文艺复兴英文资料

文化复兴的英语作文英文回答：The Renaissance, a transformative era spanning the 14th to 17th centuries, left an indelible mark on European civilization. Originating in Italy, it marked a rebirth of classical learning, art, and science after the stagnation of the Middle Ages.Humanism and Individualism.Humanism, a hallmark of the Renaissance, emphasized the importance of human reason, experience, and potential. It shifted focus from theocentric perspectives to anthropocentric ones, valuing human agency and intellectual achievement. Artists depicted realistic, lifelike figuresin their works, emphasizing the beauty and individuality of the human form.Art and Architecture.The Renaissance witnessed a burst of creative genius in the arts. Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael emerged as masters of painting and sculpture, their works capturing the essence of human emotion and anatomy. Architects like Brunelleschi and Alberti revived classical ideals in designing magnificent buildings, domes, and churches.Science and Exploration.The spirit of inquiry and experimentation permeated the Renaissance scientific sphere. Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system, revolutionizing astronomy. Explorers like Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama embarked on daring voyages of discovery, expanding European horizons and fostering global trade.The Printing Press.The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century had a profound impact on theRenaissance. It facilitated the widespread dissemination of knowledge and ideas, empowering the masses with access to information and education.Social and Political Change.The Renaissance coincided with significant social and political transformations. The rise of wealthy merchant families in urban centers led to the growth of capitalism and the patronage of the arts. However, religious and political conflicts, such as the Protestant Reformation, also marked this period.Legacy of the Renaissance.The Renaissance laid the foundation for the scientific revolution, the Enlightenment, and the modern world. It ignited a passion for learning, creativity, and human potential that continues to inspire societies today.中文回答：文艺复兴，一个跨越14世纪至17世纪的变革时代，为欧洲文明留下了不可磨灭的印记。

文艺复兴（一）一、概念（Concept）意大利文艺复兴（Italy Renaissance）文艺复兴运动是发生在14—17世纪的欧洲，是正在形成中的资产阶级在复兴希腊罗马古典文化的名义下发起的弘扬资产阶级思想和文化的运动The Renaissance was occurred in 14 - seventeenth Century in Europe, is the emerging bourgeoisie in the revival of Greek classical culture in Rome under the name of initiating promoting bourgeois ideology and cultural movement为什么称这场运动为“文艺复兴”？Why is referring to this movement as " the renaissance "由于新生的资产阶级是借助古代希腊、罗马的文化来反对封建神学的，所以历史上称这场新兴的文化运动为“文艺复兴”。

The new bourgeoisie is have the aid of ancient Greece, the culture of Rome to oppose the feudal theology, so the history that the new cultural movement of the Renaissance " ".二、实质（Solid matter）是一场以古典文化复活为外衣的新文化运动，是当时欧洲社会经济与政治结构变革条件下的产物，是中世纪晚期欧洲世俗文化发展的必然结果，同时，它又反过来进一步加速欧洲社会的进步。

To be a classical culture the resurrection as the coat of the new culture movement, was the European social economy and political structure reform under the conditions of the product, is a late medieval secular European culture and the inevitable result of the development, at the same time, it in turn further acceleration of European society.实质：资产阶级文化的兴起性质：资产阶级性质Properties: bourgeois文艺复兴运动为什么首先开始于意大利？The Renaissance began in Italy why?(1) 资本主义萌芽最早出现在意大利，这是意大利成为文艺复兴发源地的前提条件。

