2011年考研英语二text4

2011考研英语二试题【4】Text 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built onChicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were pop ular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life –few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers –but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Ame ricans’ .[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”?[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.。

2011年英语二text4In the 2011 English Language Proficiency Test, Text 4 presents a problem regarding the declining interest in reading among young people. The text discusses the factors contributing to this issue and offers some potential solutions. This problem is of significant concern as reading is crucial for personal development and academic success. It is essential to address this problem from multiple perspectives, including the role of technology, education, and parenting, to encourage a love for reading among young people.One perspective to consider is the impact of technology on the decline in reading among young people. With the rise of digital media and entertainment options, such as social media, video games, and streaming services, young people are increasingly drawn away from traditional reading materials. The convenience and instant gratification provided by these digital platforms make it challenging for young people to dedicate time to reading. Furthermore, theconstant exposure to screens may lead to shorter attention spans, making it difficult for young people to engage in sustained reading activities. As a result, it is crucial to address the influence of technology on reading habits and find ways to integrate digital media with reading to make it more appealing to young people.Another perspective to consider is the role of education in fostering a love for reading. The text highlights the importance of creating a supportive and engaging reading environment in schools. Teachers play a crucial role in promoting reading by introducing diverse and captivating reading materials, integrating reading into the curriculum, and providing opportunities for students to discuss and analyze what they read. Additionally, it is essential for schools to invest in well-equipped libraries and resources to make reading more accessible and enjoyable for students. By prioritizing reading in the educational system, we can instill a lifelong love for reading in young people.Furthermore, the influence of parenting on children'sreading habits cannot be overlooked. Parents are the primary role models for their children, and their attitudes and behaviors towards reading greatly impact theirchildren's reading habits. It is crucial for parents to create a reading-friendly environment at home by providing access to a variety of reading materials, setting aside dedicated time for reading, and actively engaging in reading activities with their children. By demonstrating a positive attitude towards reading and making it a valued family activity, parents can significantly influence their children's reading habits and instill a love for reading from an early age.In addition to addressing the decline in reading among young people, it is essential to recognize the broader implications of this issue. Reading is not only a source of knowledge and information but also a means of developing empathy, critical thinking, and creativity. By fostering a love for reading, we can cultivate individuals who are capable of understanding diverse perspectives, analyzing complex issues, and expressing themselves effectively. Moreover, reading plays a crucial role in languagedevelopment and academic success, making it essential for young people to develop strong reading skills. Therefore, addressing the decline in reading among young people is not only about promoting a leisure activity but also about nurturing essential skills and qualities for personal and intellectual growth.In conclusion, the problem of declining interest in reading among young people is a multifaceted issue that requires attention from various perspectives. By addressing the influence of technology, the role of education, and the impact of parenting, we can work towards fostering a love for reading among young people. This is not only crucialfor personal development and academic success but also for cultivating individuals who are capable of critical thinking, empathy, and effective communication. It is imperative for educators, parents, and policymakers to collaborate and prioritize reading to ensure that young people have the opportunity to develop a lifelong love for reading.。

2011考研英语2text4解析摘要：1.文章概述2.文章结构3.文章主旨4.文章细节解析5.总结正文：【文章概述】本文是对2011 年考研英语第二篇文章的解析。

