英语里必须记得的几十个拉丁语！
2013-01-05 12:58
Per se: （就其本身而言）The direct translation of this term is "by itself" and it means just that when used in English as well. You could use it to say that you don't find chemistry boring per se (by itself, intrinsically), but this professor's voice puts you to sleep. 例如：就化学本身而言我并不讨厌它，可是教授上课的声音总是让我想打瞌睡。
Vice versa: （反之亦然）From the Latin meaning "to change" or "turn around," this term means to reverse the order of something . This quote from Samuel Butler provides an example, "In the midst of vice we are in virtue, and vice versa."
Alma mater: （母校尤指大学）If you don't know this term already, you'll become quite familiar with it once you graduate from college. The literal translation is "dear/bountiful mother" but you'll find it used in everyday language to denote the college or university from which one has graduated.
Magnum opus（大师之作/绝好的艺术作品）: Whether it's in writing, painting, sculpture or music, this Latin term denotes the greatest work done by an artist-- a true masterpiece.
Bona fide（在法律术语中指良好的意图/一般表示真诚的和善意的）: While it's literal translation means "good faith" this term has a few different shades of meaning in modern language. In legal terms, it is used to represent something that is presented without deception or fraud, or literally in good faith, honest, sincere and lawful. It is more commonly used to mean something that's the real deal or truly authentic.
Quasi（类似的，有如）: In Latin, this word means as if or as though and in English it is used as both an adjective in its own right and as a part of a compound word. It simply designates something that resembles something else but doesn't quite have all the same features.
Alter ego（密友，或者个性的另一面）: Cicero coined this term, most likely taken from the Greek, to mean "a second self" or "another I" and its modern meaning hasn't changed much today. Many people have an alter ego, or another, perhaps hidden aspect of themselves. One example from popular culture is Beyonce's alter ego, Sasha Fierce.
Verbatim（逐字逐句的/地）: If you repeat something verbatim you repeat it in exactly the same words, word for word with no changes and no improvisation.
Status quo（现状）: From the Latin meaning "the state in which" this term is used today to designate the existing state or condition of things. For example, if you're making money off of a high pollution industry it is to your interests to maintain the status quo when it comes to environmental law.
Writing 写作的时候常用到的拉丁文
Knowing just what these terms and words mean can be a big help in improving your reading comprehension.
知道这些拉丁文可以有效地提高你的阅读理解能力。
Sic（这个是指原作品中出现了错误，编辑在此指出）: Found in writing, this Latin word most commonly finds a home in brackets (like this: [sic]) when quoting a statement or writing. It indicates that there is a spelling or grammar error (or just something out of the ordinary) in the original quotation and that the publication has only reproduced it faithfully, not made an error of their own.
Id est（缩写是i.e.,通常在作者想要给出具体的例子和解释的时候）: You've likely seen this term in writing before, even if you weren't aware as it is commonly abbreviated to i.e. In Latin, it means "that is" and is used in English when the speaker or writer wants to give an example or explanation that specifies a statement.
Deus ex machina（解围的人或事件）: In direct translation, this term means, "God out of a machine" and it harkens back ancient Greek and Roman plays. When the plot would become too tangled or confusing, the writers would simply bring in God, lowered in v ia a pulley system (the machine) and he would wrap it all up. Today, it's still used in literature to describe a plot where an artificial or improbable means of resolving a conflict is used.
Exempli gratia（缩写是e.g.,这通常会用在例子前面，for the sake of example）: You'll often see this term abbreviated to e.g. in writing. It means "for the sake of example" and when it see it in a sentence you can expect that is will be followed by some examples.
Et cetera（缩写是etc. 意思是and the others还有其他的）: Few out there aren't familiar with this term but may not know it as well when it's spelled out like this and not abbreviated as etc. Meaning "and the others" it is used to denote that a list of things could continue ad infinitum (see below for definition) and that for the sake of brevity it's better to just wrap things up with a simple etc.
Ex libris（专指书籍从...图书馆来）: Back in the days when books were rarer and more expensive commodities than they were today, it was common to mark your books with a label bearing your own name and this phrase which means "from the library of." While not as common today, some true bibliophiles still use the labels.
Ibidem（缩写是ibid,常被用在文献页，指同一个资料来源被引用了两次）: Another abbreviated term, this word is more commonly seen in research writing in the form of "ibid." From the Latin for "in the same place" it is found in footnotes and bibliographies to designate that the same source has been cited twice in succession.
Et alii（缩写是et al, 通常用在一本合著的书的某一个作者名字之后以省略罗列其他的作者名字）: You're unlikely to encounter this Latin phrase in its unabbreviated form, and will
most likely only ever see it as et al when included. This is also a term that is found in footnotes and bibliographies which allows writers to refer to a large number of authors without having to write each name out (for example, you could say that your source is Dr. Henry Jones et al.)
Ad infinitum（to infinity 无止尽的）: You might be able to guess what this phrase means simply through its similarity to the word we use in English. It means "to infinity" and can be used to describe something that goes on, seemingly or actually endlessly, as some students might feel about certain classes.
