英美文学考试心得
首先我想与大家谈论一下参考书，我看见网上有人询问是否有什么好的参考书。我总共买了二本参考书，用处不大，浪费时间不少。只有把课本彻底看透，你才能掌握主要脉络，才会产生PASS 的信心。仔细对照，你可以看出参考书上无非也是从书上COPY过来，只能让你看一遍参考书，又看一遍书本。我能理解大家想偷机取巧的想法，参考书必定是比课本薄得多，看上去象精选集，但事实并非如此，实际考题说明一切。考题不会超大纲，答案自然都在书上。只不过来年考题会从越来越偏僻角落去选择，所以课本也就越发重要。我现在都能想象出题老师得意笑容，"我出的题难什么，都在书上"。
当我看完第一遍书时，其过程实在是艰涩痛苦，捏着厚厚书真觉得苦海无涯，望也望不到出头之日。但奇妙的感觉在后面，当我第二，三，四遍看完，当然到后面是以翻看形式了，书本捏在手上变得越来越薄了。我认为以课本为基础，在自
己脑海中形成的超薄精选集才是正直实用有效的参考书，在网上是下载不到，书店里也买不到。你所需要做的是把这课本看懂，读透，翻烂。I don't want to say this is only choice, but it actually is, and an most direct and efficient way. Dont find too much resources, which cant easy your job, but increase your burden.
我看见许多人说背不出，或怎样背。大家都是这条路上过来的难兄难弟，多半白天要上班，晚上要背书，有段时间我近似绝望，怀疑自己提早进入老年痴呆症，健忘症。我不断弄混名字，作品，时期，英美不分。就现在考题看来，题型已不是单纯浅显记忆题，而是在此基础上的综合理解题，在今年的部分选择题，简答题里都是这样。如果不掌握最基本的（纯粹背的），PASS是绝无希望。
在自考英语专业的各门课程中，英美文学选读是及格率较低的一门。不少考生感觉这门课程学习
比较困难，要记忆和理解的知识很多，考生应该怎样学习这门课，怎样复习备考呢？学好这门课的关键是要注重学习教材中的文学知识和教材选文两方面内容。
教材中文学知识比较繁杂，考生学习时不仅要强化记忆，更要注意运用正确有效的学习方法。首先考生应该学会把厚书读薄，然后再把它变厚。在学习英美文学选读教材时，考生应能做到把英国和美国文学各个时期的文学流派、代表作家和代表作品提纲挈领地列出来。如果在脑海里对英国、美国文学的大致脉络形成清晰印象，那就可以说把厚厚的教材读薄了。以英国维多利亚时期的文学为例。考生不仅应知道这个时期是以批判现实主义小说为主流，还要了解这种小说有社会原因、哲学基础和美学基础。维多利亚时期是英国发展史上最光辉的一页，但繁荣的表面掩藏了不少黑暗现实。这也是功利主义盛行的时代，人们唯利是图，不惜一切手段敛财贪利，造成急剧的社会贫富分化。批判现实主义应运而生，各个主要的现实主义作家在作品里都从不同的角度将针砭时弊的锋芒直接对准了社会不公，各自运用不同的手法挖掘出不同的主题。考生学
习这部分内容时，建议先看主流派，了解同一流派中所有作家的共性，然后再具体把握各个作家的写作特点。可见，学习教材内容时，只把教材由厚读薄是远远不够的，还应该把它由薄再变厚。考生不但要能了解每个时期、每个文学流派的历史文化背景，以及该时期该流派文学的主张和特点，还要了解每个重要作家的生平、在文学上的地位和贡献、他或她的代表作品的主要内容、艺术特色等。在把书变薄和变厚的过程中，自然而然地，考生对基本知识的掌握就变充分了。从历年考试来看，考生回答有关流派、思潮以及作家风格特点的选择题时，有较高的失分率，这是非常可惜的。考生在备考时要先从宏观的角度掌握文学的知识，再从细微处着手仔细研究比较重要的作家。学习文学没有捷径，这部分内容也没有太多的难点，考生只要认真学习教材内容，是可以有好的学习效果的。
学习这些基本知识时，考生应注意加强记忆，包括一些具体的作家作品的名字，如果应考时写错而失分就很可惜。例如，在历年考试时，有的考生把美国作家Fitzgerald写成
Fisgerald，把他的小说The Great Gatsby写成Gatsby；有的考生错误地把The Great Gatsby 的作者回答成James Joyce或别的毫不相干的作家；有的考生把T·S·Eliot和George·Eliot 的作品以及作品中的人物混淆起来；有的考生对考试题目中引文的作者不甚明了，把英国维多利亚时期小说家George·Eliot的Mid-dlemarch 写成T·S·Eliot.还有的考生能答出引文的作家和作品名，但作品中的人物名字不会写或写错。甚至有的考生把作家作品的国别和所属年代和流派混淆起来。这些在历年考试中出现的错误，其实是记忆不到位所致，这种失分很可惜。建议考生将文学流派、代表作家生平、文学上的地位和贡献、主要代表作特点和艺术特色、国别、年代等，分类归纳或列表的形式，以便形成清晰的记忆，还可通过对照加深记忆。考生学习这些知识时，加深记忆注重理解的同时，还要有一定的题型意识，例如，历年就有题目要求回答狄更斯的艺术特色、福克纳在主题、人物塑造、语言和风格方面对美国文学的贡献，很多考生答题时都是先叙述作家的生平，然后列出他们的代表作，最后说说他们在文学史上的地位或重要性，
至于狄更斯的艺术特色或福克纳作品的主题、人物塑造、语言和风格，只有只言片语甚或根本没有提及。这样答题，失分也再所难免。考生在复习时要按这种题型思路归纳不同作家的艺术特色，或某位作家在主题、人物塑造、语言风格等方面的特点和贡献。关于某位作家的相关知识比较多，比如生平、流派、贡献、作品特点等，考生复习时要全面掌握，但记忆时要保持思路清晰。
对教材选文，考生应仔细阅读并尽力理解。有些考生平时不注意认真学习，不努力去阅读并理解选文，在考试前把时间和精力用在看几本参考书或做几套模拟题上，希望凭此通过考试。实践证明，这样做的效果并不好，很多考生都因此而影响了成绩。与一般的基础课程不同，英美文学选读这门课不仅强调考生应该掌握一些文学方面的基础知识，更重视考核考生在文学方面的素养，它要求考生具有一定的阅读和理解英美文学原著的能力，并学会一些文学分析的技巧。除了学习各时期各流派的文学特点和了解代表作家外，考生应该仔细阅读教材选出的每一位作家
代表作的选文，并着重理解一些名篇名段。学习中，考生应尽早发现阅读和理解方面的困难，求助老师或一些参考书早日解决。
考生在平时复习备考时，是否认真研读过选文，在考试时会有直接检验。有的考生平时只读关于作家和文学流派的介绍，不读或不理解教材中节选的引文，因此而失分。这门课的试卷第二和第三题是直接从教材里选出一些作品的引文，要求考生解答对作家的名字和出处以及对引文的理解。如果考生复习时没有认真阅读选文，往往就不知道引文出自何处，或只是随便答写少数几个众所周知的名字，结果出现了这样的现象，如果是诗歌的引文，答案往往集中在著名的诗人如Shelly，Keats，Robert Frost，Whitman；如果是小说的引文，答案往往是Jane Austin，James Joyce，Charles Dickens，Hemingway，Faulkner，Hawthome等。虽然这些有名的作家的作品经常在考题中出现，但由于考生压根没读过或没理解引文，大部分时候是张冠李戴，所给出的答案与引文真正的小说家在年代、流派、风格等方面相去甚远。如果是回答关于引文的理