文章主要讨论了在全球化进程中，英语作为世界通用语言的地位及未来发展趋势。

文章作者通过分析英语的历史、现状和未来，对英语在科研、商业和教育等领域的重要性进行了阐述。

【文章结构】文章共分为四个部分。

第一部分（1-3 段）主要介绍了英语的历史和成为世界通用语言的原因。

第二部分（4-6 段）从科研、商业和教育三个方面阐述了英语的重要性。

第三部分（7-9 段）分析了英语在未来的发展趋势。

最后一部分（10 段）总结了全文。

【文章主旨】本文主要讨论了英语作为世界通用语言的地位及未来发展趋势。

在全球化进程中，英语在科研、商业和教育等领域具有重要意义，未来仍将保持其核心地位。

【文章细节解析】1.第一部分：英语的历史和成为世界通用语言的原因- 英语的起源：来自日耳曼语系，经历了演变过程。

- 英国殖民扩张使英语传播到世界各地。

- 美国的崛起使英语成为世界通用语言。

2.第二部分：英语在科研、商业和教育等领域的重要性- 科研：英语是国际学术交流的主要语言，科研论文多用英语撰写。

- 商业：英语是国际商务领域的通用语言，有助于商业交流与合作。

- 教育：英语作为世界通用语言，在全球范围内进行教育交流与合作。

3.第三部分：英语在未来的发展趋势- 英语作为世界通用语言的地位不会动摇。

- 英语将吸收其他语言的优点，不断发展和完善。

- 英语学习将更加便捷和普及，对个人和国家的发展具有重要意义。

【总结】本文通过对英语的历史、现状和未来进行分析，得出英语作为世界通用语言在地球村时代的重要地位。

2011英语二text4The topic I have chosen for this essay is "The Impact of Social Media on Communication Skills". In recent years, the popularity of social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram has grown exponentially. These platforms have transformed the way we communicate and interact with one another. However, this rise in social media usage has raised concerns about its potential impact on our communication skills.To begin with, social media has undoubtedly made it easier for people to connect with others. People can now communicate and share information with the click of a button, regardless of their geographical location. This convenience has led to an increase in the quantity of communication, as people can easily message, comment, or post to their social media networks. However, the ease of communication offered by social media can sometimes come at the expense of quality.One of the main concerns about social media's impact on communication skills is the potential for a decline in face-to-face interactions. People have become so used to communicating through screens and keyboards that they may find it challenging toengage in real-life conversations. The lack of immediate verbal and nonverbal cues that are present in face-to-face interactions can lead to misunderstandings and misinterpretations. It can also hinder the development of important interpersonal skills, such as active listening and empathy.Another consequence of the dominance of social media is the potential for a decrease in written communication skills. With the rise of abbreviations, acronyms, and emojis, the need for proper spelling, grammar, and punctuation has diminished. In addition, the informal nature of communication on social media has eroded the norms of formal writing. This can have a long-term impact on our ability to effectively communicate in professional settings, where proper grammar and writing skills are highly valued.Furthermore, social media has also created a culture of immediate gratification and instant responses. People have become accustomed to receiving instant feedback and validation through likes, comments, and shares. This can create a sense of impatience and an inability to handle delayed gratification. In real-life conversations, it takes time for thoughts to form, ideas to be expressed, and responses to be given. Social media, with itsinstantaneous nature, can disrupt the natural flow of conversation and hinder the development of patience and thoughtful communication.However, it is important to note that social media also offers certain benefits for communication skills. For example, platforms like Twitter require users to condense their thoughts into a limited number of characters. This can help improve conciseness and the ability to express oneself succinctly. Additionally, social media provides a platform for individuals to engage in open discussions and debates, fostering the development of critical thinking and argumentation skills.In conclusion, while social media has undoubtedly transformed the way we communicate, it has also raised concerns about its potential impact on our communication skills. The ease and convenience of social media can sometimes come at the expense of quality communication. However, it is essential to recognize that social media also offers opportunities for improving certain aspects of communication. As with any tool, it is important to use socialmedia in a mindful and balanced way to mitigate any negative impacts and maximize its benefits.。

2011考研英语2text4解析
【原创实用版】
目录
1.介绍
2.背景介绍
3.论述主题和观点
4.结论
正文
一、介绍
随着全球化的发展，英语已成为国际交流的重要语言之一。

为了提高英语水平，许多学生选择参加考研英语考试。

本文旨在分析2011年考研英语2的第四部分试题，以帮助考生更好地准备考试。

二、背景介绍
考研英语2是考研英语考试中的一个重要部分，主要考察学生的阅读理解和书面表达。

该部分试题包括四篇阅读理解和一篇写作题，总分为50分。

近年来，考研英语2的试题难度逐渐加大，对学生的阅读理解和书面表达能力提出了更高的要求。

三、论述主题和观点
本文将分析2011年考研英语2的第四部分试题，探讨试题的特点和难点。

通过对历年试题的分析，本文提出了以下观点：
1.试题难度较大：本文认为2011年考研英语2的第四部分试题难度较大，主要表现在文章长度增加、生词量增多等方面。

这使得考生需要具备更高的阅读理解和书面表达能力才能取得好成绩。

2.考查重点突出：本文认为该部分试题重点考查考生的阅读理解和书
面表达能力，尤其是对文章主旨和作者意图的把握。

同时，试题也涉及一些社会热点问题，要求考生具备较广的知识面。

3.考点预测：本文认为未来考研英语2的第四部分试题将继续加大难度，重点考查考生的阅读理解和书面表达能力。

同时，试题可能会涉及更多社会热点问题和科技类文章，要求考生具备更广的知识面和更高的阅读理解能力。

2011年全国硕士研究生入学考试(英语二)真题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on”systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense ofa 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting theidentities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”.Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license”mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1． A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden 2． A.for B.within C.while D.th ough3． A.careless wless C.pointless D.helpless 4． A.reason B.reminder promise D.proposal 5． rmation B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent6． A.by B.into C.fromD.over7． A.linked B.directed C.chained pared 8． A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve 9． A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize 10． A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered 11． A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in 12． A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast 13． A.trusted B.modernized C.thriving peting 14． A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience 15． A.on B.after C.beyond D.ac ross16． A.divided B.disappointed C.protected D.united17． A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually18． A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm19． A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible20． A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forced完形填空参考答案1~5 ACBDD 6~10 BACCB 11~15 DBACA 16~20 ADACDSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not meanthat such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.”Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed tobe .[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure, the firm is likely to .[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outsidedirectors .[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalTEXT 1 参考答案21．A。