De facto（事实上）: In Latin, de facto means "from the fact" and in use in English it is often used to distinguish what is supposed to be the case from what is actually the reality. For example, legally, employers are not allowed to discriminate in hiring because of age, but many still practice de facto (in reality, in fact) discrimination.
In toto（in total, 总的来说/整体上）: No, this phrase doesn't mean that the cute little dog from The Wizard of Oz ate something, it means in all or entirely. Think of it as saying "in total" in a really weird voice.
Ipso facto（本质上/事实证明）: Meaning "by the fact itself" this commonly used and misused term is denotes when something is true by its very nature. For example, if you don't feed your dog you are ipso facto a bad owner.
Tabula rasa（纯洁质朴天真的状态）: When you were a child, your mind might have been more of a tabula rasa than it is today. This Latin phrase means "clean slate" and denotes something or someone not affected by experiences and impressions.
Terra firma（坚实的陆地）: Those who hate to fly or get seriously seasick will be able to put this term to good use. It means firm ground, and you might be thanking your lucky stars to be back on it after a trip through the air or rough waters.
Mea culpa（是我的错）: If you want to admit your own guilt or wrongdoing in a situation, use this Latin phrase that translates literally to "my fault." It's a bit like a fancier, less outdated way of saying "my bad."
Persona non grata（不受欢迎的人）: From the Latin meaning an "unacceptable person" this term designates someone who's no longer welcome in a social or business situation.
In situ（现场，就地）: If something happens in situ it happens in place or on site, though the term often designates something that exists in an original or natural state. Like a rare species sighted in situ or an invaluable artifact found on an archeological site.
In vitro（在试管内）: Most students will be familiar with this term because of modern fertility treatments, but have you ever considered what the term actually means? In Latin,
in v itro means "in glass" and any biological process that occurs in the laboratory rather than in the body or a natural setting can be called in vitro.
In vivo（在活体内）: While an experiment taking place in a glass test tube might not cause a stir, many are up in arms about this kind of experimentation. In vivo means "within the liv ing" and the two most common examples of this kind of experimentation are animal testing and clinical trials.
Ante bellum（战前，尤指美国南北战争）: During your history courses, you're bound to encounter this term. It means in the most basic sense "before the war" and while it can be applied to any war it is most commonly used to refer to the American Civil War and the Antebellum Era the preceded it.
Arguments and Logic 做逻辑和争论
Representing arguments as old as philosophy itself and the terms associated with them, these terms are good to know for a well-rounded education.
A priori: You might come across this term in classes about logic or reasoning. It means taking a general law or idea and applying it to a particular instance without needing experimentation or observation. An example of an a priori statement that is used is, "all bachelors are single." You do not need to observe this to see that it is true because, by definition, bachelors must be single.
A posteriori: A posteriori arguments are different than a priori because they are based on actual observation or experimentation. Continuing on the previous example, an a posteriori example of reasoning might be that "some bachelors are happy." This can be based on real life observation isn't a given based on what a bachelor is.
Ad nauseam: This Latin term is used to describe an argument that has been taking place to the point of nausea, often with the same arguments being rehashed over and ov er for years until everyone, except a select few, are simply sick to death of the whole thing.
Ergo: Simply put, ergo means therefore and you can exchange it with therefore or hence in any sentence and maintain the same meaning. For example, you could say, "I think, ergo I am" without changing the meaning of the original.
Legal Language
One place where Latin words are very commonly used is in the courtroom. Learn some of these basic legal words to help you better understand Law and Order and how the legal process works.
Compis mentis: Meaning "in command of one's mind" this term is used in the legal field to denote someone who is competent to stand trial and not encumbered by mental illness or handicap.
Subpoena: If you've ever watched a legal drama on TV, you've more than likely heard this term thrown around but perhaps haven't given much thought as to what it really means. The word subpoena comes from the Latin meaning "under penalty" and if someone delivers a subpoena to you have to respond or they'll be some big penalties under the law.
Ad hominem: In court, or outside of it for that matter, this term is used to designate an argument that attacks someone's character rather than addressing a question or issue at hand. By attacking character, these arguments appeal to emotions and prejudices rather than reason or logic.
Habeas corpus: A writ of habeas corpus (literally, have the body) requires a person to appear before the court in person, generally to ascertain whether or not the detention of that person is lawful. Habeas corpus cannot be suspended unless there is reason to believe that a person could pose a danger to the public.
Pro bono: Pro bono means "for the good" and it's a term used to designate when something is done free of charge. While the term can be applied in any field, it is most commonly used to describe legal services.
Mens rea: There is a big difference between murder and manslaughter, and mens rea is what separates the two. Mens rea means "guilty mind," and those who go into a crime intending to commit it have it, differing from those who commit a crime accidentally or without advance planning.
Business
It's always good to know the language of business, especially in such a competitive market. No matter what field you enter, you're bound to hear these words at some point in your career.