解，一些考生也只能根据自己的猜测答题。
北京外国语大学刘葵兰
在自考的全部专业中，英语本科的淘汰率一直高居"榜首"，同时《英美文学选读》又是整个本科专业的瓶颈课程。我们随机抽取了两刀（40本）试卷进行统计，发现该门课程的通过率大致在12%左右，可能是自考全部课程最低的。绝大部分成绩徘徊在40分到58分之间，大约占了44.7%。我们批改到的最高分大约是82分，成绩相当出色！
一、试卷构成
《英美文学选读》全国卷由四部分组成：第一部分是40分的选择题，每题1分，覆盖面十分广泛。从以往几次试卷来看，该部分主要考核英美文学史，也包括少量选读中的内容，多属于常识性知识，例如今年14题要求辨别If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?的作者；2001年11题要求辨别It was a miracle of rare device, A sunny pleasure done with caves of
ice.的作者和出处；还有每年必定会有一题考核作品中出现的人物，例如2001年第8题是Sheridan's The School for Scandal中的人物，今年28题是The Scarlet Letter的人物。由于内容大多属于大纲中的"识记"性知识，不需要多少理解，因此正确率相应比较高。但有时题目的切入点十分灵活比如2001年第6题，需要考生有较好的基本功。
第二部分是四道共16分的阅读理解。考题内容均取自选读部分，一般是两篇诗歌，两篇小说，要求指出：A）作者和作品出处（1分） B）作品中具体某个词或词组的确切意义（1分） C）表述该选段的思想内容（2分）。考生需要认真研读作品，和作品后面的注释，平时做一些读书笔记。
第三部分是四道共24分的简答题，内容的跨越比较大，既有阅读理解部分的延伸，也有某一时期的文学思潮，还有对某一断代史的简论，答对率非常低。
第四部分是两题共20分的问答题。一般是某个重要作家或作品的特色以及对他们的评价。
二、试卷评析
文学术语（俗称的名词解释）是基本的文学常识，是对文学中共性问题的抽象概括，因此对于这些术语不可等闲视之。尽管全国卷没有单列的文学术语考核（省卷的题型可能不同），但是可能糅合在选择题中和第三部分的简答中。比较重要的名词解释有：所有以-ism结尾的名词，各个时期的文学运动，heroic couplet, Gothic novel, Byronic hero, Lost Generation, dramatic monologue, stream of consciousness, metaphysical poets等等，考生可以自己总结。本套试卷中1），26），37）等题目就从不同侧面考核了对术语的了解；其中第1）题考文学题材romance，对于这个题材我们要了解以下要点：流行于中世纪欧洲各国popular literary form in the medieval period；讲述骑士的英雄经历knightly adventures or other heroic deeds；题材往往是英雄救美的故事Romantic love is an important part of the plot.而形式是叙述性韵文narrative verse or prose（P3）。
第2）题答错的比较少，考生一般总会将Chaucer 和The Canterbury Tales联系起来。尽管教材中没有出现中古时期的文学选读，但是这两个时期的文学发展脉络必须十分清晰，该题目早在2001年就出现过。另外的三部作品都是中世纪的重要作品，其中Piers Plowman的作者William Langland是当时十分具有现实主义的作家；Sir Gawain and the Green Knight是用英国北部方言书写的，压头韵，作者至今是个谜； Confessio Amantis（《一个情人的忏悔》）的作者是John Gower。
4）题考核了莎士比亚Sonnet 18的主题思想，该十四行诗着重描写友人的美貌，同时说明诗歌能使人的美丽横古常新，因此我们可以排除A，B和D。由于此首诗歌十分重要，我们需要补充几个注释：1）sometime: 在莎翁时代等于sometimes；2)fair from fair:第一个fair是beautiful thing，第二个fair等于抽象名词beauty；3）最后一行的this指my poetry；life 意immortality。
6）也是莎士比亚的作品，有许多人判断错误。本段的内容并没有什么难度，不需要上下文就可以判断，其中第二行的Which相当于Who，这是莎翁英语和现代英语不同的地方；最后一行的by理解为present。Bass的话只是在做陈述，而 Portia的回答才是关键，可以判断出带有"讽刺"意味。
7）的答案是B，错误的考生比较多，关键是考生没有熟悉这首诗歌。"玄学"派诗歌往往有"声东击西"的特点，正如教材所述：It begins with a certain idea but ends in quite a contrary one（P66）. The Sun Rising一诗分为三个部分，In Stanza 1 the lover addresses the sun directly, as a "busy old fool", and asks why it bothers to shine in on him and his love, who will not be pressured by its time keeping. In Stanza 2, the poet uses hyperbolic extension to dispose of space and asks the sun to agree his love is better than all treasure. Stanza 3 extends the hyperbolic
comparison even further to praise this lady ---"she is all States, and all Princes".
8)菲尔丁在文学中的地位越来越重要，原因是近年来国内外叙事学研究的进一步深入。Fielding 是一个时代的开始，在他之前英国文学的题材主要是按以下方式发展的：古民谣ballad, 传奇文学romance, 叙事诗narrative poem, 散文essay和戏剧 play。一直到了十八世纪，英国才出现"小说"novel这一新的文学题材。对这一题材做出贡献的有教材中的Daniel Defore, Henry Fielding以及Samuel Richardson，因此教材中注明菲尔丁是Father of the English Novel(p.121)；同时比较重要的还有1）菲尔丁四部小说的名称以及大致的内容2）comic epic in prose 3)the third person narration。