The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June 11, 2009. It is the first worldwide epidemic_____1_____ by the World Health Organization in 41 years.The heightened alert _____2_____an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that convened after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising_____3_____in Britain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere.But the epidemic is "_____4_____" in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the organization's director general, _____5_____ the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the _____6_____ of any medical treatment.The outbreak came to global_____7_____in late April 2009, when Mexican authorities noticed an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths_____8_____healthy adults. As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to _____9_____in New York City, the southwestern United States and around the world.In the United States, new cases seemed to fade_____10_____warmer weather arrived. But in late September 2009, officials reported there was _____11_____flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the_____12_____tested are the new swine flu, also known as <A> H1N1, not seasonal flu. In the U.S., it has_____13_____more than one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000 hospitalizations.Federal health officials_____14_____Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began_____15_____orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine. The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is ____16_____ ahead of expectations. More than three million doses were to be made available in early October 2009, though most of those _____17_____doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type, which is not_____18_____for pregnant women, people over 50 or those with breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other _____19_____. But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk group: health care workers, people _____20_____infants and healthy young people.1 [A] criticized [B] appointed [C]commented[D] designated2 [A] proceeded[B] activated [C] followed[D] prompted3 [A] digits [B] numbers [C] amounts[D] sums4 [A] moderate[B] normal[C] unusual [D] extreme5 [A] with[B] in[C] from [D] by6 [A] progress[B] absence [C]presence[D] favor7 [A]reality [B] phenomenon [C] concept [D]notice8. [A]over[B] for [C] among [D] to9 [A] stay up[B] crop up [C] fill up [D]cover up10 [A] as [B]if [C] unless [D]until11 [A]excessive [B] enormous[C] significant[D]magnificent12 [A]categories [B] examples [C] patterns[D] samples13 [A] imparted [B] immerse [C] injected[D] infected14 [A] released [B] relayed [C] relieved[D] remained15 [A] placing [B] delivering [C] taking[D] giving16 [A] feasible [B] available[C] reliable[D] applicable17 [A] prevalent[B] principal[C] innovative[D] initial18 [A] presented[B] restricted [C] recommended[D] introduced19 [A]problems [B] issues [C] agonies[D] sufferings20 [A]involved in [B] caring for[C] concerned with[D] warding offSection Ⅱ Reading comprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C and D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. <40 points>Text1The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, "Beautiful Inside My Head Forever",at Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008. All but two pieces sold, fetching more than ￡70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last victory. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm—double the figure five years earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion. But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable, especially in New York, where the bail-out of the banks coincided with the loss of thousands of jobs and the financial demise of many art-buying investors. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in the most overheated sector—for Chinese contemporary art—they were down by nearly 90% in the year to November 2008. Within weeks the world’s two biggest auction houses, Sotheby’s and Christie’s, had to pay out nearly $200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of 1989, a move that started the most serious contraction in the market since the Second World War. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far more fluctuant. But Edward Dolman, Christie’s chief executive, says: "I’m pretty confident we’re at the bottom."What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market, whereas in the early 1990s, wh en interest rates were high, there was no demand even though many collectors wanted to sell. Christie’s revenues in the first half of 2009 were still higher than in the first half of 2006. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The three Ds—death, debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.21.In the first paragraph, Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as "a last victory"because ____.A.the art market hadwitnessed a succession of victoriesB.the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bidsC.Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpiecesD.it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis22.By saying "spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable"<Line 1-2,Para.3>,the author suggests that_____.A. collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctionsB .people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleriesC.art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extentD .works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying23. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A .Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007to 2008.B.The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.C.The market generally went downward in various ways.D.Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.24.The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are ____A.auction houses ' favoritesB.contemporary trendsC.factors promoting artwork circulationD.styles representing impressionists25.The most appropriate title for this text could be ___A.Fluctuation of Art PricesB.Up-to-date Art AuctionsC.Art Market in DeclineD.Shifted Interest in ArtsI was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room—a women's group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them. This man quickly nodded in agreement. He gestured toward his wife and said, "She's the talker in our family." The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. "It's true," he explained. "When I come home from work, I have nothing to say. If she didn't keep the conversation going, we'd spend the whole evening in silence."This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book "Divorce Talk" that most of the women she interviewed—but only a few of the men—gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent,that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year —a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.In my own research complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning, cooking, social arrangements and errands. Instead they focused on communication: "He doesn't listen to me." "He doesn't talk to me." I found as Hacker observed years before that most wives want their husbands to be first and foremost conversational partners but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.In short the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.26.What is most wives' main expectation of their husbands?A.Talking to them.B.Trusting them.C.Supporting their careers.D. Sharing housework.27.Judging from the context, the phrase "wreaking havoc"<Line 3,Para.2>most probably means ___ .A. generating motivation.B.exerting influenceC.causing damageD. creating pressure28.All of the following are true EXCEPT_______A.men tend to talk more in public than womenB.nearly 50percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversationC.women attach much importance to communication between couplesD. a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse29.Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?A.The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.B.Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities.C.Husband and wife have different expectations from their marriage.D.Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.30.In the following part immediately after this text,the author will most probably focuson ______A.a vivid account of the new book Divorce TalkB.a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoonC.other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.D. a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew Hacker Text3Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors — habits — among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks, apply lotions and wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues."There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits," Dr. Curtis said. "We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically."The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to — Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever — had invested hundreds of mil lions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day — chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, antiperspirants, colognes, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins— are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of canny advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs,and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals,slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup."Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns," said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. "Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new produc ts commercially viable."Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.31.According to Dr.Curtis,habits like hand washing with soap________.[A] should be further cultivated[B] should be changed graduallyCare deeply rooted in historyD are basically private concerns32.Bottled water,chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to____[A] reveal their impact on people’s habits[B] show the urgent need of daily necessities[C]indicate their ef fect on people’s buying power[D]manifest the significant role of good habits33. Which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people’s habits?[A]Tide[B]Crest[C]Colgate[D]Unilever34.From the text weknow that some of consum er’s habits are developed due to _____[A]perfected art of products[B]automatic behavior creation[C]commercial promotions[D]scientific experiments35. T he author’sattitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’s habits is____[A]indifferent[B]negative[C]positive[D]biasedText4Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, ratherthan electing representatives to govern for them.But as recently as in 1986, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia,the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898,it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury.This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor vs. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.36.From the principles of theUS jury system,welearn that ______[A]both liberate and illiterate people can serve on juries[B]defendants are immune from trial by their peers[C]no age limit should be imposed for jury service[D]judgment should consider the opinion of the public37.The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed_____[A]the inadequacy of antidiscrimination laws[B]the prevalent discrimination against certain races[C]the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures[D]the arrogancecommon among the Supreme Court justices38.Even in the 1960s,women were seldom on the jury list in some states because_____[A]they were automatically banned by state laws[B]they fell far short of the required qualifications[C]they were supposed to perform domestic duties[D]they tended to evade public engagement39.After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed.___[A]sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished[B]educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors[C]jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community[D]states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system40. In discussing the US jury system,the text centers on_______[A]its nature and problems[B]its characteristics and tradition[C]its problems and their solutions[D]its tradition and development46.Directions:In this section there is a text in English .Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWERSHEET2.<15points>"Suatainability" has become apopular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured apainful period of unsustainability in his own life made itclear to him thatsustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action and choice。

