一、二．单选、多选
1.语法的性质
2.现代汉语语法的特点
3．现代汉语语法学简史
4.汉语划分词类的标准
5.实词部分：各种词的语法特点
6.判断词的类别：名词、动词、形容词、区别词、副词、介词、代词、叹词、介词、连词、助词、语气词。（有可能有兼类）
7.判断词组的类型
8.定指、不定指
9.主语、定语、补语、状语（判断成分、类型、语义特点）
10、句子的特殊成分
11、判断句型
12、句类：重点疑问句
13.句式：判断句式
14.分辨单句、复句和紧缩句
三、四、五．分析、简答、论述
判断词类
对词组进行层次分析
多重复句的层次
两个“啊”的区别
“看一下”、“睡两天”、“长很多”的结构分析
时间名词和时间名词组合之后的结构关系、构成条件和意义类型主语的语义类型
定语的语法形式和语义类别
句子的特殊成分定义及分类
连谓句的类型及结构特征
存现句的含义及其结构特点
被字句、把字句及其关系
三个平面角度分析句子
句法结构的关系意义和外部形式的异同
紧缩句的定义、特点，与连谓、兼语的区别
定语从句高考真题2010-2017 2017年高考英语定语从句汇编 1.（2017天津）My eldest son,________ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment. 2.(2017江苏)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of ________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation. 3.(2017北京)The little problems ________ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions. 4.(2017江苏)The publication of Great Expectations, _________was both widely reviewed and highly praised, strengthened Dickens status as a leading novelist. 5.(2017江苏卷)We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20,half of_________it used to charge. 2016年高考英语定语从句汇编 1．(2016·江苏高考)Many young people，most of ________were well－educated，headed for remote regions to chase their dreams. 2．(2016·天津高考)We will put off the picnic in the park until next week，________ the weather may be better. 3．(2016·天津高考)One day，mentally exhausted，I wrote down all the reasons ________ this problem could not be solved. 4．(2016·浙江高考)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears，none of ________ has been proved. 5．(2016·浙江高考)I made friends with the natives，and their reaction amazed me.They gave me presents of their favorite artworks ________ they had refused to sell to tourists. 6．(2016·四川高考)One important biological factor________helps women live longer is the difference in hormones between men and women. 7．(2016·北京高考)I live next door to a couple ________ children often make a lot of noise. 8．(2016·北京高考)So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo，________ they are treated with calcium EDTA，a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days. 9．(2016·全国Ⅰ)A nurse ________ understands the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures. 10．(2016·全国Ⅰ)I had one trip last year________I was caught by a hurricane in America. 2015年高考英语定语从句汇编 1．(2015·江苏高考)The number of smokers, ________ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
现代汉语语法基础知识 Company number：【WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998】
现代汉语语法基础知识 实词：意义较实在，能独立充当句子成分；加上一定的语气语调，一般可独立成句。 名词、动词、形容词、数词、量词、代词 虚词：不能独立充当句子成分；除了个别副词，一般不能独立成句。 副词、介词、连词、助词、语气词 一、实词 1.名词：表示人或事物名称的词。 有人物名词： 如学生、群众、老头、妇女、同志、叔叔、维吾尔族、酒鬼等； 有事物名词： 如笔、杉木、蜗牛、猎豹、奥托、棒球、战斗机、冥王星、思想、中学、物理、过程等； 有时间名词： 如上午、过去、将来、午夜、三更、甲戊、世纪等； 有方位名词： 如东南、上面、前方、内部、中间等。 2.动词：表示动作行为及发展变化的词。 有行为动词：如跑、唱、喝、敲、吆喝、盯、踢、闻、听、摸； 有发展动词：如生长、枯萎、发芽、结果、产卵； 有心理动词：如喜欢、恨、气愤、觉得、思考、厌恶； 有存现动词：如消失、显现、有、丢失、幻灭；
有使令动词：如使、让、令、禁止、勒令； 有能愿动词：如会、愿意、可以、能够、宁可； 有趋向动词：如来、去、上、下； 有判断动词：如是、为、乃。 3.形容词，表示事物性质、状貌特征的词。 有表形状的：如大、高、胖、瘪、细、壮； 有表性质的：如甜、好、香、漂亮、圆滑、机智、单调； 有表示状态的：如快、浓、满、多、迅速、静悄悄。 4.数词，表示事物数目的词。 有确数：如1、2、3、一、二、三、壹、贰、叁、二分之一、； 有概数：如几、一些、左右、以下、余； 有序数：如第一、第二、老大、老三、初九、初十。 5.量词，表示事物或动作的单位。 有名量词：如尺、寸、里、公里、斤、两、辆、角、元； 有动量词：如把、次、趟、下、回、声、脚、座。 6.代词，能代替事物名称的词。 有人称代词：如我、你、它、她们、大家、咱们； 有疑问代词：如谁、什么、怎么、哪里、为什么、何以； 有指示代词：这、那、那里、那边。 二、虚词 1.副词，经常用在动词、形容词前面，表示程度、范围、时间、否定、语气、频率等。
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。 Yangshuo，China It was raining lightly when I __1__ (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn.But I didn't care.A few hours __2__，I'd been at home in Hong Kong，with __3__ (it) choking smog.Here，the air was clean and fresh，even with the rain. I'd skipped nearby Guilin，a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River __4__ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese __5__ (painting).Instead，I'd headed straight for Yangshuo.For those who fly to Guilin，it's only an hour away __6__ car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city. Yangshuo __7__ (be) really beautiful.A study of travelers __8__ (conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.And the town is fast becoming a popular weekend destination for people in Asia.Abercrombie & Kent，a travel company in Hong Kong，says it __9__ (regular) arranges quick getaways here for people __10__ (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong. 【语篇导读】 桂林山水甲天下，阳朔风光甲桂林。作者讲述了从香港去阳朔旅游时的所见。