9）考核Swift的内容，关于该作家可以提及的有：1）有关"风格"的定义 proper words in proper places 2）作为讽刺名篇的 A Modest Proposal 3）Gulliver's Travels中的四个场景Lilliput, Brobdingnag, Flying Island和
Houyhnhnm；这四个场景不需要记忆，只需要识别，2001年试卷的6）题就考到了最后一个场景中的Yahoo。
12）Wordsworth在英国文学史中是一个举足轻重的人物。首先，浪漫主义和古典主义的分水岭就是他的那篇Lyrical Ballads，其次，在1800年的版本中，他发表了Prelude，阐述自己对诗歌的见解，吹响了浪漫主义的号角manifesto，其中他认为诗歌是the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings ,which originates in emotion recollected in tranquillity(P161)。教材的179页的最后两段就是他的文学主张，故该题的D是有悖于浪漫主义的。对于Wordsworth 的四篇作品我们必须认真研读。浪漫主义诗人对"诗"的不同理解，以及nature和imagination 在诗歌中的作用都是该时期的重点。
13）Keats的两首颠峰之作Ode to a Nightingale和Ode on a Grecian Urn要求考生非常熟悉，尤其是诗歌的主题思想（即下面15题）。济慈挚爱一切自然和美的事物，曾说过：
A thing of beauty is a joy for ever.而Beauty is truth, truth beauty.更是他的名句。
21）有相当部分考生选择了答案A)Richard Sheridan ，错误的原因在于考生只留意试题中的since Shakespear而没有考虑后面出现的social criticism，因为"社会批判"是在十九世纪末开始的，而非谢立丹的十八世纪；C）Oscar Wilde虽然也是十九世纪的剧作家，但是他与"社会批判"还有一定的距离，许多人可能记得他的唯美主义名言art for art's sake，因此可以排除他。正确的答案在教材的318页。
22）Modernism现代主义是本教材的又一个重点内容，尽管作品通常比较晦涩难懂，但是现代主义的基本特色还是清晰的。首先，它的理论基础是irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis；其次，主题和内容是distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself.这就是C的内容；再次，现代派作家侧重描写个人的内心活动
和主观世界即concentrate more on the private than on the public, more on the subjective than on the objective 也就是备选项A的内容，其中A中的介词over应理解为"而非、不是"的意思。最后，现代派作品更加注重形式和技巧的革新，反对一切形式的理性主义，和现实主义彻底决裂；它们打破了传统文学中的时空观，强调psychic time；宣扬屏弃一切文学的基本要素例如story, character, plot and chronological narration，因此他们的作品又被成为"反小说"，"反诗歌"等，D）表达了这个意思。只有B是试题要求的答案。
25）题的答案在书的407页，文选部分的上方：Irving's pervasive theme of nostalgia for the unrecoverable past is at once made unforgettable.和A的内容相似。其中C、D可以马上排除，因为教材406页已经说明：We seldom learn a moral lesson because he wants us amused and relaxed.有关Irving的内容需要和英国文学中Marlowe的作品一同记忆。前者的两部作品Rip Van Winkle和The Legend of
Sleepy Hollow尽管被称为Spanish Sketch Book，但是他的创作灵感来自于German legends，恰好和后者的戏剧Dr. Faustus一样。
28）Nathaniel Hawthorne是近几十年来美国文学研究的热点之一，也是一个较有争议的作家，爱默生曾说他的小说"一无用处"。然而该作家给我们提供了广阔的研究空间，在以后的几次考试中很有可能出成大题。教材中的以下内容要注意：
霍桑特别关注人类的interior of the heart，他把现实社会中的许多问题归结为"人类的罪恶天性"，努力去探索人们心中"恶"便成了他作品的主题，他说There is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life; but circumstances may rouse it to activity.而"恶"的一个来源，按他的看法就是自作聪明的知识分子overreaching intellect（2001年试卷35题）；他揭示的手段往往是寓言式的，使用多种象征手法，例如《红字》A就有多种意义，而里面的Pearl
就是该书最大的主题象征。
考生反映说，考题前三个人物Hester, Dimmesdale, Chillingworth教材上没有，属于超纲内容。但是考生只要记住Pearl就可以做出正确的推断。
32）的答案在书500页的页端。对于这个作家我们必须扩展起来。为了教学的方便，美国现实主义文学的三巨头Howells, James 和Twain（见考题30）我们经常相提并论，但是他们之间却有许多不同（见书PP474-475），考生要自己整理成文。尽管其他两位作家时常嘲讽欧洲风情，但H.James却是欧洲古老文明的崇拜和捍卫者an admirer of ancient European civilization，原因是多方面的，一是他的家庭不同于其他作家，他的祖父是美国最富有的人之一，使James具有接受高等教育的可能；他的父亲和欧洲的许多名流交往，特别是他的弟弟威廉更是著名的实用主义哲学家，提出了"意识流"理论，因此James的作品语言晦涩，对读者的要求比较高，正如教材所述He is often highly refined and insightful.二是他经常来往于新、