2011 Text 4（英语⼆）欧洲的未来Will make it?The question would have sounded strange not long ago.Now even the project's greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a " triangle" of debt, , and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency.Markets have lost faith that the euro zone's economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe's single currency from disintegration is stuck.It is stuck because the euro zone's dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro-zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, backed by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey.the European Union 欧盟能⾏吗？在不久前，这个问题听来让⼈觉得奇怪。

2011英语二text4【原创实用版】目录1.引言：介绍人工智能的快速发展及其对人类劳动力市场的影响2.人工智能的发展现状与趋势3.人工智能对劳动力市场的影响4.我国应对人工智能挑战的措施5.结论：人工智能的发展将带来机遇与挑战，我们需要积极应对正文随着科技的飞速发展，人工智能（AI）技术在近年来取得了显著进步，这使得很多行业和领域发生了翻天覆地的变化。

人工智能的快速发展对人类劳动力市场产生了深远的影响，我们需要关注这一问题并寻求合适的应对措施。

首先，让我们来看看人工智能的发展现状与趋势。

目前，人工智能已经广泛应用于语音识别、图像识别、自然语言处理、机器学习等领域。

随着技术的不断进步，人工智能的应用范围还将不断扩大，涉及到更多行业和领域。

预计在未来几十年内，人工智能将逐步替代一些简单重复的工作，甚至可能取代部分高度专业化的工作。

接下来，我们来分析一下人工智能对劳动力市场的影响。

一方面，人工智能可以提高生产效率，降低生产成本，为企业创造更多的价值。

另一方面，人工智能可能会导致部分工作岗位的消失，从而加剧社会的就业压力。

对于这一问题，我国政府已经意识到了其严重性，并采取了一系列措施来应对挑战。

我国应对人工智能挑战的措施主要包括以下几点：一是加强人工智能领域的研究和创新，提高我国在全球人工智能竞争中的地位；二是推进产业结构调整，培养新兴产业，以吸收因人工智能技术替代传统岗位而失业的劳动力；三是实施职业培训和教育改革，提高劳动者的技能水平，帮助他们适应新的就业环境。

总之，人工智能的发展将带来机遇与挑战。

只有紧紧抓住机遇，积极应对挑战，我们才能在未来的人工智能时代中立足。

从国家层面来说，我们需要加强人工智能领域的研究和创新，推进产业结构调整，提高劳动者的技能水平。

2011考研英语2text4解析摘要：1.考研英语2text4 概述2.文章主题与结构3.文章详细解析4.文章主旨与意义正文：【考研英语2text4 概述】本文为2011 年考研英语第二篇阅读理解文本，文章编号为text4。

