Towards Payment Systems for Mobile Agents
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中国在技术方面发展的优势英语作文三段论全文共6篇示例,供读者参考篇1China's Technological AdvantagesTechnology is really cool! It makes our lives so much easier and more fun. China is getting really good at developing new technologies. Let me tell you about some of the advantages China has when it comes to technology.First of all, China has a huge population. This means there are a lot of smart people in China who can come up with new ideas and inventions. With over 1.4 billion people, there are bound to be many brilliant minds working on exciting new technologies. It's like having a massive team of inventors and engineers all working together to create the future.Another advantage China has is that the government really supports technological development. They invest a lot of money into research and development, and they have policies that encourage innovation. The Chinese government knows that technology is important for the country's growth and progress, so they make it a priority. This means that scientists andengineers in China have a lot of resources and support to work on cutting-edge projects.China also has some really good universities and research institutions. Places like Tsinghua University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences are world-famous for their work in fields like artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and renewable energy. These institutions attract the best and brightest students and researchers from all over the country and the world. With so many smart people working together, it's no wonder China is making such rapid progress in technology.One area where China is really leading the way is in mobile payments and e-commerce. Apps like WeChat Pay and Alipay have made it super easy for people in China to pay for things with their smartphones. You can use these apps to buy pretty much anything, from clothes and food to movie tickets and plane tickets. China is way ahead of most other countries when it comes to mobile payments and online shopping.China is also doing really well in areas like high-speed rail, renewable energy, and electric vehicles. The country has built the largest network of high-speed trains in the world, which is really impressive. They are also investing a lot in solar and wind power, as well as in developing electric cars and buses. China knows thatit's important to have clean and efficient transportation and energy sources, and they are working hard to achieve that.In conclusion, China's large population, government support, excellent universities, and focus on areas like mobile payments and renewable energy are all advantages that are helping the country become a global leader in technology. It's really exciting to see what new inventions and innovations will come out of China in the years ahead. Technology is the future, and China is definitely going to be a big part of that future!篇2China's Technological StrengthParagraph 1:Do you know that China is really good at developing new technologies? It's true! China has become a global leader in many cutting-edge fields like artificial intelligence (AI), renewable energy, and high-speed rail. This means that Chinese scientists and engineers are at the forefront of creating amazing innovations that can change the world.Just think about how AI is transforming our lives. From virtual assistants that can understand our voices to self-drivingcars, AI is making our world smarter and more efficient. And China is a powerhouse in AI research and development. Companies like Baidu, Alibaba, and Tencent are investing billions of dollars into AI, and they are coming up with amazing breakthroughs every day.Not only that, but China is also a champion of renewable energy sources like solar and wind power. With a huge population and rapidly growing economy, China needs to find clean and sustainable ways to meet its energy needs without harming the environment. Thanks to massive investments and cutting-edge technologies, China is now the world's largest producer of solar panels and wind turbines. This is helping to reduce pollution and combat climate change, which is a huge problem affecting the entire planet.Paragraph 2:Another area where China truly shines is high-speed rail. Have you ever been on a bullet train? Those sleek, ultra-fast trains can reach incredible speeds of over 300 kilometers per hour! And you know what? China has the largest and most advanced high-speed rail network in the world, with over 37,000 kilometers of tracks crisscrossing the country.The Chinese high-speed rail system is a marvel of engineering and technology. Not only are the trains incredibly fast, but they are also designed to be safe, comfortable, and energy-efficient. Millions of people rely on these trains every day to travel between cities, making their journeys much faster and more convenient than ever before.But China's technological prowess doesn't stop there. The country is also a global leader in areas like 5G networks, quantum computing, and space exploration. For example, China recently landed a rover on Mars, becoming only the third country ever to achieve this incredible feat. And in the field of 5G, Chinese companies like Huawei are at the forefront of developing the ultra-fast wireless networks that will power the future of communication and connectivity.Paragraph 3:So, why is China so good at developing cutting-edge technologies? Well, there are a few key reasons. First, the Chinese government has made science and technology a top priority, investing massive amounts of money into research and development. They understand that being a leader in technology is crucial for economic growth and national strength.Second, China has a huge population and a vast pool of talented scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs. With over 1.4 billion people, there is no shortage of brilliant minds working hard to push the boundaries of innovation.Finally, China has a culture that values hard work, discipline, and a long-term vision. Chinese companies and researchers are willing to invest time and resources into ambitious, long-term projects that may take years or even decades to bear fruit. This patient, persistent approach has paid off in many fields, allowing China to catch up and even surpass other nations in certain areas of technology.In conclusion, China's strengths in fields like AI, renewable energy, high-speed rail, and many others make it a true global leader in technological development. With its continued focus on innovation, vast human resources, and long-term vision, China is well-positioned to shape the future of technology for generations to come. Who knows what amazing inventions and breakthroughs Chinese scientists and engineers will come up with next? One thing is for sure – the world will be watching with great interest and excitement!篇3China's Technological Powerhouse: Advantages Driving InnovationsHave you ever wondered why China seems to be at the forefront of so many cutting-edge technologies? Well, let me tell you all about the incredible advantages that have fueled China's remarkable technological growth!First and foremost, China has a massive population, which means a vast pool of talented minds. With over 1.4 billion people, the chances of finding brilliant individuals with exceptional abilities in science, engineering, and technology are incredibly high. Just think about it – if even a tiny fraction of the population is gifted in these fields, that's still a massive number of bright minds working towards new innovations. It's like having a super-powerful brain trust at our fingertips!Another key advantage is China's strong emphasis on education, particularly in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields. From an early age, Chinese students are encouraged to excel in these subjects, with rigorous curriculums and a culture that values academic achievement. Many of the world's top universities are flooded with applications from Chinese students, eager to pursue careers in cutting-edge fields. With such a strong educational foundation,it's no wonder China is churning out so many talented scientists, engineers, and tech wizards!But that's not all! China's government has been a driving force behind the country's technological advancements. They have invested massive amounts of money into research and development, building state-of-the-art facilities and providing generous funding for groundbreaking projects. This unwavering support has allowed Chinese researchers and innovators to push the boundaries of what's possible, without being held back by financial constraints.Moreover, China's leadership has embraced aforward-thinking approach, recognizing the importance of staying ahead in the technology race. They have implemented policies and initiatives that encourage innovation, attract top talent from around the world, and foster collaboration between academia and industry. This synergy has created an environment where ideas can flourish and turn into real-world applications.Speaking of applications, let's talk about some of the incredible technological marvels that China has brought to the world. From advanced telecommunications networks andhigh-speed rail systems to cutting-edge artificial intelligence and quantum computing, Chinese innovations are transformingindustries and shaping the future. Who could have imagined that we'd be using mobile payment apps like WeChat Pay and Alipay to make transactions seamlessly, or that Chinese companies like Huawei and ZTE would be leading the charge in 5G technology?But it's not just about tangible products and services. China's technological prowess has also manifested itself in groundbreaking scientific discoveries and space explorations. Chinese scientists have made significant contributions to fields like genetics, renewable energy, and materials science, pushing the boundaries of human knowledge. And let's not forget the awe-inspiring achievements of China's space program, with ambitious missions to the Moon and Mars, as well as the development of advanced satellite systems.Now, I know what you might be thinking – "But what about concerns over privacy, cybersecurity, and fair competition?" Well, those are valid points, and China, like any other country, has its fair share of challenges to overcome. But when it comes to technological advancement, the sheer scale of China's resources, talent pool, and unwavering commitment to innovation cannot be ignored.So, there you have it – a glimpse into the impressive advantages that have propelled China's technologicaljuggernaut. From a vast pool of brilliant minds to a strong educational system, government support, and aforward-thinking approach, China has all the ingredients to continue pushing the boundaries of what's possible. And who knows, maybe one day, a Chinese invention will change the world in ways we can't even imagine!