Gravitational Phenomena from Superstrings in Curved Spacetime

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CERN-TH.7332/94LPTENS-94/19hep-th/9407004Gravitational Phenomena From Superstrings in Curved Spacetime ?Elias Kiritsis and Costas Kounnas ?Theory Division,CERN,CH-1211Geneva 23,SWITZERLAND ?ABSTRACT The four-dimensional superstring solutions de?ne at low energy e?ective su-pergravity theories.A class of them extends successfully the validity of the standard model up to the string scale (O (1017)T eV ).We stress the im-portance of string corrections which are relevant for low energy (O (1)T eV )predictions of gauge and Yukawa couplings as well as the spectrum of the supersymmetric particles.A class of exact string solutions are also presented,providing non trivial space-time backgrounds,from which we can draw some lessons concerning the regions of space-time where the notion of the e?ective ?eld theory prescription make sense.We show that the string gravitational

phenomena may induce during the cosmological evolution,transitions from one e?ective ?eld theory prescription to a di?erent one where the geometrical and topological data,as well as the relevant observable states are drastically di?erent.

CERN-TH.7332/94

April 1994

1Introduction

String theory extents the validity of quantum?eld theory to very short distances and

de?nes consistently quantum gravity.It is thus appropriate to try to investigate the

behavior of string dynamics at high energies and in regions of spacetime where the grav-

itational?eld is strong.There are several problems in gravity where the classical,and

even worse the semiclassical treatment have perplexed physicists for decades.We are

referring here to questions concerning the behavior in regions of strong(or in?nite)

curvature with both astrophysical(black holes)and cosmological(big-bang,wormholes)

interest.It is only appropriate to try to elucidate such questions in the context of stringy

gravity.There has been progress towards this direction,and by now we have at least

some ideas on how di?erent string gravity can be from general relativity in regions of

space-time with strong curvatures.We need however exact classical solutions of string

theory in order to have more quantitative control on phenomena that are characteristic

of stringy gravity.

On the other hand the special characteristics of superstrings do not only re?ect in

the gravitational sector of the theory.There are also important implications for particle

physics,namely,concerning the string low energy predictions at M Z and at the accessible

by the future,energy scale of O(1)T eV.

The?rst main property of superstings is that they are ultraviolet?nite theories(at

least perturbatively).The second important property is that they unify gravity with

all other interactions.This uni?cation does not include only the gauge interactions but

also the Yukawa ones as well as the interactions among the scalars.This String Hyper-

Uni?cation(SHU)happens at large energy scales E t=O(M string)=1017GeV.At this

energy scale however,the?rst exited string states become important and thus,the whole

e?ective low energy?eld theory picture breaks down.Indeed,the e?ective?eld theory of

strings is valid only for E t?M string by means of O(E t/M string)2expansion.It is then necessary to evolve the SHU predictions to a lower scale M U

?eld theory picture makes sense.Then,at M U any string solution,provides non-trivial

relations among the gauge and Yukawa couplings which can be written as,

k i

+?ij(M U).(1.1)

αj(M U)

The above relation looks very similar to the well known uni?cation condition in su-

persymmetric Grand Uni?ed Theories(SuSy-GUT)where the uni?cation scale is about

M U=1016GeV and?ij(M U)=0in theˉDR renormalization scheme;in SuSy-GUTs

the normalization constants k i are?xed only for the gauge couplings(k1=k2=k3=1,

k em=3

are determined.

This determination however,requests string computations which at present are not completely known.It turns out that?ij(M U)are non trivial functions of the vacuum expectation values of some gauge singlet?elds[1],=t A,the so called moduli (the moduli?elds are?at directions at the string classical level and they remain?at in string perturbation theory,in the exact supersymmetric limit):

?ij(M U)=δij+F ij(t A).(1.2) F ij(t A)are modular forms which depend on the particular string solution and are normal-ized here such that:F ij(t A)=0when t A=1/M2string.Partial results for F ij exist in the exact supersymmetric limit in many string solutions based on orbifold[2]and fermionic constructions[3].The?nite partδij is a function of M U/M string and at the present time it is only approximately estimated;in principle it is a well de?ned calculable quantity once we perform our calculations at the string level where all interactions including gravity are consistently de?ned.The full string corrections to the coupling constant uni?cation,?ij(M U),as well as the string corrections associated to the soft supersymmetry breaking parameters

m0,m1/2,A,B andμ,at M U,(1.3) are of main importance,since they?x the strength of the gauge and Yukawa interactions [4,5],the full spectrum of the supersymmetric particles as well as the Higgs and the top-quark masses at the low energy range E t～M Z-O(1)T eV.

There has been a lot of progress in this direction and some semi-quantitative results are already obtained.A much more detailed study is necessary in order to understand better the SHU-predictions when supersymmetry is spontaneously broken.

In the rest of this talk,however,we will focus mostly on some of the implications of superstring theory for gravitational type phenomena.In particular we will analyze some exact four dimensional string solutions which have been constructed recently and they posses interesting cosmological and astrophysical properties.

Studies on string theory have so far given hints for the presence of several interesting stringy phenomena,like the existence of a minimal distance[6],?niteness at short dis-tances[7],smooth topology change[8,9],spacetime duality symmetries[11,12,13,14, 15,16,9,10],variable dimensionality of spacetime[17],existence of maximal(Hagedorn) temperature and subsequent phase transitions[18]etc.The lessons we learn from the exact solutions we are going to describe essentially corroborate some items on the list above and we would like to present them in a somewhat general context.Ideas of a similar form have already been presented in[19].

In particular,we will present exact string solutions,in3+1dimensions,where one can study a topology and/or geometry changing phenomena which can happen in some regions of the space time where the curvature is strong(of the order of the Planck scale);namely in the regions where the1/M2string expansion(orα′expansion)breaks down and the notion of the e?ective?eld theory is ill de?ned.In the framework of

exact string solutions however,this expansion is not necessary and thus,we can extend our description at the string level using the powerful techniques of the underlying two dimensional(super-)conformal theory.It is then possible(at least in certain cases)to go through the strong curvature region(where the topology and/or the geometry change occurs)towards another asymptotic region where we have a di?erent low energy?eld theory.In the exact string solution we have studied,this change is described in terms of a modulus?eld that varies with time[10,20]and thus the e?ective?eld theory transitions occur dynamically during the cosmological evolution.