Ad hoc: From the Latin meaning "to this," this term gained popularity in the mid-1600s and it still used today. It refers to something that is formed or done quickly to meets the needs of a particular problem or issue without regard to a more general application and generally lacking advance planning.
Per diem: Meaning "by the day" a per diem in most uses today designates a daily allowance used in traveling for work. It can also mean a per-day rate or that someone is paid on a daily basis. Other common similar terms are per annum (by the year) and per capita (by the person.)
Curriculum vitae: A curriculum v itae is basically a fancy way to describe a resume. While it means literally "the course of one's life" the terms is applied to mean a short list of your accomplishments and training-- something any grad will need to think about putting together soon.
Pro rata: This Latin phrase is something you're likely familiar with in everyday life. It means to charge at a proportional rate. So if a service is $100 for 10 hours, then one would cost $10 pro rata.
Quid pro quo: While Anthony Hopkins so sinisterly used this phrase in The Silence of the Lambs, in everyday life it's often used to describe an exchange of value necessary for a contract to take place. From the Latin meaning "this for that," it gets used in everywhere from the courtroom to the bedroom in modern English.
Quotes and Sayings
These quotes and sayings in Latin get tossed around, put on bumper st ickers and repeated in conversations so they're well-worth knowing.
Carpe diem: This well-known phrase comes from a poem by Horace. While there have been arguments about the exact translation, it is most commonly held to mean "seize the day" encouraging indiv iduals to live life to the fullest today without expectation of a tomorrow.
Cogito ergo sum: Translated from the Latin, the quote means "I think, therefore I am" and comes from the writing of philosopher Rene Descartes.
Veni, vidi, vici: These famous words were purported uttered by Roman emperor Julius Caesar after a short war with Pharnaces II of Pontus. Translated, it means "I came, I saw, I conquered" an adage you can hopefully keep in mind come finals time.
In vino veritas: If you're old enough to drink or have been around others who have imbibed, you're more than likely already familiar with the wisdom behind this quote from Pliny the Elder meaning, "in wine there is the truth." It is often followed up with "in aqua sanitas" or "in water there is health"-- something all college students should remember.
E pluribus unum: Simply take a look at American currency to see this Latin phrase in use. It means "out of many, one" and is found on anything bearing the seal of the United States.
Et tu, Brute?: These are the famous last words of Julius Caesar after he is murdered by his friend Marcus Brutus in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar. They mean "Even you, Brutus?" and are used poetically today to designate any form of the utmost betrayal.
法律英语词源的三个主渠道英语词汇的来源最具开放性,法律英语词汇亦是如此。在英语发展的历史长河中,法语和拉丁语构成了法律英语词汇来源的主渠道,另外,古英语复合副词及其它常用古词语构成另一主渠道。 1. 法语对法律英语词汇的形成产生过直接的巨大作用。如果追究法律英语的词源便会发现几乎所有的词均来自法语,而这一特征具有深刻的历史根源。1066年英国历史上的“诺曼底人的征服”(theNor-manConquest)使英国第一次实现了法的统一,严格意义的英国法——普通法雏型便产生了,同时,精通普通法的律师以及从中产生的法官集团也开始出现。然而,英国人的祖先盎格鲁撒克逊人的法大多是原始部族的习惯法,当时影响很小,流传下来的也很少。除了在法律方面所实行的侵略政策外,法国人还在语言方面实行了隔离政策,结果法语成为英国的官方语言,而英语则被视为粗陋的登不上大雅之堂的语言,只作为口头语言在平民老百姓中继续使用。当时,法院审判均使用法语而不使用英语。然而,这并未使法语的法律词汇侵入到英语中去,因为,当时的语言隔离政策使得法语和英语成为不同社会阶层分别独立使用的语言,两者并未有机地溶合在一起。法语法律词汇与英语的溶合实际在于英语本身地位的提高。中古英语时期,英法之间的“百年战争”(1337—1454)和当时的“黑死病”的蔓延结果使英语的地位出现复苏局面,英语开始用于法律领域。这时虽然法语仍为官方语言,但是在这次语言大冲突中,由于法律英语词汇的贫乏及方便法律概念表达的现实需要,法律英语词汇和法语法律词汇明显溶合,几乎全盘接受。以下例词便可深刻地说明法律英语词汇受法语影响的深度:justice(正义),judgement(审判),crime(罪行),plea(抗辩),suit(诉讼),plaintiff(原告),defendant(被告),attorney(律师),complaint(控告),summons(传票),verdict(裁决),sen-tence(判决),punishment(刑罚),prison(监狱),bill(法案),inquest(审讯),evidence(证据),slander(诽谤),libel(诽谤罪),innocence(无罪)等。