篇4The Soaring Tech Dragon of ChinaDo you know which country is leading the world in awesome new technologies? It's China! The massive nation with over 1.4 billion people is making incredible leaps in science and innovation. From supercomputers to spacewalks, China is rapidly becoming a technological superpower. Let me tell you about some of China's biggest advantages driving this tech revolution.First off, the Chinese government is pouring tons of money and resources into developing cutting-edge technologies. They have set ambitious national goals to be world leaders in areas like artificial intelligence, quantum computing, biotechnology, and more. Billions upon billions of dollars are invested each year in research, building specialized labs and institutions, and training a new generation of top scientists and engineers. Withthis financial muscle, Chinese tech companies and researchers get access to phenomenal resources to push boundaries.Secondly, China has an extremely large workforce of skilled technology professionals. Every year, universities across China pump out over 1.6 million graduates with degrees in science, technology, engineering and math - that's way more than any other country! From this vast talent pool, the cream of the crop are recruited to work at major tech hubs like those in Shenzhen, Beijing and Shanghai. These well-educated and motivated professionals form formidable teams tackling complex technological challenges. Their numbers give China an incredible advantage.Another key factor is China's rapidly growing economy and huge consumer market. As more and more Chinese citizens join the middle class and have money to spend, it creates tremendous demand and financial incentives for companies to innovate. Hungry tech giants like Alibaba, Tencent, Baidu and Huawei are investing massively to develop products and services for this large domestic market. But their ambitions extend far beyond too - these companies are expanding globally and going head-to-head with American tech titans. With over a billionpotential customers back home, Chinese firms have a solid launchpad.In strategic fields like 5G telecommunications networks, China is already leading implementation and building out infrastructure at a startling pace across the country. Mobile payments via smartphones is another area where China leapfrogged over older payment systems and is now the global frontrunner. In transportation, Chinese companies are pioneering electric vehicle technologies and starting to export these all over the world.So you see, with huge government funding, a vast pool of talented engineers and scientists, and an enormous domestic market driving innovation - China undoubtedly has key advantages propelling it towards becoming a world leader across many cutting-edge technology domains. The Asian dragon is truly taking flight in the era of advanced tech! Of course, some concerns remain about human rights and information control by the government. But from a capabilities perspective, there's no denying that China's formidable technological rise will have profound global impacts in the coming decades.篇5China's Big Tech BoomHi there! My name is Li Ming and I'm a 10-year-old student from Beijing. Today I want to tell you all about how China has become a world leader in technology. It's pretty amazing what my country has been able to do in a short period of time. We've gone from being behind the times to being at the cutting edge of innovation across many different tech fields. Let me break it down for you in three parts.The Rise of the Tech GiantsOne of China's biggest advantages is that we have these massive tech companies like Tencent, Alibaba, Baidu, and others that are world leaders. They are huge corporations with tons of money, super smart workers, and advanced research labs. Companies like Tencent with their WeChat app have made China the world's largest mobile payments market. And Alibaba with their online shopping websites like Taobao and Tmall make ordering anything as easy as a few taps on your phone.These Chinese tech giants are able to grow so quickly because they have a huge market right here at home. China is the world's most populous country with over 1.4 billion people. That's like having a captive market the size of the whole western hemisphere to develop and test new products and services on.With that kind of built-in user base, it's easier for them to attract investors, hire top talent, and develop cutting-edge tech compared to smaller companies in other countries.Another key advantage for our tech firms is that they operate in an environment with fewer regulations and more government support than their counterparts in places like the United States or Europe have to deal with. They are able to move fast and don't have as many rules holding them back from experimenting with new technologies like artificial intelligence, big data, facial recognition and more. The government is really gung-ho about developing our tech sector as it sees it as the key to modernizing our economy and increasing productivity.Leading in Emerging TechnologiesWhile American companies like Google, Apple, Microsoft and Amazon are still dominant in many older, established technologies, China is really making a name for itself by being at the forefront of many emerging and strategic tech areas. We are pouring huge resources into fields like artificial intelligence, 5G wireless communications, quantum computing, and electric vehicle manufacturing.For example, in AI, our tech firms and research institutions are leading the world in areas like computer vision, voicerecognition, and deep learning thanks to our huge population generating massive amounts of data to train AI systems. Chinese companies like SenseTime and Megvii are already way ahead of Western firms in deploying AI for tasks like facial recognition in public security cameras to help law enforcement identify criminals and catch bad guys.In 5G, we are the global leaders in rolling out the latest ultra-fast wireless networks thanks to major investments and Chinese companies like Huawei taking the lead in developing 5G networking equipment and smartphones. Soon we will be able to deliver super high-speed internet everywhere which will enable amazing new technologies and applications that weren't possible before.Another area where China is rapidly gaining ground is quantum technology. We are now among the world leaders in quantum communications, quantum computing and quantum sensing. Our "Jiuzhang" quantum computer is one of the most powerful in existence. Quantum tech has huge potential to create new materials, better batteries, more powerful computers and completely secure communications networks in the future.The Tech Talent PowerhouseFinally, I think one of China's core strengths that will ensure our continued leadership in technology for decades to come is our huge population of highly educated and skilled professionals in STEM fields. China is a global powerhouse when it comes to churning out scientists, engineers, mathematicians and technology experts.Each year, millions upon millions of motivated andhard-working students compete fiercely to attend our top universities to study cutting-edge fields like AI, robotics, computer science, data science and more. The sheer numbers of talented tech grads we produce dwarfs most other nations' yearly output, let alone the population of top-tier experts.Big tech companies and startups have an essentially limitless supply of capable engineers, programmers and technology workers to draw from. And not only are they very skilled, they also tend to be determined, hard-working, and loyal to their companies, willing to work very long hours and push themselves to the limit to drive innovation.And it's not just at the entry level - China has rapidly risen as a global center for highly trained scientists and researchers too who are making key breakthroughs. We now publish more scientific papers each year than any other nation. All of this toptech talent at every level, from the humble coder all the way up to world-class researchers, is a major core competitive advantage for China's continued technology dominance in the coming decades.In conclusion, between our technology titans like Tencent and Alibaba, our embracing of cutting-edge technologies like AI and quantum computing, and our huge pool of highly-educated and skilled tech talent, it's no wonder China is poised to be the dominant force in the industries and innovations that will shape the future. So watch out world - the Asian tech giant has arrived!