Here,we have for the?rst time the possibility to address an interesting phenomenon such as dynamical topology change in the context of an exact solution to classical string theory.

2String states and their corresponding e?ective?eld theories

We will start from the simple case of a compacti?cation on a?at torus to illustrate some typical stringy phenomena and we will eventually move to discuss non-?at backgrounds. The spectrum of string physical states in a given compacti?cation can be generically separated in three kinds of sub-spectra.

i)The?rst one consists of Kaluza-Klein-like e?ective?eld theory modes(or momentum modes).The masses of such modes are always proportional to the typical compacti?ca-tion scale M c=M string/R where R is a typical radius in M string units(in more general cases,when there are more than one compact dimensions,one can still de?ne the concept of a scale[21]).

ii)The second set of states are the winding modes which exist here because of two reasons.The?rst is that the string is an extended object.The second is that the target space has a non-trivialπ1so the string can wind around in a topologically non-contractible way.In a large volume compact space,these modes are always super-heavy, since their mass is proportional to the compacti?cation volume1/M c,(more precisely,it is proportional to M2string/M c).

iii)The third class of states are purely stringy states constructed from the string oscillator operators.Their masses are always proportional to the string scale M string=√

1/

in a(usually)contractible circle associated with a Killing coordinate[15].

Once we have the picture above concerning di?erent types of string excitations we can

state that the notion of a string e?ective?eld theory makes sense when the“winding”

states as well as the oscillator states are much heavier than the?eld theory-like KK

states.Here,we will assume the presence of a single scale(except M string).If there are

more such scales then one has to investigate the di?erent regimes.In any such regime,

our discussion below is applicable.

Using the1/M2string-expansion one?nds the e?ective theory which is relevant for the

low energy processes(E t

KK states,provided,that the typical mass scale M c,(which could be a compacti?cation

scale,gravitational curvature scale etc)is much below the string scale M string.Otherwise

the notion of the e?ective theory is not applicable.

In the last few years,a lot of activity was devoted in understanding the e?ective

theories of strings at genus zero,[22]and in some cases the genus one corrections were

included[1].The output of this study con?rms that the winding and the O(M string)

string superheavy modes can be integrated out and one can de?ne consistently the string

low energy theory in terms of the massless and lowest massive KK states.Thus,the

perturbative string solutions are well described by classical gravity coupled to some gauge

and matter?elds with uni?ed gauge,Yukawa and self interactions.As long as we stay

in the regime where E t,M c

our description of the physics in terms the the e?ective theory is good with well de?ned

and calculable O(E t/M string),O(M c/M string)corrections.

The situation above changes drastically once the mass of“winding”type states be-

comes smaller than the string scale and when(usually at the same time)the KK modes

have masses above the string scale.This is the case when the typical M c scale is larger

than M string.When this occurs,the relevant modes are not any more the KK ones but

rather the winding ones.Thanks to the well known by now generalized string duality

[12,13,14,15,16,9](e.g.the generalization of the well known R to1/R torroidal du-

ality)it is possible to?nd an alternative e?ective?eld theory description by means of

O((E t,?M c)/M string)dual expansion,where one uses the dual background which is charac-terized by?M c instead of the initial one characterized by a high mass scale.The dual mass

scale?M c=M2string/M c is small when the M c becomes big and vice-versa.We observe that

in both extreme cases,either(i)M cM string>?M c,a?eld

theory description exists in terms of the original curved background metric in the?rst

case or in terms of its dual in the second case.This observation is of main importance

since it extends the notion of the e?ective?eld theories in backgrounds with associated

high mass scales(due to size or curvature).

Strictly speaking,there can be many dual backgrounds which correspond to the same

string solution and it is an open problem if it is always possible to map all regions of

spacetime with high associated scales to ones with small such scales.In fact,this is

not always necessary,since,even for regions which are strongly curved or have small

volume,we can have a well de?ned e?ective description.Examples could be the region

close to special symmetry points in torroidal compacti?cations,where although the torus

has volume of order one,we can easily handle the low energy spontaneously broken

gauge theory.Then,a general string solution would give rise to a set of effective field

theories de?ned in restricted regions of space-time(xμ)I,I=1,2,3...with M I smaller or of

the same order as M string;If T I,J is the boundary region among(xμ)I and(xμ)J,then on

T I,J we have almost degenerate e?ective characteristic scales M I～M string～M J.In such regions,the e?ective?eld theory description of regions I,J break down(individually),

and the full string theory is needed in order to have a smooth transition between the

two.

A goal in that direction would be to establish some simple rules that would provide

the extra stringy information that would glue the?eld theoretic regions together.This

e?ectively amounts to a reorganization of theα′expansion.In simple backgrounds,like

torroidal ones this gluing can be e?ectively done[23]by constructing an e?ective action,

containing an in?nite number of?elds.

The models we have studied[10]could very well serve as a laboratory towards an-

swering this question.This is certainly important,since many interesting phenomena

happen precisely at such regions in string theory.We can mention,the gluing of dual

solutions in cosmological contexts,[24]and global e?ective theories for large regions of

internal moduli spaces.A related issue here is,that with each region,one has an associ-

ated geometry and spatial topology,as dictated by the e?ective?eld theory.It turns out

that moving from one region to another not only the geometry can change but also the

topology.Examples in the context of Calabi-Yau compacti?cations[8]and more simple

models,[9]have been given.

There is another important point about topology change that we would like to stress

here.Where topology change happens,depends crucially on the values of some of the

parameters in the background.One such parameter is always M c/M string,but usually,

in string backgrounds,there are others,like various di?erent levels for non-simple WZW

and their descendant conformal?eld theories,various radii or related moduli etc.The

absolute judge concerning topology change is the e?ective?eld theory.

Another application of such solutions could be in considering strings at?nite tempera-

ture.They would describe a string ensemble with temperature that varies(adiabatically)

in space.It might be interesting to entertain such an idea in more detail,in order to

investigate temperature gradients in string theory.