旧两个大陆，所以他的作品主题与其他作家不同：James' fame generally rests upon his novels and stories with the international theme. These novels are always set against a larger international background, usually between Europe and America...（见书497页）。还有James同时也是一位批评家，著有The Art of Fiction一书，他对文学批评做出的贡献有：1）forerunner of stream of consciousness 2）founder of psychological realism 3）point of view（请与Fielding的the third person narration结合记忆）。
34）Emily Dickinson和Whitman同是美国诗歌的两座高峰，她的短诗集中体现了对death, nature, immortality, love和religion的思索（见2001年40题），而所有这些都是诗人个人的世界，没有涉及更广阔的范围，因此D)War and peace是不对的。Dickinson的诗歌特点：一、没有标题。二、多破折号(dashes)作为诗歌节奏的手段，多大写字母(capital letters)用于强调。
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理(只考26位作家) [英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴 1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。 2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。 3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。 4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。 5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。 6. The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段。 7. The goals of humanistic poetry are: skillful handling of conventions, force of language, and, above all, the development of a rhetorical plan in which meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should all be combined to frame the emotional theme and throw it into high relief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的熟练运用，语言的力度与气概，而最重要的是发展了修辞模式，即将格律，韵脚（式），组织结构，意象（比喻，描述）与议论都结合起来勾画出情感主题，并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。 8. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson.文艺复兴时期英国最著名的戏剧家有克利斯朵夫.马洛，威廉.莎士比亚与本.约翰逊。 9. Francis Bacon (1561-1626), the first important English essayist.费兰西斯.培根是英国历史上最重要的散文家。(III)William Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚 17. The first period of his dramatic career, he wrote five history plays: Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus; and four comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, and Love’s Labour’s Lost.在他戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段，他创作了五部历史剧：《亨利六世》，《理查三世》，《泰托斯.安东尼》以及四部喜剧：《错误的戏剧》，《维洛那二绅士》，《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。 18. In the second period, he wrote five histories: Richard II, King John, Henry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry V; six comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor; and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar.在第二阶段，他写了五部历史剧：《理查三世》，《约翰王》，《亨利四世》，《亨利五世》以及六部喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》，《威尼斯商人》，《无事生非》，《皆大欢喜》，《第十二夜》，《温莎的风流娘儿们》，还有两部悲剧：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《裘利斯.凯撒》。 19. Shakespeare’s third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies. The tragedies of this period are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus. The two comedies are All’s Well That Ends and Measure for Measure.