篇6China's Technological StrengthChina is making huge strides in advancing its technological capabilities. As a student, I find this progress very exciting! There are several key advantages that are helping drive China's emergence as a global leader in technology.First and foremost, China has a massive population of over 1.4 billion people. This provides an enormous talent pool of bright minds to draw from in fields like engineering, computer science, and scientific research. With so many motivated and intelligent individuals pursuing education and careers intechnology, it's no surprise that China continues churning out cutting-edge innovations across various industries.Having a large population also means there is a vast domestic market for new technologies. Chinese tech companies can pilot and refine their products and services with the country's own 1.4 billion potential customers before expanding internationally. This built-in user base gives them a major competitive edge over foreign rivals. Top Chinese tech giants like Huawei, Alibaba, Tencent, and Baidu are household names thanks to their domination of the domestic market.Another key advantage is the strong government support and national prioritization of technological development. China's leaders have identified emerging technologies like 5G, artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and renewable energy as critical areas for investment and strategic growth. Huge sums of money are being poured into research and providing incentives for companies on the cutting edge.China is already a global leader in some key technologies like 5G deployment, mobile payments, high-speed rail, renewable energy capacity, and fintech. Domestic juggernauts like ByteDance (TikTok's parent company) and DJI (the biggest civilian drone maker) are making their mark internationally aswell. With its robust satellite navigation system Beidou rivaling America's GPS, China is staking its claim as a major player in space technology too.The push for technological supremacy is driven by China's desire for economic strength, national security, and global influence. The Chinese government has laid out ambitious plans and directives to become a world leader across a wide range of technologies over the next decade or two. Key focus areas include artificial intelligence, quantum computing, integrated circuits, brain-computer interfaces, and biotechnology.While the United States still leads in many areas, China is rapidly closing the gap through its dedicated focus, massive talent pool, huge domestic market, and committed government backing. Engineers and scientists in China are working hard to innovate and achieve major breakthroughs. As a student, it's really exciting to witness this technological transformation happening in my country!Overall, China's massive population, government prioritization, domestic market strength, and national resolve surrounding technological development have provided a powerful spark. The country is rapidly emerging as an influential force driving innovation across industries globally. As itscapabilities grow, the world will increasingly look to China as a key hub for the latest advancements and applications of cutting-edge technologies.。
手机技术发展趋势英语作文The development of mobile technology is changing at a rapid pace, with new trends emerging all the time. One of the most exciting developments is the rise of 5G technology, which promises faster and more reliable connections for mobile devices.Another important trend in mobile technology is the increasing use of artificial intelligence and machine learning. These technologies are being used to improve the performance of mobile devices, making them smarter and more intuitive to use.Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) arealso becoming more prevalent in mobile technology. These technologies are being used to create immersive experiences for users, whether it's for gaming, shopping, or education.The trend towards mobile payments is also on the rise, with more and more people using their smartphones to makepurchases. This trend is being driven by the convenience and security of mobile payment systems.One of the most significant trends in mobile technology is the move towards foldable and flexible displays. These displays allow for new form factors for mobile devices, creating new possibilities for how we interact with our devices.Overall, the future of mobile technology is incredibly exciting, with new developments and trends emerging all the time. From 5G technology to AI and AR, the possibilitiesfor mobile technology are endless.。
英语作文:喜欢移动支付的原因The Convenience of Mobile PaymentIn today's digital age, mobile payment has become increasingly popular, and there are many reasons why people prefer it over traditional payment methods. Firstly, mobile payment is incredibly convenient. With a few taps on a smartphone, you can complete a transaction without having to carry cash or physical cards. This is especially useful in situations where you don't have enough change or need to make a quick purchase.Secondly, mobile payment is secure. Most mobile payment systems use encryption technology to protect your financial information, reducing the risk of fraud or identity theft. Additionally, many mobile payment apps require biometric authentication, such as fingerprint or facial recognition, adding an extra layer of security.Thirdly, mobile payment offers rewards and discounts. Many mobile payment platforms offer loyalty programs that reward users with points or cash back for their purchases. These rewards can be redeemed for free products or services, providing additional value to the user.Moreover, mobile payment supports contactless transactions, which is particularly useful during the COVID-19 pandemic. Contactless payments minimize the need for physical contact with payment terminals, reducing the risk of spreading the virus.Lastly, mobile payment is environmentally friendly. By reducing the use of paper money and plastic cards, mobile payment contributes to a reduction in environmental waste. This not only benefits the planet but also helps promote a more sustainable lifestyle.In conclusion, the convenience, security, rewards, contactless transactions, and environmental friendliness of mobile payment make it a preferred option for many people. As technology continues to evolve, we can expect mobile payment to become even more integrated into our daily lives, offering even more benefits and conveniences.。
中国新四大发明扬名海外英语作文China has made significant contributions to the world with its innovation and inventions over the centuries. From the invention of paper and gunpowder to the compass and printing, Chinese civilization has a rich history of pioneering discoveries. In recent years, China has continued to build on this legacy with the development of four new groundbreaking inventions that have gained fame overseas. These inventions, known as the "New Four Great Inventions of China," have revolutionized various industries and improved lives globally.The first of the new four great inventions is high-speed railway technology. China's extensive high-speed rail network is the most advanced in the world, with trains capable of reaching speeds exceeding 300 kilometers per hour. This technology has not only transformed domestic travel within China but has also been exported to other countries in Asia, Africa, and Europe. Chinese companies such as CRRC and China Railway Construction Corporation have secured contracts to buildhigh-speed rail lines in countries like Indonesia, Malaysia, and Russia, showcasing China's expertise in this field.The second invention is mobile payment technology, which has revolutionized the way people make transactions. Chinesecompanies such as Alibaba's Alipay and Tencent's WeChat Pay have pioneered the use of mobile payment systems, allowing users to pay for goods and services with their smartphones. These platforms have become widely accepted in China and are increasingly used by tourists and businesses around the world. Chinese tourists can now travel abroad without cash and make purchases using their mobile phones, while foreign businesses are adopting these payment methods to cater to Chinese customers.The third invention is the sharing economy, which has been driven by Chinese companies such as Didi Chuxing,Meituan-Dianping, and Ofo. These companies have created platforms that allow users to share resources like cars, bicycles, and accommodations, leading to more efficient use of assets and reduced waste. The sharing economy has had a profound impact on urban transportation and accommodation, with bike-sharing services and ride-hailing apps becoming popular in cities worldwide. Chinese companies have been at the forefront of this trend, demonstrating China's leadership in collaborative consumption and innovation.The fourth and final invention is e-commerce, with companies like Alibaba and leading the way in onlineshopping. China's e-commerce market is the largest in the world, accounting for more than 40% of global online retail sales. Platforms like Taobao and Tmall have revolutionized the way people shop, with millions of products available at the click of a button. Chinese e-commerce companies have expanded their reach to international markets, attracting customers from Southeast Asia, Europe, and North America. The success of Chinese e-commerce giants has reshaped the retail industry and set new standards for customer service and innovation.In conclusion, China's new four great inventions have had a transformative impact on various industries and have helped to raise China's profile as a global leader in technology and innovation. These inventions have not only benefited Chinese society but have also contributed to the development of the global economy. As China continues to invest in research and development, we can expect to see more groundbreaking inventions that will shape the future of technology and improve lives worldwide.。