Renaissance and reformation一．Historical backgroundOccurred in 14 to 16 century European Renaissance movement, is the history of Europe in the middle ages of Christian theology of the world view of the great thought liberation movement. In this movement, the emergence of a large number of outstanding artist and important work. Among them is the representative figure.二．summaryOrigin: from Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe.Ideology:思想意识humanism人道主义三：characteristic1.spread of humanism2.return to classical values3.beginning of objective science inquiry从客观的科学探究4.flourish of literature and art文学和艺术的蓬勃发展5.geographic discoveries地理新发现与中世纪的比较Renaissance Middle Ages ●European crisis in the late Middle Ages 在中世纪后期的欧洲经济危机●Humanism---a new attitude developed towards the human being---Giannozzo Manetti (1396-1459) On the Dignity of Man---value, spirit, life, happiness of human being---free will and free choice---believe in knowledge重点讲解：Renaissance Art16 century Italian Renaissance painting art interest on mature, and its representative painters are: Leonardo da Vinci , Michelangelo and Raphael.Dante, Francesco Petrarca, Boccaccio they are the pioneers of the Renaissance, known as the “Renaissance three massive stars”.a. Early renaissance ArtistsRaphael 拉斐尔 Leonardo Da Vinci 达芬奇 Michelangelo 米开朗基罗b. High renaissance artistsMichelangeloMichelangelo was Italian sculptor , painter architect and poet. He was a towering figure of the Renaissance . His drawings were influenced by Giotto and his sculpture showed the influence of DonatelloDavidDavid,a sculpture, It was the result of his studies in Rome ofancient sculpture总结：The Renaissance was Western Europe in modern history a great spiritual revolution. It to western painting art and the whole art field, has great impact.The Renaissance is the banner of a profound thought liberation movement. It makes sure of people on real life value and status, respects for the feelings of person, the power of praise. Against religion to mental shackles and thought shackled.Advocate the scientific spirits, pursuing the truth and knowledge,against ignorance and false theological concepts.。

文艺复兴时期代表人物介绍英文作文Renaissance: An Introduction to Its Iconic Figures.The Renaissance period, spanning roughly the 14th to the 17th century, marked a significant cultural, artistic, and intellectual rebirth in Europe. This era witnessed a revival of classical learning and values, challenging medieval traditions and ushering in new perspectives on humanity, art, and science. Among the many brilliant minds that flourished during this time, a few stand out as icons, representing the essence of the Renaissance spirit.Leonardo da Vinci, a polymath whose genius transcended the boundaries of art and science, was a defining figure of the Renaissance. Born in Vinci, Italy, in 1452, Leonardo displayed an unparalleled curiosity and eagerness to explore various fields. As an artist, he revolutionized painting techniques with his use of sfumato, a technique that creates subtle gradations of tone, and he produced masterpieces like the "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper."However, Leonardo's achievements were not limited to the canvas. He made significant contributions to anatomy, mechanics, and engineering, designing innovative machines and studying the human body with unprecedented rigor. His notebooks, filled with sketches, diagrams.。

什么是“文艺复兴”？文艺复兴，英文名为“Renaissance”，是指15世纪至16世纪中期欧洲发生的一场文化运动，它以独特的艺术、文学、建筑等形式使欧洲大陆文化得到了恢复和发展。

文艺复兴运动对于欧洲人类文化的发展所作出的贡献是不当的，除此之外，它也产生了重大的影响，影响了全世界的文化。

一、起源15世纪，欧洲文化发生了一场大变革，这场变革的源泉是人文主义的兴起。

作为一种思想体系，人文主义开始代替中世纪传统上的神权思想，开始注重个人表现和人类的自由意志，增强人类自身的价值。

此外，欧洲经济的飞速发展也促成了文艺复兴运动的形成。

二、艺术文艺复兴在艺术方面的表现，是从中世纪结构厚重的拜占庭式教堂建筑中脱颖而出。

文艺复兴艺术更注重细节处理，对比强烈，色彩鲜明，表现出了艺术家对美的探求和追求。

文艺复兴催生了一批优秀的艺术家，如达芬奇、拉斐尔、米开朗琪罗等，他们的作品至今仍然被广泛欣赏。

三、文学文艺复兴时期文学的主要特点是逐渐从宗教哲学中解放出来，更注重现实和人类自身的表现。

代表作品有莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》、《麦克白》等，莫里哀的《唐璜》等。

这些作品不仅是欧洲文学的经典之作，同时也影响了全球的文学发展。

四、思想文艺复兴对于思想的解放也起到了重要作用。

文艺复兴时期的人们主张人类的自由意志，遵循理性和科学知识体系，表现出对于世界的创造性和进取心。

文艺复兴对于人类思想和思维方式的改变产生了深远的影响。

五、结语文艺复兴是欧洲文化历史上的一段伟大时期，它的兴起不仅推动了欧洲文化的恢复和发展，同时也改变了人类的思想方式和思考方式。

文艺复兴让人们认识到艺术与文化对于人类发展的重要作用，激励人们对美好生活的追求和创造。

文艺复兴英文单词单词：Renaissance1.1 词性：名词1.2 释义：文艺复兴（欧洲 14 至 16 世纪的文化运动、思想解放运动）1.3 英文释义：A period of great cultural and artistic change and development in Europe from the 14th to the 16th century.1.4 相关词汇：rebirth---2 起源与背景2.1 词源：源自法语，由 re-（再次）和 naissance（诞生）组成。