第三阶段诞生了莎翁最伟大的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧（或悲喜剧），悲剧有：《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，《李尔王》《麦克白》《安东尼与克利奥佩特拉》《特罗伊勒斯与克利西达》及《克里奥拉那斯》。两部喜剧是《终成眷属》和《一报还一报》。 20. The last period of Shakespeare’s work includes his principle romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest; and his two plays: Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen.最后一个时期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜剧：《伯里克利》《辛白林》《冬天的故事》与《暴风雨》。他最后两部剧是《亨利八世》与《鲁克里斯受辱记》。21. Shakespeare’s sonnets are the only direct expression of the poet’s own feelings.这些十四行诗都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。 22. Shakespeare’s history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.莎翁的历史剧都有这样一个主题：在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家，统一是非常必要的。 23. In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are
“英美文学作品赏析”课程简介 一、课程简介 “英美文学作品赏析”(“Appreciation of British and American Literary Works”)是依据教育部颁布的《大学英语课程教学要求》中的较高要求，为非英语专业大学生开设的“语言文化”类课程。课程以阅读名家名作精彩片段为主，以欣赏相关作品音频、视频片段为辅，通过阅读、讲授、讨论、表演、诵读、赏析等生动活泼的形式，使学生了解英美两国文学简史，理解经典作品的主要艺术特色。本课程从考勤、学习过程、期末开卷考试三方面评估学生的学习情况。通过听、读、说、写、译的综合训练，致力于培养学生运用英语学科基础知识、运用文学常识鉴赏评析作品的能力。在轻松愉快的氛围中，提高学生的团队合作、创造性思维、跨文化交际能力，增强学生对英美文学、文化的兴趣与感悟力，促进学生语言基本功和人文修养的提高。 二、课程内容 课程共48学时，主要内容为：
三、课程考核 本课程的考查方式为：过程管理评估+期末考试评估 过程管理部分的考核构成学生平时成绩，占期末总成绩的40%；期末考试卷面成绩占期末总成绩的60%，即： 学生学期成绩=平时成绩40%+期末考试成绩60% 平时成绩=出勤40%+课堂表现20%+作业40% （作业包括翻译、课堂陈述、课堂表演、写作等灵活多样的形式） 期末考试方式：开卷考试（内容：英美文学常识，作品选段理解，作品选段分析等）四、选课指南 “英美文学作品赏析”是一门文化素养课。课程信息量大、文化内涵丰富，意图拓宽学生知识面，加深其英美国家文化底蕴，提高其人文修养。课程组在教学中力图做到精选作家、作品选段，精心选择相应的音频、视频选段，自制优美的PPP课件，精心组织教学活动，力争通过诵读、观赏、跟读、翻译、表演、陈述等丰富多彩的活动调动同学们的积极性，使其积极参与课堂活动。不少同学反映该课程对他们的英语学习和知识扩展有很大帮助，对英美作家的心路历程和写作历程感受颇深，自己“受益匪浅”。摘录同学评价如下： *“我学习到了很多，更收获到了自己心里憧憬已久的东西，感觉很是幸福。” “该课给了我接触文学，了解文学的机会。在现在这个物欲横流的社会，……我们需要一
英语专业-英美文学试卷及答案-期末
英美文学试卷A 共9页第 I. Mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F). (10 x 1’=10’) 1. ( ) Chaucer is the first English short-story teller and the founder of English poetry as well as the founder of English realism. His masterpiece The Canterbury tales contains 26 stories. 2. ( ) English Renaissance is an age of essay and drama. 3. ( ) The rise of the modern novel is closely related to the rise of the middle class and an urban life. 4. ( ) The French Revolution and the American War of Independence were two big influences that brought about the English Romantic Movement. 5. ( ) Charlotte’s novels are all about lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for life and love. Her novels are more or less based on her own experience and feelings and the life as she sees around. 6. ( ) The leading figures of the naturalism at the turn of 19th century are Thomas Hardy, John Galsworthy and Bernard Shaw. 7. ( ) Emily Dickinson is remembered as the “All American Writer”. 8. ( )The Civil War divides the American literature into romantic literature and realist literature. 9. ( ) Mark Twain is the first American writer to discover an American language and American consciousness.