mobile payment的英语作文Mobile Payment: A Transformative Trend in the Digital AgeIn recent years, mobile payment has emerged as a transformative trend, revolutionizing the way we make transactions. With the advent of technology, smartphones have become an integral part of our lives, and the convenience they offer is unparalleled. Mobile payment, or simply \'mobile pay,\' refers to the process of making financial transactions using a mobile device, such as a smartphone or tablet.The rise of mobile payment can be attributed to several factors. Firstly, it offers unparalleled convenience. Instead of carrying around a physical wallet, users can simply use their mobile devices to make payments, eliminating the need for cash or credit cards. This not only simplifies the transaction process but also enhances security, as mobile payments are often protected by various encryption technologies.Secondly, mobile payment promotes contactless transactions, which is particularly significant in the current global situation. With the COVID-19 pandemic, people are increasingly aware of the importance of maintaining hygiene and minimizing physical contact. Mobile payment solutions like Apple Pay, Google Pay, and Alipay have therefore gained immense popularity, as they provide a safe and hygienic alternative to traditional payment methods.Moreover, mobile payment has opened up new avenues forbusinesses. By integrating mobile payment options, merchants can attract tech-savvy customers, improve customer experience, and increase sales. Mobile payments also enable businesses to gather valuable data on consumer behavior, allowing them to tailor their marketing strategies and offerings accordingly.However, the adoption of mobile payment is not without its challenges. One of the primary concerns among consumers is security. While mobile payment platforms employ advanced security measures, there is always a risk of data breaches and fraudulent activities. To address this issue, it is crucial for service providers to continuously enhance their security features and educate users about safe practices.Another challenge is the lack of uniformity in mobile payment systems. Different countries and regions have their preferred payment platforms, making it difficult for users to adopt a standardized approach. To overcome this challenge, collaboration between governments, financial institutions, and technology companies is essential to establish a seamless and interoperable mobile payment ecosystem.In conclusion, mobile payment has revolutionized the way we conduct financial transactions. Its convenience, contactless nature, and business potential make it a game-changer in the digital age. However, addressing security concerns and achieving global interoperability are crucial steps towards widespread adoption. As technology continues toevolve, mobile payment is set to become an even more integral part of our daily lives, shaping the future of commerce and financial services.。
移动支付的好处和坏处英语作文英文回答:Mobile payments, like any technological innovation, come with both advantages and disadvantages. Let's delve into them:Benefits of Mobile Payments:1. Convenience: One of the most significant benefits of mobile payments is convenience. With just a few taps on your smartphone, you can complete transactions anytime, anywhere. No need to carry cash or cards.这是移动支付最显著的优点之一,随时随地通过智能手机轻松完成交易。
不再需要携带现金或信用卡。
2. Speed: Mobile payments are lightning-fast compared to traditional payment methods. You can pay for your purchases swiftly, reducing waiting times at checkoutcounters.与传统支付方式相比,移动支付速度更快。
您可以快速付款,减少在结账柜台等待的时间。
3. Security: Contrary to common misconceptions, mobile payments can be highly secure. Many mobile paymentplatforms utilize advanced encryption and authentication methods to safeguard users' financial information.与普遍误解相反,移动支付可以是非常安全的。
关于移动支付的英语作文Title: The Evolution and Impact of Mobile Payments。
In the digital age, the landscape of financial transactions has undergone a remarkable transformation with the advent of mobile payments. This phenomenon has revolutionized the way individuals and businesses conduct transactions, offering convenience, security, andefficiency like never before.To delve into the realm of mobile payments, it'scrucial to understand their evolution. Initially, mobile payments were rudimentary, limited to basic functions like prepaid mobile phone credits. However, advancements in technology, coupled with the widespread adoption of smartphones, paved the way for more sophisticated mobile payment solutions.One of the most prominent forms of mobile payment is through mobile wallets, which allow users to store theirpayment information securely on their smartphones. Services like Apple Pay, Google Pay, and Samsung Pay enable users to make seamless transactions both online and at physical stores by simply tapping their devices. This method has gained immense popularity due to its convenience and enhanced security features such as tokenization and biometric authentication.Moreover, the rise of mobile banking apps has further propelled the growth of mobile payments. These apps offer a comprehensive suite of financial services, including fund transfers, bill payments, and account management, accessible at the fingertips of users. With the integration of mobile wallets and banking apps, individuals have greater control over their finances, enabling them to manage transactions on the go with ease.The impact of mobile payments extends beyond convenience, influencing various aspects of society and commerce. For consumers, mobile payments offer unparalleled convenience, eliminating the need to carry physical wallets or remember multiple card details. This simplicity hasaccelerated the shift towards a cashless society, where digital transactions reign supreme.From a business perspective, mobile payments present exciting opportunities for growth and innovation. Small businesses and entrepreneurs can leverage mobile payment solutions to expand their customer base and streamlinetheir operations. Additionally, mobile payments facilitate seamless integration with loyalty programs and marketing initiatives, fostering customer engagement and retention.Furthermore, mobile payments have the potential to drive financial inclusion by providing access to banking services for underserved populations. In regions where traditional banking infrastructure is lacking, mobile payments offer a lifeline, empowering individuals to participate in the formal economy and access essential financial services.Despite the numerous benefits of mobile payments, challenges and concerns persist. Security remains a primary concern, as the digital landscape is susceptible to cyberthreats and fraud. Ensuring robust security measures, such as encryption and multi-factor authentication, is paramount to instilling trust and confidence among users.Additionally, interoperability and standardization are key factors for the widespread adoption of mobile payments. As various stakeholders, including financial institutions, technology companies, and regulatory bodies, strive to establish common standards, interoperable solutions will enhance the accessibility and usability of mobile payment systems.Looking ahead, the future of mobile payments appears promising, driven by ongoing technological advancements and evolving consumer preferences. With the continued integration of artificial intelligence, blockchain, and other emerging technologies, mobile payments will continue to evolve, offering innovative solutions and reshaping the way we transact in the digital age.In conclusion, mobile payments have emerged as a transformative force in the realm of finance, offeringunparalleled convenience, security, and accessibility. As mobile payment solutions continue to evolve and mature, they will play an increasingly integral role in shaping the future of commerce and financial inclusion on a global scale.。
移动支付英语作文四级In the digital age, the concept of money has evolved significantly, with mobile payment systems leading the charge. These systems have revolutionized the way we conduct transactions, offering a seamless and efficient alternativeto traditional cash and card payments.The advent of mobile payment platforms such as Alipay, WeChat Pay, and Apple Pay has made it possible to pay for goods and services with just a few taps on a smartphone. This not only saves time but also reduces the risk of carrying large amounts of cash, which can be vulnerable to theft or loss.One of the key advantages of mobile payments is their accessibility. With a smartphone and an internet connection, users can make payments anywhere and at any time. This has been particularly beneficial for small businesses, as itallows them to accept payments without the need for expensive point-of-sale systems.Moreover, mobile payments are often integrated with loyalty programs and discounts, incentivizing customers to use these platforms. This has led to an increase in customer engagement and satisfaction, as well as a boost in sales for businesses.However, with the rise of mobile payments, concerns about security and privacy have also emerged. To address these issues, companies have implemented advanced encryption andauthentication methods to ensure that transactions are secure and user data is protected.In conclusion, mobile payment systems have ushered in a new era of convenience and efficiency in the way we handle financial transactions. As technology continues to advance, it is likely that these systems will become even more integrated into our daily lives, making the process of paying for goods and services faster and more secure than ever before.。
英语作文-移动互联网时代下非金融机构支付服务的变革与突破The advent of the mobile internet era has revolutionized various sectors, and the realm of non-financial institution payment services is no exception. In this digital age, where smartphones have become ubiquitous, the landscape of payment services is undergoing significant transformation and breakthroughs. This article delves into the paradigm shifts and innovations witnessed in non-financial institution payment servicesin the mobile internet era.One of the most notable transformations brought about by the mobile internet era is the rise of mobile payment platforms. These platforms leverage the connectivity and convenience offered by smartphones to facilitate seamless transactions. With just a few taps on their screens, users can now transfer funds, pay bills, and make purchases, eliminating the need for traditional cash or card-based transactions. This shift towards mobile payments has not only streamlined the payment process but has also introduced new levels of efficiency and security.Moreover, the mobile internet era has paved the way for the integration of various payment services into everyday activities. From ordering food to hailing rides, consumers now have access to a myriad of services that can be conveniently paid for through mobile applications. This integration has not only enhanced user experience but has also fostered a cashless ecosystem, driving financial inclusion and accessibility.Furthermore, non-financial institutions are increasingly venturing into the realm of payment services, leveraging their existing infrastructure and customer base. Companies spanning various industries, including e-commerce, telecommunications, and transportation, are rolling out innovative payment solutions tailored to their specific offerings. For instance, e-commerce giants are integrating payment gateways directly into their