3Stringy dynamical transitions among e?ective?eld theories

We will present now a class of exact string cosmological models[10]where the geometry

and/or topology of their e?ective?eld theories changes dynamically with the time.As a

starting point we will consider?rst a static four dimensional model based on the following space-time metric:

ds2=?dt2+k[dx2+sin2x

cos2x+R2sin2x

dθ22](3.1)

The above metric corresponds to an exact string solution for any value of the pa-rameter R.For the special value R=1the space is a three dimensional sphere(S3)with constant scalar curvature?R=6/k.For arbitrary R?(0,∞)the above metric,from the conformal theory point of view,corresponds to an exact deformation(by J3ˉJ3)of the SU(2)k WZW-model with a scalar curvature?R given by,

?R=?2

(1+(R2?1)sin2x)2.(3.2) The manifold is regular except at the end-points where

?R(R=0)=?4

k sin2x

.(3.3) We have to stress here,that even at the end points the string theory is well de?ned and thus the curvature singularity of the e?ective?eld theory is an artifact.Indeed,at these points the SU(2)k deformed theory factorizes to the(SU(2)/U(1))k parafermionic theory and to a U(1)non-compact dimension.Both conformal sub-systems(SU(2)k and U(1)), have well de?ned and non-singular correlations functions although their e?ective?eld theory metric has curvature singularities.It should be noted also that,the geometric data(metric,curvature,etc.)are invariant under the duality transformation R→1/R and x→π/2?x.

In order to give a more complete description of the above model we must specify the other two non-trivial background?elds;The dilatonφ(x)and the antisymmetric tensor ?eld Bμ,ν(x):

φ(x,R)=log[

cos2x+R2sin2x

(cos2x+R2sin2x)

(3.5)

The string energy spectrum(in M string units)of the model is given in terms of the deformed SU(2)k theory quantum numbers;the SU(2)spin j and the left and right j3,ˉj3 charges m andˉm

E2(R)=2j(j+1)

k

+

1

R2 +N′+ˉN′(3.6)

where N′,ˉN′denote the string oscillator contributions.

For k relatively large(semi-classical limit)the would be excited states below the string scale(states with E2(R)?M2string)are those which correspond to N′=ˉN′=0and:

i)m?ˉm=M=0and(kN)2>k,

ii)N=M=0and m,ˉm<

iii)m+ˉm=N=0and(kM)2>k,

In these three R intervals the lower lying states are organized in a di?erent manner;i) O(1/k)and O(k/R)expansion when R is large,ii)O(1/k)when R～1and iii)O(1/k) and O(kR))when R is small:

E2(R>>k)=2

2

)2

1

k

[2j(j+1)?m2?ˉm2+(m?ˉm)2R2+(m+ˉm)21

k [j(j+1)?m2+(m+

kN

k [2j(j+1)?m2])and by a large radius,almost decompacti?ed,

U(1)spectrum(l2/R2);The e?ective?eld theory metric in this regime is de?ned by(with ?θ

1=θ1/R):

ds2(R>>1)～?dt2+k[dx2+d?θ21+

cos2x

k [2j(j+1)?m2])and by a dual U(1)spectrum(l2R2).The e?ective

theory metric becomes now:(with?θ2=θ2R)

ds2(R<<1)～?dt2+k[dx2+

sin2x

region.All geometrical data on H+3can be obtain formally from those of SU(2)k by

means of the following analytic continuation:

t→t,x→ix,θ1→θ1,θ2→iθ2;k→?k,sinx→isinhx,cosx→coshx.(3.13) The e?ective theory metric of the deformed H+3model is regular for R<<1and

is factorized in a two sub-spaces.The one sub-space is that which is described by the

semi-classical metric of the“axial”gauged WZW model[SU(2)/U(1)]k and has the shape

of a“two-dimensional cigar”(x,θ1),while the second sub-space is described by a non-

compact coordinate(?θ2).The e?ective theory metric around R～1is that of a static

pseudosphere(H+3hyperboloide)with constant negative curvature?R=?6/k.For R>1

the e?ective theory metric has singularities at sinh2x=1/(R2?1)and for very large R is factorized and is well described by the“vector”gauged WZW model[SU(2)/U(1)]k

together with an extra non-compact U(1)factor.The three dimensional space in this

limit is factorized to a two dimensional space with the shape of a“trumpet”(x,θ2)and

to the one which is de?ned by one non-compact coordinate?θ1.

We would like to make the static picture described above dynamical giving to the

parameter R an evolution in time.If that can be done in a stringy way then it will be

possible to pass through di?erent e?ective?eld theories during the cosmological evolution.

This dynamical changing phenomenon cannot be described in terms of a unique e?ective

?eld theory with?nite number of states.We have shown[10]that,in both SU(2)and H+3

case,there exists a stringy extension with R now a function of time,which is adiabatic at

least is some time intervals provided that R(t)satis?es the following non linear di?erential

equation.

R′′′

R′+ R′

R =C1R+C2

1

R(t)2

]?log[

R′(t)

(ib)C2=0:

R2(t)=

1

C2

C1C2t)(3.19) For t∈[0,π/2

√

?C2|C1C2|t)and R(t)=

C1 coth(

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(完整版)介词for用法归纳

介词for用法归纳 用法1：(表目的)为了。如： They went out for a walk. 他们出去散步了。 What did you do that for? 你干吗这样做？ That’s what we’re here for. 这正是我们来的目的。 What’s she gone for this time? 她这次去干什么去了？ He was waiting for the bus. 他在等公共汽车。 【用法说明】在通常情况下，英语不用for doing sth 来表示目的。如： 他去那儿看他叔叔。 误：He went there for seeing his uncle. 正：He went there to see his uncle. 但是，若一个动名词已名词化，则可与for 连用表目的。如： He went there for swimming. 他去那儿游泳。(swimming 已名词化) 注意：若不是表目的，而是表原因、用途等，则其后可接动名词。(见下面的有关用法) 用法2：(表利益)为，为了。如： What can I do for you? 你想要我什么？ We study hard for our motherland. 我们为祖国努力学习。 Would you please carry this for me? 请你替我提这个东西好吗？ Do more exercise for the good of your health. 为了健康你要多运动。 【用法说明】(1) 有些后接双宾语的动词(如buy, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, order, prepare, sing, spare 等)，当双宾语易位时，通常用for 来引出间接宾语，表示间接宾语为受益者。如： She made her daughter a dress. / She made a dress for her daughter. 她为她女儿做了件连衣裙。 He cooked us some potatoes. / He cooked some potatoes for us. 他为我们煮了些土豆。 注意，类似下面这样的句子必须用for： He bought a new chair for the office. 他为办公室买了张新办公椅。 (2) 注意不要按汉语字面意思，在一些及物动词后误加介词for： 他们决定在电视上为他们的新产品打广告。 误：They decided to advertise for their new product on TV. 正：They decided to advertise their new product on TV. 注：advertise 可用作及物或不及物动词，但含义不同：advertise sth＝为卖出某物而打广告；advertise for sth＝为寻找某物而打广告。如：advertise for a job=登广告求职。由于受汉语“为”的影响，而此处误加了介词for。类似地，汉语中的“为人民服务”，说成英语是serve the people，而不是serve for the people，“为某人的死报仇”，说成英语是avenge sb’s death，而不是avenge for sb’s death，等等。用法3：(表用途)用于，用来。如： Knives are used for cutting things. 小刀是用来切东西的。 This knife is for cutting bread. 这把小刀是用于切面包的。 It’s a machine for slicing bread. 这是切面包的机器。 The doctor gave her some medicine for her cold. 医生给了她一些感冒药。 用法4：为得到，为拿到，为取得。如： He went home for his book. 他回家拿书。 He went to his friend for advice. 他去向朋友请教。 She often asked her parents for money. 她经常向父母要钱。