绝密★考试结束前 全国2014年4月高等教育自学考试 英美文学选读试题 课程代码：00604 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。全部题目用英文作答。 选择题部分 注意事项： 1．答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。 2．每小题选出答案后，用2 B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。 I. Multiple Choice(40 points in all, 1 for each) Select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark your choice by blackening the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the answer sheet. 1. Shakespeare has established his giant position in world literature with his ______ plays, 154 sonnets and 2 long poems. A. 27 B. 38 C.47 D. 52 2. john Milton’s literary achievement can be divided into three groups: the early poetic works, the middle prose pamphlets and the last ______. A. romances B. dramas C. great poems D. ballads 3. The novels of ______ are the first literary works devoted to the study of problems of the lower— class people. A. John Milton B. Daniel Defoe C. Henry Fielding D. Jonathan Swift
英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考） 第一部分：英国文学 第一章文艺复兴时期 文艺复兴标志着一个过渡时期,即中世纪的结束和现代社会的开始。一般来说,文艺复兴时期是从十四世纪到十七世纪中叶。它从意大利兴起,伴随着绘画、雕塑和文学领域的百花齐放,而后文艺复兴浪潮席卷了整个欧洲。文艺复兴,顾名思义即重生、复苏,是由一系列历史事件激发推动的,其中包括对古希腊罗马文化的重新发现。地理天文领域的新发现,宗教改革及经济发展。因此,文艺复兴从本质上是欧洲人文主义者竭力摒弃中世纪欧洲的封建主义,推行代表新兴城市资产阶级利益的新思想,并恢复早期宗教的纯洁性,远离腐败的罗马天主教廷的一场运动。 文艺复兴浪潮影响到英国的速度比较慢,不仅因为英国远离欧洲大陆,而且还因为其国内的动荡不安。乔叟去世后的一个半世纪是英国历史上最动荡不安的时期。好战的贵族篡取了王位,使英国走上自我毁灭之路。著名的玫瑰之战就是极好的例子。后来理查三世的恐怖统治标志着内战的结束,在都铎王朝的统治下英国的民族情感又成长起来。然而直到亨利八世统治期间(1509-1547),文艺复兴的春风才吹入英国。在亨利八世的鼓励下,牛津的改革派学者和人文主义者们将古典文学引入英国。基于古典文学作品及《圣经》的教育重获生机,而十五世纪就被广泛传阅的文学作品则更加流行了。自此,英国的文艺复兴开始了。英国,尤其是英国文学进入了黄金时代。这个时期涌现出莎士比亚、斯宾塞、约翰逊、锡德尼、马洛、培根及邓恩等一大批文学巨匠。但英国的文艺复兴并未使新文学与旧时代彻底决裂,带有十四、十五世纪特点的创作态度与情感依然贯穿在人文主义与改革时代。 人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。它源于努力恢复中世纪产生的对古希腊罗马文化的尊崇。人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以"人"为中心,人是万物之灵。通过这些对古代文化崭新的研究,人文主义者不仅看到了光彩夺目的艺术启明星,还在那古典作品中寻求到了人的价值。在中世纪的社会中,个人完全隶属于封建统治,没有独立和自由可言;在中世纪的神学理论中,人与周围世界的关系仅仅是人消极适应或消极遁世,不允许追求快乐,以备死后灵魂得以超脱。然而人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到了充足的论据,来赞美人性,并开始注意到人类是光荣的生命,人自己可以不断发展,至善至美,而且人们生存的世界是属于他们的,供他们怀疑、探索以及享受。由此,人文主义者通过强调人类的尊严、强调今生今世的重要性,喊出了他们的信仰,即人类不仅有权利在今生今世美好生活,而且还有能力完善自我,创造奇迹。人文主义遍布英国思想领域的。标志是荷兰学者伊拉斯谟先后到牛津大学与剑桥大学讲授古典文化研究。托马斯·漠尔、克利斯朵夫·马洛和威廉·莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
Part One：English Poetry 1.William Shakespeare Sonnet 18 ?Why does the poet compare `thee` to a summer?s day? And who could `thee` be? Because summer?s day and thee both represent beauty . thee could be beauty, love. ?What picture have you got of English summer, and could you explain why? Warm, beautiful, sunshine. Because summer is the best season of a year ,the most beautiful season. It is like our May. ?How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line? Thee is more beautiful than summer. ?What makes the poet think that “thou” can be more fair than summer and immortal? Because humanism is more eternal than summer and immortal. ?What figures of speech are used in this poem? Simile, metaphor, personification, oxymoron and so on . ?What is the theme of the poem? Love conquers all, Beauty lives on. 2. Thomas Nashe Spring ?Read the poem carefully, pay attention to those image- bearing words, and see how many images the poet created in the poem and what sense impressions you can get from those images. There is “Blooms each thing, maids dance in a ring, the pretty birds do sing, the palm and may make country houses gay, Lambs frisk' and play, the shepherds pipe all day, And we hear aye birds tune this merry lay, The fields breathe sweet, the daisies kiss our feet, Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit, In