platforms, allowing users to make purchases without ever leaving the website or app.Similarly, telecommunications companies are leveraging their networks to offer mobile wallet services, enabling users to top up their accounts and pay bills with ease.Additionally, the mobile internet era has spurred the development of cutting-edge technologies that are revolutionizing payment services. From biometric authentication to blockchain technology, these innovations are enhancing security, reducing transaction costs, and enabling new forms of peer-to-peer payments. Biometric authentication, such as fingerprint and facial recognition, provides an extra layer of security, mitigating the risks associated with traditional authentication methods like passwords and PINs. On the other hand, blockchain technology is facilitating faster, more transparent, and immutable transactions, paving the way for decentralized payment systems.In conclusion, the mobile internet era has brought about a paradigm shift in non-financial institution payment services, ushering in a new era of convenience, efficiency, and innovation. From the rise of mobile payment platforms to the integration of payment services into everyday activities, the landscape of payment services is undergoing rapid transformation. Moreover, the emergence of non-financial institutions as key players in the payment ecosystem, coupled with advancements in technology, is driving unprecedented change and shaping the future of payments. As we continue to embrace the digital age, it is evident that the evolution of payment services will remain a dynamic and evolving landscape, fueled by innovation and technological advancements.。
中国公民对待数码产品的英语作文全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1Title: The Attitude of Chinese Citizens Towards Digital ProductsIntroductionIn this modern age, digital products have become an essential part of our daily lives. From smartphones to laptops, digital cameras to smartwatches, Chinese citizens rely heavily on these products for communication, work, entertainment, and more. In this essay, we will explore the attitude of Chinese citizens towards digital products.The Importance of Digital Products in ChinaChina is one of the largest markets in the world for digital products. With a population of over 1.4 billion people, the demand for smartphones, computers, and other digital devices is incredibly high. Chinese citizens use digital products for a wide range of activities, from shopping online to playing games, from watching videos to booking travel tickets. Digital products havebecome an integral part of everyday life for many Chinese people.Quality ConcernsDespite the high demand for digital products in China, many citizens have concerns about the quality of these products. With so many brands and models to choose from, it can be difficult to determine which products are reliable and which are not. Many Chinese consumers worry about purchasing counterfeit orlow-quality products, as well as the risk of their personal data being compromised. As a result, they are often willing to pay more for well-known brands that are perceived to be more trustworthy.Brand LoyaltyChinese citizens are known for their brand loyalty when it comes to digital products. Once they find a brand they trust, they are likely to stick with it for a long time. This loyalty is built on a combination of factors, including product quality, customer service, brand reputation, and marketing efforts. Many Chinese consumers are willing to pay a premium for products from brands such as Apple, Samsung, Huawei, Xiaomi, and Lenovo, as they believe these brands offer the best value for their money.Tech-savvy ConsumersChinese citizens are often seen as tech-savvy consumers who are quick to adopt new technologies. The rapid growth of the tech industry in China has led to a high level of digital literacy among the population. Many Chinese people are early adopters of new products and services, eager to explore the latest innovations in the tech world. This has created a competitive market for digital products, with companies constantly striving to meet the evolving needs and preferences of Chinese consumers.Government RegulationThe Chinese government plays a significant role in regulating the digital products market. In recent years, there have been several high-profile incidents involving the safety and security of digital products in China, leading to increased scrutiny from regulators. The government has implemented strict regulations to ensure the quality and safety of digital products sold in the country, as well as to protect consumer rights. Chinese citizens generally support these regulations, as they provide a sense of security and confidence when purchasing digital products.ConclusionIn conclusion, Chinese citizens have a complex attitude towards digital products. While they rely heavily on these products for various aspects of their lives, they also have concerns about quality, security, and privacy. Brand loyalty, tech-savviness, and government regulation all play a role in shaping the attitudes of Chinese consumers towards digital products. As the tech industry continues to evolve, it will be interesting to see how the attitudes and behaviors of Chinese citizens towards digital products change in the future.篇2Title: How Chinese citizens treat digital productsIntroductionIn today's digital age, the usage of digital products such as smartphones, computers, and other electronic devices has become widespread among Chinese citizens. With the rapid development of technology, these products have become an integral part of people's daily lives. In this essay, we will delve into how Chinese citizens treat digital products and the impact it has on their lifestyles.1. Dependence on digital productsChinese citizens have become increasingly dependent on digital products for various aspects of their daily lives, such as communication, entertainment, work, and education. Smartphones, in particular, play a crucial role in facilitating communication through social media platforms, messaging apps, and voice calls. People rely on these devices to stay connected with friends and family, as well as to access information and news updates.2. Integration into daily routinesDigital products have seamlessly integrated into the daily routines of Chinese citizens, who use these devices for tasks ranging from checking emails and browsing the internet to shopping online and booking services. E-commerce platforms like Taobao and have become popular destinations for shopping, while mobile payment apps like Alipay and WeChat Pay have revolutionized the way people make transactions.3. Entertainment and leisureDigital products have also revolutionized entertainment and leisure activities in China. People use smartphones, tablets, and computers to watch movies and TV shows, play games, listen to music, and read e-books. Online streaming platforms like iQIYI, Tencent Video, and Youku have gained massive popularity,offering a wide range of content to suit every taste and preference.4. Influence on social interactionsThe prevalence of digital products has had a profound impact on social interactions among Chinese citizens. While technology has made it easier to connect with others, some argue that it has also led to a decline in face-to-face communication and interpersonal skills. People often find themselves immersed in their digital devices, multitasking between texting, browsing social media, and watching videos, rather than engaging in meaningful conversations with those around them.5. Digital detox and mindfulnessIn recent years, there has been a growing awareness of the negative effects of excessive screen time and technology addiction. As a result, many Chinese citizens have started to embrace the concept of digital detox and mindfulness by limiting their usage of digital products, taking breaks from social media, and engaging in offline activities such as exercise, reading, and spending time outdoors.ConclusionIn conclusion, Chinese citizens have adopted a multifaceted approach towards digital products, utilizing them for communication, entertainment, work, and leisure, while also recognizing the importance of balance and moderation. As technology continues to evolve, it is essential for people to strike a healthy relationship with their digital devices and be mindful of the impact it has on their well-being and social interactions. By harnessing the benefits of digital products while cultivating offline connections and experiences, individuals can lead a more balanced and fulfilling life in the digital age.篇3Chinese citizens' attitudes towards digital productsIn recent years, the rapid development of technology has led to the widespread use of digital products in our daily lives. From smartphones to laptops, digital devices have become an essential part of our daily routines. As a result, the attitudes of Chinese citizens towards these digital products have been shaped by various factors, such as convenience, affordability, and functionality.One of the main reasons why Chinese citizens have embraced digital products is their convenience. With the rise ofe-commerce platforms and mobile payment systems, it has become easier than ever to shop, pay bills, and communicate with others. Digital products have streamlined these processes, making our lives more efficient and productive. For example, smartphone apps like WeChat and Alipay have become indispensable tools for many Chinese citizens, allowing them to stay connected with friends and family, make payments, and access a wide range of services with a few taps of their fingers.Another factor that influences Chinese citizens' attitudes towards digital products is affordability. As technology continues to advance, the cost of digital products has decreased significantly, making them more accessible to a wider range of consumers. For example, smartphones that once cost thousands of yuan can now be purchased for a fraction of the price, allowing even those on a limited budget to enjoy the benefits of digital technology. This affordability has led to a surge in demand for digital products in China, as more and more citizens seek to improve their quality of life through technology.Functionality is also a key factor that influences how Chinese citizens view digital products. In today's fast-paced world, people rely on digital devices for a wide range of tasks, from checking emails to watching videos and playing games. As aresult, the functionality of these devices has become increasingly important to consumers. Chinese citizens are drawn to digital products that offer a wide range of features and capabilities, allowing them to multitask and stay connected no matter where they are. For example, smartphones with high-quality cameras, long-lasting batteries, and fast processors are highly sought after in China, as they allow users to capture memories, stay connected, and access information with ease.In conclusion, Chinese citizens have a positive attitude towards digital products due to their convenience, affordability, and functionality. As technology continues to advance, we can expect to see even greater demand for digital devices in China, as more and more citizens seek to enhance their daily lives through technology. However, it is important for consumers to be mindful of the potential drawbacks of excessive technology use and to maintain a healthy balance between digital and offline activities. By doing so, we can continue to enjoy the benefits of digital products while also taking care of ourwell-being.。