中考英语现在进行时知识点总结

中考英语现在进行时知识点总结 一、初中英语现在进行时 1．—Did you hear someone knocking at the door just now, Tom? —No, I _______ TV with my friend in my bedroom. A. was watching B. watched C. am watching D. watch 【答案】 A 【解析】【分析】句意：——汤姆，你刚才听到有人敲门了吗？——没有，我和我的朋友正在卧室里看电视。A. was watching过去进行时；B. watched一般过去时；C. am watching 现在进行时；D. watch观看，动词原形。根据Did you hear someone knocking at the door just now, Tom?No,可推知刚才有人敲门时我和我的朋友正在卧室里看电视。所以该句强调的是过去某个时间正在进行和发生的动作，确定时态为过去进行时态，其构成为was/were＋现在分词，根据主语是I，故助动词用was，watch的现在分词为watching，故填was watching，故选A。 【点评】考查过去进行时。根据语境和上下文的联系确定句子的时态。 2．The sports meeting in our school now. A. being held B. is having C. is holding D. is being held 【答案】 D 【解析】【分析】句意：在我们学校运动会正在被举行。“be+being +动词的过去分词” 是现在进行时态的被动句的结构。所以选D。 【点评】考查现在进行时的被动语态。 3．A woman with two children ________ along the street at the moment. A. is walking B. are walking C. walk D. walks 【答案】 A 【解析】【分析】句意：一个带着两个孩子的女人此刻正走在大街上。with连接的两个名词作主语是，谓语与with前的名词保持一致。即句子的主语是 a woman，谓语动词用单数，结合at the moment （此刻）可知要用现在进行时，故选A。 【点评】考查主谓一致和现在进行时。 4．Lucy practices singing every evening. Listen, she so loudly. A. is singing B. sings C. sang D. singing 【答案】A 【解析】【分析】句意：露西每天练习唱歌。听，她唱得那么大声。根据动词listen，可知这里是此时正在进行的动作，用现在进行时：be+doing，结合句意，故答案为A。 【点评】考查现在进行时。掌握进行时的结构和用法。

用友T软件软件操作手册

用友T6管理软件操作手册总账日常业务处理 日常业务流程 1、进入用友企业应用平台。 T6 双击桌面上的 如设置有密码，输入密码。没有密码就直接确定。 2、填制凭证进入系统之后打开总账菜单下面的填制凭证。如下图 丄总账［演示版】国B设畫 -二疑证 i :卜0 直接双击填制凭证，然后在弹出凭证框里点增 制单日期可以根据业务情况直接修改，输入附单据数数（可以不输），凭证摘要（在后面的匝可以选择常用摘要），选择科目直接选择（不知道可以选按F2或点击后面的一）, 输入借贷方金额，凭证完后如需继续作按增加自动保存，按保存也可，再按增加 3．修改凭证 填制凭证 证 证 证 总 ￡ ■ 凭 汇 汇 流

没有审核的凭证直接在填制凭证上面直接修改，改完之后按保存。（审核、记帐了凭 证不可以修改，如需修改必须先取消记帐、取消审核）。 4．作废删除凭证只有没有审核、记帐的凭证才可以删除。在“填制凭证”第二个菜单“制单” 下面有 一个“作废恢复”，先作废，然后再到“制单”下面“整理凭证”，这样这张凭证才被彻底删除。 5．审核凭证 双击凭证里的审核凭证菜单，需用具有审核权限而且不是制单人进入审核凭证才能审核（制单单人不能审核自己做的凭证） 选择月份，确定。 再确定。 直接点击“审核”或在第二个“审核”菜单下的“成批审核” 6．取消审核 如上所述，在“成批审核”下面有一个“成批取消审核”，只有没有记帐的凭证才可 以取消审核

7．凭证记账 所有审核过的凭证才可以记帐，未审核的凭证不能记账，在“总帐——凭证——记账” 然后按照提示一步一步往下按，最后提示记帐完成。 8．取消记帐 在“总帐”—“期末”—“对帐”菜单按“ Ctrl+H ” 系统会提示“恢复记帐前状态已被激活”。然后按“总帐”——“凭证”——“恢复 记帐前状态”。最后选“月初状态”，按确定，有密码则输入密码，再确定。 10、月末结转收支 当本月所有的业务凭证全部做完，并且记账后，我们就要进行当月的期间损益结转。 点击：月末转账并选择期间损益结转。 选择要结转的月份，然后单击“全选”。点击确定后

介词for用法完全归纳

用法1：(表目的)为了。如： They went out for a walk. 他们出去散步了。 What did you do that for? 你干吗这样做? That’s what we’re here for. 这正是我们来的目的。 What’s she gone for this time? 她这次去干什么去了? He was waiting for the bus. 他在等公共汽车。 【用法说明】在通常情况下，英语不用for doing sth 来表示目的。如：他去那儿看他叔叔。 误：He went there for seeing his uncle. 正：He went there to see his uncle. 但是，若一个动名词已名词化，则可与for 连用表目的。如： He went there for swimming. 他去那儿游泳。(swimming 已名词化) 注意：若不是表目的，而是表原因、用途等，则其后可接动名词。(见下面的有关用法) 用法2：(表利益)为，为了。如： What can I do for you? 你想要我什么? We study hard for our motherland. 我们为祖国努力学习。 Would you please carry this for me? 请你替我提这个东西好吗? Do more exercise for the good of your health. 为了健康你要多运动。 【用法说明】(1) 有些后接双宾语的动词(如buy, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, order, prepare, sing, spare 等)，当双宾语易位时，通常用for 来引出间接宾语，表示间接宾语为受益者。如：

