影响，要真正掌握一种语言就必须了解这种语言的特定社会背景，否则就没有真正掌握这种语言。汉英翻译是一个比较复杂的过程。表面上看，汉英翻译只是把汉语原文的表层结构直接转化为英语的表层结构，但是这并不能正确刻画出译者所经历的语言心理过程，即理解过程。汉英翻译的过程不是汉语(原文)一字词对应一英语(译文)，而应该是汉语(原文)一理解、分析 +对比、选择一表达一英语(译文 )。汉英翻译不是“对号入座”，不是简单的语言转换。汉英翻译必须采取英文的句法来表达汉文的意念。如照汉语逐词硬译则译出来的只不过是一堆让人费解的英语拼凑罢了。从语言心理的运作上看，译者须先将汉语语法结构和语义两个层面的深层结构了解清楚，并分析成若干语法与语义单位，然后再将这些单位一一转化成英语的语法及语义单位，最后经过重整组合才能成为译作。以下即是对语言文化差异及翻译的分析。 一、语言文化差异 语言自身差异主要表现在词汇语义方面的差异。词汇的语义：一方面是词汇本身的意义，另一方面是词汇的文化意义。词汇语言差异主要体现在词汇的文化意义上。本身意义相同的词汇，在汉英两种语言中，其文化意义可能有相同、空缺和冲突等三种情况。 1、词汇本身的意义：laborer指干体力活的劳动者，worker既指体力也指脑力工人，而在汉语中，劳动者和工人没什么区别。ambition在中国词典中意味着野心，但在美国词典中还有进取心的意思。中国文化中的“客气”，在英语中很难找到恰当的对应词。汉语中的“关系”和英语中的relation也不完全对