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Most people have no idea of the hard work and worry that gosintosthe collecting of those fascinating birds and animals that they pay to see in the zoo.One of the questions that is always asked of me is 1 I became an animal collector in the first 2 .The answer is that I have always been interested in animals and zoos.According to my parents, the first word I was able to say with any 3 was not the conventional“mamma”or“daddy”,4 the word“zoo”, which I would 5 over and over again with a shrill 6 until someone, insgroupsto 7 me up, would take me to the zoo.When I 8 a little older, we lived in Greece and I had a great 9 of pets, ranging from owls to seahorses, and I spent all my spare time 10 the countryside in search of fresh specimens to 11 to my collection of pets.12 on I went for a year to the City Zoo, as a student 13 , to get experience of the large animals, such as lions, bears, bison and ostriches,14 were not easy to keep at home.When I left, I 15 had enough money of my own to be able to 16 my first trip and I have been going 17 ever since then.Though a collector's job is not an easy one and is full of 18 ,it is certainly a job which will appeal 19 all those who love animals and 20 . 1.A.how B.where C.when D.whether 2.A.region B.field C.place D.case 3.A.clarity B.emotion C.sentiment D.affection 4.A.except B.but C.except for D.but for 5.A.recite B.recognize C.read D.repeat 6.A.volume B.noise C.voice D.pitch 7.A.close B.shut C.stop fort 8.A.grew B.was growing C.grow D.grown 9.A.many B.amount C.number D.supply 10.A.living B.cultivating C.reclaiming D.exploring 11.A.increase B.include C.add D.enrich ter B.furtherC.thenD.subsequently 13.A.attendant B.keeper C.member D.aide 14.A.who B.they C.of which D.which 15.A.luckily B.gladly C.nearly D.successfully 16.A.pay B.provide C.allow D.finance 17.A.normally B.regularly ually D.often 18.A.expectations B.sorrowsC.excitementD.disappointments 19.A.for B.with C.to D.from 20.A.excursion B.travel C.journey D.Trip 1.【答案】A 【解析】根据下⼀句及随后的内容，作者讲的是怎样成为动物爱好者的(从⼩就喜欢动物)，应当选择A.how。
2016下半年英语四级完形填空试题及答案解析5Most institutions provide courses which 8 new students to develop the skills they need to be 9 listeners and note-takers. 10 these are unavailable, there are many useful study-skills guides which 11 learners to practice these skills 12 .In all cases it is important to 13 the problem 14 actually starting your studies.It is important to 15 that most students have difficulty in acquiring the language skills 16 in college study.One way of 17 these difficulties is to attend the language and study-skills classes which most institutions provide throughout the 18year.Another basic 19 is to find a study partner 20 it is possible to identify difficulties, exchange ideas and provide support.1.A.extending B.illustrating C.performingD.conducting2.A.attributing B.contributing C.distributingD.explaining3.A.assignments rmation C.contentD.definition4.A.suspects B.understands C.wonders D.convinces5.A.without B.with C.on D.except6.A.what B.those C.as D.which7.A.teachers B.classmates C.partners D.students8.A.prevent B.require C.assist D.forbid9.A.effective B.passive C.relative D.expressive10.A.Because B.Though C.Whether D.If11.A.enable B.stimulate C.advocate D.prevent12.A.independently B.repeatedlyC.logicallyD.generally13.A.evaluate B.acquaint C.tackle D.formulate14.A.before B.after C.while D.for15.A.predict B.acknowledgeC.argueD.ignore16.A.to require B.required C.requiring D.are required17.A.preventing B.withstandingC.sustainingD.overcoming18.A.average B.ordinary C.normal D.academic19.A.statement B.strategy C.situation D.suggestion20.A.in that B.for which C.with whom D.such asCloze Test 5答案1.【答案】B【解析】将第1，2，3题通盘考虑。
TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2016)-GRADE FOURTIME LIMIT: 130 MIN PART I DICTATION [10MIN]Listen to the following passage. Altogether the passage will be read to you four times. During the first reading, which will be done at normal speed, listen and try to understand the meaning. For the second and third readings, the passage will be read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase, with intervals of 15 seconds. The last reading will be done at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work. You will then be given ONE minute to check through your work once more.Please write the whole passage on Answer Sheet OnePART II LISTENING COMPREHENSION[20MIN]SECTION A TALKIn this section you will hear a talk You will hear the talk ONCE ONLY. While listening, you may look at the task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure what you fill in is both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.Now listen to the talk. When it is over, you will be given TWO minutes to check your workWhat Is Grit?My questionsWhy isn't I.Q. the only difference between students?What is the key to (1) __________.My Researchinvestigation of all kinds of (2) __________, including:—West Point Military Academy.—(3) __________.—private companies.My finding: grit as predictor of successGrit is (4) __________ for very long-term goals.Grit is working hard for years to make (5) __________.Grit is living your life like a (6) __________.My surveyhigh school juniors took grit questionnaires.(7) __________kids were more likely to graduate.Grit-buildinglittle is known about how to build grit in students.data show grit is unrelated to (8) __________.growth mindset is the belief that the ability to learn is (9) __________.kids with grit believe failure is (10) __________.ConclusionWe need to be gritty about getting our kids grittier.SECTION B CONVERSATIONSIn this section you will hear two conversations. At the end of each conversation, five questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken ONCE ONLY. After each question there will be a ten-second pause. During the pause, you should read the four choices of A, B, C and D, and mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the questions.Now, listen to the conversations.Conversation OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on Conversation One.1.A. To tell the man that he has been shortlisted for interview.B.To ask the man a few questions about his interview.C.To tell the man the procedure of the interview.D.To explain to the man how to make a presentation.2.A. Questions related to the job.B.General questions about himself.C.Specific questions about his CV.D.Questions about his future plan.3.A. Questions from the interviewers.B.Questions from the interviewee.C.Presentation from the interviewee.D.Requests from the interviewee.4.A. Educational and professional background.B. Problems he has faced and solved.C. Major successes in his career so far.D. Company future and his contribution.5.A. 11 a.m., next Tuesday.B.11 a.m., next Thursday.C.9 a.m., this Tuesday.D.9 a.m., this Thursday.Conversation TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on Conversation Two6.A. How college students pay for their education.B.How to handle the problem of college loans.C.The disadvantages of college loans.ernment financing in college education.7.A. It has increased by 6 to 8 %.B.It has increased by 8 to 10 %.C.It has decreased by 6 to 8%.D.It has decreased by 8 to 10%.8.A. Student's family income.B.First year salary after graduation.C.A fixed amount of 30,000 dollars.D.Payment in the next ten years.9.A. Students can borrow money first.B.Students pay no tax on savings.C. Students pay less tax after graduation.D. Students withdraw without paying tax.10.A. Giving up charitable or volunteer work.B.Neglecting their study at college.C.Giving up further education.D.Neglecting high salary in job-seeking.PART III LANGUAGE USAGE[10 MIN]There are twenty sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.11.How can I concentrate if you ___________ continually ___________ me with silly questions?A.have... interruptedB.had...interruptedC.are...interruptingD.were...interrupting12.Among the four sentences below, Sentence ___________ expresses the highest degree of possibility.A. It may take a long time to find a solution to the problem.B. It might take a long time to find a solution to the problem.C. It could take a long time to find a solution to the problem.D. It should take a long time to find a solution to the problem.13.She is a better speaker than___________in the class.A.all the girlsB.the other boysC.other any girlD.any boy14.Nobody heard him sing,___________.A.did theyB.did heC.didn't theyD.did one15.I can't put up with___________.A.that friend of youB.that friend of yoursC.the friend of youD.the friend of yours16.There has been an increasing number of ___________ in primary schools in the past few years.A.man teacherB.men teacherC.man teachersD.men teachers17.This is one of the issues that deserve___________.A.mentioningB. being mentionedC. to mentionD. for mention18.The audience ___________ excited on seeing ___________favorite star glide onto the stage.A.were ... itsB.were...theirC.was...theirD.was...one's19.___________your advice, I would have made the wrong decision.A.Hadn't it been forB.Had it not been forC.Had it been forD.Had not it been for20.The sentence I wish I had been more careful in spending money expresses the speaker's_____.A.hopeB.joyC.regretD.relief21.The Attorney General ordered a federal autopsy of Brown's body, seekingto___________ the family and community there would be a thorough investigation into his death.A.ensureB.assureC.insureD.ascertain22.The police department came under strong criticism for both the death of an unarmed man andits handling of the___________.A.consequenceB.outcomeC.resultD.aftermath23.The Foreign Secretary tried to ___________ doubts about his handling of the crisis.A.dispelB.expelC.repelD.quell24.Mutual funds are thus best for investors who don't want to take the time to studystocks in detail or who ___________ the resources to build a portfolio.A.depriveckC.yearnD.attain25.Chris ran ___________ John at a sporting-goods trade show and the two quickly struck___________an easy rapport.A.into...upB.on...intoC.across...onD.against...into26."I am leaving the country soon," he told a ___________ convened group of reporters.A.especiallyB.particularlyC.speciallyD.specifically27.Israel and Hamas had reached a deal on extending the _______ ceasefire by an extra 24 hours until Tuesday at midnight.A.contemporaryB.makeshiftC.spontaneousD.temporary28.___________to unplugging the alarm clock and trusting your ability to wake on time on your own, you should probably ease yourself into the new arrangement by keeping a very regular schedule for several weeks.A.DueB.PriorC.RelatedD.Thanks29.If you are an athlete, strong abdominal muscles help you ensure a strong back and freedom from injury during ___________ upper-body movement.A.valiantB.variableC.vigorousD.vigilant30.Finning is a cruel ___________ in which the shark's fins are lopped off, and the live shark is thrown back to sea.A.realityB.truthC.skillD.practicePART IV CLOZE[10 MIN]Decide which of the words given in the box below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blank. The words can be used ONCE ONLY. Mark the letter for each word on ANSWER SHEET TWO.A. ampleB. combinationsC. directlyD. disseminatedE. generationsF. genuinelyG. insteadH. listsI. promulgatedJ. publicizedI K. scant L. shaped M. sophisticated N. transplanted O. virtualmagine a world without writing. Obviously there would be no books: no novels, noencyclopedias, no cookbooks, no textbooks, no telephone books, no scriptures, no diaries, no travel guides. There would be no ball-points, no typewriters, no computers, no Internet,no magazines, no movie credits, no shopping lists, no newspapers, no tax returns. But such___________(31) of objects almost miss the point. The world we live in has been indelibly marked by the written word, ___________ (32) by the technology of writing over thousands of years. Ancient kings proclaimed their authority and ___________ (33) their laws in writing. Scribes administered great empires by writing, their knowledge of recording and retrieving information essential to governing complex societies. Religious traditions were passed on through ___________ (34), and spread to others, in writing.Scientific and technological progress was achieved and___________(35) through writing.Accounts in trade and commerce could be kept because of writing. Nearly every step of civilization has been mediated through writing. A world without writing would bear___________(36) resemblance to the one we now live in. Writing is a___________ (37) necessity to the societies anthropologists call civilizations. A civilization is distinguished from other societies by the complexity of its social organization, by its construction of cities and large public buildings, and by the economic specialization of its members, many of whom are not___________(38) involved in food procurement or production. Acivilization, with its taxation and tribute systems, its trade, and its public works, requires a ___________ (39) system of record keeping. And so the early civilizations of Egypt, China, and (probably) India all developed a system of writing. Only the Peruviancivilization of the Incas and their predecessors did not use writing but___________ (40) invented a system of keeping records on knotted color-coded strings known as quipu.PART V READING COMPREHENSION[35 MIN]SECTION A MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are three passages followed by ten multiple choice questions. Foreach multiple choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.PASSAGE ONE(1)When I was twenty-seven years old, I was a mining-broker's clerk in San Francisco,and an expert in all the details of stock traffic. I was alone in the world, and had nothing to depend upon but my wits and a clean reputation; but these were setting my feet in the road to eventual fortune, and I was content with the prospect. My time was my own after the afternoon board, Saturdays, and I was accustomed to putting it in on a little sail-boat on the bay. One day I ventured too far, and was carried out to sea. Just at nightfall, when hope was about gone, I was picked up by a small ship which was bound for London. It was a long and stormy voyage, and they made me work my passage without pay, as a common sailor. When I stepped ashore in London my clothes were ragged and shabby, and I had only a dollar in my pocket. This money fed and sheltered me twenty-four hours. During the next twenty-four I went without food and shelter.(2)About ten o'clock on the following morning, dirty and hungry, I was dragging myselfalong Portland Place, when a child that was passing, towed by a nurse-maid, tossed a big pear -minus one bite - into the gutter. I stopped, of course, and fastened my desiring eye on that muddy treasure. My mouth watered for it, my stomach craved it, my whole being, begged for it. But every time I made a move to get it some passing eye detected mypurpose, and of course I straightened up then, and looked indifferent and pretended that I hadn't been thinking about the pear at all. This same thing kept happening and happening, and I couldn't get the pear.(3)I was just getting desperate enough to brave all the shame, and to seize it, when a window behind me was raised, and a gentleman spoke out of it, saying: "Step in here, please."(4)I was admitted by a man servant, and shown into a sumptuous room where a couple of elderly gentlemen were sitting. They sent away the servant, and made me sit down. They had just finished their breakfast, and the sight of the remains of it almost overpowered me. I could hardly keep my wits together in the presence of that food, butas I was not asked to sample it, I had to bear my trouble as best as I could.