文章主题为环境问题，具体为探讨全球气候变暖的原因及其影响。

文章通过事实和数据来阐述气候变暖给人类生活带来的挑战，并提出了一些应对措施。

【文章主题与结构】文章主题为气候变暖，全文围绕这一主题展开。

文章结构清晰，分为三个部分：引言、正文和结论。

1.引言部分：简要介绍了气候变暖的现象及其严重性。

2.正文部分：详细阐述了气候变暖的原因和影响，以及人类如何应对这一问题。

3.结论部分：总结了全文，并提出了一些建议，以期解决气候变暖问题。

【文章详细解析】1.引言部分：文章以全球气候变暖为背景，指出气候变暖给人类生活带来的诸多问题，如冰川融化、极端天气等。

同时，文章提到了气候变暖背后的根本原因，即人类活动导致的温室气体排放增加。

2.正文部分：文章从以下几个方面详细解析了气候变暖问题。

(1) 气候变暖的原因：文章通过科学研究和事实，指出气候变暖的主要原因是人类活动，如燃烧化石燃料、过度开发土地等，这些活动导致了温室气体排放的增加。

(2) 气候变暖的影响：文章列举了气候变暖带来的一系列负面影响，包括生态系统破坏、农业减产、海平面上升等。

这些影响不仅威胁到人类的生存，也给全球经济发展带来了巨大挑战。

(3) 人类应对气候变暖的措施：文章提出了一些应对气候变暖的措施，如减少温室气体排放、发展可再生能源、提高能源利用效率等。

同时，文章强调国际合作在应对气候变暖问题中的重要性，呼吁各国共同努力，实现可持续发展。

【文章主旨与意义】本文主要探讨了全球气候变暖的原因、影响以及人类应对气候变暖的措施。

文章通过事实和数据，揭示了气候变暖问题的严重性，并强调人类需要采取积极行动，减少温室气体排放，以应对气候变暖带来的挑战。

2011年考研英语二真题及答案2011年考研英语二真题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered black and mark A,B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)"The Internet affords anonymity to its users — a boon to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behindthe explosion of cyber crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber czar, offered the Obama governmenta 4 to make the Web a safer place — asystem that would be the “voluntary identify”　high-tech 5 of a physical key, fingerprint anda photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer, and wouldauthenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identify systems. Users could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on”　s ystems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 , the approach would create a “walled garden”　and bright in safe “neighborhoods”　to establish a sense “streetlights”　of 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem”　in which individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 , trusting the identities of the infrastructure that the transaction runs 15 .Still, the administration’s planhas 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such an initiative push toward what would 17 be a license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some experts, who worry that th e “voluntarywould still leave much of the ecosystem”　Internet 19 .They argue that should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1. A. swept B. skipped C. walkedD. ridden2. A. for B. within C. whileD. though3. A. careless B. lawless C. pointlessD. helpless4. A. reason B. reminder C. compromise D. proposal5. A. information B. interference C. entertainment D. equivalent6. A. by B. into C. from D.over7. A. linked B. directed C. chainedD. compared8. A. dismiss B. discover C. createD. improve9. A. recall B. suggest C. selectD. realize10. A. released B. issued C. distributed D. delivered11. A. carry on B. linger on C. set inD. log in12. A. In vain B. In effect C. In return D. In contrast13. A. trusted B. modernized C. thriving D. competing14. A. caution B. delight C. confidence D. patience15. A. on B. after C. beyondD. across16. A. divided B. disappointed C. protected D. united17. A. frequently B. incidentally C.occasionally D. eventually18. A. skepticism B. tolerance C. indifference D. enthusiasm19. A. manageable B. defendable C. vulnerable D. invisible20. A. invited B. appointed C. allowed D. forced参考答案：1-5 ACBDD 6-10 BACCA 11-15 DBACA 16-20 CDACDSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40points)Text 1 The Economist May 4th 2010 ADCAB Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade, she apparently managed both roles withoutattracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009, Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee, how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chiefproposals. If the sky and the share executive’sprice is falling, outside directors should be ableto give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University useda database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxystatement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise”　disappearances by directors under the age of 70.They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequentlyhave to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federalclass-action lawsuit also increases, and the stockis likely to perform worse. The effect tended tobe larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directorsare always jumping off a sinking ship. OftenLeaving riskier, smaller firmsthey “trade u p.”　for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blowto their reputations if they leave a firm beforebad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time anywrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .A. gaining excessive profitsB. failing to fulfill her dutyC. refusing to make compromisesD. leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .A. generous investorsB. unbiased executivesC. share price forecastersD. independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohiosurprise University after an outside director’s departure, the firm is likely to .A. become more stableB. report increased earningsC. do less well in the stock marketD. perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .A. may stay for the attractive offers from the firmB. have often had records of wrongdoings in the firmC. are accustomed to stress-free work in the firmD. will decline incentives from the firm25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .A. permissiveB. positiveC. scornfulD. criticalText 2 The Economist Jun 10th 2010 DBCAA Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not alreadyfled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refusedelivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportionis 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is nolonger a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers l ike …　their own doom”　(Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper .A. neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failureof newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3 The NY Times When Less Was More BDCDB July 1, 2010, 9:30 pmWe tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on theG. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression andthe war, Americans had learned to live with less,and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus forthe trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took upposts at American architecture schools. Thesedesigners came to exert enormous influence onthe course of American architecture, but none more so than Mies.Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact than a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today but that in the 1940s symbolizedthe future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Miesbuilt on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller—two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet—than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegancedetails and proportions, theof the buildings’　architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.was not entirely The trend toward “less”　foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.Th e “Case S tudy Houses”　commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more”　t rend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life — few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers — but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’.[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”？[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed. Text 4 The Economist(经济学家)2010年7月10日Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not longgreatest cheer ago. Now even the project’sleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermudaof debt, population decline and lower triangle”　growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EUface an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Marketshave lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive membersthe quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It isstuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, butdisagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved bystricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU fundsfor poorer regions and EU mega-projects andeven the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is asmall majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.camp headed by FrenchA “southern”　wants something different: “European economicwithin an inner core of euro-zone government”　members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members,via cheaper borrowing for governments throughcommon Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers.Finally, figures close to the France governmenthave murmured, euro-zone members shouldagree to some fiscal and social harmonization:e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax ratesor labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remainsthe world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more opento goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37.The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powers .[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that .[A]poor countries are more likely to get funds[B]strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries[C]loans will be readily available to rich countries[D]rich countries will basically controlEurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel .[A]pessimistic[B]desperate[C]conceited[D]hopeful CCBADPart BDirections:(7选5)In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each ofthe numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government's role in promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose "fat taxes" on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to childrenabout the dangers of a poor diet.The demands follow comments last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food producers such as McDonald's.They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain's addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiralling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or binge drinking."Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban onsmoking in the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now. Are we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be," said the leader of the UK's children's doctors.Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead. He said that manufacturers of crisps and confectionery could play a central role in the Change4Life campaign, the centrepiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticized the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver's high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as an example of how "lecturing" people was not the best way to change their behaviour.Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before the 9pm watershed and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. "If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in thesame way as cigarettes –by setting stringentlimits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events," he said.Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald’s, which sponsors the youth coachingscheme run by the Football Association.Fast-food chains should also stop offeringsuch as toys, cute animals and “inducements”　mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of theRoyal College of Psychiatrists, said: “If childre are taught about the impact that food has ontheir growth, and that some things can harm, atleast information is available up front.”He also urged councils to impose“fast-food-free zones”　around school andhospitals-areas within which takeaways cannotopen.A Department of Health spokesperson said:“We n eed to create a new vision for publichealth where all of society works together to gethealthy and live longer. This includes creating anew ‘responsibility deal ’ with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this.”The food industry will be alarmed that suchsenior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade.[A] “fat taxes ”　shouldbe imposed on fast-foodproducerssuch as McDonald ’s.41.AndrewLansley held that [B] the governmentshould ban fast-food outletsin theneighborhood of schools.42.Terence Stephenson agreedthat [C] “lecturing ”　was an effective way to improve school lunchesin England.43.Jamie Oliver seemed tobelieve that [D]cigarette-style warnings should be introduced to childrenabout the dangers of apoor diet.44.DineshBhugra suggestedthat [E] the producers of crisps and candies could contributesignificantly to theChange4Life campaign.45.A Departmentof HealthSpokesperson propsed that [F] parents should set good examples for their children by keeping ahealthy dietat home.[G] the governmentshould strengthen thesense of responsibilityamong businesses.Section Ⅲ Translation46. Directions:In this section there is a text in English.Translate it into Chinese. Write your translationon ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Who would have thought that, globally, theIT industry produces about the same volume ofgreenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do ---roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising tollon the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2, dependingon how many attempts are needed to get theanswer. To deliver results to its users “right”　quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast datacentres around the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much moreto be done, and not just by big companies. Section IV WritingPart A47 Directions:Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write him/her a letterto1) congratulate him/her, and2) give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)英语(二)小作文范文：A Letter to LimingJan-15-2011Dear Liming,Congratulate on your success in passing the entrance examination.Now, please allow me to give you somesuggestion during your holidays.First of all, you should read. Because it makes afull man. Reading during the holiday helps youget the habit of it that when you become a freshman. College life is so plentiful but readingis the most important thing.Second, to do some housework can bring you another feelings. Once you get into the college,you must do the things for yourself, including washing, clear the room and shedule your dailylife and etc.However, reading and housework doesn’t mean all of your holiday. You need contact with yourfriends or communicate with them. The reasonis that old friends will be in your memory andnew friends will be there. And we all know thatthe friendship among senior school.From the things I mentioned above, hope theywill bring you a richful life in your college.Zhangwei2011考研英语（二）大作文范文题目Write a short essay based on the following chart.in your writing, you should:1) interpret the chart and2) give your commentsYou should write at least 150 wordsWrite your essay on answer sheet 2 (15points)英语二大作文范文As can be seen clearly from the chart, themarket share taken by domestic car brands increased rapidly from 25% in 20008 to nearly35% in 2009, while conversely, the market shareowned by Japanese car brands dropped by 10%from 35% in 2008 to 25% in 2008. What’s more, the market share taken by American car brandsis on the upward trend, from 10% to nearly15%.Three reasons, in my opinion, can accountfor the changes in car market in these two years.First, the rise of Chinese cars is of little surpriseas we have seen Chinese enterprises’　commitment to developing self-owned technologies, which not only free them frompotential risks, but also bring about long-termbenefit. Second, Japanese cars, which used to behighly praised for their outstanding quality andsuperior stability, is now reeling from a crisis of confidence. Last, the improvement of Americanperformance must be attributed to thecars’　smart marketing strategy employed by American sellers. They launched a lot of marketing campaigns designed specially forChinese market, which won them applaud aswell as benefit.In order to maintain the good momentumof development, domestic cars should on onehand stick to their self-independent policy, andon the other, learn some experiences from Japanese car’s failures and Americans’ success其他客观题答案：21-25BBDAA26-30DBCBB31-35BDCDB36-40DCBAC41-45EDCFG。