现在进行时用法

个性化教学辅导教案 姓名周咏杰年级七性别男总课时第6 次课 教学目标1·现在进行时的用法 2·现在进行时还可以表示将来时 难点重点教学重点：掌握现在进行时的基本用法 教学难点：将现在进行时的用法用于实际解题、和写句子当中 课堂教学过程课前 检查作业完成情况：优□良□中□差□建议 过 程 一·知识呈现 现在进行时用法 1、现在（说话的瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作，强调“此时此刻”。一般由look, listen, now, at this moment等时间状语做标志（也就是告诉你该句子要用进行时态）。 E.g. Look，He is reading.看！他在阅读 They are talking now.他们现在在谈话 2、当前一段时间内一直在进行的动作。 E.g. They are working these days. 这些天，他们一直在工作 3·现在进行时与always, often,等连用表示赞扬、厌烦等语气。如： Eg，My father is always losing his car keys. 我爸老丢车钥匙。(不满) 难点⊙4、某些动词的现在进行时，表预定的计划或即将发生的动作（常与一个表示将来的时间状语连用）。 E.g I am coming tomorrow.明天我要来、我将会来。 二·小试牛刀翻译下列句子 She is opening the window now. Who is cleaning the window? She is not closing the door now. I am doing your homework. They are singing under the tree now. They’re having a meeting. I’m studying at an evening school. ‘ They’re having a party next week

用友NC财务信息系统操作手册全

NC系统培训手册 编制单位：用友软件股份有限公司 中央大客户事业部 目录 一、NC系统登陆 .................................... 二、消息中心管理................................... 三、NC系统会计科目设置 ............................ 四、权限管理....................................... 五、打印模板设置................................... 六、打印模板分配................................... 七、财务制单....................................... 八、NC系统账簿查询 ................................ 九、辅助余额表查询................................. 十、辅助明细账查询................................. 十一、固定资产基础信息设置......................... 十二、卡片管理..................................... 十三、固定资产增加................................. 十四、固定资产变动................................. 十五、折旧计提..................................... 十六、折旧计算明细表...............................

for的用法完全归纳

for的用法完全归纳 用法1：(表目的)为了。如： They went out for a walk. 他们出去散步了。 What did you do that for? 你干吗这样做？ That’s what we’re here for. 这正是我们来的目的。 What’s she gone for this time? 她这次去干什么去了？ He was waiting for the bus. 他在等公共汽车。 在通常情况下，英语不用for doing sth 来表示目的。如：他去那儿看他叔叔。 误：He went there for seeing his uncle.正：He went there to see his uncle. 但是，若一个动名词已名词化，则可与for 连用表目的。如： He went there for swimming. 他去那儿游泳。(swimming 已名词化) 注意：若不是表目的，而是表原因、用途等，则其后可接动名词。 用法2：(表利益)为，为了。如： What can I do for you? 你想要我什么？ We study hard for our motherland. 我们为祖国努力学习。 Would you please carry this for me? 请你替我提这个东西好吗？ Do more exercise for the good of your health. 为了健康你要多运动。 (1)有些后接双宾语的动词(如buy, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, order, prepare, sing, spare 等)，当双宾语易位时，通 常用for 来引出间接宾语，表示间接宾语为受益者。如： She made her daughter a dress. / She made a dress for her daughter. 她为她女儿做了件连衣裙。 He cooked us some potatoes. / He cooked some potatoes for us. 他为我们煮了些土豆。 注意，类似下面这样的句子必须用for： He bought a new chair for the office. 他为办公室买了张新办公椅。 (2) 注意不要按汉语字面意思，在一些及物动词后误加介词for： 他们决定在电视上为他们的新产品打广告。 误：They decided to advertise for their new product on TV. 正：They decided to advertise their new product on TV. 注：advertise 可用作及物或不及物动词，但含义不同：advertise sth＝为卖出某物而打广告；advertise for sth＝为寻找某物而打广告。如：advertise for a job=登广告求职。由于受汉语“为”的影响，而此处误加了介词for。类似地，汉语中的“为人民服务”，说成英语是serve the people，而不是serve for the people，“为某人的死报仇”，说成英语是avenge sb’s death，而不是avenge for sb’s death，等等。 用法3：(表用途)用于，用来。如： Knives are used for cutting things. 小刀是用来切东西的。 This knife is for cutting bread. 这把小刀是用于切面包的。 It’s a machine for slicing bread. 这是切面包的机器。 The doctor gave her some medicine for her cold. 医生给了她一些感冒药。 用法4：为得到，为拿到，为取得。如： He went home for his book. 他回家拿书。 He went to his friend for advice. 他去向朋友请教。 She often asked her parents for money. 她经常向父母要钱。 We all hope for success. 我们都盼望成功。 Are you coming in for some tea? 你要不要进来喝点茶？ 用法5：给(某人)，供(某人)用。如： That’s for you. 这是给你的。 Here is a letter for you. 这是你的信。 Have you room for me there? 你那边能给我腾出点地方吗？ 用法6：(表原因、理由)因为，由于。如：