(5)Now, something had been happening there a little before, which I did not know anything about until a good many days afterwards, but I will tell you about it now. Those two old brothers had been having a pretty hot argument a couple of days before, and had ended by agreeing to decide it by a bet, which is the English way of settling everything. (6)You will remember that the Bank of England once issued two notes of a million pounds each, to be used for a special purpose connected with some public transaction with a foreign country. For some reason or other only one of these had been used and canceled; the other still lay in the vaults of the Bank. Well, the brothers, chatting along, happened to get to wondering what might be the fate of a perfectly honest and intelligent stranger who should be turned adrift in London without a friend, and with no money but that million-pound bank-note, and no way to account for his being in possession of it. BrotherA said he would starve to death; BrotherB said he wouldn't. Brother A said he couldn't offer it at a bank or anywhere else, because he would be arrested on the spot. So they went on disputing till Brother B said he would bet twenty thousand pounds that the man would live thirty days, anyway, on that million, and keep out of jail, too. Brother A took him up.Brother B went down to the Bank and bought that note. Then he dictated a letter, which one of his clerks wrote out in a beautiful round hand, and then the two brothers sat at the window a whole day watching for the right man to give it to.(7)I finally became the pick of them.41.In Para. 1, the phrase "set my feet" probably means___________.A.put me asideB.start my journeyC.prepare meD.let me walk42.It can be concluded from Para. 2 that___________.A.the man wanted to maintain dignity though starvedB.the man could not get a proper chance to eat the pearC.the man did not really want the pear since it was dirtyD.it was very difficult for the man to get the pearpared with Brother A, Brother B was more ___________ towards the effect of the one-million-pound bank-note on a total stranger.A.neutralB.negativeC.reservedD.positivePASSAGE TWO(1)The concept of peace is a very important one in cultures all over the world. Think abouthow we greet people. In some languages, the phrases for greetings contain the word for peace. In some cultures we greet people by shaking hands or with another gesture to show that we are not carrying weapons—that we come in peace. And there are certain symbols which people in very different cultures recognize as representing peace. Let's look at a few of them.The dove(2)The dove has been a symbol of peace and innocence for thousands of years in many different cultures. In ancient Greek mythology it was a symbol of love and the renewalof life. In ancient Japan a dove carrying a sword symbolized the end of war.(3)There was a tradition in Europe that if a dove flew around a house where someone was dying then their soul would be at peace. And there are legends which say that the devilcan turn himself into any bird except for a dove. In Christian art, the dove was used to symbolize the Holy Ghost and was often painted above Christ's head.(4)But it was Pablo Picasso who made the dove a modern symbol of peace when he used it on a poster for the World Peace Congress in 1949. The rainbow(5)The rainbow is another ancient and universal symbol, often representing the connection between human beings and their gods. In Greek mythology it was associated with Iris, the goddess who brought messages from the gods on Mount Olympus. In Scandinavian mythology the rainbow was a bridge between the gods and the earth. In the Bible a rainbow showed Noah that the Biblical flood was finally over, and that God had forgiven his people. In the Chinese tradition, the rainbow is a common symbol for marriage becausethe colours represent the union of yin and yang. Nowadays the rainbow is used bymany popular movements for peace and the environment, representing the possibility ofa better world in the future and promising sunshine after the rain. Mistletoe(6)This plant was sacred in many cultures, generally representing peace and love. Most people know of the tradition of kissing under the mistletoe at Christmas time, which probably comes from Scandinavian mythology. The goddess Freya's son was killed byan arrow made of mistletoe, so, in honour of him, she declared that it would always be a symbol of peace. It was often hung in doorways as a sign of friendship.(7)The ancient Druids believed that hanging mistletoe in your doorway protected youfrom evil spirits. Tribes would stop fighting for a period of time if they found a tree with mistletoe. But you will never see mistletoe in a Christian church - it is banned because of its associations with pagan religion and superstition. The olive branch(8)The olive tree has always been a valuable source of food and oil. In Greek mythology, the goddess Athena gave the olive tree to the people of Athens, who showed their gratitude by naming the city after her. But no one knows for sure when or why it began to symbolize peace. There is probably a connection with ancient Greece. Wars between states were suspended during the Olympic Games, and the winners were given crowns of olive branches. The symbolism may come from the fact that the olive tree takes a long time to produce fruit, so olives could only be cultivated successfully in long periods of peace. Whatever the history, the olive branch is a part of many modern flags symbolizing peace and unity. One well-known example is the United Nations symbol. The ankh(9)The ankh is an ancient symbol which was adopted by the hippie movement in the 1960sto represent peace and love. It was found in many Asian cultures, but is generallyassociated with ancient Egypt. It represented life and immortality. Egyptians were buried with an ankh, so that they could continue to live in the "afterworld". The symbol was also found along the sides of the Nile, which gave life to the people. They believed that the ankh could control the flow of the river and make sure that there was always enough water.44.Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A.Concept of Peace.B.Origin of Peace Symbols.C.Popular Peace Symbols.D.Cultural Difference of Peace.45.The rainbow represents the connection between human beings and their gods in all the following countries EXCEPT___________.A.SwedenB.GreeceC.FinlandD.China46.In North Europe mistletoe was often hung in doorways to indicate___________.A.friendshipB.loveC.kinshipD.honour16/2947.The origin of the ankh can date back to___________.A.the NileB.the "afterworld"C.the hippie movementD.ancient EgyptPASSAGE THREE(1)Two sides almost never change: That you can manipulate people into self-sufficiencyand that you can punish them into good citizenship.(2)The first manifests itself in our tireless search for the magical level at which welfaregrants are big enough to meet basic needs but small enough to make low-paid work attractive. The second has us looking to the criminal justice system to cure behavior that is as much as anything the result of despair.(3)The welfare example is well known. We don't want poor people to live in squalor ortheir children to be malnourished. But we also don't want to subsidize the indolence of people who are too lazy to work. The first impulse leads us to provide housing, food stamps, medical care and a cash stipend for families in need. The second gets us to think about "workforce".(4)We've been thinking about it for two reasons: the "nanny" problems of two high-ranking government officials (who hired undocumented foreigners as household helpers, presumably because they couldn't find Americans to do the work) and President Clinton's proposal to put a two-year limit on welfare.(5)Maybe something useful will come of Clinton's idea, but I'm not all that hopeful. Itlooks to me like one more example of trying to manipulate people into taking care of themselves.(6)On the criminal justice side, we hope to make punishment tough enough to discourage crime but not so tough as to clog our prisons with relatively minor offenders. Too short a sentence, we fear, will create contempt for the law. Too long a sentence will take up costly space better used for the violent and unremorseful.(7)Not only can we never find the "perfect" punishment, our search for optimum penalties is complicated by our desire for fairness: to let the punishment fit the crime. The problem is that almost any punishment - even the disgrace of being charged with a crime - is sufficient to deter the middle class, while for members of the underclass, probation may be translated as "I beat it."(8)So how can you use the system - welfare or criminal justice - to produce the behavior we want? The answer, I suspect is: You can't.(9)We keep trying to use welfare and prison to change people - to make them think and behave the way we do - when the truth is the incentives work only for those who already think the way we do: who view today's action with an eye on the future.(10)We will take lowly work (if that is all that's available) because we believe we can make bad jobs work for us. We avoid crime not because we are better people but because we see getting caught as a future-wrecking disaster. We are guided by a belief that good things will happen for us in the future if we take proper care of the present. Even under the worst of circumstances, we believe we are in control of our lives.(11)And we have trouble understanding that not everybody believes as we believe. The welfare rolls, the prisons and the mean streets of our cities are full of people who havegiven up on their future. Without hope for the future, hard work at a low-paid job makes no sense. Working hard in school, or pleasing a boss, or avoiding pregnancy makes no sense. The deadly disease is hopelessness.The lawlessness and poverty are only the obvious symptoms.(12)I'm not advocating that we stop looking for incentives to move poor people towardself-sufficiency or that we stop punishing people for criminal behavior. There will always be some people who need help and some who deserve to be in jail.(13)All I'm saying is that the long-term answer both to welfare and the crime that plaguesour communities is not to fine tune the welfare and criminal justice systems but to prevent our children from getting the disease of despair.(14)If we encourage our young people to believe in the future, and give them solidevidence for believing, we'll find both crime and poverty shrinking to manageable proportions.48.What is the author's attitude towards Clinton's proposal to welfare?A.Pessimistic.B.Optimistic.C.Suspicious.D.Sarcastic.49.It can be inferred from Para. 7 that optimum penalties are___________to the underclass.elessB.hopelessC.frighteningD.humiliating50.Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the passage?wlessness and Poverty.B.Criminal Justice System.C.Welfare Grants.D.Disease of Despair.SECTION B SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONSIn this section there are five short answer questions based on the passages in Section A. Answer the questions with NO more than TEN words in the space provided on ANSWER SHEET TWO.PASSAGE ONE51.In Para. 4, what does the man mean by saying "I had to bear my trouble"?52.What can be inferred from the last sentence of the passage?PASSAGE TWO53. Why does the UN use the olive branch in its symbol?PASSAGE THREE54.According to the author, what balance should we keep in welfare?55.What does the author mean by saying "Even under the worst of circumstances, webelieve we are in control of our lives" (Para. 10)?PART VI WRITING [45 MIN]Read carefully the following excerpt on term-time holiday arguments in the UK, and thenwrite your response in NO LESS THAN 200 words, in which you should:summarize the main message of the excerpt, and thencomment on whether parents should take children out of school for holidayduring term time in order to save money.You should support yourself with information from the excerpt.Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.Term-time holidays will be bannedParents are to be banned by Michael Gove, UK's Education Secretary, from taking their children out of school to save money on holidays.He is to abolish the right of head teachers to "authorise absence" from the classroom, which has been used to let families take term-time breaks, and will warn them they face fines for their children not being at school."Any time out of school has the potential to damage a child's education," a senior source at the Department for Education said this weekend. "That is why the government will end the distinction between authorised and unauthorised absence.""This is part of the government's wider commitment to bring down truancy（逃学，旷课） levels in our schools. There will also be stricter penalties for parents and schools."The tough measures on truancy are part of a wider attempt by Mr Gove to make education more academically rigorous and to tackle a culture in the educational establishment which he believes has accepted "excuses for failure". Russell Hobby, the general secretary of the National Association of Head Teachers, said the measure would discourage parents from trying to put pressure on heads to sanction （批准） term time holidays. "The high cost of holidays outside of term time is still an issue but ultimately a child's education is more important than a holiday," he said.Writeyour resp onseon ANS WER SHE ET THR EE.-THE END---2016 年英语专业四级考试参考答案Part I DICTATIONThink Positive and Feel PositiveAre you confident or insecure in a difficult situation? / Do you react positively or negativ ely? / The answer may depend in part on whomyou’rearound. / A study found that negative thinking can be contagious in some cases. / For example, the researchers studied 103 collegeroommates. / They measured eachroommate’s tendency towards negative thinking. / It was f ound that thinking patterns can be contagious. / Students with a negative thinking roommate became more depressed themselves, / and students with more positive thinking roommates / were more likely to become more positive as well. Part II LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A TALK 1. success2. challenging settings。
大学英语四六级考试/模拟试题2016下半年英语四级完形填空试题及答案解析8•【新东方】四六级秋季定制班！权师助你高分过关>>>点击免费试听！Music comes in many forms; most countries have a style of their own. 1 the turn of the century when jazz was born, America had no prominent 2 ofits own.No one knows exactly when jazz was 3 ,or by whom.But it began to be 4 in the early 1900s.Jazz is America s contribution to 5 music.In contrast to classical music, which 6 formal European traditions, jazz is spontaneous and free form.It bubbles with energy, 7 the moods, interests, and emotions of the people.In the 1920s jazz 8 like America, and 9 it does today.The10 of this music are as interesting as the music11 .American Negroes, or blacks, as they are called today, were the jazz 12 .They were brought to Southern States 13 slaves.They were sold to plantation owners and forced to work long 14 .When a Negro died his friend and relatives 15 a procession to carry thebody to the cemetery.In New Orleans, a band often accompanied the 16 .On the way to the cemetery the band played slow, solemn music suited to the occasion.17 on the way home the mood changed.Spirits lifted.Death had removed one of their 18 ,but the living were glad to bealive.The band played 19 music, improvising(即兴表演) on both the harmony andthe melody of the tunes 20 at the funeral.This music made everyone want to dance.It was an early form of jazz.1.A.By B.At C.In D.On2.A.music B.song C.melody D.style3.A.discovered B.acted C.invented D.designed4.A.noticed B.found C.listened D.heard5.A.classical B.sacred C.popular D.light6.A.forms B.follows C.approaches D.introduces7.A.expressing B.explaining C.exposingD.illustrating8.A.appeared B.felt C.seemed D.sounded9.A.as B.so C.either D.neither10.A.origins B.originals C.discoveriesD.resources11.A.concerned B.itself C.available D.oneself12.A.players B.followers C.fans D.pioneers13.A.for B.as C.with D.by14.A.months B.weeks C.hours D.times15.A.demonstrated posedC.hostedD.formed16.A.demonstration B.processionC.bodyD.march17.A.Even B.Therefore C.Furthermore D.But18.A.number B.members C.body D.relations19.A.sad B.solemn C.happy D.funeral20.A.whistled B.sung C.presented D.showedCloze Test 151.【答案】B【解析】这里at the turn of the century表示的是“在本世纪初”这一具体时间，只有at可以用在这里。