这些单词现在看来无论在发音还是在拼写上完全和英语同化了,有些已成为全民的词汇,如果不追究其词源,根本不会感到它们源自法语。在现代英语时期,法语词汇一直源源不断进入英语,尤其是在18世纪初至19世纪其数量为最多,但是法律词汇并不多,例如parole(假释),regime(政权),police(警察),attaché(使馆馆员)等就是在这一时期进入英语的。法语法律词汇在英国法真正产生的背景之下大量涌入英语并逐渐与其同化是在上述中古英语时期。那时的法语对英语在各方面产生的影响是任何时期都无法比拟的。 2.法律英语词汇另一个重要来源就是拉丁语。在“诺曼底人的征服”期间,拉丁语和法语一样占绝对统治地位。虽然其词汇进入英语的数量远不及法语,但是,大量的法律英语术语显然在中古英语时期和随后的文艺复兴时期直接源自拉丁语。例如:custody(拘留),homicide(杀人),legal(法律上的),legitimate(合法的),malefactor(犯罪分子),mediator(调停者),minor(未成年人),notary(公证人),prosecute(对…起诉),testimony(证词),dec-laration(申诉),advocate(辩护人),appeal(上诉),civil(民事的),jurist(法学理家)等等。和法语一样,拉丁语法律词汇进入法律英语之后也与英语完全溶合同化了,从以上例词就可看出许多词已全民化而广泛应用,而且很难根据其词形判断其词源。此外,相当一部分法语和拉丁语法律术语虽然发音有所同化,但词形却保持着原有形式,未被同化。例如源自法语的法律术语:estoppel(禁止发言),feesimple(不限制具有一定身份的人才能继承的土地),laches(长期不行使权利),quash(撤销)等;源自拉丁语的法律术语:alias(再发令状),amicuscuriae(法庭之友),nolleprose-qui(撤回诉讼),resjudicata(定案)等。可能由于难读难记难懂的缘故,有人认为这类术语很少使用。实际上作为法律英语专门术语的一个组成部分,由于语义稳定,没有引伸寓意,文体效果突出,这类术语仍发挥着重要作用。另外,这类术语的词义经过演变扩大也有可能成为一般词语,进入日常生活。例如上述alias现在可用来指“别名,化名”;quash已有了“镇压”词义。 3.法律英语词汇本族语的来源主要是古词语。古词语在现代英语中已不再广泛应用了,而且逐渐在消亡,但是在法律英语中古词语的应用却十分普遍。正如DavidCrystal和DerekDavy言:It
初中英语作文常用连接词 （1）表示增加的过渡词：also，and，and then，too，in addition，furthermore，moreover，again，another，first/ second/ third等。 （2）表示时间顺序的过渡词：now，then，before，after，afterwards，earlier，later，immediately，soon，next，in afew days，gradually，suddenly，finally 等。 （3）表示空间顺序的过渡词：near（to），far（from），in front of，behind，beside，beyond，above，below，to the right/ left，around，outside等。（4）表示比较的过渡词：in the same way，just like，just as等。 （5）表示对照的过渡词：but，still，yet，however，on the other hand，on the contary，in spite of，even though等。 （6）表示结果和原因的过渡词：because，since，so，as a result，therefore，then，thus，otherwise等。 （7）表示目的的过渡词：for this reason，for this purpose，so that等。（8）表示强调的过渡词：in fact，indeed，surely，necessarily，certainly，without any doubt， above all等。 （9）表示解释说明的过渡词：for example，in fact，in this case, actually 等。 （10）表示总结的过渡词：finally，at last，in conclusion，in brief，in short，in general，on the whole等。
法律英语中的拉丁语词汇Latin Words in Legal English ab initio （自始，例：void ab initio 自始无效）from the beginning ad hoc （特别；特定；为某一目的特设，例：ah hoc committee 特设委员会；临时委员会；专门委员会）for this purpose ad litem （专为某一诉讼目的；例：agent ad litem诉讼代理人）for the lawsuit a fortiori（更加，更不必说） according to Webster: "with greater reason or more convincing force -- used in drawing a conclusion that is inferred to be even more certain than another." Example: If it is a violation of the sending state's rights to arrest its consular official, then a fortiori it would be a violation to arrest its ambassador. a posteriori（经验的；归纳的；后验的） from effect to cause; from particular to general; inductive (based on observation or experience). a priori（先验的；演绎的） from cause to effect; from generalization to particular; deductive; presupposed by or reasoning from self-evident propositions (based on theory rather than practice). amicus curiae（法庭之友） "friend of the court"; a person with a strong interest in or views on the subject matter of a given legal action may petition the court for permission to file a brief, ostensibly on behalf of a party but actually to suggest a rationale consistent with its own views. Such amicus curiae briefs are commonly filed in appeals concerning matters of a broad public interest. Example: NPC of Iran v. M/T Stolt Sheaf case contra legem（违反法律） "against the law" (term used to describe an equitable decision of a court or tribunal that is contrary to the law governing the controversy. Such a decision would not normally be permitted unless the tribunal had been empowered to act ex aequo et bono). As opposed to intra legem. de facto（事实；事实上） in fact (as opposed to in law, de jure) de lege ferenda（根据拟议法） what the law ought to be (as opposed to what the law is, lex lata). de lege lata（根据现行法）what the law is (as opposed to what the law ought to be, de lege ferenda). de jure（法理上；法律上） in law (as opposed to in fact, de facto).