现在进行时用法归纳

现在进行时用法归纳 基本用法： 1. 表示说话时正在进行的动作，强调“此时此刻”，常和now, look, listen连用。 Look! A train is coming. 看，火车来了。 Listen! He is playing the piano. 听，他在弹琴。 2. 表示现阶段正在进行的事情，不一定说话时正在进行。常和at present ,this week ,these days…等时间状语连用。 What lesson are you studying this week? 你们本周学哪一课了？（说话时并不在学） 3. 现在进行时有时可用来表示一个最近按计划或安排要进行的动作，即用现在进行时代替一般将来时， 动词一般多为表示位置移动的动词。如：go, come, leave等。 Where are you going? 你去哪？ I am coming. 我来了。 Are you going to Tianjin tomorrow? 你明天去天津吗? How many of you are coming to the party next week? 你们有多少人下周要来参加晚会？ 4. wear用现在进行时表示一种状态。如： He is wearing a blue coat. 他穿着一件蓝外套。 5. 有些动词意思只是表示一种状态，不能用于现在进行时。如：have(有)，like等。 Now each of us has a dictionary. 现在我们每一个人都有一本词典。 6. 现在进行时与always, often, forever等连用表示赞扬、厌烦等语气。该知识点仅作了解之用， 不作为中考考查内容。如： You’re always interrupting me! 你老打断我的话!(抱怨) My father is always losing his car keys. 我爸老丢车钥匙。(不满) She’s always helping people. 她老是帮助别人。(赞扬)

介词for 的常见用法归纳

介词for 的常见用法归纳 贵州省黔东南州黎平县黎平一中英语组廖钟雁介词for 用法灵活并且搭配能力很强，是一个使用频率非常高的词，也是 高考必考的重要词汇，现将其常见用法归纳如下，供参考。 1.表时间、距离或数量等。 ①意为“在特定时间，定于，安排在约定时间”。如： The meeting is arranged for 9 o’clock. 会议安排在九点进行。 ②意为“持续达”，常于last、stay 、wait等持续性动词连用，表动作持续的时间，有时可以省略。如： He stayed for a long time. 他逗留了很久。 The meeting lasted （for）three hours. 会议持续了三小时。 ③意为“（距离或数量）计、达”。例如： He walked for two miles. 他走了两英里。 The shop sent me a bill for $100.商店给我送来了100美元的账单。 2. 表方向。意为“向、朝、开往、前往”。常与head、leave 、set off、start 等动词连用。如： Tomorrow Tom will leave for Beijing. 明天汤姆要去北京。 He put on his coat and headed for the door他穿上大衣向门口走去。 介词to也可表示方向，但往往与come、drive 、fly、get、go、lead、march、move、return、ride、travel、walk等动词连用。 3.表示理由或原因,意为“因为、由于”。常与thank、famous、reason 、sake 等词连用。如: Thank you for helping me with my English. 谢谢你帮我学习英语。 For several reasons, I’d rather not meet him. 由于种种原因，我宁可不见他。 The West Lake is famous for its beautiful scenery.西湖因美景而闻名。 4.表示目的,意为“为了、取、买”等。如: Let’s go for a walk. 我们出去散步吧。 I came here for my schoolbag.我来这儿取书包。 He plays the piano for pleasure. 他弹钢琴是为了消遣。 There is no need for anyone to know. 没必要让任何人知道。 5.表示动作的对象或接受者,意为“给、为、对于”。如: Let me pick it up for you. 让我为你捡起来。 Watching TV too much is bad for your health. 看电视太多有害于你的健康。 Here is a letter for you. 这儿有你的一封信。

用友T+软件系统操作手册范本

用 友 T+ 软 件 系 统 操 作 手 册版本号：v1.0

目录 一、系统登录 (3) 1.1、下载T+浏览器 (3) 1.2、软件登陆 (3) 二、基础档案设置 (5) 2.1、部门、人员档案设置 (5) 2.2、往来单位设置 (6) 2.3、会计科目及结算方式设置 (6) 三、软件操作 (9) 3.1、凭证处理 (9) 3.1.1、凭证填制 (9) 3.1.2、凭证修改 (10) 3.1.3、凭证审核 (11) 3.1.4、凭证记账 (12) 3.2、月末结转 (13) 四、日常帐表查询与统计 (14) 4.1、余额表 (14) 4.2、明细账 (15) 4.3、辅助账 (16) 五、月末结账、出报表处理 (17) 5.1、总账结账 (17) 5.2、财务报表 (20)

一、系统登录 1.1、下载T+浏览器 首次登陆需要用浏览器打开软件地址，即：127.0.0.1:8000(一般服务器默认设置，具体登陆地址请参考实际配置)，第一次登陆会提示下载T+浏览器，按照提示下载安装T+浏览器，然后打开T+浏览器，输入软件登陆地址。 ，T+浏览器， 1.2、软件登陆 按键盘上的“回车键（enter）”打开软件登陆页面，如下： 选择选择“普通用户”，输入软件工程师分配的用户名和密码，选择对应的账套，以下以demo 为例，如下图：

点击登陆，进入软件，

二、基础档案设置 2.1、部门、人员档案设置 新增的部门或者人员在系统中可按照如下方法进行维护，

2.2、往来单位设置 供应商客户档案的添加方法如下： 添加往来单位分类： 2.3、会计科目及结算方式设置会计科目：

for循环的使用和用法

简单的来说，++i 和i++,在单独使用时，就是i=i+1。 而a = ++i，相当于i=i+1; a = i; 而a = i++，相当于 a = i; i=i+1; 如果实在搞不明白++ --怎么回事，那也不是什么天塌下来的事。 因为a=++i完全可以写成i++; a=i。 a=i++完全可以写成a=i; i++。 而且，这也是一种好的程序风格：++ -- 语句如非特殊需要，请单独一行使用。假设i=1 如果执行a=i++ 完之后, a=1, i=2 如果执行a=++i 结果是, a=2, i=2 要分清楚++i,和i++的区别. i++是先执行当前命令,再执行递增. ++i是先递增,再执行命令 缺点： 对于数组，不能方便的访问下标值； 对于集合，与使用Interator相比，不能方便的删除集合中的内容（在内部也是调用Interator）. 除了简单遍历并读取其中的内容外，不建议使用增强的for循环。 一、遍历数组 语法为: for (Type value : array) { expression value; } //以前我们这样写： void someFunction () {

int[] array = {1,2,5,8,9}; int total = 0; for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) { total += array[i]; } System.out.println(total); } //现在我们只需这样写（和以上写法是等价的）： void someFunction () { int[] array = {1,2,5,8,9}; int total = 0; for (int n : array) { total += n; } System.out.println(total); } 这种写法的缺点： 显而易见，for/in(for each)循环自动控制一次遍历数组中的每一个元素，然后将它赋值给一个临时变量（如上述代码中的int n），然后在循环体中可直接对此临时变量进行操作。这种循环的缺点是： 1. 只能顺次遍历所有元素，无法实现较为复杂的循环，如在某些条件下需要后退到之前遍历过的某个元素；