2016年英语专业四级考试真题试卷（含听力和原文）第一部分：真题试卷TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS(2016)-GRADE FOUR-TIME LIMIT: 130 MIN PART ⅠDICTATION [10 MIN] Listen to the following passage. Altogether the passage will be read to you four times. During the first reading, which will be done at normal speed, listen and try to understand the meaning. For the second and third reading, the passage will be read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase, with intervals of 15 seconds. The last reading will be done at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work. You will then be given ONE minute to check through your work once more.Please write the whole passage on ANSWER SHEET ONE.音频：关注公众号“超能资料库”回复关键词“专四”获取免费音频PART ⅡLISTENING COMPERHESION [20 MIN] SECTION A TALKIn this section you will hear a talk. You will hear the talk ONCE ONLY. While listening, you may look at the task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure what you fill in is both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.Now listen to the talk. When it is over, you will be given TWO minutes to check your work.SECTION B CONVERSATINSIn this section you will hear two conversations. At the end of each conversation, five questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversations and the questions will be spoken ONCE ONLY. After each question there will be a ten-second pause. During the pause, you should read the four choices of [A], [B], [C] and [D], and mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the questions.Now listen to the conversations.Conversation One1.[A] To tell the man that he has been shortlisted for interview.[B]To ask the man a few questions about his interview.[C]To explain to the man how to make a presentation.[D]To tell the man the procedure of the interview.2.[A] Questions related to the job.[B]General questions about himself.[C]Specific questions about his CV.[D]Questions about his future plan.3.[A] Questions from the interviewers.[B]Questions from the interviewee.[C]Presentation from the interviewee.[D]Requests from the interviewee.4.[A] Educational and professional background.[B]Problems be has faced and solved.[C]Major successes in his career so far.[D]Company future and his contribution.5.[A] 11 a. m., next Tuesday. [B] 11 a. m., next Thursday.[C] 9 a. m., this Tuesday. [D] 9 a. m., this Thursday.Conversation Two6.[A] The disadvantages of college loans.[B]Government financing in college education.[C]How to handle the problem of college loans.[D]How college students pay for their education.7.[A] It has increased by 6 to 8%.[B]It has increased by 8 to 10%.[C]It has decreased by 6 to 8%.[D]It has decreased by 8 to 10%.8.[A] Student’s family income.[B]First year salary after graduation.[C]A fixed amount of 30,000 dollars.[D]Payment in the next ten years.9.[A] Students can borrow money first.[B]Students pay no tax on savings.[C]Students pay less tax after graduation.[D]Students withdraw without paying tax.10.[A] Giving up charitable or volunteer work.[B]Neglecting their study at college.[C]Giving up further education.[D]Neglecting high salary in job-seeking.PART ⅢLANGUAGE USAGE [10 MIN] There are twenty sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four options marked [A]. [B], [C] and [D]. Choose one word phrase that best completes the sentence.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.11.How can I concentrate if you continually me with silly questions?[A] have… interrupted [B] had… interrupted[C] are… interrupting[D] were… interrupting12.A mong the four sentences below, Sentence express the highest degree of possibility.[A]It may take a long time to find a solution to the problem.[B]It might take a long time to find a solution to the problem.[C]It could take a long time to find a solution to the problem.[D]It should take a long time to find a solution to the problem.13.She is a better speaker than in the class.[A] any boy [B] the other boys [C] other any girl [D] all the girls14.Nobody heard him sing, ?[A] did one [B] did he [C] didn’t they [D] did they15.I can’t put up with .[A]that friend of you [B] that friend of yours[C] the friend of you [D] the friend of yours16.There has been an increasing number of in primary schools in past few years.[A]man teacher [B] men teacher [C] man teachers [D] men teachers17.This is one of the issues that deserve .[A] being mentioned [B] mentioning [C] to mention [D] for mention18.The audience excited on seeing favorite star glide onto the stage.[A] were… their [B] were… its [C] was… their [D] was… one’s19. your advice, I would have made the wrong decision.A. ample F. genuinely K. scantB. combinationsG. insteadL. shapedC. directlyD. disseminatedH. lists I. promulgatedM. sophisticated N. transplantedE. generationsJ. publicizedO. virtual[A] Hadn’t it been for [B] Had it not been for[C] Had it been for [D] Had not it been for20.The sentence I wish I had been more careful in spending money express the speaker’s.[A]hope [B] joy [C] regret [D] relief21.T he Attorney General ordered a federal autopsy of Brown’s body, seeking to the family and community there would be a thorough investigation into his death.[A]ensure [B] insure [C] assure [D] ascertain22.T he police department came under strong criticism for both the death of an unarmed and its handling of the.[A]consequence [B] outcome [C] result [D] aftermath23.The Foreign Secretary tried to doubts about his handling of the crisis.[A] dispel [B] expel [C] repel [D] quell24.Mutual funds are thus best for investors who don’t want to take the time to study stocks in detail or whothe resources to build a portfolio.[A]deprive [B] lack [C] yearn [D] attain25.Chris ran John at a sporting-goods trade show and the two quickly struck an easy rapport.[A]into…up[B] on…into[C] across…on[D] against…into26.“I’m leaving the country soon,” he told a convened group of reporters.[A] especially [B] particularly [C] specially [D] specifically27.Israel and Hamas had reached a deal on extending the ceasefire by an extra 24 hours until Tuesday at midnight.[A]contemporary [B] makeshift [C] spontaneous [D] temporary28.to unplugging the alarm clock and trusting your ability to wake on time on your own, you should probably ease yourself into the new arrangement by keeping a very regular schedule for several weeks.[A]Due [B] Prior [C] Related [D] Thanks29.I f you are an athlete, strong abdominal muscles help you ensure a strong back and freedom from injury duringupper-body movement.[A]valiant [B] variable [C] vigilant [D] vigorous30.F inning is a cruel in which the shark’s fins are lopped off, and the live shark is thrown back to sea.[A]reality [B] truth [C] practice [D] skillPART ⅣCLOZE [10 MIN] Decide which of the words given in the box below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blank. The words can be used ONCE ONLY. Mark the letter for each word on ANSWER SHEET TWO.Imagine a world without writing. Obviously there would be no books: no novels, no encyclopedias, no cookbooks, no textbooks, no telephone books, no scriptures, no diaries, no travel guides. There would be no ball-points, no typewriters, no computers, no Internet, no magazines, no movie credits, no shopping lists, no newspapers, no tax returns. But such (31) of subjects almost miss the point. The world we live in hasbeen indelibly marked by the written word, (32) by the technology of writing over thousands of years. Ancient kings proclaimed their authority and (33) their laws in writing. Scribes administered great empires by writing, their knowledge of recording and retrieving information essential to governing complex societies. Religious traditions were passed on through (34) , and spread to others, in writing. Scientific and technological progress was achieved and (35) through writing. Accounts in trade and commerce could be kept because of writing. Nearly every step of civilization has been mediated through writing. A world without writing would bear (36) resemblance to the one we now live in. Writing is a (37) necessity to the societies anthropologists call civilizations. A civilization is distinguished from other societies by the complexity of its social organization, by its construction of cities and large public buildings, and by the economic specialization of its members, many of whom are not (38) involved in food procurement or production. A civilization, with its taxation and tribute systems, its trade and its public works, requires a (39) system of record keeping. And so the early civilizations of Egypt, China, and (probably) India all developed a system of writing. Only the Peruvian civilization of the Incas and their predecessors did not use writing but (40) invented a system of keeping records on knotted color-coded strings known as quipu.PART ⅤREADING COMPREHENSION [35MIN] SECTION A MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are three passages followed by ten multiple choice questions. For each multiple choice question, there are four suggested answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.PASSAGE ONE(1)When I was twenty-seven years old, I was a mining-broker’s cle rk in San Francisco, and an expert in all the details of stock traffic. I was alone in the world, and had nothing to depend upon but my wits and a clean reputation; but these were setting my feet in the road to eventual fortune, and I was content with the prospect. My time was my own after the afternoon board, Saturdays, and I was accustomed to putting it in on a little sail-boat on the bay. One day I ventured too far, and was carried out to sea. Just at nightfall, when hope was about gone, I was picked up by a small ship which was bound for London. It was a long and stormy voyage, and they made me work my passage without pay, as a common sailor. When I stepped ashore in London my clothes were ragged and shabby, and I had only a dollar in my pocket. This money fed and sheltered me twenty-four hours. During the next twenty-four I went without food and shelter.(2)About ten o’clock on the following morning, dirty and hungry, I was dragging myself along Portland Place, when a child that was passing, towed by a nurse-maid, tossed a big pear—minus one bite—into the gutter. I stopped, of course, and fastened my desiring eye on that muddy treasure. My mouth watered for it, my stomach craved it, my whole being begged for it. But every time I made a move to get it some passing eye detected my purpose, and of course I straightened up then, and looked indifferent and pretended that I hadn’t been thinking about the pear at all. This same thing kept happening and happening, and I couldn’t get the pear.(3)I was just getting desperate enough to brave all the shame, and to seize it, when a window behind me was raised, and a gentleman spoke out of it, saying: “ Step in here,please.”(4)I was admitted by a man servant, and shown into a sumptuous room where a couple of elderly gentlemen were sitting. They sent away the servant, and made me sit down. They had just finished their breakfast, and the sight of the remains of it almost overpowered me. I could hardly keep my wits together in the presence of that food, but as I was not asked to sample it, I had to bear my trouble as best as I could.(5)Now, something had been happening there a little before, which I did not know anything about until a good many days afterwards, but I will tell you about it now. Those two old brothers had been having a pretty hot argument a couple of days before, and had ended by agreeing to decide it by a bet, which is the English way ofsettling everything.(6)You will remember that the Bank of England once issued two notes of a million pounds each, to be used for a special purpose connected with some public transaction with a foreign country. For some reason or other only one of these had been used and canceled; the other still lay in the vaults of the Bank. Well, the brothers chatting along, happened to get to wondering what might be the fate of a perfectly honest and intelligent stranger who should be turned adrift in London without a friend, and with no money but that million-pound bank-note, and no way to account for his being in possession of it. Brother A said he would starve to death; Brother B said he wouldn’t. Brother A said he couldn’t offer it at a bank or anywhere else, because he would be arrested on t he spot. So they went on disputing till Brother B said he would bet twenty thousand pounds that the man would live thirty days, anyway, on that million, and keep out of jail, too. Brother A took him up. Brother B went down to the Bank and bought that note. Then he dictated a letter, which one of his clerks wrote out in a beautiful round hand, and then the two brothers sat at the window a whole day watching for the right man to give it to.(7)I finally became the pick of them.41.In Para. 1, the phrase “set my feet” probably means .A. put me asideB. prepare meC. let me walkD. start my journey42.It can be concluded from Para. 2 that .A.the man wanted to maintain dignity though starvedB.the man could not get a proper chance to eat the pearC.the man did not really want the pear since it was dirtyD.it was very difficult for the man to get the pearpared with Brother A, Brother B was more towards the effect of the one-million-pound bank-note on a total strange.A.neutralB. negativeC. reservedD. positivePASSAGE TWO(1)The concept of peace is a very important one in cultures all over the world. Think about how we greet people. In some language, the phrases for greetings contain the word for peace. In some cultures we greet people by shaking hands or with another gesture to show that we are not carrying weapons —that we come in peace. And there are certain symbols which people in very different cultures recognize as representing peace. Let’s look at a few of them.The dove(2)The dove has been a symbol of peace and innocence for thousands of years in many different cultures. In ancient Greek mythology it was a symbol of love and the renewal of life. In ancient Japan a dove carrying a sword symbolized the end of war.(3)There was a tradition in Europe that if dove flew around a house where someone was dying then their soul would be at peace. And there are legends which say that devil can turn himself into any bird except for a dove. In Christian art, the dove was used to symbolized the Holy Ghost and was often p ainted above Christ’s head.(4)But it was Pablo Picasso who made the dove a modern symbol of peace when he used it on a poster for the World Peace Congress in 1949.The rainbow(5)The rainbow is another ancient and universal symbol, often representing the connection between human beings and their gods. In Greek mythology it was associated with Iris, the goddess who brought messages from the gods on Mount Olympus. In Scandinavian mythology the rainbow was a bridge between the gods and the earth. In the Bible a rainbow showed Noah that the Biblical flood was finally over, and that God had forgiven his people. In the Chinese tradition, the rainbow is a common symbol for marriage because the colours represent the union of yin and yang. Nowadays the rainbow is used by many popular movements for peace and the environment, representingthe possibility of a better world in the future and promising sunshine after rain.Mistletoe(6)This plant was sacred in many cultures, generally representing peace and love. Most people know of the tradition of kissing under the mistletoe at Christmas time, which probably comes from Scandinavian mythology. The goddess Freya’s son was killed by an arrow made of mistletoe, so, in honour of him, she declared that it would always be a symbol of peace. It was often hung in doorways as a sign of friendship.