every street these tunes bur ears do greet!” The “Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit，”impressions me most because of the harmony of the people?s relationship. ?Can you point out and explain the sound and their musical effect in the poem? In the Poem, each section has four lines, each line has ten syllables ( five tone step ) . In order to give the reader a spring breeze , streams , flowers , winding , Song Xin texture of sound and light flavor, Naixi greater uses English word S , z , f , V , R , L , and θconsonants means. In Naixi's poem, the use of phonological is also very harmonious, very smooth , very mellow. Section I of the poetry has Three pairs [ ing ] , section II of the poem has three pairs [ ei ] and the third quarter has three pairs [ i : ]. 3.John Donne A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning ?What is a “valediction” any way? Is the speaker in the poem about to die? Why does the speaker forbid mourning? No, it is about the lover s?separation. As the poem metaphors, the poet believed he and his wife?s love is sacred, he didn?t hope they cry when separation comes, let their love be stained by the ordinary and mundane.
Chapter I The Renaissance Period Definitions of the Literary Terms: 文艺复兴时期的界定 1. The Renaissance: The Renaissance marks a transition from the medie val to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14 th & 17th centuries. 历史文化背景It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture & literature. From Italy the movement went to emb race the rest of Europe. The Renaissance, which means "rebirth" or "reviva l," is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the re-discovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture, the new discoverie s in geography & astrology, the religious reformation & the economic expa nsion. The Renaissance, therefore, in essence is a historical period in whic h the European humanist thinkers & scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that e xpressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, & to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church. 2. 文艺复兴到英国比较晚的原因The Renaissance was slow in reaching Englan d not only becaus e o f England?s separation from the Continent but also be cause of its domestic unrest. It was not until the reign of Henry VIII that the Renaissance really began to show its effect in England. With Henry VII I?s encouragement the Oxford reformers, scholars and humanists introduc ed classical literature to England. 15th century, began the English Renaissa nce, which was perhaps England?s Golden Age, especially in literature. 人文主义H umanism: Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the ancient author s and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its consci ous, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on s uch a conception that man is the measure of all things. Through the new l earning, humanists not only saw the arts of splendor and enlightenment, b ut the human values represented in the works. Renaissance humanists fou nd in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see th at human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfections, and that the world they inhabited was thei rs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy. Thus, by emphasizin g the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the bea uty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wond ers. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the b est representatives of the English humanists. The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimi lation.