Towards Payment Systems for Mobile AgentsChristian Anhalt a Stefan Kirn aa Universität Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany,canhalt|kirn@uni-hohenheim.de,AbstractFuture areas of application for mobile agents technology are open, distributed and decentralized networks, where Mobile Agents autonomously perform tasks on behalf of their principals . In this paper, we address the conceptual design of payments for and between Mobile Agents, particularly against thebackground of the Malicious Host Problem. We analyze the requirements on payment systems forMobile Agents and give a survey on existing technical solutions partially matching these requirements.We then discuss a new concept that does not require Mobile Agents to hold secrets and that allowsallocations of digital coins and agents even in an environment that contains Malicious Hosts. Theconcept is based on the principles of accounting systems.1IntroductionMobile Agents (MoA) are software entities able to migrate autonomously from one host to another (cf.[22]). Within the last decade, the paradigm of MoA was discussed broadly and also controversially (cf.[39], [11]). Many suggestions for future fields of application of MoA have been made. [19] and [66] proposed the application of MoA in distributed databases and digital libraries. [34], [21] and [67] investigated their applicability for intrusion detection; [29], [32], [43] addressed telecommunication networks, while [4] focused on large sensor networks; [35] and [61] proposed software updates and [56], [57] and [41] information retrieval as fields of appli-cation. MoA perform their tasks in open, distributed and decentralized networks. They are executed by hosts owned and operated by people different from the agents’ owners. To accomplish their tasks, MoA migrate between hosts and access resources (e.g., computing power, but also services such as yellow book services) provided by hosts as well as other (mobile) agents. Since hosts and MoA are owned by different persons, the need for coordination of (economic) interests between these principals1 arises.Setting up payment systems for Mobile Agents (PSMA) is one possible solution to meet these needs. When designing PSMA, the Malicious Host Problem (MHP) has to be taken into account. The MHP refers to the inability of MoA to use as well as hide information from hosts executing them (cf. Section 2). For (secure and tamper-proof) PSMA, this raises questions about their technical feasibility, since existing electronic payment systems are based on the usage of specific secrets, e.g., private keys.In this paper, we deal with the design of (secure and tamper-proof) PSMA. According to requirements on PSMA not complied by other solutions we develop a PSMA subsystem for allocating2 MoA and digital coins. Assuming that the MHP is not adequately solvable yet (cf. [59]), we avoid using any secrets held by MoA and address PSMA allocation systems from the perspective of transparency and self-control. Our concept bases on an accounting web distributed among and managed by groups of hosts executing the MoA. It is designed as a decentralized and distributed open system and allows an ex post detection of double-spending and also thievery of coins.The paper is structured as follows. In Section 2 we discuss PSMA taking into account the MHP. In Section 3 we analyze the requirements for a PSMA by deducing them from the goals of the principals (3.1). We give a survey on existing technical concepts possibly suitable for PSMA and discuss them in view of the requirements that have been identified (3.2). Section 4 describes our allocation concept. Starting with the assumptions we made in 4.1, we give a rough draft of our concept in 4.2. Section 4.31 Within this paper, owners of Mobile Agents or hosts are named principals. Except for the term, there areno relations to the concept of principals used in the principal-agency theory.2 With the allocation of MoA and coins, we address the concept of linking at least one coin to one MoA ina way that only this agent can dispose of the coin.gives a simple example of the double-spent detection mechanism. We discuss unsolved questions, next steps of our research and the evaluation of future results in Section 5.2Payment Systems for Mobile Agents and the Malicious Host ProblemA PSMA is a system enabling MoA to balance debt and credit. Debt and credit are generated when agents access resources provided by other agents or hosts, both owned by principals different from theirs. We assume that principals have economic interests, which they link to the agents or hosts administrated and owned by them. Thus, PSMA can be seen as systems supporting the (price/market based) coordination of (economic) interests of principals – MoA pay for access to resources using digital money provided by their principals. The resource-owning principals receive the money and are able to either deposit it in their bank accounts or to use it otherwise (cf. Figure 1). Like any kind of money, the digital information MoA use for payment has to fulfil three functionalities: medium of exchange, storage of value, and measurement of value. (cf. [9] [50]).Conventional electronic payment systems generally can be grouped into two classes – token/cash-based or account/check-based electronic payment systems (cf. [1]). Account/check-based systems use orders signed by the payer and sent to a central clearing institution in order to transfer the specified amount of money to the payee’s account. Since a clearing institution is involved in each financial transaction, one of their characteristics are high minimum transaction costs (considering both the involvement of a third party and high security costs of the clearing server), compared with token/cash-based systems. Thus, they are unsuitable for nano- and micropayments, which will primarily take place in future PSMA. Token/cash-based payment systems incur lower transaction costs, especially when realized as multistage and offline systems (assuming that tampering can be prevented). Thus, they may be better suited for nano- and micropayments between MoA.For our work, we focus on PSMA defined as systems consisting of token/cash-based electronic money (cf. [17] for definition) that MoA can use for exchange, storage and measurement of value in open, distributed and decentralized networks.The fact that MoA can be executed by hosts not owned by the same principals leads to the MHP. It refers to the ability of any agent-executing host to attack the MoA, for example by spying out or manipulating code, data or execution state (cp. [13] [7] [30], see [26] for a detailed analysis of the MHP). As a result, it is not possible for MoA to hide and, at the same time, use information without risking manipulation or copying of this information by the executing host3.Conventional electronic payment systems use cryptographic methods for generating electronic money. They rely on secrets held by the payer, the payee and other involved actors. These secrets can either be private keys used for signature generation and authentication or digital coins (cp. [46]). Therefore PSMA build on the basis of existing electronic payment technologies cannot address both the exchange functionality and the value storage functionality of money. Trying to implement both functionalities, situations would arise where malicious hosts can copy and/or steal money from MoA, even with significantly reduced chances for traceability. This is true for conventional payment system based PSMA as long as no general solution for the MHP exists. It is also independent from the type of payment system, since both check/account-based and token/cash-based payment systems rely on secrets.3Adaptable technology concepts for PSMA3.1Requirements on PSMAConventional electronic payment systems can be described by means of a generic (financial) transfer and role model (cf. [44]). Within this model, all roles assignable to actors are identified and related to specific financial transfers, e.g., payment, withdrawal or deposit. In order to identify possible roles principals can take within a PSMA, we expanded the original model from [44] to a (financial) transfer and role model describing PSMA (see figure 1). Thus, we first modeled (financial) transactions generated by agents upon MoA roles and integrated them into the original model. Then we deduced additional principal roles involved in the payment circuit.3 For our work, we will only focus on problems caused by the MHP. Other security issus related to, e.g.,insecure networks or malicious agents will not be considered.The names of agent roles have been selected to reflect their position within the payment circuit. Additionally, we defined a virtual currency area that represents an arbitrary set of (connected) MoA execution platforms. Agents’ payments are restricted to this currency area.According to the roles and their specific position in