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大学英语语法及练习
第一讲虚拟语气
I.考点分析：分四级语法复习
虚拟语气是动词的特殊形式，用来表达说话人的意愿、建议、请求、意图、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况，以及在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。
虚拟语气是非常重要的语法考点。考查历届四级试题，我们发现与虚拟语气有关的考题每次至少2题,
有时甚至3-4题。虚拟语气的考查要点有：
1. 虚拟语气的形式：分清虚拟时间和主从句的动词形式十分重要，因此我们把所有虚拟语气的不同类
型列表归纳并进行对比，以便于同学们记忆掌握。
2. 要注意从句中第一/三人称的过去式was用were代替。
例如：If I were in vited, I would come.
If she were not ill, she could do a lot of things.
3. if条件句中如谓语动词是were, had, should, could时，可以省略if,把它们前置。
））））））
例如：Had my father a lot of money, he would send me abroad.
Could I do it, I would surely do it.
Should the Black Death reap pear, what should we do?（万一黑死病再次出现，我们该怎么办？）
4. 错综时间的条件句是难点，女口99 年1 月第60 题：If I hadn ' t stoouhder the ladder to catch you when you fell,
you wouldn ' t be smilingow.（从句用过去完成时，主句用现在进行时）
又如：If I were you, I would have gone to the film last night.（从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去）；If we hadn' t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow, 从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟将来）；
If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.（从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在）
5. 虚拟句的另一难点是省略if条件句的含蓄条件句，如：I would have written the paper before, but I have
been ill.（=If I had not been ill, I would have written the paper before.）;
A true frie nd would have acted differe ntly. （=A frien d, if he had bee n true, would have acted differe ntly.）
6. 注意介词短语without, but for, in the absenee等表示虚拟条件。
例如：Without electricity, there would be no modern industry.没有电就不会有现代工业。
But for your cooperati on, we could not have succeeded in our experime nt. 没有你们的帮助，我们的实验时不可能成功的。
7. “ Were it not for/Had it not been for+ 宾语”或“ But that+ 从句”表示假设条件。
例如：Were it not for their assistanee, we couldn ' t have got over the difficulties.
Had it not been for the reservoir, we ' d never have been able to beat the drought.
But that he saw it （=If he had not see n it）, he could not have believed it.
8. providi ng, provid ing （that）, on con dition that, suppose, suppos ing 引导的条件从句中，根据语意，可以用虚拟
语气，有可以用陈述语气。
9. 常见的引导宾语从句须用虚拟语气的动词有：advice, agree, comma nd, decide, dema nd, determi ne, direct （命
令）insist, order, prefer, propose, request, require, resolve, suggest, urge, move（提议，动议）等；例如：The Uni ted Natio ns urged that he （should） withdraw his troops. （联合国敦促他撤军。）
10. 常见的引导同位语从句或表语从句须用虚拟语气的名词有：
advice, comma nd, desire, determ in atio n, idea, motion, order, preferenee, recommendation, suggestion, insistenee, proposals, request, requirement 等;
例如：The suggestion that he be invited was rejected.（用于同位语从句）
邀请他的建议被否决了。
Their dema nd is that their wages be increased by 20%.（用于表语从句）
他们的要求是工资增加20%。
11. 用在主语从句中时其结构通常为“It is/was +形容词或过去分词+主语从句（用虚拟语气）”，例如：It is
n ecessary that you should be prese nt at the discussi on.你有必要参加讨论。
It was ordered that the medicines be sent here by plane.根据命令，那些药品必须空运到这儿。
常见的这类形容词、分词还有：advisable （合理的），anxious（急切的）,appropriate （合适的），compulsory
（强制的），crucial（紧要关头的）,desirable（理想的），eager, essential（必要的），imperative（迫切的）,important （重要的）‘impossible （不可能的）‘improper （不合适的），natural （自然的），obligatory（必须履行的），preferable （更好的），proper （合适的），stra nge （奇怪的）urge nt （紧迫的），vital （至关重要的），dema nded
（要求的），required （要求的），suggested （建议的），desired （希望的）等。
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II.历届四级试题中的虚拟语气：
1. That tree looked as if it _____ for a long time. （93/1/52）
A） hasn ' t watered B） didn ' t water C） hadn ' t been watered D） wasn ' t watered
2. It ' s necessary _______ the dictioriariyediately. （93/1/68）
A） that he will retur n B） that he retur ned C） that he retur n D） that he has to retur n 3. We desire that the tour leader _____ u s immediately of any change in plans. （93/6/48）
A） inform B） in forms C） in formed D） has in formed
4. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _____ y our advice. （93/6/70）
））））））
A) follow B) had followed C)would follow
D) have followed
5. The manager of the hotel requests that their guests ___ after 11:00 p.m. (94/1/65) A) not to play loud music B) shouldn ' t play loud music C) don ' t play loud music
D) couldn
' t play music
6. ____ for my ill ness I would have lent him a helpi ng hand. (95/1/47) A) Not bei ng for B) Had it not bee n C) Without bei ng D) Not havi ng bee n
7. To be frank, I ' d rather you__________ in th^95/se 51) A) will not be in volved
B) not in volved
C) not to be in volved
D) were not in volved