(7)The ancient Druids believed that hanging mistletoe in your doorway could protect you from evil spirits. Tribes would stop fighting for a period of time if they found a tree with mistletoe. But you will never see mistletoe in a Christian church —it is banned because of its associations with pagan religion and superstition.The olive branch(8)The olive tree has always been a valuable source of food and oil. In Greek mythology, the goddess Athena gave the olive tree to the people of Athens, who showed their gratitude by naming the city after her. But no one knows for sure when or why it began to symbolize peace. There is probably a connection with ancient Greece. Wars between states were suspended during the Olympics Games, and the winners were given crowns of olive branches. The symbolism may come from the fact that the olive tree takes a long time to produce fruit, so olives could only be cultivated successfully in long periods of peace. Whatever the history, the olive branch is a part of many modern flags symbolizing peace and unity. One well-known example is the United Nations symbol.The ankh(9)The ankh is an ancient symbol which was adopted by the hippie movement in the 1960s to represent peace and love. It was found in many Asian cultures, but is generally associated with ancient Egypt. It represented life and immortality. Egyptians were buried with an ankh, so that they could continue to live in the “afterworld”. The symbol was also found along the sides of the Nile, which gave life to the people. They believed that the ankh could control the flow of the river and make sure that there was always enough water.44.Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A.Concept of Peace.B. Popular Peace Symbols.C. Origin of Peace Symbols.D. Cultural Difference of Peace.45.The rainbow represents the connection between human beings and their gods in all the following countries EXCEPT .A.SwedenB. GreeceC. FinlandD. China46.In North Europe mistletoe was often hung in doorways to indicate .A.friendshipB. loveC. kinshipD. honour47.The origin of the ankh can date back to .A.the NileB. the “afterword”C. the hippie movementD. ancient EgyptPASSAGE THREE(1)Two sides almost never change: That you can manipulate people into self-sufficiency and that you can punish them into good citizenship.(2)The first manifests itself in our tireless search for the magical level at which welfare grants are big enough to meet basic needs but small enough to make low-paid work attractive. The second has us looking to the criminal justice system to cure behavior that is as much as anything the result of despair.(3)The welfare example is well known. We don’t want poor people to live in squalor or their children to be malnourished. But we also don’t want to subsidize the indolence of people who are too lazy to work. The first impulse leads us to provide housing, food stamps, medical care and a cash stipend for families in need. The second gets us to think about “workforce”.(4)We’ve been thinking about it for two reasons: the “nanny” pro blems of two high-ranking government officials (who hired undocumented foreigners as household helpers, presumably because they couldn’t findAmericans to do the work) and President Clinton’s proposal to put a two-year limit on welfare.(5)Maybe something useful will come of Clinton’s idea, but I’m not all that hopeful. It looks to me like one more example of trying to manipulate people into taking care of themselves.(6)On the criminal justice side, we hope to make punishment tough enough to discourage crime but not so tough as to clog our prisons with relatively minor offenders. Too short a sentence, we fear, will create contempt for the law. Too long a sentence will take up costly space better used for the violent and unremorseful.(7)Not only can we never find the “perfect” punishment, our search for optimum penalties is complicated by our desire for fairness: to let the punishment fit the crime. The problem is that almost any punishment—even the disgrace of being charged with a crime—is sufficient to deter the middle class, while for members of the underclass, probation may be translated as “I beat it”.(8)So how can you use the system —welfare or criminal justice —to produce the behavior we want? The answer, I suspect is: You can’t.(9)We keep trying to use welfare and prison to change people—to make them think and behave the way we do —when the truth is the incentives work only for those who already think the way we do: who view today’s action with an eye on the future.(10)We will take lowly work (if that is all that’s available) because we believe we can make bad jobs work for us. We avoid crime not because we are better people but because we see getting caught as a future-wrecking disaster. We are guided by a belief that good things will happen for us in the future if we take proper care of the present. Even under the worst of circumstances, we believe we are in control of our lives.(11)And we have trouble understanding that not everybody believes as we believe. The welfare rolls, the prison and the mean street of our cities are full of people who have given up on their future. Without hope for the future, hard work at a low-paid job makes no sense. Working hard in school, or pleasing a boss, or avoiding pregnancy makes no sense. The deadly disease is hopelessness. The lawlessness and poverty are only the obvious symptoms.(12)I’m not advocating that we stop looking for incentives to move poor people toward self-sufficiency or that we stop punishing people for criminal behavior. There will always be some people who need help and some who deserve to be in jail.(13)All I’m saying is that the long-term answer both to welfare and the crime that plagues our communities is not to fine tune the welfare and criminal justice systems but to prevent our children from getting the disease of despair.(14)If we encourage our young people to believe in the future, and give them solid evidence for believing, we’ll find both crime and poverty shrinking to manag eable proportions.48.What is the author’s attitude towards Clinton’s proposal to welfare?A.Pessimistic.B. Optimistic.C. Suspicious.D. Sarcastic.49.It can be inferred from Para. 7 that optimum penalties are to the underclass.A.hopelessB. uselessC. frighteningD. humiliating50.Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the passage?A. Lawlessness and Poverty.B. Criminal Justice System.C. Welfare Grants.D. Disease of Despair.SECTION B SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONSIn this section there are five short answer questions based on the passages in Section A. Answer the questions with NO more than TEN words in the space provided on ANSWER SHEET TWO.PASSAGE ONE51.In Para. 4, what does the man mean by saying “I had to bear my trouble”?52.What can be inferred from the last sentence of the passage?PASSAGE TWO53.Why does the UN use the olive branch in its symbol?PASSAGE THREE54.According to the author, what balance should we keep in welfare?55.What does the author mean by saying “Even under the worst of circumstances, we believe we are in control of our lives” (Para.10)?PART ⅥWRITING [45MIN]Read carefully the following excerpt on term-time holiday arguments in the UK, and then write your response in NO LESS THAN 200 words, in which you should:•summarize the main message of the excerpt, and then•comment on whether parents should take children out of school for holiday during term time in order to save money.You should support yourself with information from the excerpt.Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.Term-time holidays will be bannedParents are to be banned by Michael Gove, UK’s Education Secretary, from taking their children out of school to save money on holidays.He is to abolish the right of head teacher to “authorise absence” from the classroom, which has been used to let families take term-time breaks, and will warn them they face fines for their children not being at school.“Any time out of school has the potential to damage a child’s education,” a senior source at the Department for Education said this weekend. “That is why the government will end the distinction between authorised and unauthorised absence.”“This is part of the government’s wider commitment to bring down truancy levels in our schools. There will also be stricter penalties for parents and schools.”The tough measures on truancy are part of a wider attempt by Mr. Gove to make education more academically rigorous and to tackle a cultu re in the educational establishment which he believes has accepted “excuses for failure”.Russell Hobby, the general secretary of the National Association of Head Teachers, said the measure would discourage parents from trying to put pressure on heads to sanction term-time holiday. “ The high cost of holidays outside of term time is still an issue but ultimately a child’s education is more important than a holiday,” he said.Write your response on ANSWER SHEET THREE.—THE END—PART ⅡLISTENING COMPRENSIONSECTION A TALK下列各题必须使用黑色字迹签字笔在答题区域内作答，超出红色矩形边框限定区域的答案无效。
EXERCISE 1Information Technology1982 was the year of information technology in Great Britain. But what exactly is infotech? 85% of the people __1 recently had not a clue what it means, __2 53% of those polledsaid they thought it sounded pretty important.They were __3.It is.So what is it? Well, put simply,it is the marry-upof products 4 several key industries:computers, telephone, televisions, satellites.It means __5 microelectronics, telecommunication networks fibre optics_6 produce,store,obtain and send information by way of words,numbers,pictures and sound__7 and efficiency than ever before.The —8— infotech is having and is going to have on our lives and work istremendous.It is already linking the skills of the space industry with __9 of cable television,so programmes can be beamed directly into our homes 10__ allover the world. Armies of steel collarworkers,the robots,will soon be working in factories doing the boring,complex and __11 jobs which are atpresent still done by man. In someareas __12 the car industry this has already started.television will also be used to enable customers __13 fromthe comfort of their homes by simply ordering 14__ the TVscreen, payment being made by direct debit of their credit cards.The automatic booking of tickets will also be done through thetelevision__15 .Cable television __16 inmany countries now gives a choice of 17__ channels will soonbe used to 18 our homes by operating burglar and firealarms 19 to police and fire puters will runour homes,controling the heating,air-conditioned and cooking systems 20 robot will cope with the housework.the friendly postman will be a thing of the past as the post service and letters disappear with the electronic mail received via viewdata screens.1)A polling B being polled C polled D having been polled2)A so B although C however D but3)A right B wrong C mad D crazy4)A from B in C to D for5)A to use B to be used C being used D using6)A to help B to helping C to be helped D to being helped7)A very quickly B more quickly C quicklier D most quickly8)A force B affect C impact D control9)A those B that C which D the one10)A from B in C across D thoughtout11)A interesting B dull C unpleasant D happy12)A for example B for instance C like D such as13)A shop B to shop C shopping D to shopping14)A on B via C within D by15)A screen B machine C set D show16)A where B in which C which D it17)A a dozen Bdozen C dozen of D dozens of18)A protect B clean C run D manage19)A related B associated C linked D joined20)A while B because C since D for参考答案：1--5 CBAAD 6--10 ABCAA11--15 CDBBA 11--15 CDACAEXERCISE 2The Central Problem of EconomicsThe central problem of economics is to satisfy the peoples and nations wants.The problem we faced with is that our resources,here identified as money are _1__.The only way we can solve the problem is to _2__ choices.After looking at our resources,we must examine our list of _3_ and identify the things we need immediately , _4_ we can postpone,and those we cannot afford.As individuals,we face the central problem involved in economics ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- d ecideing howto allocate our limited resources to _5_ ourselves with greatest satisfaction of our wants.Nations face _6_ problem. As a countrys population_7—, the need for more goods and services grows correspondingly. Resources necessary to production may increase,but there _8— are enough resources to satisfy the total desires of a nation.Whether the budget meeting is _9_ in the family living room,in the conference room of the corporation __10_ of directors,or in the chamber of the House of Representatives in Washington,the basic problem still exists.We need to find _11__ of allocating limited resources in order to satisfy unlimited wants.A short time ago,economists _12_ goods into two categories,free and economic.The former.,like air and water,were in _13__ abundance that economists had no concern for them.After all,economists is the _14__ of scarcity and what to do about it.Today many of these free goods are _15—very expensive to use.Population has made clean air and water _16__ for producers who have to filter their waste products,for consumers whoultimately _17_ the producers extra cost,and _18_ taxpayers who pay for the governments involvement _19— the environment.In the 1990s,almost all goods are scares.Only by effort and money_20_ obtained in the from people wish.1)A abundant B scarce C limited D unlimited2)A have B do C make D ask3)A want B resources C want D problem4)A some B others C that D those5)A bring B provide C take D satisfy6)A another B the same C the other D a same7)A growing B grown C grows D grow8)A sometimes B always C often D never9)A taking place B happening C replacing D taking the place10)A board B group C management D function11)A means B approach C ways D method12)A seperate B divide C cut D divided13)A a so B great C such D such an14)A study B form C means D source15)A particularly B in practice C pracitally D in reality16)A cheaper B more expensive C expensive D cheap17)A pay for Bwill pay for C use D will use18)A the B with C for D also19)A cleaning B in cleaning C about cleaning D clean20)A they can be B they must beC must they beD can they be参考答案：1--5 CCADB 6--10BCDAA11--15CDCAD 16--20BACBDEXERCISE 3Grandma Moses is among the most celebrated twentieth-century painters of the United States,yet she __1_ painting before she was in her late seventies.As she once spoken __2_ herself: I would never sit back in a rocking chair,__3_ for some to help me.No one could have a 4 old age.She was born Anna Mary Robertson _5_ a farm in New York State,one of five boys and girls.(We came in bunches,_6— radishes.) At twelve she left home and was _7_ domestic service until ,at twnety-seven,she _8_ Thomas Moses,one of the hired hands of her employers.They farms most of their _9__,first in Virginia and then inNew York State,_10__ Eagle Bridge.She had ten children,of _11__ five survived; her husband died in 1927.Grandma Moses _12__ a little as a child and made embroidery pictures as a _13—, but only switched to oil in old age because her hands become too stiff __14_, and she wanted to keep busyand pass the time.Her _15__ were first sold at the local drugstore and at a fair, and were soon _16__ by a dealer who bought everything _17__ she painted.Three of the pictures were exhibition in the museum of Modern Art,and in 1940 she had her first exhibition in New York .__18_ the 1930s and her death she produced some 2000 pictures;detailed and lively portrayals of the _19__ life she had known for so long ,with a marvellous _20__ of color and form. I think real hard till think of something real pretty,and then I pain it.she said.1)A barely startedt B was barely stratedC had barely startedD barely start2)A about B of C on D over3)A waiting B to waiting C and writing D am writing4)A very productive B productiveC most productiveD more productive5)A in B at C on D about6)A unlike B like C likely D unlikely7)A for B in C at D under8)A married with B married to C marry D married9)A life B live C lives D lifes10)A in B at C under D on11)A whom B which C that D who12)A worked B read C studied D painted13)A job B fun C hobby D interest14)A sewing B to sew C to sewing D to be sewing15)A books B pictures C arts D clothes16)A spotted B recognized C damaged D featured17)A which B who C whom D that18)A for B in C during D between19)A urban B town C rural D suburban20)A feeling B sense C consciousness D feature 参考答案：1--5 CBADC 6--10 BBDCB11--15 ADCBB 16--20 ADDCB。