2017 新课标全国I 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt. This trend, which was started by the medical community（医学界） 61 a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side 62 (effect) such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight. Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required 63 (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. When fat and salt 64 (remove) from food, the food tastes as if is missing something. As 65 result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing. Even 66 (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up. Fast food 67 (be) full of fat and salt; by 68 (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet. Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃点心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food. However, be 69 (care) not to go to extremes. Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health. 答案 61. as 62. effects 63. to process 64. are removed 65. a 66. worse 67. is 68. eating 69. careful 70. which 2017 新课标全国II 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible __61__ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and __62__ word. It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method. This included digging up the
现代汉语语法知识 一、语法知识概述 （一）词类 汉语的词可以分为12类。名词、动词、形容词、数词、量词和代词是实词，副词、介词、连词、助词、拟声词和叹词是虚词。 名词：表示人和事物的名称的实词。如："黄瓜、白菜、拖拉机、计算机"。 表示专用名称的叫做"专用名词"，如"云南、上海、李白、白居易"。 表示抽象事物的名称的叫做"抽象名词"，如"范畴、思想、质量、品德、友谊、方法"。表示方位的叫做"方位名词"，如"上""下""左""右""前""后""中""东""西""南""北""前面""后边""东边""南面""中间"等。 动词：动词表示人或事物的动作、行为、发展、变化。 有的动词表示一般的动作，如：来、去、说、走、跑、学习、起飞、审查、认识"等。 有的动词表示心理活动，如"想、重视、注重、尊敬、了解、相信、佩服、惦念"等，这样的动词前面往往可以加上"很、十分"。 有的动词表示能够、愿意这些意思，叫做"能愿动词"，它们是"能、要、应、肯、敢、得（dei）、能够、应该、应当、愿意、可以、可能、必须"，这些能愿动词常常用在一般的动词前面，如"得去、能够做、可以考虑、愿意学习、应该说明、可能发展"。 还有一些动词表示趋向，叫做"趋向动词"，如"来、去、上、下、进、出、上来、上去、下来、下去、过来、过去、起，它们往往用在一般动词后面表示趋向，如"跳起来、走下去、抬上来、跑过去"。 "是""有"也是动词，跟动词的用法一样。 形容词：形容词表示事物的形状、样式、性质等，如"多、少、高、胖、死板、奢侈、胆小、丑恶"。 数词：数词是表示事物数目的词。如"一、二、两、三、七、十、百、千、万、亿、半"。 量词：量词是表示事物或动作单位的词。汉语的量词分为名量词和动量词。 名量词表示事物的数量，又可以分为单位量词和度量量词。 单位量词表示事物的单位，如"个、张、只、支、本、台、架、辆、颗、株、头、间、把、扇、等； 度量量词表示事物的度量，如"寸、尺、丈、斤、两、吨、升、斗、加仑、伏特、欧姆、立方米"。 动量词表示动作的数量，用在动词前后表示动作的单位，如"次、下、回、趟、场"。
新课标卷1 语法填空 阅读下面材料，用不多于 1 个单词的正确形式填空。 Yangshuo, China It was raining lightly when I__61__(arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn. But I didn’t care. A few hours__62__, I’d been at home in Hong Kong, with __63_(it) choking smog. Here, the air was clean and fresh, even with the rain. I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River_64__are pictured by artists in so many Chinese _65__(painting). Instead, I’d head straight for Yangshuo. For those who fly to Guilin, it’s only an hour away __66_ car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city. Yangshuo__67__(be) really beautiful. A study of travelers_68__(conduct) by the website Trip Advisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world. And the town is fast becoming a popular weekend destination for people in Asia. Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it ___ (regular) arranges quick getaways here for people _70__ (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong. 答案 61.arrived 62.before/earlier 63.its 64.that/which 65.paintings 66.by 67.is 68.conducted 69.regularly 70.living 陕西卷 单词拼写（共10题；每题1分，满分10分）根据下列各句句意和空白之后的汉语提示词，在答题卡指定区域的横线上写出对应单词的正确、完整形式，每空只写一词。 66. Cecily, I shall （）（想念) our pleasant talks when you leave. 67. Hans Zhang was （） (自豪的) of himself for not giving up. 68. The teacher asked one student to ( ) (重复) what he had heard from the tape recorder.