英语语法现在进行时归纳总结

英语语法现在进行时归纳总结 一、单项选择现在进行时 1．-- I am afraid I can’t help you with your project. I ________ a model these days. -- It doesn’t matter. I will finish it by myself. A．make B．will be making C．am making D．have made 【答案】C 【解析】 试题分析：考查动词时态。句意：我恐怕不能帮你完成项目了，这几天我要做一个模型。没关系，我会自己完成。表示这几天一直要做的事情，用一般现在时表示将来，故选C 项。 考点：考查动词时态 2．—I some courses at university，so I can’t work full time at the moment． A．take B．am taking C．took D．have taken 【答案】B 【解析】 试题分析：考查动词的时态。句意：因为我正在上学，所以不能在这时候做全职的工作。根据下方提到so I can’t work full time at th e moment 可知我正在上学，故选B 项。 考点 : 考查动词的时态 3．The water supply has been cut off temporarily because the workers the main pipe．A．repair B．repaired C．have repaired D．are repairing 【答案】D 【解析】 试题分析：考查动词的时态。句意：因为工人正在修理主管道，所以水供应暂时被切断。根据语境表示，修理管道这件事正在进行，所以选D项。 考点 : 考查动词的时态 4．– Do you think we should accept that offer? -- Yes, we should, for we ___such bad luck up till now, and time __ out. A．have had; is running B．had; is running C．have; has been run D．have had; has been run 【答案】A 【解析】 【详解】 考查动词的时态。 句意：---你认为我们应该接受那个建议吗？ ---是的，我们应该，因为到目前为止我们已经运气很糟糕，并且时间也正在被耗尽。

用友T软件系统操作手册

用友T软件系统操作手 册 Pleasure Group Office【T985AB-B866SYT-B182C-BS682T-STT18】

用 友 T+ 软 件 系 统 操 作 手 册 版本号：目录

一、系统登录 、下载T+浏览器 首次登陆需要用浏览器打开软件地址，即：(一般服务器默认设置，具体登陆地址请参考实际配置)，第一次登陆会提示下载T+浏览器，按照提示下载安装T+浏览器，然后打开T+浏览器，输入软件登陆地址。 ，T+浏览器， 、软件登陆 按键盘上的“回车键（enter）”打开软件登陆页面，如下： 选择选择“普通用户”，输入软件工程师分配的用户名和密码，选择对应的账套，以下以demo为例，如下图： 点击登陆，进入软件， 二、基础档案设置 、部门、人员档案设置 新增的部门或者人员在系统中可按照如下方法进行维护， 、往来单位设置 供应商客户档案的添加方法如下： 添加往来单位分类： 、会计科目及结算方式设置 会计科目： 系统预置170个《2013小企业会计准则》科目，如下：

结算方式，如下： 三、软件操作 、凭证处理 填制 进入总账填制凭证菜单，增加凭证，填制摘要和科目，注意有辅助核算的会计科目， 以下为点开总账的处理流程图： 如若现金流量系统指定错误，可按照以下步骤修改： 凭证在没有审核时，可以直接在当前凭证上修改，然后点击“保存”完成修改； 凭证审核 进入总审核凭证菜单下，如下图： 选择审核凭证的会计期间： 、凭证记账 进入凭证菜单下的记账菜单， 、月末结转 期间损益结转 四、日常帐表查询与统计 、余额表 用于查询统计各级科目的本期发生额、累计发生额和余额等。传统的总账，是以总账科目分页设账，而余额表则可输出某月或某几个月的所有总账科目或明细科目的期初余额、本期发生额、累计发生额、期末余额，在实行计算机记账后，我们建议用户用余额表代替总账。

小学英语现在进行时详解及试题

小学英语现在进行时详解及试题 一、构成：由be(am/is/are)+动词-ing形式构成。标志性词语： 1.现在进行时通常用“now”.如I am doing my homework now. 2.现在进行时通常用“look”. 如Look! My mother is running. 3.现在进行时通常用“listen”如Listen! They are reading. 4.现在进行时通常用“at the (this) moment” 如At the (this) moment，he is only weeping. 二、动词现在分词的构成规则 1 一般情况下直接加ing think---thinking sleep---sleeping study---studying 2 以不发音的字母e结尾的单词，去掉字母e，再加ing come---coming make---making have---having 3以重读闭音节（重读闭音节即两个辅音中间夹一个元音并且重读的音节）结尾，呈现“辅，元，辅”结构的动词，双写末尾的辅音字母，再加ing stop---stopping sit---sitting run---running 这类词还有：bigin，cut，get，hit，run，set，sit，stop，swim等。 4以ie结尾的动词，把ie改为y ，再加ing die---dying lie---lying 三、现在进行时的用法 （1）用来表示说话时正在进行或者发生的动作， 例如：Mother is cooking in the kitchen.妈妈在厨房里煮饭。 （2）用来表示现阶段正在进行的动作（但说话时不一定在进行）， 例如：Is she writing a novel? 她正在写一本小说吗？ （3）用来表示即将发生的动作，一般是指按计划或者安排好要发生的动作。适用于这种情况的动词主要有：go，come，leave，start，arrive等。例如: I’m going home in half an hour.我一个半小时内要回家。

for的用法完全归纳

f o r的用法完全归纳 TTA standardization office【TTA 5AB- TTAK 08- TTA 2C】

f o r的用法完全归纳用法1：(表目的)为了。如： They went out for a walk. 他们出去散步了。 What did you do that for 你干吗这样做 That’s what we’re here for. 这正是我们来的目的。 What’s she gone for this time 她这次去干什么去了 He was waiting for the bus. 他在等公共汽车。 在通常情况下，英语不用 for doing sth 来表示目的。如：他去那儿看他叔叔。 误：He went there for seeing his uncle.正：He went there to see his uncle. 但是，若一个动名词已名词化，则可与 for 连用表目的。如： He went there for swimming. 他去那儿游泳。(swimming 已名词化) 注意：若不是表目的，而是表原因、用途等，则其后可接动名词。 用法2：(表利益)为，为了。如： What can I do for you 你想要我什么 We study hard for our motherland. 我们为祖国努力学习。 Would you please carry this for me 请你替我提这个东西好吗 Do more exercise for the good of your health. 为了健康你要多运动。 (1)有些后接双宾语的动词(如 buy, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, order, prepare, sing, spare 等)，当双宾语易位时，通常用 for 来引出间接宾语，表示间接宾语为受益者。如：