第一篇A)raise B)conceived C)until D)increasingly E)compensate F)moderate G)customH)accordingly I)week J)worthwhile K)secure L)created M)behavior N)possibleO)contributed第二篇Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks.Mark the best choice for each blank on Answer Sheet Two.Everyone knows that taxation is necessary in a modern state:without it,it would not be possible to pay the soldiers and policemen who protect us;(31)______the workers in government offices who look after our health,our food,our water,and all the other things that we cannot do for ourselves.(32)______taxation,we pay for things that we need just as much as we need somewhere to live and something to eat.But though everyone knows that taxation is necessary,different people have different ideas about(33)______taxation should be arranged.In most countries,a direct tax on(34)______,which is called income tax,exists.It is arranged in such way that the poorest people pay nothing,and the percentage of tax grows(35)______as the taxpayer''s income grows.In some countries,for example,the tax on the richest people goes up as high as ninety-five per cent!(36)______countries with taxation nearly(37)______have indirect taxation too.Many things imported into the country have to pay taxes or“duties.”Of course,it is the men and women who buy these imported things in the shops who really have to pay the duties,in the(38)______of higher prices.In some countries,too, there is a tax on things sold in the shops.If the most necessary things are taxed,a lot of money is(39)______ but the poor people suffer most.If unnecessary things like jewels and fur coats are taxed,less money is obtained but the tax is(40)______,as the rich pay it.第三篇A)destroyed B)still C)continuously D)save E)collides with F)appearance G)however H)irresistible I)unpredictable J)transformed K)crust L)similarly M)orN)preserve O)activeA)larger B)communities C)nor D)persons E)quicker F)fairer G)by no meansH)borrowed I)better J)similarly K)how L)form M)collected N)always O)butThe earthquake of26th December2004resulted in one of the worst natural disasters in living memory.It was a massive underwater quake and occurred in the Indian Ocean.It（31）____coastlines,communities and brought death to many people.Why do earthquakes happen？The surface of the earth has not always looked as it does today；it is moving（32）____（although very slowly）and has done so for billions of years.This is one cause of earthquakes,when one section of the earth （tectonic plate）（33）____another.Scientists can predict where but not when this might happen and the area between plates is called a fault line.On one fault line in Kobe,Japan in1923over200,000people were killed.（34）____,earthquakes do not always happen on fault lines,which is why they are so dangerous and（35）____.Where do volcanoes happen？Volcanoes happen where the earth’s（36）____is thin：lava,dust and gas burst out from beneath the earth.They can rise into a huge cone shape like a mountain and erupt,（37）____they can be so violent that they just explode directly from the earth with no warning.There are1511（38）‘____’volcanoes in the world.This means that they may（39）____be dangerous.In1985the Colombian volcano Nevado del Ruiz erupted.The lava melted a glacier and sent tones of mud on the town below.Twenty thousand peopledied.Natural disasters like volcanic eruptions are often unpredictable.We regularly do not know when they might pen,or even where they will happen.In the future,scientists may be able to watch and predict events before they happen.This could（40）____many lives.第四篇A)make B)transformation C)role D)immediate E)educate F)appearance G)reactionH)emotional I)for J)quick K)considerable L)reality M)although N)considerate O)proud“Congratulations,Mr.Cooper.It’s a girl.”Fatherhood is going to have a different meaning and bring forth a different response from every man who hears these words.Some feel(31)when they receive the news,while others worry,wondering whether they will be good father.(32)there are some men who like children and may have had(33)experience with them,others do not particularly care for children and spend little time with them.Many fathers and mothers have been planning and looking forward to children for some time.(34)other couples, pregnancy was an accident that both husband and wife have accepted willingly or unwillingly.Whatever the(35)to the birth of a child,it is obvious the shift from the role of husband to that of a father is a difficult task.Yet,unfortunately,few attempts have been made to(36)fathers in this resocialization process.Although numerous books have been written about mothers,only recently has literature focused on the(37)of a father.It is argued that the transition to the father's role,although difficult,is not just as great as the transition the wife must(38)to the mother's role.The mother's role seems to require a complete(39)in daily routine.However,the father’s role is less demanding and(40).第五篇A)words B)charming C)make D)powerfully E)increases F)copied G)recall H)extensivelyI)and J)conventional K)filled L)signs M)combined N)transform O)soundsHow men first learned to i nvent words is unknown;in other words,the origin of language is a mystery. All we really know is that men,unlike animals,somehow invented certain(31)____to express thoughts and feelings,actions and things,so that they could communicate with each other;and that later they agreed upon certain signs,called letters,which could be(32)____to represent those sounds,and which could be writtendown.Those sounds,whether spoken,or written in letters,we call words.The power of words,then,lies in their associations the things they bring up before our minds.Words become(33)____with meaning for us by experience;(34)._____the longer we live,the more certain words (35)_____to us the happy and sad events of our past:and the more we read and learn,the more the number of words that mean something to us(36)____Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in words which appeal(37)____to our minds and emotions.This(38)._____and telling use of words is what we call literary style.Above all,the real poet is a master of(39)____.He can convey his meaning in words which sing like music,and which by their position and association can move men to tears.We should,therefore,learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately,or they will(40)____our speech or writing silly and vulgar.第六篇A)contract B)linger C)newly D)surfaces E)transmission F)regularly G)so H)transportationI)developing J)renewed K)generally L)delay M)progress N)coverings O)detectedScientists around the world are racing to learn how to rapidly diagnose,treat and stop the spread of a new, deadly disease.SARS--Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome---was(31)____for the first time in February 2003in Hanoi,and since then has infected more than1,600people in15countries,killing63.At this point, there are more questions than answers surrounding the disease.Symptoms start with a fever over100.4degrees F,chills,headache or body aches_.Within a week,the patient has a dry cough,which might(32)_____to shortness of breath.In10%to20%of cases,patients require artificial ventilation to breathe.About3.5%die from the disease.Symptoms(33)____begin in two to seven days,but some reports suggest it might take as long as10days.Scientists are close to(34)____a lab test to diagnose SARS.In the meantime,it is diagnosed by its symptoms.There is no evidence that antibiotics or anti-viral medicines help,(35)_____doctors can offer only supportive care.Patients with SARS are kept in isolation to reduce the risk of(36)____Scientists aren't sure yet,but some researchers think it's a(37)____ discovered coronavirus,the family of viruses that cause some common colds.Most cases appear to have been passed through droplets expelled when infected patients cough or sneeze. Family members of infected people and medical workers who care for them have been most likely to(38)____ the illness.But recent developments in Hong Kong suggest that the disease might spread through air,or that the virus might(39)____for two to three hours on doorknobs or other(40)____.Health experts say it is unlikely, though,that sharing an elevator briefly with an infected person would be enough to pass the virus.第七篇A)replaced B)forms C)for D)primitive E)preceded F)size G)continent H)cityI)collected J)processed K)still L)reflected M)value N)original O)absoluteSalt,shells or metals are still used as money in out-of-the-way parts of the world today.Salt may seem rather a strange substance to use as money,but in countries where the food of the people is mainly vegetable,it is often an31necessity.Cakes of salt,stamped to show their32,were used as money in some countries until recent times,and cakes of salt33buy goods in Borneo and parts of Africa.Sea shells had been used as money at some time or another over the greater part of the Old World.These were34mainly from the beaches of the Maldives Islands in the Indian Ocean,and were traded to India and China.In Africa,shells were traded right across the35from East to West.Metal,valued by weight,36coins in many parts of the world.Iron,in lumps,bars or rings,is still used in many countries instead of paper money.It can either be exchanged37goods,or made into tools,weapons,orornaments.The early money of China,apart from shells,was of bronze,Often in flat,round pieces with a hole in the middle,called"cash".The earliest of these are between three thousand and four thousand years old-older than the earliest coins of the eastern Mediterranean.Nowadays,coins and notes have38nearly all the more picturesque39of money,andAlthough in one or two of the more remote countries people still keep it for future use on ceremonial occasions such as weddings and funerals,examples of40money will soon be found only in museums.第八篇A)opinion B)instead C)about D)wealth E)awkward F)remain G)shiftedH)altered I)development J)permission K)evolve L)consequently M)neitherN)unnatural O)obligationUntil I took Dr Offutt's class in DeMatha High school,I was an underachieving student,but I left that class determined never to underachieve again.He not only taught me to think,he convinced me,as much by example as words that it was my moral31to do so and to serve others.32of us could know how our relationship would33over the years.When I came back to DeMatha to teach English,I worked for Dr Offutt,the department chair.My discussion with him were like graduate seminars in adolescent34,classroom management and school leadership.After several years,I was named department chair,and our relationship35again.I thought that it might be36chairing the department,since all of my former English teachers were still there,but Dr Offutt supported me throughout.He knew when to give me advice37curriculum,texts and personnel,and when to let me chart my own course.In1997,I needed his38about leaving DeMatha to become principal at another school.If he had asked me to stay at DeMatha,I might have.39,he encouraged me to seize the opportunity.Five years ago,I became the principal of DeMatha.once again,Dr Offutt was there for me,letting me know that I could count on him.I have learned from him that great teachers have an inexhaustible40of lessons to teach.第九篇第九篇A)alternatively B)avoid C)make D)widely E)mark F)remain G)superstitionH)altered I)misfortune J)permission K)unpopular L)consequently M)associatedN)unnatural O)especiallyThere are many superstitions in Britain,but one of the most(31)held is that it is unlucky to walk under a ladder even if it means stepping off the pavement into a busy street!If you must pass under a ladder you can(32)bad luck by crossing your fingers and keeping them crossed until you have seen a dog.(33),you may lick your finger and(34)a cross on the toe of your shoe,and not look again at the shoe until the(35)has dried.Another common(36)is that it is unlucky to open an umbrella in the house-it will either bring(37)to the person who opened it or to the whole household.Anyone opening an umbrella in fine weather is(38),as it inevitably brings rain!The number13is said to be unlucky for some,and when the13th day of the month falls on a Friday, anyone wishing to avoid a bad event had better stay indoors.the worst misfortune that can happen to a person is caused by breaking a mirror,as it brings seven years of bad luck!The superstition is supposed to have originated in ancient times,when mirrors were considered to be tools of the gods.Black cats are generally considered lucky in Britain,even though they are(39)with witchcraft……itis(40)lucky if a black cat crosses your path-although in America the exact opposite belief prevails.Finally,a commonly held superstition is that of touching wood for luck.This measure is most often taken if you think you have said something that is tempting fate,such as"my car has never broken down,touch wood?"第十篇A)improve B)still C)ideal D)rarely E)imaginary F)tolerant G)enhance H)compromiseI)probably J)certain K)new L)hesitation M)caution N)similarity O)equivalentA person's home is as much a reflection of his personality as the clothes he wears,the food heeats and the friends with whom he spends his time.Depending on personality,most have in mind a(n)"31home".But in general,and especially for the student or new wage earners,there arepractical limitations of cash and location on achieving that idea.Cash shortage,in fact,often means that the only way of getting along when you leave school is to stay at home for a while until things32financially.There are obvious advantages ofliving at home–personal laundry is usually33done along with the family wash;meals areprovided and there will be a well-established circle of friends to call upon.And there is34theresponsibility for paying bills,rates,etc.On the other hand,much depends on how a family gets on.Do your parents like your friends?You may love your family–but do you like them?Are you prepared to be35when your parents ask where you are going in the evening and what time you expect to be back?If you find that you cannot manage a(n)36,and that you finally have themoney to leave,how do you go about finding somewhere else to live?If you plan to stay in your home area,the possibilities are37well-known to you already.Friends and the local paper are always a good source of information.If you are going to work in a38area,again there are the papers–and the accommodation agencies,while these should beapproached with39.Agencies are allowed to charge a fee,usually the40of the firstweek's rent,if you take accommodation they have found for you.第十一篇A)demands B)happily C)cycle D)habit E)matter F)adaptation G)preferenceH)normal I)takes J)tendency K)temporary L)longer M)unfortunately N)efficientlyO)thanThe normal human daily cycle of activity is of some7-8hours'sleep alternation with some 16-17hours'wakefulness and that the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.Ourpresent concern is with how easily and to what extent this31can be modified.The question is no mere academic one.The ease with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a32of growing importance in industry where automation callsfor round-the-clock working of machines.It normally33from five days to one week for aperson to adapt to a reserved routine of sleep and wakefulness,sleeping during the day andworking at night.34,it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week.Thismeans that no sooner has he got used to one routine35he has to change to another,so thatmuch of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very36.One answer would seem to be37periods on each shift,a month,or even three months.However,,recent research has shown that people on such systems will revert to go back to their38habits of sleep and wakefulness during the week-end and that this is quite enough todestroy any39to night work built up during the week.The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to those permanent night workers whose40may persist through all week-ends and holidays.