Comment on Walden In 1845, Thoreau decided to conduct an experiment of self-sufficiency by building his own house on the shores of Walden Pond and living off the food he grew on his farm. He sought to reduce his physical needs to a minimum, in order to free himself for study, thought, and observation of nature, himself. Walden can be many things and can be read on more than one level. But it is, first and foremost, a book about man, what he is, and what he should be and must be. Considered one of the all-time great books, Walden is a record of Thoreau's two year experiment of living at Walden Pond. The writer's chief emphasis is on the simplifications and enjoyment of life now. It is regarded as 1. a nature book.2. a do-it-yourself guide to simple life. 3. a satirical criticism of modern life and living. 4. a belletristic achievement 5. a spiritual book. The Scarlet Letter Symbolic meaning of the letter “A” :1.The scarlet letter “A” is the central symbol of the novel. At the beginning it symbolized the sin of Hester—“adultery”, 2.then gradually when Hester became accepted by the community, it stands for Hester’s intelligence and diligence—“able”. 3.At the end of the novel the symbol has evolved to represent the high virtues of Hester Prynne—“angel”. Comments on The Scarlet Letter:1.The theme of the story should be the moral, emotional and psychological effects of the sin on people. 2.Scarlet Letter is a cultural allegory, in which the author indirectly tells the future of Puritanism.3.Scarlet Letter is a sample in which American Romanticism adapted itself to American Puritanism.(Because of the strong influence of Puritanism in American society, Hawthorne only expressed his ideas on the sin indirectly by employing symbolism.) Symbolism in the novel Moby Dick A. the voyage itself is a metaphor for “search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience.” B. the Pequod is the ship of the American soul and consciousness. C. Moby Dick is a symbol of evil to some, of goodness to others, and of both to still others. D. The whiteness of Moby Dick is a paradoxical color, signifying death and corruption as well as purity, innocence and youth; it represents the final mystery of the universe. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Setting: unpopulated wildness an a dense forest along Mississippi River Characters:1.Ignorant uneducated black slave Jim2.Uneducated outcast white boy Huck Finn。Theme: Huck’s inner waving struggle between what he was taught and what he thought out of good-heart and humanity.Its Features：1.Profound portrait of Huckleberry Finn 2.Magic power with language, the use of vernacular. 3. Humor In a Station of the Metro1 by Ezra Pound The apparition of these faces in the crowd: Petals on a wet, black bough. Note: 1。a Paris subway station Analysis of this poem The poem’s form is similar to Japanese haiku, with considering its title as a verse-line. The word “apparition” has double meaning:1. “appearance”, something which can be clearly observed;2. something which seems real but perhaps is not real; something ghostly which cannot be clearly observed. Petals may refer to the faces in the crowd, while bough may refer to the railway in the Metro.
自考英美文学选读要点总结精心整理 [英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至七世纪中叶）文艺复兴 1、Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance、人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。 2、 the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things、人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。 3、 Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy、人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。 4、 Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English
1.A novel is a highly stylized prose account of fictional reality in the form of story with profundity for the purpose of changing the reader’s mind by the aid of the reader’s active involvement while providing entertainment and superior truth of life. 2.Character is an invented personality to resemble but never to equal a real person in life. Characters refer to people, animals, things, etc. in a literary work presented as people. 3.A plot is a particular arrangement of happenings in a novel that is aimed at revealing their causal relationships or at conveying the novelist’s ideas. 4.The theme of a novel is its controlling idea or its central insight about human beings and life. 5.Epistolary novel is a novel which consists of the letters the characters write to each other. 6.Roman a Clef is a novel with a key, and the key is usually a famous figure or, in some cases, the author. 7.Nonfictional novel is a novel that depicts real events with techniques of fiction. 8.Anagnorisis refers to the recognition by the tragic hero of some truth about his or her identity or actions that accompanies the reversal of the situation in the plot, the peripeteia. 9.Catharsis refers to the the purging of the emotions of pity and fear that are aroused in the viewer of a tragedy. 10.Hamartia refers to the "tragic flaw" of the hero such as "sin," "error," "trespass,“and "missing the mark". 11.A ballad refers to a short simple narrative poem often relating a dramatic event (folk and literary). 12.A narrative poem is one that mainly tells a relatively complete story. 13.A sonnet is a lyric invariably of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme. 1）Petrarchan Sonnet: Italian sonnet; Named after Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374), the Italian poet; Introduced into English poetry in the early 16th century by Sir Thomas Wyatt; Structure: an octave with the rhyme pattern abbaabba and a sestet of various rhyme patterns such as cdecde, cdcdcd or cde edc.; Octave: projecting and developing a subject in the octave; sestet: executing a turn 2）Shakespearean Sonnet: Elizabethan sonnet; English sonnet; Developed first by Henry Howard (1517-1547) ; Structure: 3 quatrains and a terminal couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg; 1st quatrain: introducing an idea; 2nd quatrain: complicating it; 3rd quatrain: complicating it still further; final epigrammatic couplet: resolving the whole thing 3）Spenserian Sonnet: a variant on the English Sonnet; Named after the 16th Century poet Edmund Spenser; Structure: 3 quatrains and a couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc cdcd ee. 14.Rhyme refers to the repetition of the stressed vowel sound and all succeeding sounds. 15.Rhythm is communicated by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables 16.Image refers to the element in a poem that sparks off the senses, the representation of sense experience through language