英语中常用的连词 No matter whether he had been invited or not, he was there to celebrate Wu You's birthday. 无论他是否被邀请参加，他去了就是为了庆贺吴莜的生日。 对于whether... or not前是否能用no matter，部分学生感到疑惑。他们说，见过no matter who, no matter what, no matter how, no matter where, no matter when等，没见过no matter whether... or not。可见，对于no matter的用法他们只知其一，不知其二。 针对这一情况，笔者特将no matter的用法归纳、整理如下。 1. 词组no matter可独立成句，也可在句中担当成分。如： — 1) No matter! 不要紧！ 2) No matter, I'll go myself. 不碍事，我自个儿去。 3) No matter if they do not take this factor into consideration. 如果他们不考虑这个因素，那无关紧要。 4) It is (of ) no matter. (no matter在句中作表语或of的宾语。) 这无关紧要。 5) I had something to say, but it's no matter. 我本来有句话要说，但不是很重要。 ] 2. 词组no matter在it作形式主语、真正主语位于句末的句子中作表语。如： 1) It is no matter that he didn't phone. 他没打电话没关系。 2) It made no matter to him that his brother lost all his money. 他哥哥把所有的钱都弄丢了，这对他来说是无关紧要的。 3) It's no matter whether you get there early or late. 不论你到那里早或晚都无关紧要。 3. no matter与疑问词who, what, where, when, how, if, whether等连用，意为“无论，不管”。如： 、 1) Don't open the door, no matter who comes. 不管谁来都别开门。 2) Don't trust him, no matter what he says. 无论他说什么，都别相信他。 3) No matter where you work, you can always find time to study. 无论你在哪里工作，你都能
第22卷 第3期 宁 波 大 学 学 报（人 文 科 学 版） Vol. 22 No.3 2009年5月 JOURNAL OF NINGBO UNIVERSITY（LIBERAL ARTS EDITION） May 2009 —————————————— 收稿日期：2008 - 10 - 30 作者简介：徐赛颖（1970 -），男，浙江宁波人，宁波大学外语学院讲师，硕士。 法律英语的历时演变及其翻译标准 徐赛颖 （宁波大学 外语学院，浙江 宁波 315211） 摘要：以案例法为特征的英美法系，其语言特征的形成有其长期的历史演变过程。拉丁语、法语以及盎格 鲁—萨克逊语的共同影响使法律英语成为特别风格的职业语言。虽然现代法律英语有着不断简化的发展 趋势，但它仍旧是高度专业化、具有专门特征的英语文体。文章通过对法律英语历时演变的主体特征的历 史解读，透视其法律语言的规约性、严谨性、专业性以及去个性化特征，这些特征使得法律英语的翻译须 遵循“忠实、精确、统一、简洁”这四个原则。 关键词：法律英语；历时演变；翻译标准 中图分类号：H059 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1001 - 5124（2009）03 - 0061 - 05 语言是法律的媒介，是法律用来调整社会行为而使用的工具。正如Maley 所说，“一旦准则及诉讼记载下来并标准化和制度化，那么一种特殊的法律语言就成形了，它代表着一种专业化的功能模 式” 。［1］法律英语作为一种法律语言具有独特的语言特征，这种特征一方面源于法律英语的职业特殊性，另一方面还来自于其悠久的演变历史。考察法律英语的这种历时演变有助于我们了解法律英语翻译中的特殊性及其独特的评价标准。 一、法律英语的起源及其演变 欧洲大陆的国家基本上属于大陆法系，起源可以追溯到罗马法，精确地说可以追溯到公元6世纪Corpus Juris 所制定的Justinian Code 。［2］ 也就是说，大陆法系的起源是以法典的形式固定下来的。 英美法系与大陆法系的起源有很大的区别，虽然罗马法对英美法系的起源有一定的影响，但英美法的起源在于英国法主要使用于英国、英国的原殖民地以及美国。英美法系的产生不是以法典的形式而是依赖于法官对长期以来不同案件判决的经验的积累，它给予法庭以极大的权力，而且法律的从业者对于这种法系的形成起了很大的作用，因为在英美法系中，是律师而不是法官首先准备上诉的材料、盘问证人，也是律师根据自己的从业经验和法官对以前的案例的判决提出证据，所以在某种程度上，英美法是由法律的从业者发展成形的。英美法最早起源不是书面的，只存在于法律从业者的记忆当中。在11世纪初，法官才开始把各种判决的案例记录下来，这就是为什么英美法有时候也被称之为“案例法”（case law），也就是说可以由法官解释的法律，与“成文法”（statutory law） 相对应。［3］ 英美法的真正发展是在公元1066年诺曼底人征服英国后，那时才开始出现了用英语和拉丁语 书写的法律，但拉丁语起着主导作用，它成为正式的法律文件比如公文和准则的书写语言。到了13世纪，由于法语随着诺曼底征服后在英国地位逐渐加强，也由于13世纪时半数以上的欧洲法庭都使用法语，所以法语代替了拉丁语成为英国法庭的口头使用语言，但那时拉丁语还是英国法律的书面语言。［4］到了14世纪，法语才取代拉丁语成为了英国最早的法律年报和法规的书面使用语言。所以 法律法语在词汇上和形态上对现代法律英语有着巨大的影响，在当时英国，所有的法律以及记录的案例都使用法语。直到15世纪后期，随着1476年专业出版机构的出现，以及对伦敦标准语作为书
拉丁语常用词汇范文 一、常用词汇 氨:ammónia,ae,f . 阿托品:atropínum,i,n. 硫酸 盐:sulfas,atis,m. 穿心莲:andrographis,idis,f. 磷酸盐:phosphas,atis,m. 可待因:codeínum,i,n. 婴儿:infans,antis,m,f. 碘:jodum,i,n. 盐酸盐:hydrochloridun,i,n. 吗啡:morphínum,i,n. 肾上腺素:adrenalínum,I,n. 阿片:ópium,i,n. 远志:polygala,ae,f. 氧化物:óxydu,i,n. 薄荷:Menthae Herba 大黄:rheum,I,n. 龙胆:Gentianae Radix 樟脑:cámphora,ae,f. 苯巴比妥:phenobarbitalum,I,n. 胃蛋白酶: pepsínum. 氯化物:chloridu.i,n. 葡萄糖:glucosum ,i,n. 麻黄碱:ephedrínum,i,n. 利血平:reserhínum,i,n. 橙皮:aurantiun,i,n. 酸:ácidum,i,n. 二、剂型词 水剂:aqua,ae,f.(Aq.)合剂mistura,ae,f.(Mist.) 喷雾剂nebula,ae,f.( Neb.)片剂:taballa,ae,f.(Tab.) 注射液injectio,onis,f.( Inj.)眼膏:oculentum,I,n.(Ocul.) 糖浆剂:syrupus,I,m.(Syr.)散剂:pulvis,eris,m.(pulv.) 溶液剂sloutio,onis,f.(Sol.)滴鼻剂:naristilla(Naristill) 浸膏:extractum,i,n.(Extr.)