英语二2011text4the following questionThe topic of the essay is "The Impact of Social Media on Society".Introduction:In today's digital age, social media has become an integral part of our daily lives. It has revolutionized the way we communicate, connect, and share information. However, the rapid advancement of technology and the widespread use of social media platforms have raised concerns about its impact on society. This essay will explore the positive and negative consequences of social media and discuss its influence on various aspects of our lives.Body:1. The power of social media in connecting people [topic sentence] Social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have brought people from all corners of the world closer than ever before. Through these platforms, individuals can connect with friends, family, and even strangers, breaking down geographical barriers. Social media has made it possible to maintainlong-distance relationships, reunite with old friends, and foster new friendships.2. The role of social media in spreading information [topic sentence]Social media has become a vital source of news and information for many people. In real-time, we can access breaking news, important events, and updates from around the globe through various social media platforms. This has facilitated the sharing and dissemination of news and information on a scale previously unimaginable. However, the spread of fake news and misinformation has also become a major concern, highlighting the need for media literacy and critical thinking skills among users.3. The impact of social media on personal relationships [topic sentence]Social media has both positive and negative effects on personal relationships. On one hand, it allows individuals to stay connected with loved ones and share precious moments. People can communicate with others effortlessly, irrespective of distance or time zones. On the other hand, the constant presence of social media can lead to feelings of jealousy, low self-esteem, and anunrealistic perception of others' lives. Additionally, the addictive nature of social media can create a sense of disconnection inface-to-face interactions, affecting the quality of relationships.4. The influence of social media on mental health [topic sentence] The excessive use of social media has been linked to various mental health issues. The constant need for validation, comparison to others, and the pressure to present a perfect self-image online can take a toll on one's mental well-being. Studies have shown associations between social media use and increased levels of anxiety, depression, and loneliness. It is important for individuals to find a balance between their online presence and real-life experiences to maintain good mental health.5. The impact of social media on societal norms and behavior [topic sentence]Social media has played a significant role in shaping societal norms and behavior. It has provided a platform for raising awareness and promoting social and environmental causes. Movements such as #MeToo and Black Lives Matter gained momentum through social media, sparking conversations and leading to tangible change. However, social media can also contribute to the spread of harmfulideologies, cyberbullying, and the manipulation of public opinion.Conclusion:In conclusion, social media has undoubtedly transformed the way we interact, share information, and perceive the world around us. While it has brought numerous benefits, such as connecting people and promoting important causes, it also comes with negative consequences that cannot be ignored. It is crucial for individuals to be mindful of their social media usage and develop a healthy relationship with these platforms to minimize the adverse effects. Ultimately, social media's impact on society depends on how we choose to utilize it and the responsibility we assume as users.。