第十二篇A)flavor B)massively C)largely D)identical E)same F)distinguishable G)buys H)diverting I)distinctive J)stripped K)commodity L)peeled M)switching N)as O)ensureDuring McDonald's early years French fries were made from scratch every day.Russet Burbank potatoes were31,cut into shoestrings,and fried in its kitchens.32the chain expanded nationwide,in the mid-1960s,it sought to cut labour costs,reduce the number of suppliers,and33that its fries tasted the same at every restaurant.McDonald's began34to frozen French fries in1966–and few customers noticed the difference.Nevertheless,the change had a profound effect on the nation's agriculture and diet.A familiar food had been transformed into a highly processed industrial35.McDonald's fries now come from huge manufacturing plants that can process two million pounds of potatoes a day.The expansion of McDonald's and the popularity of its low-cost,mass-produced fries changed the way Americans eat.The taste of McDonald's French fries played a crucial role in the chain's success–fries are much more profitable than hamburgers–and was long praised by customers,competitors,and even food critics.Their36taste does not stem from the kind of potatoes that McDonald's37, the technology that processes them,or the restaurant equipment that fries them:other chains use Russet Burbank,buy their French fries from the38large processing companies,and have similar fryers in their restaurant kitchens.The taste of a French fry is39determined by the cooking oil.For decades McDonald's cooked its French fries in a mixture of about7per cent cottonseed oil and93per cent beef fat.The mixture gave the fries their unique40.第十三篇A)however B)therefore C)what D)sufficiently E)surprisingly F)singular G)moreover H)uncountable I)single J)relevant K)having L)referred to M)numerous N)similar O)evenPeople thinking about the origin of language for the first time usually arrive at the conclusion that it developed gradually as a system of grunts,hisses and cries and must have been a very simple affair in the beginning.31,when we observe the language behaviour of32we regard as primitive cultures,we find it33complicated.It was believed that an Eskimo must have the tip of his tongue a vocabulary of more than10,000words so as to get along reasonably well,much larger than the active vocabulary of an average businessman who speaks English. 34,these Eskimo words are far more highly infleeted(词尾变化的)than those of any of the well-known European languages,for a35noun can be spoken or written in several hundred different forms,each36a precise meaning different from that of any other.The forms of the verbs are even more37.The Eskimo language is,therefore,one of the most difficult in the world to learn,with the result that almost no traders or explorers have38 tried to learn it.Consequently,there has grown up,in communication between Eskimos and whites,a jargon39to the pidgin English used in Old China,with a vocabulary of from300 to600uninflected words.Most of them are derived from Eskimo but some are derived from English,Danish,Spanish,Hawaiian and other languages.It is this jargon that is usually40 by travellers as"the Eskimo language".第十四篇A)use B)applies C)should D)qualities E)acquaintance F)distinctions G)switch H)refers I)required J)essential K)unnecessary L)consequently M)rather than N)amounts O)howeverThe translator must have an excellent,up-to-date knowledge of his source languages,full facility in the handling of his target language,which will be his mother tongue or language of habitual31and a knowledge and understanding of the latest subject-matter in his field of specialization.This is,as it were,his professional equipment.In addition to this,it is desirable that he should have an inquiring mind,wide interests,a good memory and the ability to grasp quickly the basic principles of new developments.He should be willing to work of is own,often at high speeds,but should be humble enough to consult others32his own knowledge not always prove adequate to the task in hand.He should be able to type fairly quickly and accurately and,if he is working mainly for publication,should have more than a nodding33with printing techniques and proof-reading.If he is working basically as an information translator,let us say,for an industrial firm,he should have the flexibility of mind to enable him to34rapidly from one source language to another,as well as from one subject-matter to another,since this ability is frequently35of him in such work.Bearing in mind the nature of the translator's work,i.e.the processing of the written word,it is,strictly speaking,36that he should be able to speak the language he is dealing with.If he does speak them,it is an advantage37a hindrance,but this skill is in many ways a luxury that he can do away with.It is,38,desirable that he should have an approximate idea about the pronunciation of his source languages even if this is restricted to knowing how proper names and place names are pronounced.The same39to an ability to write his source languages.If he can,well and good;if he cannot,it does not matter.There are many other skills and40that are desirable in a translator.第十五篇A)distinguished B)fills C)called D)on E)in contrast F)inclines G)fundamental H)nevertheless I)take J)apply K)in the case of L)elementary M)therefore N)recognized O)tendsThe difference between a liquid and a gas is obvious on the conditions of temperature and pressure commonly found at the surface of the Earth.A liquid can be kept in an open container and31it to the level of a free surface.A gas forms no free surface but32to diffuse throughout the space available;it must33be kept in a closed container,as34a planet's atmosphere.The distinction was a prominent feature of early theories describing the phases of matter.In the nineteenth century,for example,one theory maintained that a liquid could be "dissolved"in a vapor without losing its identity,and another theory held that the two phases are 35different kinds of molecules(分子).The theories now prevailing36a quite different approach by emphasizing what liquids and gases have in common.They are both forms of matter that have no permanent structure,and they both flow easily.They are fluids.The37similarly of liquids and gases becomes clearly apparent when the temperature and pressure are raised somewhat.Suppose a closed container partially filled with a liquid is heated. The liquid expands or in other words,becomes less dense;some of it evaporates.38,the vapor above the liquid surface becomes denser as the evaporated molecules are added to it.The combination of temperature and pressure at which the densities become equal is39the criticalpoint.Above the critical point the liquid and the gas can no longer be40;there is a single, undifferentiated fluid phase of uniform density.第十六篇A)earned B)provided C)adapted D)match E)however F)rival G)adapted H)deserved I)available J)bestowed K)developed L)generated M)endowed N)accustomed O)doomedOur ape-men forefathers had no obvious natural weapons in the struggle for survival in the open.They had neither the powerful teeth nor the strong claws of the big cats.They could not31 with the bear,whose strength,speed and claws32an impressive‘small-fire'weaponry.They could not even defend themselves by running swiftly like the horses,zebras or small animals.If the ape-man had attempted to compete on those terms in the open,they would have been33to failure and extinction.But they were34with enormous concealed advantages of a kind not possessed by any of their competitors.In the search of the pickings of the forest,the ape-men had35efficient stereoscopic vision and a sense of color that the animals of the grasslands did not possess.The ability to see clearly at close range permitted the ape-men to study practical problems in a way that lay far beyond the reach of the original inhabitants of the grassland.Good long-distance sight was quite another matter.Lack of long-distance vision had not been a problem for forest-dwelling apes and monkeys because the higher the viewpoint,the greater the range of sight–so all they had had to do was climb a tree.Out in the open,however,this simple solution was not36.Climbing a hill would have helped,but in many places the ground was flat.The ape-men37the only possible solution.They reared up as high as possible on their hind limbs and began to walk upright.This vital change of physical position brought about considerable disadvantages.It was extremely unstable and it meant that the already slow ape-men became slower still.38,they persevered and their bone structure graduallyBecause39to the new,unstable position that40them the name Homo erectus,upright man.第十七篇A)working B)claim C)innocently D)have E)yet F)request G)fitness H)expansion I)wider J)coped K)rapidly L)instantly M)faced N)ampler O)cultivationThe way that people spend their money,and the objects on which they spend it,are the last areas where free choice and individuality can be expressed.The choice reflects personal taste,the way people see themselves and the fantasies they31about their lives,the restrictions on money available to them,the presence of others in the family with a32on that money,and the influence of current convention,33,surroundings and locality.Shopping is an important human activity.Yet shoppers are34with a confusing situation and a(n)35changing one.The confusion arises from the claims made by adverting,from inadequate information about new products,new materials,new places to shop–a confusion enhanced by rising prices and a(n) 36choice of goods than ever before.The search for the right purchase is based on ignorance of one’s own needs and ignorance of the product's37for those needs.When choosing any particular item,there are several lines of communication which might provide some guidance.38none of these is entirely satisfactory. For example,you can ask a shop assistant initially.Even if you find one,she may quite39notknow the answers.She may be a schoolgirl with a Saturday job,or a housewife40part-time.第十八篇A)throughout B)held C)caught D)between E)spread F)roused G)idea H)requested I)fixed J)rules K)strength L)defined M)required N)among O)imitateUnlike most sports which evolved over time from street games basketball was designed by one man to suit a particular purpose.The man was Dr.James Naismith,and his purpose was to invent a vigorous game that could be played indoors in the winter.In1892,Naismith was an instructor at a training school,which trained physical education instructors for the YMCAs.That year the school was trying to come up with a physical activity that the men could enjoy31the football and baseball seasons.None of the standard indoor activities32their interest for long.Naismith was asked to solve the problem by the school.He first tried to33some of the popular outdoor sports,but they were all too rough.The men were getting bruised from tackling each other and being hit with equipment.So,Naismith decided to invent a game that would incorporate the most common elements of outdoor team sports without having the real physical contact.Most popular sports used a ball.So he chose a soccer ball because it was soft and large enough that it34no equipment,such as a hat or a racket to hit it.Next he decide on an elevated goal,so that scoring would depend on skill and accuracy rather than on35only.His goals were two peach baskets,36to ten-foot high balconies at each end of the gym.The basic37of the game was to throw the ball into the basket.Naismith wrote rules for the game,many of which,though with some small changes,are still in effect.Basketball was an immediate success.The students38it to their friends,and the new sport quickly39on.Today,basketball is one of the most popular games40the world.第十九篇A)housekeeper B)maintained C)generations D)voluntary E)original F)deliberate G) architectural H)primitive I)extends J)tenant K)to L)compulsory M)inland N)initial O)unspoiledSince1895the National Trust(国家文物信托基金会)has worked for the preservation of places of historic interest and natural beauty in England,Wales and Northern Ireland.Today the Trust which is not a government department but a charity depending on the31 support of the public and its own conservation society in Britain.Wherever you go,you are close to land that is protected and32by the National Trust. Over350miles of33coastline:90,000acres of land,lakes and forests in one area of natural beauty alone;pre-historic and Roman ruins;moorlands and farmland,woods and islands,lengths of34water-ways;even seventeen whole village–all are open to the public at all times subject only35the needs of farming,forestry and the protection of wildlife.But the Trust's protection36further than this.It has in its possession a hundred gardens and some two hundred historic buildings which it opens to paying visitors.Castles and churches, houses of37or historic importance,mills,gardens and parks haveb=been given to the Trust by their former owners.Many houses retain their38contents of fine furniture,pictures,and other treasures accumulated over39,and often the donor himself continues to live in part of the house as a40of the National Trust.The walking-sticks in the hall,the flowers, silver-framed photographs,books and papers in the morns are signs that the house is still loved and lived in and that visitors are welcomed as private individuals just as much as tourists.。
2016年英语专四考试完形填空试题及答案 Directions： Decide which of the choices given below would correctly complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Select the correct choice for each blank. A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide--the division of the world into the info(information) rich and the info poor. And that __1__ does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less __2__ then, however, were the new, positive __3__ that work against the digital divide. __4__,there are reasons to be __5__. There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more __6__, it is in the interest of business to universalize access-after all, the more people online, the more potential __7__ there are. More and more __8__, afraid their countries will be left __9__, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be__10__ together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will __11__ rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for __12__ world poverty that we’ve ever had. Of course, the use of the Internet isn’t the only way to __13__ poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has __14__ potential. To __15__ advantage of this tool, some poor countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices __16__ respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is a/an __17__ of their sovereignty might well study the history of __18__ (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn’t have the capital to do so. And that is __19__ America’s Second Wave infrastructure-__20__ roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on-were built with foreign investment. 1. A) divide B) information C) world D) lecture 2. A) obscure B) visible C) invisible D) indistinct 3. A) forces B) obstacles C) events D) surprises 4. A) Seriously B) Entirely C) Actually D) Continuously 5. A) negative B) optimistic C) pleasant D) disappointed 6. A) developed B) centralized C) realized D) commercialized 7. A) users B) producers C) customers D) citizens 8. A) enterprises B) governments C) officials D) customers 9. A) away B) for C) aside D) behind 10. A) netted B) worked C) put D) organized 11. A) decrease B) narrow C) neglect D) low 12. A) containing B) preventing C) keeping D) combating 13. A) win B) detail C) defeat D) fear 14. A) enormous B) countless C) numerical D) big 15. A) bring B) keep C) hold D) take 16. A) at B) with C) of D) for 17. A) offence B) investment C) invasion D) insult 18. A) construction B) facility C) infrastructure D) institution 19. A) why B) where C) when D) how 20. A) concerning B) concluding C) according D) including 答案： 1.A 由⽂中第⼀⾏的digital divide得出答案。