英文中常见拉丁文汇总 Must-Learn Terms 必记的术语： If you don’t know these Latin terms, get to learning them ASAP, as they are commonly used in speaking and writing and may be hard to avoid. 1、The direct translation of this term is "by itself" and it means just that when used in English as well. You could use it to say that you don’t find chemistry boring per se (by itself, intrinsically), but this professor’s voice puts you to sleep.例如：就化学本身而言我并不讨厌它，可是教授上课的声音总是让我想打瞌睡。Per se: （就其本身而言） 2、From the Latin meaning "to change" or "turn around," this term means to reverse the order of something . This quote from Samuel Butler provides an example, "In the midst of vice we are in virtue, and vice versa."Vice versa: （反之亦然） 3、If you don’t know this term already, you’ll become quite familiar with it once you graduate from college. The literal translation is "dear/bountiful mother" but you’ll find it used in everyday language to denote the college or university from which one has graduated.Alma mater: （母校尤指大学） 4、Whether it’s in writing, painting, sculpture or music, this Latin term denotes the greatest work done by an artist-- a true masterpiece.Magnum opus（大师之作/绝好的艺术作品）: 5、While it’s literal translation means "good faith" this term has a few different shades of meaning in modern language. In legal terms, it is used to represent something that is presented without deception or fraud, or literally in good faith, honest, sincere and lawful. It is more commonly used to mean something that’s the real deal or truly authentic.Bona fide（在法律术语中指良好的意图/一般表示真诚的和善意的）: 6、In Latin, this word means as if or as though and in English it is used as both an adjective in its own right and as a part of a compound word. It simply designates something that resembles something else but doesn’t quite have all the same features.Quasi（类似的，有如）: 7、Cicero coined this term, most likely taken from the Greek, to mean "a second self" or "another I" and its modern meaning hasn’t changed much today. Many people have an alter ego, or another, perhaps hidden aspect of themselves. One example fro m popular culture is Beyonce’s alter ego, Sasha Fierce.Alter ego（密友，或者个性的另一面）: 8、If you repeat something verbatim you repeat it in exactly the same words, word for word with no changes and no improvisation.Verbatim（逐字逐句的/地）: 9、From the Latin meaning "the state in which" this term is used today to designate the existing state or condition of things. For example, if you’re making money off of a high pollution industry it is to your interests to maintain the status quo when it comes to environmental law.Status quo （现状）:
英语中常用的连词 Addition表附加意义的连词 in addition 另外 and 又，而且similarly 相似地likewise 同样地 as well as 也 besides 除…之外furthermore 此外，而且also 也moreover 再者，加之and then 另外 too 也 not only…but (also) 不但…而且even 甚至besides this/that 除此之外 Sequence表顺序的连词 first(ly) 首先 initially 最初 second(ly) 其次，第二to begin with 首先 then 然后 next 接下来earlier/later 之前/之后after this/that 在这/那之后following this/that 接下来afterwards 后来 Consequence表结果的连词
as a result 结果 thus 因此，于是so 所以therefore 因此consequently 所以，因此it follows that 因此而定thereby 从而eventually 最终 then 那么 in that case 那样的话admittedly 显然 Contrast表对比的连词 however 然而 on the other hand 另一方面despite 不管 in spite of 不管 though 尽管although 尽管 but 但是 on the contrary 相反otherwise 否则 yet 仍然instead of 而不（代替）rather 宁愿whereas 然而，却nonetheless 尽管如此even though 即使
人体解剖学常用名词 1.*human anatomy [ ??????? ????????] 人体解剖 学 2.*systematic anatomy [ ??????????? ????????] 系统解剖学 3.*topographic anatomy [???????????? ????????] 4.*regional anatomy [????????● ????????] 局部 解剖学 5.applied anatomy [???●??? ????????] 应用解剖学 人体部分词汇 6.caput[ ??????], *head [???] 头 7.#cranio- [ ????????]，*cranium[ ???????] 颅 8.*face [????] 面 9.#nasus [??????]，*nose [??◆?] 鼻 10.#os [ ?]，*mouth [??◆?] 口 11.#auris [ ??ris]，*ea r[i?] 耳 12.#oculus [ ?kjul?s]，*eye [??] 眼 13.#cervix [ ???????]，#collum [ ??●??]，*neck [???] 颈 14.*trunk [?????] 躯干 15.*chest [?????] 胸 16.*abdomen [ ???????] 腹 17.#dorsum [ d ????]，*back [???] 背 18.#lumbus [●?????]腰(部) 19.#loin [●???] 腰 20.#membrum [ ???????]，*limb [●??] 肢 一般方位词汇 21.#vertical [ ???????●] 垂直 22.#horizontal [??????????●] 水平 23.#median [ ???????] 正中 24.#sagittal [ ??????●] 矢状 25.#coronal [ ?????●] 冠状 26.#transverse [ tr?nzv???] 横 27.dexter [??????]，#right [????] 右 28.sinister [ ???????]，#left [●???] 左 29.#medial [ ??????●] 内侧 30.#lateral [ ●?????●] 外侧 31.intermediate [????????????] 中间 32.collateral [ ??●?????●] 侧的，副的 33.#internal [???????●] 内 34.#external [????????●] 外 35.#anterior [?????????] 前 36.#posterior [??????????] 后 37.#ventral [ ??????●] 腹侧 38.#dorsal [ ?????●] 背侧 39.#superior [ ??◆????????] 上 40.#inferior [?????????] 下 41.#superficial [ ??◆?????????●] 浅 42.profundus [??????????]，#deep [????] 深 43.#proximal [ ????????●] 近侧 44.#distal [ ?????●] 远侧 45.#central [ ??????●] 中央，中心 46.#peripheral [?????????●] 周围 47.#radial [ ??????●] 桡侧 48.#ulnar [ ?●???] 尺侧 49.#tibial [ ?????●] 胫侧 50.#fibular [ ????◆●?] 腓侧 骨学 51.osteologia [ ??????●?????]，osteology [ ??????●????]骨学 52.*os [ ?]，bone [??◆?] 骨 53.diaphysis [??????????]，shaft[?????]骨干 54.medullary [?????●???] 髓质的, 骨髓的, 脊髓的 55.#epiphysial line [ ?????????● ●???] 骺线 56.osseous substance[ ?????? ?????????] 骨质 https://www.doczj.com/doc/794241053.html,pact bone [ ??????? ??◆?] 骨密质 58.spongy bone [ ??????? ??◆?] 骨松质59. #cartilage [ ?????●???] 软骨 60.#epiphysial cartilage [ ?????????● ??????●???] 骺软骨 61.#diploe [ ???●???] 板障 62.#periosteum [ ???????????] 骨膜 63.#bone marrow [ ??◆? ?????◆] 骨髓 64.#process [ ??????] 突 65.#spine [?????] 棘 66.#eminence [ ???????] 隆起 67.#tuberosity [ ??◆??????????] 粗隆 68.#tuber[ ??◆???]结节 69.#crest[ ????]嵴 70.#fossa[ ????]窝 71.#fovea[ ??◆???]凹 72.#foveolar[??◆?????●?] 小凹的,孔穴的 73.#sulcus[ ??●???]沟 74.#impression[?????????]压迹 75.#cavity[ ??????]腔 76.#sinus[ ??????]窦 77.#antrum[ ??????]房 78.cellula[ ??●?◆●?]小房 79. #canal[ ????●]管 80.#meatus [????????]道 81.#aperture[ ?????◆?]口 82.#foramen[?????????]孔 83.#hiatus[?????????]裂孔 84.#capitulum[ ??????