学习-----好资料 2014--2017高考全国卷语法填空真题 1. (2017全国I)阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的 正确形式。 There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt. This trend, which was started by the medical commun(医学界) __________ 61 a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side 62 (effect) such as overweight and heart diseas—the very thi ng the medical com mun ity was tryi ng to fight. Fat and salt are very importa nt parts of a diet. They are required 63 (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. When fat and salt 64 ______________ (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something. As 65 result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that someth ing miss ing. Eve n 66 (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up. Fast food 67 (be) full of fat and salt; by 68 (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat tha n they n eed in their diet. Havi ng eno ugh fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to sn ack(吃点心) betwee n meals and will improve the taste of your food. However, be 69 (care) not to go to extremes. Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, ______ 70 is not good for the health. 2. (2017全国U)阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的 正确形式。 In 1863 the first un dergro und passe nger railway in the world ope ned in London .It ran for just un der seve n kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible 61_(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and _________________ 2__ work. It took three years to complete and was built using an in terest ing method. This in cluded digg ing up the road, 63_ (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over 64 top. When all those had bee n done, the road surface was replaced. Steam engines ____ 65__(use) to pull the carriages and it must have been _ 66__(fair) un pleasa nt for the passe ngers, with all the smoke and no ise. However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and withi n six mon ths, more tha n 25,000 people were using __ 67__ every day. Later, engin eers ___ 68 (man age) to con struct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道)，which became known to the tube. This development was only possible 更多精品文档 学习-----好资料
高考真题-语法填空10练 一、补全短文（共100小题；共100分） A Yangshuo, China It was raining lightly when I 1. (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn. But I didn't care. A few hours 2. , I'd been at home in Hong Kong, with 3. (it) choking smog. Here, the air was clean and fresh, even with the rain. I'd skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River 4. are pictured by artists in so many Chinese 5. (painting). Instead, I'd head straight for Yangshuo. For those who fly to Guilin, it's only an hour away 6. car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city. Yangshuo 7. (be) really beautiful. A study of travelers 8. (conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world. And the town is fast becoming a popular weekend destination for people in Asia. Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it 9. (regular) arranges quick getaways here for people 10. (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong. B Mary will never forget the first time she saw him. He suddenly appeared in class one day, 11. (wear) sun glasses. He walked in as if he 12. (buy) the school. And the word quickly got around that he was from New York City. For some reason he sat beside Mary. Mary felt 13. (please), because there were many empty seats in the room. But she quickly realized that it wasn't her, it was probably the fact that she sat in 14. last row. 15. he thought he could escape attention by sitting at the back, he was wrong. It might have made it a little 16. (hard) for everybody because it