2016 下半年英语四级完形填空试题及答案分析 5Many students find the experience of attending university lectures to be a confusing and frustrating experience.The lecturer speaks for one or two hours, perhaps1 the talk with slides, writing up important information on the blackboard,2 reading material and giving out3 .The new student sees the other students continuously writing on notebooks and4 what to write.Very often the student leavesthe lecture 5 notes which do not catch the main points and6 become hard even for the7 to understand.Most institutions provide courses which 8 new studentsto develop the skills they need to be 9 listeners and note-takers. 10 these are unavailable, there are many useful study-skills guides which 11 learners to practice these skills 12 .In all cases it is important to 13 the problem 14 actuallystarting your studies.It is important to 15 that most students have difficulty in acquiring the language skills 16 in college study.One way of 17these difficulties is to attend the language and study- skills classes which most institutions provide throughout the 18 year.Another basic 19 is to find a study partner 20 it is possible216.A.to require B.required C.requiring D.are required20.A.in that B.for which C.with whom D.such asCloze Test 5答案1.【答案】 B【分析】将第 1，2，3 题全盘问虑。
2016年专四专八改革，完型填空由原始20个选择题，变为15选10 的选词填空(与四六级形式一致)。
考试吧将根据改革后的新题型为专四考生设置2016专四新题型：完形填空模拟练习，供考生们参考。
(一)Complaints should be made to a responsible person. Go back to the shop where you bought the goods, taking with you any(36)you may have. Ask to see the buyer in a large store. In a small store the assistant may also be the owner so you can complain(37). In a chain store ask to see the manager.Even the bravest person finds it difficult to complain face to face, so if you do not want to do it in (38),write a letter. Be sure to39to the facts and keep a copy of what you write. At this stage you should give any receipt numbers, but you should not need to give receipts or other papers to prove you bought the article. If you are not(40)with the answer you get, or if you do not get a reply, write to the managing director of the firm, shop, or organization. Be sure to keep copies of your own letters and any you receive.If your complaint is a just one, the shopkeeper may offer to(41) or repair the faulty article. You may find this an(42) solution. In certain cases you may have the right to refuse the goods and ask for your money back,but this is only where you have hardly used the goods and have acted at once. Even when you cannot refuse the goods you may be able to get some money back as well. And if you have suffered some(43)loss, if for example a new washing machine tears your clothes, you might receive money to replace them. If the shopkeeper offers you a credit note to be used to buy goods in the same shops but you would rather have money, say so. If you accept a credit note remember that later you will not be able to ask for your money. If the shopkeeper refuses to give you money, ask for(44) from your Citizens' Advice Bureau before you accept a credit note. In some cases the shopkeeper does not have to give you your money back--if, for example, he changes an article simply because you don't like it or it does not fit. He does not hive to take back the goods in these(45).A. intimateB. attractiveC. personD. attachmentE. satisfiedF. receiptG. contaminateH. replaceI. specialJ. stickK.vigorouslyL. adviceM. circumstancesN. directlyO. petitions投诉应该找负责人。
第一篇A)raise B)conceived C)until D)increasingly E)compensate F)moderate G)customH)accordingly I)week J)worthwhile K)secure L)created M)behavior N)possibleO)contributed第二篇Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks.Mark the best choice for each blank on Answer Sheet Two.Everyone knows that taxation is necessary in a modern state:without it,it would not be possible to pay the soldiers and policemen who protect us;(31)______the workers in government offices who look after our health,our food,our water,and all the other things that we cannot do for ourselves.(32)______taxation,we pay for things that we need just as much as we need somewhere to live and something to eat.But though everyone knows that taxation is necessary,different people have different ideas about(33)______taxation should be arranged.In most countries,a direct tax on(34)______,which is called income tax,exists.It is arranged in such way that the poorest people pay nothing,and the percentage of tax grows(35)______as the taxpayer''s income grows.In some countries,for example,the tax on the richest people goes up as high as ninety-five per cent!(36)______countries with taxation nearly(37)______have indirect taxation too.Many things imported into the country have to pay taxes or“duties.”Of course,it is the men and women who buy these imported things in the shops who really have to pay the duties,in the(38)______of higher prices.In some countries,too, there is a tax on things sold in the shops.If the most necessary things are taxed,a lot of money is(39)______ but the poor people suffer most.If unnecessary things like jewels and fur coats are taxed,less money is obtained but the tax is(40)______,as the rich pay it.第三篇A)destroyed B)still C)continuously D)save E)collides with F)appearance G)however H)irresistible I)unpredictable J)transformed K)crust L)similarly M)orN)preserve O)activeA)larger B)communities C)nor D)persons E)quicker F)fairer G)by no meansH)borrowed I)better J)similarly K)how L)form M)collected N)always O)butThe earthquake of26th December2004resulted in one of the worst natural disasters in living memory.It was a massive underwater quake and occurred in the Indian Ocean.It（31）____coastlines,communities and brought death to many people.Why do earthquakes happen？The surface of the earth has not always looked as it does today；it is moving（32）____（although very slowly）and has done so for billions of years.This is one cause of earthquakes,when one section of the earth （tectonic plate）（33）____another.Scientists can predict where but not when this might happen and the area between plates is called a fault line.On one fault line in Kobe,Japan in1923over200,000people were killed.（34）____,earthquakes do not always happen on fault lines,which is why they are so dangerous and（35）____.Where do volcanoes happen？Volcanoes happen where the earth’s（36）____is thin：lava,dust and gas burst out from beneath the earth.They can rise into a huge cone shape like a mountain and erupt,（37）____they can be so violent that they just explode directly from the earth with no warning.There are1511（38）‘____’volcanoes in the world.This means that they may（39）____be dangerous.In1985the Colombian volcano Nevado del Ruiz erupted.The lava melted a glacier and sent tones of mud on the town below.Twenty thousand peopledied.Natural disasters like volcanic eruptions are often unpredictable.We regularly do not know when they might pen,or even where they will happen.In the future,scientists may be able to watch and predict events before they happen.This could（40）____many lives.第四篇A)make B)transformation C)role D)immediate E)educate F)appearance G)reactionH)emotional I)for J)quick K)considerable L)reality M)although N)considerate O)proud“Congratulations,Mr.Cooper.It’s a girl.”Fatherhood is going to have a different meaning and bring forth a different response from every man who hears these words.Some feel(31)when they receive the news,while others worry,wondering whether they will be good father.(32)there are some men who like children and may have had(33)experience with them,others do not particularly care for children and spend little time with them.Many fathers and mothers have been planning and looking forward to children for some time.(34)other couples, pregnancy was an accident that both husband and wife have accepted willingly or unwillingly.Whatever the(35)to the birth of a child,it is obvious the shift from the role of husband to that of a father is a difficult task.Yet,unfortunately,few attempts have been made to(36)fathers in this resocialization process.Although numerous books have been written about mothers,only recently has literature focused on the(37)of a father.It is argued that the transition to the father's role,although difficult,is not just as great as the transition the wife must(38)to the mother's role.The mother's role seems to require a complete(39)in daily routine.However,the father’s role is less demanding and(40).第五篇A)words B)charming C)make D)powerfully E)increases F)copied G)recall H)extensivelyI)and J)conventional K)filled L)signs M)combined N)transform O)soundsHow men first learned to i nvent words is unknown;in other words,the origin of language is a mystery. All we really know is that men,unlike animals,somehow invented certain(31)____to express thoughts and feelings,actions and things,so that they could communicate with each other;and that later they agreed upon certain signs,called letters,which could be(32)____to represent those sounds,and which could be writtendown.Those sounds,whether spoken,or written in letters,we call words.The power of words,then,lies in their associations the things they bring up before our minds.Words become(33)____with meaning for us by experience;(34)._____the longer we live,the more certain words (35)_____to us the happy and sad events of our past:and the more we read and learn,the more the number of words that mean something to us(36)____Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in words which appeal(37)____to our minds and emotions.This(38)._____and telling use of words is what we call literary style.Above all,the real poet is a master of(39)____.He can convey his meaning in words which sing like music,and which by their position and association can move men to tears.We should,therefore,learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately,or they will(40)____our speech or writing silly and vulgar.第六篇A)contract B)linger C)newly D)surfaces E)transmission F)regularly G)so H)transportationI)developing J)renewed K)generally L)delay M)progress N)coverings O)detectedScientists around the world are racing to learn how to rapidly diagnose,treat and stop the spread of a new, deadly disease.SARS--Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome---was(31)____for the first time in February 2003in Hanoi,and since then has infected more than1,600people in15countries,killing63.At this point, there are more questions than answers surrounding the disease.Symptoms start with a fever over100.4degrees F,chills,headache or body aches_.Within a week,the patient has a dry cough,which might(32)_____to shortness of breath.In10%to20%of cases,patients require artificial ventilation to breathe.About3.5%die from the disease.Symptoms(33)____begin in two to seven days,but some reports suggest it might take as long as10days.Scientists are close to(34)____a lab test to diagnose SARS.In the meantime,it is diagnosed by its symptoms.There is no evidence that antibiotics or anti-viral medicines help,(35)_____doctors can offer only supportive care.Patients with SARS are kept in isolation to reduce the risk of(36)____Scientists aren't sure yet,but some researchers think it's a(37)____ discovered coronavirus,the family of viruses that cause some common colds.Most cases appear to have been passed through droplets expelled when infected patients cough or sneeze. Family members of infected people and medical workers who care for them have been most likely to(38)____ the illness.But recent developments in Hong Kong suggest that the disease might spread through air,or that the virus might(39)____for two to three hours on doorknobs or other(40)____.Health experts say it is unlikely, though,that sharing an elevator briefly with an infected person would be enough to pass the virus.第七篇A)replaced B)forms C)for D)primitive E)preceded F)size G)continent H)cityI)collected J)processed K)still L)reflected M)value N)original O)absoluteSalt,shells or metals are still used as money in out-of-the-way parts of the world today.Salt may seem rather a strange substance to use as money,but in countries where the food of the people is mainly vegetable,it is often an31necessity.Cakes of salt,stamped to show their32,were used as money in some countries until recent times,and cakes of salt33buy goods in Borneo and parts of Africa.Sea shells had been used as money at some time or another over the greater part of the Old World.These were34mainly from the beaches of the Maldives Islands in the Indian Ocean,and were traded to India and China.In Africa,shells were traded right across the35from East to West.Metal,valued by weight,36coins in many parts of the world.Iron,in lumps,bars or rings,is still used in many countries instead of paper money.It can either be exchanged37goods,or made into tools,weapons,orornaments.The early money of China,apart from shells,was of bronze,Often in flat,round pieces with a hole in the middle,called"cash".The earliest of these are between three thousand and four thousand years old-older than the earliest coins of the eastern Mediterranean.Nowadays,coins and notes have38nearly all the more picturesque39of money,andAlthough in one or two of the more remote countries people still keep it for future use on ceremonial occasions such as weddings and funerals,examples of40money will soon be found only in museums.第八篇A)opinion B)instead C)about D)wealth E)awkward F)remain G)shiftedH)altered I)development J)permission K)evolve L)consequently M)neitherN)unnatural O)obligationUntil I took Dr Offutt's class in DeMatha High school,I was an underachieving student,but I left that class determined never to underachieve again.He not only taught me to think,he convinced me,as much by example as words that it was my moral31to do so and to serve others.32of us could know how our relationship would33over the years.When I came back to DeMatha to teach English,I worked for Dr Offutt,the department chair.My discussion with him were like graduate seminars in adolescent34,classroom management and school leadership.After several years,I was named department chair,and our relationship35again.I thought that it might be36chairing the department,since all of my former English teachers were still there,but Dr Offutt supported me throughout.He knew when to give me advice37curriculum,texts and personnel,and when to let me chart my own course.In1997,I needed his38about leaving DeMatha to become principal at another school.If he had asked me to stay at DeMatha,I might have.39,he encouraged me to seize the opportunity.Five years ago,I became the principal of DeMatha.once again,Dr Offutt was there for me,letting me know that I could count on him.I have learned from him that great teachers have an inexhaustible40of lessons to teach.第九篇第九篇A)alternatively B)avoid C)make D)widely E)mark F)remain G)superstitionH)altered I)misfortune J)permission K)unpopular L)consequently M)associatedN)unnatural O)especiallyThere are many superstitions in Britain,but one of the most(31)held is that it is unlucky to walk under a ladder even if it means stepping off the pavement into a busy street!If you must pass under a ladder you can(32)bad luck by crossing your fingers and keeping them crossed until you have seen a dog.(33),you may lick your finger and(34)a cross on the toe of your shoe,and not look again at the shoe until the(35)has dried.Another common(36)is that it is unlucky to open an umbrella in the house-it will either bring(37)to the person who opened it or to the whole household.Anyone opening an umbrella in fine weather is(38),as it inevitably brings rain!The number13is said to be unlucky for some,and when the13th day of the month falls on a Friday, anyone wishing to avoid a bad event had better stay indoors.the worst misfortune that can happen to a person is caused by breaking a mirror,as it brings seven years of bad luck!The superstition is supposed to have originated in ancient times,when mirrors were considered to be tools of the gods.Black cats are generally considered lucky in Britain,even though they are(39)with witchcraft……itis(40)lucky if a black cat crosses your path-although in America the exact opposite belief prevails.Finally,a commonly held superstition is that of touching wood for luck.This measure is most often taken if you think you have said something that is tempting fate,such as"my car has never broken down,touch wood?"