英语二2011text4 -回复One of the main topics discussed in [英语二2011text4] is the issue of climate change and global warming. In recent years, there has been increasing concern about the alarming rate at which the Earth's climate is changing. Scientists believe that human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, are largely responsible for this phenomenon. This article will explore the causes and consequences of climate change, as well as potential solutions to combat it.The primary cause of climate change is the excessive release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. These gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat from the sun and prevent it from escaping back into space. As a result, the Earth's temperature rises, leading to higher global temperatures. The burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, for energy production and transportation is the largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, deforestation releases large amounts of carbon dioxide by removing trees that absorb this gas through photosynthesis.The consequences of climate change are far-reaching and posesignificant risks to the planet and its inhabitants. Rising temperatures have already led to more frequent and severe heatwaves, droughts, and wildfires in many parts of the world. Melting polar ice caps and glaciers are causing sea levels to rise, threatening coastal communities and ecosystems. Ocean acidification, a result of increased carbon dioxide absorption by oceans, is damaging marine life, including coral reefs. Furthermore, changes in weather patterns can have devastating effects on agriculture, leading to food shortages and increased prices.To address the challenges posed by climate change, various solutions have been proposed. One key approach is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through the transition to renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power. These clean energy alternatives do not produce greenhouse gases during the generation of electricity, thereby mitigating climate change. Additionally, improving energy efficiency in transportation and buildings can significantly reduce emissions. Another mitigation strategy is the implementation of carbon capture and storage technologies, which capture carbon dioxide emissions from power plants and store them underground.Adaptation measures are also necessary to deal with the unavoidable effects of climate change. Protecting vulnerable coastal areas through the construction of sea walls and dikes, for example, can minimize the impact of rising sea levels. Moreover, enhancing agricultural practices and promoting crop diversity can help communities adapt to changing weather patterns. Investing in research and developing innovative technologies is essential to find sustainable solutions for climate change.However, addressing climate change requires global cooperation and concerted efforts from governments, businesses, and individuals. International agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, aim to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. This requires countries to set emission reduction targets and regularly report their progress. Additionally, public awareness and education play a crucial role in encouraging individuals to adopt sustainable practices, such as reducing energy consumption and embracing renewable energy.In conclusion, climate change and global warming are pressing issues that require immediate attention. The excessive release ofgreenhouse gases, primarily from human activities, is the main cause of this phenomenon. The consequences of climate change are already evident in various forms, endangering ecosystems and human well-being. Mitigation and adaptation measures, including transitioning to renewable energy sources and implementing protective measures, are necessary to combat climate change effectively. However, concerted efforts from governments, businesses, and individuals are essential to achieve sustainable solutions and ensure a better future for our planet.。

2011年英语二text4重点单词学习英语是一个系统性的过程，其中背单词是非常重要的一部分。

在备考英语考试过程中，掌握重点单词是至关重要的。

2011年英语二text4中出现的重点单词对于备考者来说至关重要。

下面将介绍text4中出现的重点单词，帮助大家更好地备考。

1. aspectaspect是text4中出现频率较高的单词之一。

它的意思是“方面，面貌”，在文章中常常用来描述问题或事物的不同方面。

备考者在备考过程中要注意掌握该单词的用法和拼写，以便在阅读理解和写作中更准确地运用。

2. bondbond是text4中出现的另一个重点单词。

它的意思是“联结，结合”，在文章中常常用来描述人与人之间的关系或事物之间的通联。

备考者要注意该单词的词义和用法，以便在阅读和写作中更准确地理解和表达相关概念。

3. conceptconcept是text4中出现频率较高的单词之一。

它的意思是“概念，观念”，在文章中常常用来描述抽象概念或思想。

备考者要注意该单词的拼写和用法，以便在阅读理解和写作中更准确地使用。

4. devotedevote是text4中出现的另一个重点单词。

它的意思是“投入，致力于”，在文章中常常用来描述人们对某事的专注和奉献。

备考者要注意该单词的用法和搭配，以便在备考过程中更准确地掌握其含义和用法。

5. emergeemerge是text4中出现频率较高的单词之一。

它的意思是“出现，浮现”，在文章中常常用来描述事物的出现或显现。

备考者要注意该单词的词义和用法，以便在阅读理解和写作中更准确地理解和表达相关内容。

6. expandexpand是text4中出现的另一个重点单词。

它的意思是“扩张，扩大”，在文章中常常用来描述事物的扩张或发展。

备考者要注意该单词的拼写和用法，以便在备考过程中更准确地掌握其含义和用法。

7. solesole是text4中出现频率较高的单词之一。

它的意思是“唯一的，独有的”，在文章中常常用来描述事物的唯一性或独特性。

2011年英语二阅读text4一、文章题材结构分析本文选自The Economist ( 《经济学人》) 2010年7月8日一篇题为《Staring into the abyss》的文章。