8.It is recommended that the project ____ until all the preparations have been made. (95/6/44) A) is not started B) will not be started C) not be started D) is not to be started 9.I wish I ____ Ion ger this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. (95/6/45) A) could have slept B) slept
C) not be started
D) have slept
10. _____________________________________________________________ Jean doesn ' t want to work right away because she thinks that if she _______________________________________________ a job she probably wouldn to see her friends very often. (96/1/44) A) has to get
B) were to get
C) had got
D) could have got
11. It is politely requested by the total management that radio _____ after 11 o ' clock (96/1/28) A) were not played B) not to play C) not be played 12. ____ right now, she would get there on Sun day. (96/6/42)
A) Would she leave B) If she leaves C) Were she to leave
13. It ' s already 5 o ' clock now. Don ' t you think it A) we were going home B)we go home C) we went home D) we can go home
14. ____ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a won derful dinner (97/1/34) A) Had they arrived B) Would they arrive C) Were they arriv ing D) Were they to arrive 15. Had he worked harder, he _____ the exams. (97/6/42) A) must have got through B) would have got through C) would get through
D) could get through
16. I don ( t thi nk it advisable that Tim ________ to the job si nee he has no experieH 97/6/55) A) is assig ned B) will be assig ned C) be assig ned D) has bee n assig ned 17. The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _____ himself. (98/1/38)
A) injure B) had injured C) injured D) would injure 18. You don ( t have to be in such a hurry, I would rather you _____ on business first (98/1/59) A) would go B) will go
C) went
D) have gone
19. I ' d rather you ______ make any comment on the issue for the time bein (98/6/48)
A) don ( t B) wouldn ' t C) didn ' t D) shouldn ' t 20. We were all for your proposal that the discussion ____ . (98/6/68)
A) be put off B) was put off
C) should put off
D) is to put off
21.
“ You are very selfish. It
' s high time you _____ t hat you are not the most important person in the world,
Edgar said to his boss an grily. (99/1/57) A) realized
B) have realized
C) realize
D) should realize
22. If I hadn ' t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you __________ (W1 /60) A) wouldn ( t be smiling B) couldn ( t haveC)rwted ' t smile D) didn ( t smile
23. Frankly speaking, I
' d rather you ______ a nything about it for the time (9fi/i 1n 66)
A) didn ' t do B) haven ( t done C) don ( t do D) have done
24. If the whole operati on ________ beforeha nd, a great deal of time and money would have bee n lost.
(99/6/43)
A) was not pla nned B) has not bee n
D) did n ot play
D) If she had left '(96/643)1 time _____ ?
C) were not pla nned
D) had not bee n pla nned
））））））
25. As Commander-in-Chief on the armed forces, I have directed that all measures ____________ for our defense.
(99/6/62)
A) be take n B) would be take n C) to be take n D) had bee n take n
26. Wouldn ' t you rather your child _______ t o b early? (00/1/49)
A) went B) goes C) go D) would go
27. Mike ' s uncle insists ______ in this hotel. (00/1/52)
A) that he not stay B) stay ing not C) that he would not stay D) not to stay
28. Sometimes I wish I ____ i n a differe nt time and a differe nt place. (00/1/58)
A) were livi ng B) would live C) would have lived D) be livi ng
29. It is essential that these 即plication forms _____ back as early as possible. (00/1/64)
A) must be sent B) will be sent C) be sent D) are sent
30. The suggesti on that the mayor ____ the prizes was accepted by every one. (00/6/32)
A) would prese nt B) prese nt C) prese nts D) ought to prese nt
31. The manager would rather his daughter _____ in the same office. (00/6/48)
A) had not worked B) not to work C) does not work D) did not work
32. It is importa nt that the hotel recepti onist ____ that guests are registered correctly. (01/1/41)
A) make sure B) has made sure C) made sure D) must make sure
33. The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, ___ all practical value by the time they
were fini shed. (01/6/53 )
A) had lost B) would lose C) would have lost D) should have lost
34. Jack wishes that he _____ b us in ess in stead of history whe n he was in uni versity. (01/6/50)
A) had studied B) study C) studied D) had bee n study ing
35. The article suggests that when a pers on ____ un der unu sual stress he should be especially careful to have a
well-bala need diet. (02/1/57)