第十篇A)improve B)still C)ideal D)rarely E)imaginary F)tolerant G)enhance H)compromiseI)probably J)certain K)new L)hesitation M)caution N)similarity O)equivalentA person's home is as much a reflection of his personality as the clothes he wears,the food heeats and the friends with whom he spends his time.Depending on personality,most have in mind a(n)"31home".But in general,and especially for the student or new wage earners,there arepractical limitations of cash and location on achieving that idea.Cash shortage,in fact,often means that the only way of getting along when you leave school is to stay at home for a while until things32financially.There are obvious advantages ofliving at home–personal laundry is usually33done along with the family wash;meals areprovided and there will be a well-established circle of friends to call upon.And there is34theresponsibility for paying bills,rates,etc.On the other hand,much depends on how a family gets on.Do your parents like your friends?You may love your family–but do you like them?Are you prepared to be35when your parents ask where you are going in the evening and what time you expect to be back?If you find that you cannot manage a(n)36,and that you finally have themoney to leave,how do you go about finding somewhere else to live?If you plan to stay in your home area,the possibilities are37well-known to you already.Friends and the local paper are always a good source of information.If you are going to work in a38area,again there are the papers–and the accommodation agencies,while these should beapproached with39.Agencies are allowed to charge a fee,usually the40of the firstweek's rent,if you take accommodation they have found for you.第十一篇A)demands B)happily C)cycle D)habit E)matter F)adaptation G)preferenceH)normal I)takes J)tendency K)temporary L)longer M)unfortunately N)efficientlyO)thanThe normal human daily cycle of activity is of some7-8hours'sleep alternation with some 16-17hours'wakefulness and that the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.Ourpresent concern is with how easily and to what extent this31can be modified.The question is no mere academic one.The ease with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a32of growing importance in industry where automation callsfor round-the-clock working of machines.It normally33from five days to one week for aperson to adapt to a reserved routine of sleep and wakefulness,sleeping during the day andworking at night.34,it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week.Thismeans that no sooner has he got used to one routine35he has to change to another,so thatmuch of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very36.One answer would seem to be37periods on each shift,a month,or even three months.However,,recent research has shown that people on such systems will revert to go back to their38habits of sleep and wakefulness during the week-end and that this is quite enough todestroy any39to night work built up during the week.The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to those permanent night workers whose40may persist through all week-ends and holidays.第十二篇A)flavor B)massively C)largely D)identical E)same F)distinguishable G)buys H)diverting I)distinctive J)stripped K)commodity L)peeled M)switching N)as O)ensureDuring McDonald's early years French fries were made from scratch every day.Russet Burbank potatoes were31,cut into shoestrings,and fried in its kitchens.32the chain expanded nationwide,in the mid-1960s,it sought to cut labour costs,reduce the number of suppliers,and33that its fries tasted the same at every restaurant.McDonald's began34to frozen French fries in1966–and few customers noticed the difference.Nevertheless,the change had a profound effect on the nation's agriculture and diet.A familiar food had been transformed into a highly processed industrial35.McDonald's fries now come from huge manufacturing plants that can process two million pounds of potatoes a day.The expansion of McDonald's and the popularity of its low-cost,mass-produced fries changed the way Americans eat.The taste of McDonald's French fries played a crucial role in the chain's success–fries are much more profitable than hamburgers–and was long praised by customers,competitors,and even food critics.Their36taste does not stem from the kind of potatoes that McDonald's37, the technology that processes them,or the restaurant equipment that fries them:other chains use Russet Burbank,buy their French fries from the38large processing companies,and have similar fryers in their restaurant kitchens.The taste of a French fry is39determined by the cooking oil.For decades McDonald's cooked its French fries in a mixture of about7per cent cottonseed oil and93per cent beef fat.The mixture gave the fries their unique40.第十三篇A)however B)therefore C)what D)sufficiently E)surprisingly F)singular G)moreover H)uncountable I)single J)relevant K)having L)referred to M)numerous N)similar O)evenPeople thinking about the origin of language for the first time usually arrive at the conclusion that it developed gradually as a system of grunts,hisses and cries and must have been a very simple affair in the beginning.31,when we observe the language behaviour of32we regard as primitive cultures,we find it33complicated.It was believed that an Eskimo must have the tip of his tongue a vocabulary of more than10,000words so as to get along reasonably well,much larger than the active vocabulary of an average businessman who speaks English. 34,these Eskimo words are far more highly infleeted(词尾变化的)than those of any of the well-known European languages,for a35noun can be spoken or written in several hundred different forms,each36a precise meaning different from that of any other.The forms of the verbs are even more37.The Eskimo language is,therefore,one of the most difficult in the world to learn,with the result that almost no traders or explorers have38 tried to learn it.Consequently,there has grown up,in communication between Eskimos and whites,a jargon39to the pidgin English used in Old China,with a vocabulary of from300 to600uninflected words.Most of them are derived from Eskimo but some are derived from English,Danish,Spanish,Hawaiian and other languages.It is this jargon that is usually40 by travellers as"the Eskimo language".第十四篇A)use B)applies C)should D)qualities E)acquaintance F)distinctions G)switch H)refers I)required J)essential K)unnecessary L)consequently M)rather than N)amounts O)howeverThe translator must have an excellent,up-to-date knowledge of his source languages,full facility in the handling of his target language,which will be his mother tongue or language of habitual31and a knowledge and understanding of the latest subject-matter in his field of specialization.This is,as it were,his professional equipment.In addition to this,it is desirable that he should have an inquiring mind,wide interests,a good memory and the ability to grasp quickly the basic principles of new developments.He should be willing to work of is own,often at high speeds,but should be humble enough to consult others32his own knowledge not always prove adequate to the task in hand.He should be able to type fairly quickly and accurately and,if he is working mainly for publication,should have more than a nodding33with printing techniques and proof-reading.If he is working basically as an information translator,let us say,for an industrial firm,he should have the flexibility of mind to enable him to34rapidly from one source language to another,as well as from one subject-matter to another,since this ability is frequently35of him in such work.Bearing in mind the nature of the translator's work,i.e.the processing of the written word,it is,strictly speaking,36that he should be able to speak the language he is dealing with.If he does speak them,it is an advantage37a hindrance,but this skill is in many ways a luxury that he can do away with.It is,38,desirable that he should have an approximate idea about the pronunciation of his source languages even if this is restricted to knowing how proper names and place names are pronounced.The same39to an ability to write his source languages.If he can,well and good;if he cannot,it does not matter.There are many other skills and40that are desirable in a translator.第十五篇A)distinguished B)fills C)called D)on E)in contrast F)inclines G)fundamental H)nevertheless I)take J)apply K)in the case of L)elementary M)therefore N)recognized O)tendsThe difference between a liquid and a gas is obvious on the conditions of temperature and pressure commonly found at the surface of the Earth.A liquid can be kept in an open container and31it to the level of a free surface.A gas forms no free surface but32to diffuse throughout the space available;it must33be kept in a closed container,as34a planet's atmosphere.The distinction was a prominent feature of early theories describing the phases of matter.In the nineteenth century,for example,one theory maintained that a liquid could be "dissolved"in a vapor without losing its identity,and another theory held that the two phases are 35different kinds of molecules(分子).The theories now prevailing36a quite different approach by emphasizing what liquids and gases have in common.They are both forms of matter that have no permanent structure,and they both flow easily.They are fluids.The37similarly of liquids and gases becomes clearly apparent when the temperature and pressure are raised somewhat.Suppose a closed container partially filled with a liquid is heated. The liquid expands or in other words,becomes less dense;some of it evaporates.38,the vapor above the liquid surface becomes denser as the evaporated molecules are added to it.The combination of temperature and pressure at which the densities become equal is39the criticalpoint.Above the critical point the liquid and the gas can no longer be40;there is a single, undifferentiated fluid phase of uniform density.第十六篇A)earned B)provided C)adapted D)match E)however F)rival G)adapted H)deserved I)available J)bestowed K)developed L)generated M)endowed N)accustomed O)doomedOur ape-men forefathers had no obvious natural weapons in the struggle for survival in the open.They had neither the powerful teeth nor the strong claws of the big cats.They could not31 with the bear,whose strength,speed and claws32an impressive‘small-fire'weaponry.They could not even defend themselves by running swiftly like the horses,zebras or small animals.If the ape-man had attempted to compete on those terms in the open,they would have been33to failure and extinction.But they were34with enormous concealed advantages of a kind not possessed by any of their competitors.In the search of the pickings of the forest,the ape-men had35efficient stereoscopic vision and a sense of color that the animals of the grasslands did not possess.The ability to see clearly at close range permitted the ape-men to study practical problems in a way that lay far beyond the reach of the original inhabitants of the grassland.Good long-distance sight was quite another matter.Lack of long-distance vision had not been a problem for forest-dwelling apes and monkeys because the higher the viewpoint,the greater the range of sight–so all they had had to do was climb a tree.Out in the open,however,this simple solution was not36.Climbing a hill would have helped,but in many places the ground was flat.The ape-men37the only possible solution.They reared up as high as possible on their hind limbs and began to walk upright.This vital change of physical position brought about considerable disadvantages.It was extremely unstable and it meant that the already slow ape-men became slower still.38,they persevered and their bone structure graduallyBecause39to the new,unstable position that40them the name Homo erectus,upright man.第十七篇A)working B)claim C)innocently D)have E)yet F)request G)fitness H)expansion I)wider J)coped K)rapidly L)instantly M)faced N)ampler O)cultivationThe way that people spend their money,and the objects on which they spend it,are the last areas where free choice and individuality can be expressed.The choice reflects personal taste,the way people see themselves and the fantasies they31about their lives,the restrictions on money available to them,the presence of others in the family with a32on that money,and the influence of current convention,33,surroundings and locality.Shopping is an important human activity.Yet shoppers are34with a confusing situation and a(n)35changing one.The confusion arises from the claims made by adverting,from inadequate information about new products,new materials,new places to shop–a confusion enhanced by rising prices and a(n) 36choice of goods than ever before.The search for the right purchase is based on ignorance of one’s own needs and ignorance of the product's37for those needs.When choosing any particular item,there are several lines of communication which might provide some guidance.38none of these is entirely satisfactory. For example,you can ask a shop assistant initially.Even if you find one,she may quite39notknow the answers.She may be a schoolgirl with a Saturday job,or a housewife40part-time.第十八篇A)throughout B)held C)caught D)between E)spread F)roused G)idea H)requested I)fixed J)rules K)strength L)defined M)required N)among O)imitateUnlike most sports which evolved over time from street games basketball was designed by one man to suit a particular purpose.The man was Dr.James Naismith,and his purpose was to invent a vigorous game that could be played indoors in the winter.In1892,Naismith was an instructor at a training school,which trained physical education instructors for the YMCAs.That year the school was trying to come up with a physical activity that the men could enjoy31the football and baseball seasons.None of the standard indoor activities32their interest for long.Naismith was asked to solve the problem by the school.He first tried to33some of the popular outdoor sports,but they were all too rough.The men were getting bruised from tackling each other and being hit with equipment.So,Naismith decided to invent a game that would incorporate the most common elements of outdoor team sports without having the real physical contact.Most popular sports used a ball.So he chose a soccer ball because it was soft and large enough that it34no equipment,such as a hat or a racket to hit it.Next he decide on an elevated goal,so that scoring would depend on skill and accuracy rather than on35only.His goals were two peach baskets,36to ten-foot high balconies at each end of the gym.The basic37of the game was to throw the ball into the basket.Naismith wrote rules for the game,many of which,though with some small changes,are still in effect.Basketball was an immediate success.The students38it to their friends,and the new sport quickly39on.Today,basketball is one of the most popular games40the world.第十九篇A)housekeeper B)maintained C)generations D)voluntary E)original F)deliberate G) architectural H)primitive I)extends J)tenant K)to L)compulsory M)inland N)initial O)unspoiledSince1895the National Trust(国家文物信托基金会)has worked for the preservation of places of historic interest and natural beauty in England,Wales and Northern Ireland.Today the Trust which is not a government department but a charity depending on the31 support of the public and its own conservation society in Britain.Wherever you go,you are close to land that is protected and32by the National Trust. Over350miles of33coastline:90,000acres of land,lakes and forests in one area of natural beauty alone;pre-historic and Roman ruins;moorlands and farmland,woods and islands,lengths of34water-ways;even seventeen whole village–all are open to the public at all times subject only35the needs of farming,forestry and the protection of wildlife.But the Trust's protection36further than this.It has in its possession a hundred gardens and some two hundred historic buildings which it opens to paying visitors.Castles and churches, houses of37or historic importance,mills,gardens and parks haveb=been given to the Trust by their former owners.Many houses retain their38contents of fine furniture,pictures,and other treasures accumulated over39,and often the donor himself continues to live in part of the house as a40of the National Trust.The walking-sticks in the hall,the flowers, silver-framed photographs,books and papers in the morns are signs that the house is still loved and lived in and that visitors are welcomed as private individuals just as much as tourists.。