本文是一篇说明文，说明欧盟统一的货币体系，它的现状，各国对其看法以及评价。

第一段段讲述欧盟今非昔比，问题严重。

第二段重点指出其面临的迫切问题，以及使用统一的货币带来的影响。

第三段指出问题的解决停滞不前的原因。

第四、五段分别介绍了德国和法国在欧盟统一货币方面方面的不同态度。

最后一段总结:现在为欧盟下定论. 还为时过早。

二、全文翻译Text 4Will the European Union make it（成功，固定词组）? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent（洲，大陆）facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.欧盟会成功吗?若在不久之前有人提这样的问题，人们会感到奇怪。

但是现在即使是欧盟最有力的支持者们也都在谈论欧洲大陆所面临的“百慕大三角”一一债务、人口下降和低速增长。

As well as those chronic（长期的，慢性的）problems, the EU faces an acute（严重的，急性的；激烈的；敏锐的；尖声的）crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to（汇聚到）the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation（货币贬值）.译文:市场已经失去信心，不再相信欧元区的经济体，无论强弱，终有一天都会因遵循使用统一货币一，这可以阻止缺乏竞争力的成员国利用货币贬值快速解决经济问题一而走向融合。

2011考研英语2text4解析（原创版）目录1.文章概述2.文章主旨3.文章结构4.文章细节解析5.总结正文一、文章概述本文是一篇针对 2011 年考研英语第二篇文章的解析，主要针对文章的结构、主旨和细节进行分析。

通过深入剖析文章，帮助考生更好地理解文章，提高阅读理解能力。

二、文章主旨文章主要讨论了人类对于环境的影响以及环境问题的严重性。

作者通过举例、对比等手法，阐述了环境问题的严峻形势，并提醒人们要关注环境保护，共同努力解决环境问题。

三、文章结构文章共分为四个部分：引言、正文、结论和建议。

1.引言：简要介绍文章的背景和目的，引发读者的兴趣。

2.正文：详细阐述人类对环境的影响以及环境问题的严重性，包括水资源短缺、土地沙化、空气污染等方面。

3.结论：总结文章的主要观点，强调环境问题的严重性，并提出解决环境问题的迫切性。

4.建议：针对环境问题，提出一些具体的解决措施和建议，呼吁人们共同努力保护环境。

四、文章细节解析文章在细节方面做得非常到位，通过举例、对比等手法，使得文章的观点更加鲜明。

以下是一些具体的细节解析：1.作者通过举例说明水资源短缺的问题，如“我国许多地区已经出现了严重的水资源短缺现象，其中一些地区的水资源短缺问题已经影响到了人们的日常生活”。

2.文章通过对比揭示了土地沙化的严重性，如“我国的土地沙化问题已经从过去的局部现象变成了现在的大面积现象，而且在过去的几十年里，土地沙化的速度一直在加快”。

3.作者用具体的数据说明空气污染的问题，如“据统计，我国每年因空气污染导致的死亡人数已经超过了 100 万”。

五、总结本文通过对 2011 年考研英语第二篇文章的解析，帮助考生更好地理解文章的主旨和细节。

通过提高阅读理解能力，考生可以更好地应对考试。

2011英语二text4摘要：一、引言二、低碳经济的定义和重要性三、低碳经济的发展现状1.国际发展状况2.我国发展状况四、低碳经济面临的挑战1.技术挑战2.制度挑战五、低碳经济发展的策略1.技术创新2.政策支持3.企业参与六、结论正文：一、引言随着全球气候变化问题日益严重，低碳经济作为一种减缓温室气体排放、提高能源利用效率的发展模式，受到广泛关注。

本文将对低碳经济的定义、发展现状及其面临的挑战和策略进行探讨。

二、低碳经济的定义和重要性低碳经济是指在生产、消费过程中，通过技术创新、制度创新和产业结构调整，降低能源消耗和碳排放，实现经济增长与碳排放的脱钩。

低碳经济对于实现可持续发展、减缓全球气候变化具有重要意义。

三、低碳经济的发展现状1.国际发展状况：许多发达国家，如英国、德国、日本等，已经提出了明确的低碳发展战略和目标，积极推动低碳技术研发和产业应用。

2.我国发展状况：近年来，我国政府高度重视低碳经济发展，制定了一系列政策措施，加大投入力度，推动产业转型升级。

四、低碳经济面临的挑战1.技术挑战：低碳技术研发和推广仍面临诸多困难，如高成本、技术成熟度低等。

2.制度挑战：相关政策法规和制度体系尚不完善，需要进一步改革和完善。

五、低碳经济发展的策略1.技术创新：加大研发投入，支持关键核心技术攻关，推动技术成果转化。

2.政策支持：完善政策法规体系，制定合理的碳排放标准和碳税政策，引导资金投向低碳领域。

3.企业参与：鼓励企业实施低碳发展战略，建立碳排放权交易市场，推动企业自主减排。

六、结论低碳经济作为一种新型发展模式，对于实现可持续发展、减缓全球气候变化具有重要意义。