2.2 趣闻：文艺复兴时期产生了众多伟大的艺术家和作品，如达芬奇的《蒙娜丽莎》等，对欧洲乃至全球的文化发展产生了深远影响。

---3 常用搭配与短语3.1 短语：Renaissance art 文艺复兴艺术例句：The Renaissance art is famous for its beauty and detail.翻译：文艺复兴艺术以其美丽和细节而闻名。

3.2 短语：Renaissance literature 文艺复兴文学例句：Shakespeare is one of the most important figures in Renaissance literature.翻译：莎士比亚是文艺复兴文学中最重要的人物之一。

---4 实用片段（1） "I'm studying the Renaissance period in history class. It's so fascinating to learn about the great thinkers and artists of that time." said Tom. "Yes, the Renaissance was a time of great innovation and creativity." replied the teacher.翻译：“我在历史课上学习文艺复兴时期。

The RenaissanceThe Renaissance (16th and early 17th centuries): towards the end of the Middle Ages, after the loss of the English territories in France, England suffered thirty years of civil war fought by rival aristocratic families for the throne: the Wars of the Roses. The Welsh Tudor family was victorious and proceeded to secure its position. The dynasty ruled from 1485 to 1603, and was succeeded by Scottish relatives – and former opponents – the Stuarts. The military power of the aristocracy was removed: private armies were forbidden; only the crown was entitled to raise an army. The nobility’s great economic power based on land ownership remained intact. The Tudors no longer shared power with the aristocracy, as monarchs did in the Middle Ages, but ruled alone, or absolutely. Parliament existed, was involved in the legislative process but did not determine it.The Church of Rome was another factor limiting the king’s power which the Tudors soon dealt with. In 1531 Henry VIII set up the Church of England, with himself as head, thus nationalising religion, because Vatican politics had become a threat to him. In 1538 the English were given direct access to the bible in their own language; a year later the monasteries were suppressed. Under Henry’s daughte r Mary, Catholicism was restored and Protestants persecuted: 400 were burnt as heretics. I Elizabeth’s reign, when England was under threat of invasion by Spain, Catholics were regarded as foreign agents and punished accordingly. But those protestants unwilling to accept the authority of the new state church also found themselves in trouble with the law. These became known under the general name of Puritans because they demanded that Protestantism be purified of all traces of Catholicism. They felt the reformation had not gone far enough: they wanted the hierarchy within the new church abolished, they disapproved of bishoprics, wanted ministers of religion elected by their congregations, and insisted on their right to speak out. Such freedom of speech they did not regard as a general right, but one they were entitled to as God’s personal spokespeople. Elizabeth regarded the Puritans as dangerous and took measures to minimise the threat. In general, she tried to steer a middle course between the religious extremes of Catholicism and Puritanism.Parallel with the development of England s a modern nation came its growth as a colonial power. Ireland had been under England’s overlordship since the Middle Ages, but now it became a colony, that is occupied territory ruled in the interests of the so-called mother country. Revenue also came to the crown from trading expeditions to newly conquered overseas territories. The increase in overseas trade led to a great boom in manufacturing in England. A flourishing export trade in woollen cloth developed. The lucrative cloth trade made sheep farming more profitable than tillage: the result was the beginning of enclosures by landlords of areas traditionally used by the villagers as common lands. The crafts flourished due to the extra demand for ships, weapons, export goods of all kinds, and the condition of the common people improved compared to that of the Middle Ages. Towns and cities grew, but most of the people continued to live in rural areas.During the 16th and early 17th centuries, therefore, the people of England transformed the basis of their national and spiritual life. They also broadened their intellectual horizons and fashioned from a newly augmented language one of the great literatures of the western world. The period is known as the Renaissance; the term Renaissance (‘rebirth’) originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism. Renaissance writers returned to the classical sources of ‘humane letter’ in an attempt to find new ways of generating ideas and promoting a written and spoken eloquence greater in purity than the crabbed Latin of Medieval schoolmen.In line with the period’s enthusiasm for classical literature and art is a renewed b elief in humanism (a belief in human-based morality rather than in any supernatural authority). They believed, as Alexander Pope was to phrase it much later, that ‘the proper study of mankind is man’, rather than scholastic theology. For humanists the divi ne principle of reason was the guideline and that they found better realised in the classical world of antiquity than in the