高考现在进行时的归纳

高考现在进行时的归纳 一、单项选择现在进行时 1．Kimberly ______ an article, so don’t disturb her. A．would write B．writes C．wrote D．is writing 【答案】D 【解析】 试题解析：本题考查时态，根据句意，选用现在进行时，表示说话时刻正在进行的动作。 A would write 过去将来时，必须和一般过去时结合使用，表示过去的将来； B writes 一般现在时，表示经常、习惯的动作；客观真理；现在的事实或状态；代替一般将来时； C wrote 一般过去时，表示过去的动作，与现在无关。 考点：现在进行时及其被动式 2．Since the band announced the release of their new album, the phone hasn't stopped ringing. Many fans ________ to ask about the exact time. A．were calling B．had called C．are calling D．call 【答案】C 【解析】 C 考察动词时态。句意：自从那支乐队宣布了要发行新的专辑的消息，电话铃声就不停地响。很多粉丝一直都打电话询问具体的发行时间。根据句中的hasn’t stopped ringing可知询问具体的时间内这件事情现阶段正在发生，应该使用现在进行时。故C正确。 3．Hurry up! Mark and Carol ________ us. A．expect B．are expecting C．have expected D．will expect 【答案】B 【解析】 试题分析：考查动词的时态。催促别人快点，因为Mark和Carol正等着呢，适合用现在进行时。 【名师点睛】英语中的时态主要由动词的形式决定，因此在学习英语时态时，要注意分析动词形式及具体语境，想象在那个特定的时间动作所发生的背景，这个动作是经常性动作、一般性动作、进行性动作、完成性动作还是将要发生的动作。由Hurry up！可以判断这个动作正在发生。 4．Hi, Mike. I’ve to borrow your car this afternoon mine _______ in the garage. A．is repairing B．is being repaired C．has repaired D．has been repaired 【答案】B 【解析】

用友财务管理系统操作手册

用友财务管理系统操作手册 北京用友政务软件有限公司 2011年05月25日

一、账务系统： 流程：1、初始化设置及期初数装入=》2、凭证录入=》 3、凭证审核=》 4、凭证记账=》 5、月结 1、初始化设置: (1)、用自己的用户名登录【账务管理系统】=》 点击界面右边【基础资料】前的【+】号=》点击【会计科 目】前的【+】号=》双击【建立会计科目】=》设置会计科 目及挂接辅助账。(2)、点击界面右边【账务】前的【+】号 =》点击【初始建账数据】前的【+】号=》双击【期初余额 装入】=》点击【确定】=》然后对期初数据进行录入 2、凭证录入:用自己的用户名登录【账务管理系统】=》点击界 面右边【账务】前的【+】号=》点击【凭证管理】前的【+】 号=》双击【编制凭证】=》然后在【编制凭证】界面录入 收入/支出的凭证。 3、凭证审核：点击界面右边【账务】前的【+】号=》点击【凭 证管理】前的【+】号=》双击【凭证处理】=》选中需要审 核凭证的日期=》在左下角选择凭证的状态【未审核】=》 点击右键全选=》点击【审核】； 4、凭证记账：点击界面右边【账务】前的【+】号=》点击【期 末处理】前的【+】号=》双击【凭证处理】=》选中需要记 账凭证的日期=》在左下角选择凭证的状态【已审核】=》 点击右键全选=》点击【记账】； 5、月结：点击界面右边【账务】前的【+】号=》点击【期末

处理】前的【+】号=》双击【期末处理向导】=》点击【结 账向导】=》全部点击【下一步】=》下到最后点击【完成】 二、电子系统： 1、输出单位资产负债表：双击【电子报表系统】=》【管理员】 登录=》在右上角【报表数】下点击【基本户】/【专账一】 /【专账二】下前的【+】号=》双击【资产负债表】=》点击 最右上面【数据】下=》=》点击【登录数据库】=》双击【账 务系统】=》用自己的用户进行登录=》如果图片闪烁就证 明已经登录=》点击【退出】=》点击最右上角找到【插入】 功能菜单=》点击【表页】=》选择出报表的最后日期(如1 月：则时间2011年1月31日)=》选择复制指定表页 =》点击放大镜=》选择【本公司】=》选中【格式】点击【确定】=》在点【确定】=》左 下角有【第201101期】=》点击编制【眼睛图标】。=》调 试报表=》点击【保存】=》打印报表。 2、输出单位支出明细表：双击【电子报表系统】=》【管理员】 登录=》在右上角【报表数】下点击【基本户】/【专账一】 /【专账二】下前的【+】号=》双击【支出明细表】=》点击 最右上面【数据】下=》=》点击【登录数据库】=》双击【账 务系统】=》用自己的用户进行登录=》如果图片闪烁就证 明已经登录=》点击【退出】=》点击最右上角找到【插入】

现在进行时的用法

现在进行时用法 一、定义：1、表示说话时正在进行的动作及行为2、表示现阶段正在进行的动作。 二、结构:现在进行时常有三种句型： （1）肯定式：主语＋be＋v-ing＋其它。如： He is mending his bike．他正在修自行车。 （2）否定式：主语＋be＋not＋v-ing＋其它。如： He is not（isn't） mending his bike．他没在修自行车。 （3）疑问式：主要分一般疑问句和特殊疑问句两种句式。 一般疑问句：Be＋主语＋v-ing＋其它？如： —Is he mending his bike？他正在修自行车吗？—Yes，he is．（No，he isn't．） 特殊疑问句：疑问词＋be＋主语＋v-ing＋其它？如： —What is he doing？他正在干什么？ 三、何时用现在进行时？ （1）以Look！或Listen！开头的句子提示我们说话时动作正在进行，应用现在进行时。如： Look！The children are playing games over there． Listen！Who's singing in the classroom？ （2）当句子中有now（现在）时，常表示说话时动作正在进行，这时也常用现在进行时。如：We are reading English now． （3）描述图片中的人物的动作时常用现在进行时，以示生动。如： Look at the picture．The girl is swimming．（4）表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作时常用现在进行时。这时常与时间状语these days，this week等连用。如：