meant they had to turn around, but that didn't stop the kids in the class. Of course whenever they turned to look at him, they had to look at Mary, 17. made her feel like a star. “Do you need those glasses for medical reasons?” the teacher asked. The new boy shook his head. “Then I'd appreciate it if you didn't wear them in the class. I like to look at your eyes when I'm speaking to you.” The new boy looked at the teacher 18. a few seconds and all the other students wondered 19. the boy would do. Then he took 20. off, gave a big smile and said, “That's cool.” C Mr. Johnson lived in the woods with his wife and children. He owned 21. farm, which looked almost abandoned. 22. (lucky), he also had a cow which produced milk every day. He
历年高考语法填空真题 1. （2017全国Ⅰ）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt. This trend, which was started by the medical community（医学界）61 a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side 62 (effect) such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight. Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required 63 (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. When fat and salt 64 (remove) from food, the food tastes as if is missing something. As 65 result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing. Even 66 (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up. Fast food 67 (be) full of fat and salt; by 68 (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet. Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃点心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food. However, be 69 (care) not to go to extremes. Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health. 2. （2017全国Ⅱ）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible __61__(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and __________62__ work. It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method. This included digging up the road, ____63___(lay) the track and then building a strong roof over___64___ top. When all those had been done, the road surface was replaced. Steam engines ___65__(use) to pull the carriages and it must have been___66__(fair)unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise. However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using___67__ every day. Later, engineers ____68___(manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道）, which became known to the tube. This development was only possible with the ___69___ (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts. The central London Railway was one of the most ___70___(success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900. It had white-painted tunnels and bright red carriages, and proved extremely popular with the public. 3. （2017全国Ⅲ）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 She looks like any other schoolgirl, fresh-faced and full of life. Sarah Thomas is looking forward to challenge of her new A-level course .But unlike school friends ,16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term 61 ________ (rest). Instead, she is earning $6500 a day as 62 __________ model in New Y ork. Sarah 63 __________ (tell) that she could be Britain?s new supermodel earning a million dollars in the new year. Her father Peter 44,wants her to give up school to model fulltime But Sarah, 64 _______ has taken part in shows along with top models wants 65_________ (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty. She is determined to carry on with her 66_________ (educate). She has turned down several 67_______ (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies After school she plans to take a year off to model full time before going to university to get a