Middle Ages. They hoped to create a new civilisation in Europe at least equalling that of the old world. Thomas More wrote Utopia (1516) in which he puts forward his ideal of a future happy society. More’s book owes a considerable debt to Plato’s Republic and the Greek satirist Lucian. More’s topics include the corruption of the rich, the sufferings of the poor and the injustice of the death penalty for starving thieves. For More, only Utopia, where private property has been abolished, offers hope of an ideal state. The irony lies in the fact that utopia means ‘nowhere’. Utopia, however, provided a blueprint for a high-minded, money-free collective where a rational code is valued.Humanist ideals led to a widespread concern with education and many schools were formed, especially for boys who were educated in the faith of Christ and in classical literature (girls were for centuries deprived of a formal education). The study of Christian and pagan authors was seen as the best way to prepare men for the vicissitudes of life. Thus classical authors were studied as guides to life. An important aspect of the rhetorical training of the humanist schools in the Renaissance was the absorption of large numbers of received conventions or commonplaces of description (such as traditional similes) called topoi. All Renaissance students were taught, as part of their basic training, to amplify, vary, and enrich these topoi or received ideas in novel or copious ways. Shakespeare’s Sonnet 73 (1609) can be seen as a virtuoso example of this Renaissance rhetorical training in which the poem’s speaker attempts to persuade the addressee to regard him in a certain way. Each of the quatrains contains a different, extended metaphor for the speaker’s age or condition: (i) as late autumn, (ii) as twilight, (iii) as a dying fire. All three metaphors are commonplace ways, or received topoi, of representing old age, yet the interesting thing about the poem is that it revitalises these ‘old’ or ‘tired’ metaphors by extending them, and making them precise and specific rather than vaguely general.A further shaping influence on the literature of the period were the religious movements of the Reformation. The authority of the Catholic Church was no longer seen as infallible; indeed, ordinary individuals believed that they did not need the help of a priest to interpret scripture.Luther did not believe that the Catholic Church could save souls but that a man’s salvation depended on God’s grace and justification by faith alone. Private experience became the means of the deepest spiritual discovery. Reading scripture became more important than listening to a priest. There was a move here towards individualism.Both Protestantism and humanism had a formative influence on the genius of William Shakespeare. In common with other Elizabethan dramatists, his dramas broke away from the religious domination evident in the crypto-Catholic mystery and morality plays of the medieval era, and show an interest in the classics that is matched by a vivid social realism. Of all his dramas, the tragedies are generally regarded as Shakespeare’s supreme achievement. As in Greek tragedy, many of the main figures are kings and queens (e. g. Claudius and Gertrude in Hamlet); ordinary individuals are not yet considered appropriate vehicles for edification. However, we do not remember Hamlet because he is the king’s son but, rather, because of his personality. During the Tudor age the fate of a nation depended to a greater extent than in medieval times on the character of the rulers; it is therefore not surprising that drama produced the greatest literary individuals the stage had ever seen. The tragic fate of these individuals is not caused by external forces outside their control but is of their own making: their downfall is caused by specific features of character or weaknesses exposed under exceptional circumstances. Consider Hamlet’s inability to make up his mind, for example; a tragic flaw that led to his own death and the death of many innocent people. The tumultuous nature of his time had made Shakespeare acutely aware of the precariousness of fortune and character, and how quickly the veneer of civilisation could disintegrate under adverse conditions.Sonnet no. 73 (William Shakespeare)That time of year thou mayest in me beholdWhen yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hangUpon those boughs which shake against the cold,bare ruin'd choirs, where late the sweet birds sang.In me thou see'st the twilight of such dayAs after sunset fadeth in the west,Which by and by black night doth take away,Death's second self, that seals up all in rest.In me thou see'st the glowing of such fire,That on the ashes of his youth doth lie,As the death-bed whereon it must expireConsum'd with that which it was nourish'd by. This thou perceiv'st, which makes thy love more strong, To love that well which thou must leave ere long.(i)Identify the conceit and ‘Volta’ in Sonnet 73.。