A) be B) was C) is D) were
36. Many a delegate was in favor of his proposal that a special committee _________ to investigate the incident.
(02/1/58)
A) was set up B) were set up C) set up D) be set up
37. Things might have bee n much worse if the mother _____ on right to keep the baby. (02/1/59)
A) had in sisted B) has bee n in sisti ng C) in sisted D) would in sist
III. 答案及详解：
1. C)题意：那棵树看上去好象很久没浇水了。
解析：as if引导的方式状语从句，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时，故选C o
2. C)题意：他立刻归还字典是很有必要的。
解析：“it is/was +形容词+主语从句”中的虚拟语气的动词形式用省略should的动词形式,故选C。3. A)题意：我们希望旅游团的领队能立刻通知计划的一些改变。
解析：desire引导的宾语从句中动词应用虚拟形式should +动词原形或省略should，故选A。
4. B)题意：瞧瞧我这糟糕的处境！要是我听从你的建议就好了。
解析：if only引导的句子如果与过去事实相反，动词就用过去完成时，即had +过去分词，故选B。5. B)题意：酒店老板要求客人晚上11点之后不得播放嘈闹的音乐。
解析：request引导的宾语从句的虚拟语气用should +动词原形，should可以省略，故选B。
6. B)题意：要不是我病了的话，我会帮他一把的。
解析：“had not been for +宾语”表示假设条件，相当于“if it had not been for ”，意思是“要不是…，如果不是…”，故选B。
7. D)题意：说实话，我宁愿你不要卷入这起案件中。
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解析：would rather +that从句的虚拟语气用过去式，故选D。
8. C）题意：据建议这项工程在所有的准备工作就绪之前不应动工。
解析：“ it is +过去分词+ that从句”的虚拟语气形式用should+动词原形或省略should的动词原型,
故选C。
9. A）题意：我原希望我今早上能多睡会，但我不得不起床来上课。
解析：由“ but I had to ”可知wish后的宾语从句是对过去的假设，故选A。
10. B）题意：简不想现在就工作，因为她认为如果有了一份工作，她就不能常常与朋友们相见。
解析：if引导的与将来情况相反的假设的虚拟语气可用should或者were to +动词原形的形式，故
选B。
11. C）题意：所有管理人员很有礼貌地请求晚上11点之后不要再播放收音机了。
解析：“ it is +过去分词+ that从句”的虚拟语气形式用should+动词原形或省略should的动词原型,
故选C。
12. C）题意：要使她能立刻动身，她会在星期日到达那儿的。
解析：if引导的与将来情况相反的假设的虚拟语气可用should或者were to +动词原形的形式，故
选C。
13. C）题意：现在已经5点了，难道你不认为我们该回家了吗？
解析：it is （about） time + that从句中的虚拟语气用过去式，故选C。
14. D）题意：要使他们能在后天我们出发之前赶到，我们会举行一场盛大的晚会。
解析：if引导的虚拟条件句中如果动词是had, should或were的话，可以省略if,把这些动词前置；
又由the day after tomorrow （后天）可以判断假设的是将来情况，因此选项D是正确答案。
15. B）题意：如果他学习努力一些的话，他会通过考试的。
解析：if引导的条件句的虚拟语气表示与过去情况相反时，从句用had +过去分词的形式，主句用
would +have +过去分词的形式，所以B是正确答案。
16. C）题意：我认为分配蒂姆做这份工作是不合理的，因为他没有经验。
解析：含有advisable作宾补的宾语从句也须用虚拟语气，形式同它作表语的虚拟语气，因此，省略了should的选项C是答案。
17. A）题意：这名疯男子被关进铺了软垫的囚室，以免他伤害自己。
解析：lest引导的状语从句的虚拟语气用should +动词原形，should可以省略。
18. C）题意：你无须这么匆忙。我宁愿你先出差去。
解析：would rather后的虚拟语气用过去式，故选 C.
19. C）题意：我宁愿你暂时对此问题不做任何评价。
解析：would rather后的虚拟语气用过去式，故选C。
20. A）题意：我们都赞成你的提议，即推迟讨论。
解析：proposal引出的同位语从句的虚拟语气用should +动词原形或者省略should,该句应用被动语
态，故选A。
21. A）题意：“你非常自私。到了你该意识到你并不是世界上最重要的人物。”埃德加气愤地对老板说。
解析：it is high time + that从句中的虚拟语气用过去式，故选A。
22. A）题意：如果你掉落时我没有站在梯子下接住你，那你现在就不会在这儿微笑了。
解析：本句是错综时间的虚拟句，从句虚拟的是过去的情况，用过去完成时，主句虚拟的现在的情
况，用过去将来时，又由于now这个表示进行时的时间副词，所以选项A） wouldn ' t be smiling是正确答案。
23. A）题意：坦白地讲，我宁愿你暂时对此什么也没做。
解析：would rather后的虚拟语气用过去式，故选A。
24. D）题意：如果整个操作没有提前计划的，那大量的时间和财力就会被浪费掉。
解析：if引导的与过去情况相反的假设，从句用过去完成时（had +过去分词）,主句用过去将来完成
时（would + have +过去分词），故选项D是正确答案。
25. A）题意：做为武装部队的总司令，我已经命令采取一切措施有利于我们的措施。
））））））
解析：direct后的宾语从句的虚拟语气用should +动词原形，should可以省略，故选A） be taken。