第一课时短语 短语，也称词组，是词和词组合成的语言单位。根据其构成方式可以分成： ①并列短语，由两个或两个以上的名词、动词、形容词并列组成的短语。如老师和同学、调查研究、培养和提高、万紫千红、理直气壮、丰功伟绩、是非黑白等。 ②偏正短语，词和词按修饰关系构成的短语，由定语或状语加中心词组成。如我的老师、一个顾客、伟大的人民、世外桃源；小心观察、更加坚决、突然发现、非常壮观、相当迅速。 ③动宾短语，词和词按照支配关系构成的短语，由动词和宾语组成。如吃晚饭、盖房子、歌唱祖国、顾全大局、关心集体、饱经风霜、理清思路等。 ④后补短语，词和词按照补充关系构成的短语，由动词或形容词加上补语组成。如看明白、想得太多、送出去、住一宿、说两句、红得发紫、害怕得要命、好得很、傻呆了、漂亮极了。 ⑤主谓短语，词和词按照陈述关系构成的短语，由主语和谓语组成。如心情舒畅、人声鼎沸、春光明媚、好人一生平安、月儿弯弯照九州等。 附：课堂检测 1.选出下列说法错误的一项() A保卫祖国保持安静歌唱英雄整顿作风(动宾短语) B风俗习惯正大光明缤纷络绎天高地厚(并列短语) C精神文明宝贵意见多么活泼伟大成就(偏正短语) D人民伟大成果辉煌黑了一阵宿舍旁边(主谓短语) 2.选出下列说法正确的一项( ) A清醒过来推辞一番卧倒在地工作数月(动补短语) B边走边谈穷凶极恶居安思危朝夕相处(并列短语) C内心激动增长很快态度诚恳精力充沛(主谓短语) D久经风霜进驻营地深入研究学习技术(动宾短语) ３.选出短语结构相同的一项() A欣喜万分参天耸立B历史悠久精神抖擞 C绞尽脑汁不折不挠D风卷残云百年大计 ４.下面的课文题目都是短语，从结构上看完全相同的一项是() A出师表木兰诗忆江南 B愚公移山曹刿论战望天门山 C七根火柴苏州园林驿路梨花 D从三到万想和做纪念白求恩 5.选出对短语分类有错误的一组：( ) ①天气睛朗②发挥作用③仔细翻阅④丰功伟绩⑤认真讲解⑥美好回忆⑦甜言蜜语⑧打击敌人A主谓短语有①B并列短语有④⑥⑦C偏正短语有③⑤D动宾短语有②⑧ 6.阅读下面一段文字，调整画线部分的语序，并做到各短语格式协调一致、匀整对称。（字数不得增减）（2002C） 成年累月的战事，每况愈下的社会治安，经济的衰退，动荡不安的政局，生存环境的日益恶化，使世界上越来越多的正常生活受到威协，甚至连生命财产都没有保障。 第二课时划分句子成分 一、句子成分口诀：主谓宾、定状补，骨干枝叶记清楚，定语必居主宾前，谓前为状谓后补。【练一练】
'. 2011年各省市高考题2015～)Ⅰ(2015·新课标全国Passage 1或括号内单词的正确形)阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词 式。ChinaYangshuo，(arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn.But I 1 It was raining lightly when I (it) 3 Kong，with 2 ，I'd been at home in Hong didn't care.A few hours even with the rain. ，，the air was clean and freshchoking smog.Herelimestone seeking the for a dream place tourists I'd skipped nearby Guilin，so artists in are pictured by 4 the Li River dark mountain tops and waters of I'd headed straight for Yangshuo.For those ，5 (painting).Insteadmany Chinese car and offers all the scenery of the 6 who fly to Guilin，it's only an hour away known city. －better(conduct) by 8 (be) really beautiful.A study of travelers Yangshuo 7 the destinations in the top 10 of the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one in people weekend destination for town is fast becoming a popular the world.And (regular) says it ，9 Asia.Abercrombie & Kent，a travel company in Hong Kong (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong. 10 arranges quick getaways here for people 桂林山水甲天下，阳朔风光甲桂林。作者讲述了从香港去阳【语篇导读】 朔旅游时的所见。考查动词的时态。主句谓语动词使用了过去进行时，根据语境此处要用1.解析一般过去时态。arrived 答案 ;. '.
历年高考语法填空真题 1.(2017 全国Ⅰ)阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt. This trend, which was started by the medical community(医学界) 61 a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side 62 (effect) such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight. Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required 63 (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. When fat and salt 64 (remove) from food, the food tastes as if is missing something. As 65 result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing. Even 66 (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up. Fast food 67 (be) full of fat and salt; by 68 (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet. Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack( 吃点心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food. However, be 69 (care) not to go to extremes. Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 i s not good for the health. 2.(2017全国Ⅱ)阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible __61__(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and 62__ work. It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method. This included digging up the road, 63___(lay) the track and then building a strong roof over___64___ top. When all those had been done, the road surface was replaced. Steam engines ___65__(use) to pull the carriages and it must have been___66__(fair)unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise. However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using___67__ every day. Later, engineers 68___(manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnel隧s (道) , which became known to the tube. This development was only possible with the ___69___ (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts. The central London Railway was one of