the financial circuit, we assigned superordinate goals to each principal’s role. We then decomposed and consolidated these goals from a MoA oriented perspective, i.e., the principals’ goals were transferred to the MoA as possible. As a result, we obtained high-level requirements on PSMA.Figure 1: Financial transfer and role model of a PSMAAmong high-level requirements that are, e.g., related to the general functionality of MoA and platforms, we identified two groups of high-level requirements important for our work: requirements related to electronic money per se and requirements related to the allocation of electronic money to MoA.The requirements related to electronic money are identical with those defined in literature for conventional electronic money: identification of counterfeit and double-spent money, non-linkability of payment and withdrawal, traceability of transactions for the payer and the payee, ex post integrity of payments, adequate transaction costs, etc. (cf. [25], [62]). Important for our works are the requirements related to the second group, the (one-to-one) allocation of electronic money to MoA. In conventional electronic payment systems, similarly to real life, unambiguous allocation of coins is realized through the institute of ownership: someone owns coins and/or specific information and thus has the power of disposition over them. For MoA, exclusive possession is not possible. Thus, an allocation (sub-) system based on a different concept but providing equal functionality is needed (which is, of cause, the first high-level requirement).The high-level requirements we identified on an allocation system providing one-to-one allocations are:•consistency of allocations even by migrations of agents,•verifiability of allocations, i.e., the ability to identify tampered allocations by MoA, hosts and principals,•interchangeability of allocations, i.e., the transfer of allocations from payers to payees,•robustness of allocations, e.g., their restorability in case of host or connection breakdown, •divisibility of allocations, unless the allocations are not related to an atomic finance unit.These requirements overlap with requirements for electronic money. For instance, while implementing all required allocation functionalities the requirement “identification of double-spent money” could also be met as long as verifiability of one-to-one allocations is granted.3.2Research related to PSMAA final and complete technical solution for the MHP would enable MoA to hide and use secrets. In this case, conventional electronic payment technology could be used for PSMA. Thus, a literature review has to consider both explicit work on payment technologies for MoA and implicit work addressing the MHP directly.The implicit research on PSMA can be divided into six groups: research on Mobile Cryptography, Code Obfuscation, Environmental Key Generation, Internal Hardware Extensions, Reference States and Signature Delegation techniques for MoA. Explicit research is based upon distributed threshold schemes (which are also used by some implicit solutions).The conceptual idea of Mobile Cryptography is to encipher the code and all data of a MoA in a way so that the agent is still executable in its encoded form. Ideally, the encoded MoA is still able to handle inputs and outputs without loosing its cryptographic protection. [48] originally addressed this idea, ongoing work has been done by [49], [37], [10], [36] and [65]. Whereas these approaches focus only on one host participating in the agents’ execution, [2], [68], [55] and [16] addressed the integration of additional (semi-trusted) hosts. Within Mobile Cryptography approaches, an allocation subsystem for PSMA may be build upon the MoA ability to keep secrets. However, there are no prototype implementations known. Additional research is still needed to protect MoA on a higher level (cf. [65]). Also, characteristic of all Mobile Cryptography approaches are very high requirements for additional computation power, bandwidth and complexity handling compared to “non-encoded” MoA. Even when these concepts are implemented, high transaction costs will result when using them for PSMA.Research on Code Obfuscation for MoA has been done by [27], [28] and [42]. Assuming that obfuscation techniques allow only temporary protection, [28] proposed to limit the lifetime of MoA according to the time needed for breaking the obfuscation. [42] suggested hiding secret sub-programs in the remaining MoA code. Both approaches would allow implementing allocation subsystems for PSMA on the basis of temporal secrets. According to the limitation of lifetime, a synchronization concept that can handle lifecycles of agents, digital coins and allocations would be needed. Additionally, the question arises whether it is possible to prevent automatic analysis of obfuscated code (which would lower the lifetime of agents to a few seconds).[45] proposed and [24] extended the concept of Environmental Key Generation for MoA, addressing the idea that a MoA can use, e.g., private keys only when specific environmental information is available. Based on the comparison of doubled hashed information, this concept may be suitable for specific, pre-defined one-time-payments, as it allows allocations based on secrets until the right environment is found. Environmental Key Generation is not suitable for allocations needed in (multistage) PSMA, as this would require ex-ante knowledge of all future transactions (payer and payee) of each MoA.[63], [64] and [60] suggested approaches based on Internal Hardware Extensions and Java Cards. Although these concepts of tamper-proof hosts-in-hosts would allow complying with the requirements on allocation subsystems, their practical applicability is doubtful since the hosts’ principals would have to abandon their authority over the hosts. Also, the investment in hardware extension would increase the transaction costs.The family of Reference States address approaches based on the ex-post comparison of MoA execution states. Two subclasses can be identified: approaches that deal with the ex-post comparison by hosts next in the migration route of MoA (cf. [18], [40], [54], [14], [MaTM–2004], [3]) and approaches that address the comparison by principals after the MoA have finished their tasks (cf. [58], [6],[64]). This class of approaches is of limited applicability to PSMA, since reading of data is neither inhibited nor detectable.The Signature Delegation group consists of undetachable signature (cf. [33], [12], [52], [8]), proxy signature (cf. [47], [5]) and blind signature concepts (cf. [20]). These approaches are either insecure against the MHP (proxy and blind signatures) or restricted to a specific, in detail pre-described use (undetachable signatures). Thus, for an allocation subsystem the same applicability problem arises as when using Environmental Key Generation: ex-ante knowledge of all future transactions would be required.An explicit approach to enable MoA to pay for, e.g., service access is presented by [15]. Within his concept, a MoA belongs to a group of n MoA located at different hosts. The MoA cooperate when a payment is needed. Using a (k,n) threshold scheme (proposed by [51]), each MoA carries a share of a secret, in this case a private key, and sends its share to a special MoA when payment is needed. No malicious host is able to steal or copy electronic money carried by the MoA without getting at least kshares from the independently migrating agents. The approach is designed for a one-time payment between a MoA and a host. It requires that the payee host does not execute the MoA. Also, the protocols only protect the money allocation of paying agents. Payments between two MoA are not protected by this concept.Examining the five high-level requirements related to allocation subsystems, we have to note that, with the exception of Hardware Extensions, none of the outlined concepts is suited to serve as a basis for a PSMA yet. Either further development and evaluation is needed or the characteristics of the technology concepts themselves are not suitable for adaptation. For Hardware Extensions, their practical applicability is questionable.4An accounting supported PSMA4.1General conditions and basic assumptionsThe development of an allocation subsystem for PSMA should take into account general conditions of MoAs’ environments. By making following assumptions we tried to capture these conditions:•Within MoAs’ environments, two types of actors can be identified: MoA and (executing) hosts. Both are able to join and leave the network.•When a MoA is located on a host, it is not possible to detect what happens to it (e.g., if it is being copied or analyzed). Hosts have to be interpreted as black boxes, only revealinginformation about their internal processes when something leaves the box (cf. [28]).•Within MoAs’ environments, the only two ways to (at least partially) control hosts are by involving other hosts4 (independently from agents executed on them) and, after the task hasbeen accomplished, by the MoAs’ principals (cf. [58]).•MoA cannot keep data, code or execution state secret to the executing hosts and, at the same time, use it when interaction is required (binding existence of the MHP).•It is possible for MoA to carry data in a way that anyone can read and add data, but later manipulations on once written data can be identified (realized by public verifiable integrity,cf. [23],[53].As basic requirements we assume the existence of the following infrastructure and hosts’ properties:•Each host joining the environment has a (published) unique identifier (uid).• A Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) exists, which enables (a) hosts to create and validate digital signatures (related to their uid), (b) principals to sign their MoA and (c) MoA to transportsecrets for their principals (without using them).•An anonymization service exists that decouples MoA from their principals. As a result, everyone can trace MoA and their financial transfers without identifying the principal.•There is a clearing infrastructure acting as an institution that withdraws and accepts electronic coins. The clearing infrastructure always knows how much money circulates by balancingdeposited and issued coins.As far as the last assumption is concerned, we decided to use digital coins according to the MicroMint micropayment scheme as it has been proposed by [46]. MicroMint coins consist of a fixed number of strings (of equal bit-length) producing the same hash value when operated by a specific hash function. No computing-intensive public-key operations are required. Due to the non-injective and the collision resistance of the hash function, coin generating for a small number of coins is extremely expensive, but gets progressively cheaper (per coin) when generating more coins. Since coin production is economical only with a very large production volume, counterfeiting coins is prevented as it is uneconomical.Our basic idea for an allocation subsystem is twofold, addressing both the position of the allocation subsystem and its openness. As far as position is concerned, the subsystem has to be managed not at the MoA level, but at the host level. That is, hosts manage the allocations between MoA and digital coins – they change allocations if MoA pay, verify allocations and manage valid transfer between each other if MoA migrate. Hosts, i.e., principals operating hosts, have to be responsible for a valid allocation management. To prevent tampering, hosts have to be real time controlled by other hosts, for instance, a group of hosts that cooperate for allocation management. MoAs are integrated in this allocation subsystem only passively for documentation and control. They carry information about allocations in a way that is not modifiable ex-post. In terms of openness, the idea is to restrict the PSMA and thus the allocation subsystem so that it is open to MoA and hosts, but4 This assumtion bases on proposition 1 given in [2].“closed” to digital coins and allocations. Thus a currency area has to be created. Digital coins have to be valid only if they are located permanently inside this area. Once they leave the area, coins are not restorable. As a consequence, the overall amount of money in circulation is constant (or decreasing). Detection mechanisms are needed to give alert when the amount rises. Double spent coins and the use of counterfeit coins can thus be avoided.4.2 Abstract concept of an accounting based PSMA allocation systemUsing accounting techniques for a PSMA allocation system, an accounting web for hosts and MoA has to be created. Normally, accounting systems are kept by one central institution. For PSMA, the accounting web needs to be both distributed and decentralized, since a centralized design would lead to higher transaction costs (cf. Section 2). It would also raise the question of (secure) authentication and it does not comply with the offline characteristics of digital money given in Section 2.Our concept uses files representing accounts. These account files are made forward secure by cryptographic methods, i.e., they are designed to enable writing and reading to everyone, but inhibit (unnoticeable) deletion and manipulation of previously stored information (cf. [64], [23], [53] for forward and publicly verifiable integrity). The accounts are managed by hosts and are related to groups of hosts, (single) hosts and MoA. Each financial transaction is recorded by a double-entry registration in at least two accounts. The accounting web is closed, i.e., no transaction outside of and, even more important, no transaction back into the accounting web is allowed. The clearing infrastructure is part of the accounting web. Also, only MoAs are allowed to pay and receive payments and thus own money. Hosts have to be represented by (non-mobile) agents when they receive or spend money.Structure of the accounting web: In addition to the account !I related to the clearing infrastructure, an accounting web is build on the basis of three kinds of account rows 5: rows of accounts !MA related to MoA, rows of accounts !H related to hosts and rows of accounts !G related to groups of hosts.Within an accounting web consisting of only one group G=1 of n hosts and m MoA, n,m " N , located on these hosts, the following accounts exist:• !1I , the clearing infrastructure account, where all withdrawals and deposits are recorded, •!1G , the group account, where all input and output transactions of the group G=1 are recorded,• !1H ,...,!k H ,...,!nH , the hosts’ accounts, where all transaction between hosts (i.e., agents located at these hosts) are recorded. Each account !k H is located on and managed by one host. The setof all hosts’ accounts !k H that belong to group G=1 is named T G =1H ,• !1MA ,...,!i MA ,...,!mMA , the MoA accounts where all transaction between agents are recorded. Each account !i MA is related to and located at a MoA and managed by the hosts executing this agent . The set of all MoA accounts of group G=1 is named T G =1MA , while the set of all MoArelated to host k is T H =k MAWithin a group of hosts, the sum of the MoA account row, and the sum the hosts account row and the group account represent the same value: the total amount of money that exists within this group. (1) !1G= !kH k =1n " = !i MA i =1m", where |!| is the sum of all entries of an account ! , Within the accounting web, the sum of all group accounts has to be equal to the sum of theclearing infrastructure account. For a given one-group accounting web, that is !1I =!1G . Foraccounting webs consisting of o groups, o " N, it has the form:(2) !1I= !p Gp =1o" As mentioned above, the accounting web has to be open for hosts and MoA. MoA can enter the accounting web by migrating to a host that is already member of the accounting web and by receiving an empty or credited account from the clearing infrastructure. When receiving a credited account, the MoA also receives digital coins (of the same value) from the issuer. It is not possible for MoA to bring5 An account row is a set of accounts structuring a datum in a specific way. Multiple account rowsaddressing the same datum allow different perspectives on this datum, e.g. source and disposition of funds.money with them into the accounting web. Hosts can enter the accounting web when enough new hosts are available for a new group (in our specification: n hosts). They are also not allowed to bring money with them and receive their accounts from the clearing infrastructure. Both MoA and hosts are able to leave the web. Since money cannot re-enter the accounting web, they need to be cleared by transferring all money to other hosts/agents staying inside the web. Otherwise the money is lost.Transactions within the accounting web: Within the accounting web, each financial transaction, i.e., transfers of coins from one MoA to another or MoA migration, generates entries to the accounts. We describe transactions by accounting functions e f , f = 1,…,h , h " N . An accounting function e f links specific debit and credit accounts and a set of coin IDs to a value . For all e f applies:(3) e f :T D ! T C ! ID " V , where T D gives all accounts being debited, T C gives all accounts being credited, ID is the set of all coins (coin id) and V is the set of all values composable of the elements of ID .Thus, within a specific group of hosts three archetypes of transactions can be identified:•payments between two MoA located at the same host: e f !i MA {} , !j MA {} , id r {}()=v ijr , •payments between MoA located at different hosts: e f !k H ,!i MA {} , !l H ,!j MA {} , id r {}()=v kiljr •migrations of a MoA between hosts: e f !k H {} ; !l H {} , id r {}()=v xyr With more than one group, two additional archetypes can be identified: •migrations of MoA between groups of hosts: e f !p G,!k H {} , !q G ,!l H {} , id r {}()=v pkqlr • payments between MoA located in different groups of hosts:e f !p G,!k H ,!i MA {} , !q G ,!l H ,!j MA {} , id r {}()=v pkiqljr Considering the clearing infrastructure, another two archetypes of financial transactions can be identified:•withdrawal of digital coins: e f !I {} , !q G ,!l H ,!j MA {} , id r {}()=v Iqljr and • deposit of digital coins: e f !p G,!k H ,!i MA {} , !I {} , id r {}()=v pkiIr Each accounting function is related to entries in at least two accounts. These entries include the receiving/spending account, the value v that is being transferred, the IDs of the coins used for the transfer, a time stamp, the host recorded the entry and a description of the service/resource paid/sold.Characteristics: The accounting web described above allows controlling the integrity of the system as it allocates digital coins to MoA. The allocation is realized by recording transfer of ownership to MoA, hosts and group accounts. The presented accounting based allocation concept addresses all five requirements shown in Section 3.1. Fraud allocations can be detected in two ways: by ex post examination of the payments a MoA has made and by checking the account balance.The ex-post examination of MoA payments is still comparable to conventional logging. Each principal is able to check the income and the payments of its MoA either after the task fulfillment or after a specific time period. He can thus identify payments that do not correspond to the agent’s task or, when for instance cryptographic tracing according to [58] is enabled, those that do not match the agent’s execution states. Unlike normal logging, each log entry exists both in the agent’s account and the other accounts charged. Therefore the MoA is traceable within the accounting web as long as it possesses at least one digital coin. Also, when fixing this coin to the MoA, no host is able to delete the MoA. The accounting trace would end at this host, identifying it as malicious.With the account balance, we describe the validity of equation (1) for all groups r of hosts and the equation (2) for the whole accounting web at any time of a PSMA lifecycle. The validity of equation(1) is checked by a group r of n hosts each time a MoA enters or leaves the hosts that belong to group r. Each host has to cast the MoA accounts located on it and publish the balance for the other group members. All hosts within the group are able to check if the overall balance is equal to the balance of the group account !pG . If !pG "!i MA i =1m# an error or fraud is detected and further steps have to be taken, e.g., the check of equation (2) and the concrete analysis of the group’s activities.。