◆●??]小头 85.#condyle[ ?????●]髁 86.#epicondyle[ ??????????●]上髁 87.#surface[ ??????]面 88.#border [ ?????]缘 89.#notch [????]切迹 90.*vertebra [ ????????]椎骨 91.#vertebral body [ ????????● ????]椎体 92.#vertebral canal [ ????????● ?????●]椎管 93.#vertebral arch [ ????????● ????]椎弓 94.#intervertebral foramina[ ?????????????● ?????????? ]椎间孔 95.*cervical vertebrae[ ???????● ??????????] 颈椎 96.#atlas[ ??●??]寰椎 97.#axis [ ?????]枢椎 98.#vertebra prominens[ ????????? ??????????] 隆椎 99.*thoracic vertebrae [ ??????? ??????????]胸椎100.*lumbar vertebrae [ ●???? ??????????]腰椎101.*sacrum [ ???????]骶骨 102.sacral hiatus [ ??????● ?????????]骶管裂孔103.sacral cornu [ ??????● ??????◆]骶角 104.*coccyx[ ???????]尾骨 105.#vertebral column[ ????????● ???●??]脊柱106.*costa [ ?????],*rib [???]肋 107.#costal bone[ ?????● ??◆?]肋骨 108.costal cartilage[ ?????● ??????●???]肋软骨109.*sternum[ ???????]胸骨 110.*frontal bone [ ?????● ??◆?]额骨 111.*parietal bone [????????● ??◆?]顶骨 112.*occipital bone [ ?? ?????● ??◆?]枕骨 113.foramen magnum[????????? ???????]枕骨大孔 114.#external occipital protuberance[????????● ????????● ??????◆???????]枕外隆凸 115.#temporal bone [ ???????● ??◆?]颞骨 116.internal acoustic pore[???????● ???◆????? ???]内耳门117.styloid process[ ???●??? ???????]茎突 118.mastoid process[ ??????? ???????]乳突
法律英语词汇 1、具有特殊法律含义的常用词 在英语语言的发展过程中，词义的演变十分复杂。总体来说，英语词义是在“共时性变化”和“历时性变化”的交替变化中发展演变的。下列常用词语是人们所熟知的一些单词或词组，然而在法律语言中他们却具有独特的含义，完全不同于在普通语言中的含义。例如，单词“action”在法律中的含义是“诉讼”：“damage”是造成的“损坏”而“damages”为“损害赔偿金”：“demise”（死亡）在法律中的含义是“转让，遗赠”，这个词经常出现在出租、赠与这类场合，例如：“demise premises”（遗赠房产）。“consideration”通常指“考虑” “体贴”，而在法律英语中的含义是“对价” “约因”：“instrument”（器具）在法律中的含义是“法律文件”。法律英语词汇的词义是在英语的发展历史过程中逐步从英语多义词中分离出来的，这类词汇需要一定语境或上下文才能确定词义。 2、古英语和中世纪英语词汇 法律英语词汇的另一个特征是经常使用曾经常用、但现在已经很少使用的古代英语和中世纪英语的词语。古词ye是you 的复数“你们”，在普通英语中已经不再使用了，但在法庭开庭时仍沿用here ye “静听”（宣读、审判）或用古词oyez “静听”。这里的here ye 实际相当于现代英语中的listen up！古词sayeth等于现代英语中的say ，在普通英语中早已不用了，但在法庭上仍然常用。法律文本中使用古英语和中世纪英语词语，有助于形成严肃、庄重、正式、紧凑的文体风格。试看一下一段合约： Provided further that this policy shall be subject to the Conditions herein contained and to any Memoranda endorsed hereon and such Conditions and part of the Policy and the observance and performance by the Insured of the times and terms therein contained so far as they relate to anything to be done by the Insured are of the essence of this contract and shall be conditions precedent to any liability on the part of the Insured under this Policy. 上例合约条款选自一份现代的保险合同，但其中herein，hereon ，such全是普通英文中废弃的典型的古旧副词，而其他旧式用法还有provided that ，subject to 等。 3、拉丁语单词和短语 法律英语词汇的第三个特点是经常使用拉丁语单词和短语。拉丁语在法律言中处于权威性的地位。在西方法律文明中，法律格言往往是用拉丁文来表述的。这不仅是因为古罗马法学家最早强调“法律人的思维方式（Sententiae iuris）”，主张用简洁、精准的语言来陈述法律规则（Regulae definitiones），更因为拉丁文在西方历史上长期被视为“有教养者的语言”，曾经是欧洲人表述法律规则和法律命题的“通用语言”。拉丁词语具有言简意赅、约定俗成、表达更为标准的特点。
a.因果关系 as, since 因为……。后面要跟从句而不能只跟一个名词，替换because due to, owing to 因为……。后面跟名词或名词短语，替换because of hence, thus, therefore 因此。用在句首和句中都可以，如果用在句中的话，则句中用分号，后面跟它们引导的从句 so that 因此。用在句中 as a consequence, as a result, consequently 作为结果。用在句首更常见，后面通常加逗号与下文之间隔开 as a result of 作为……的结果。后面经常接名词短语或动名词短语 thus + verb + ing, thereby + verb + ing 因而具有……的效果。只能用于句子中部，而且后面要跟现在分词短语（v. + ing）for the sake of in order to help, improve or bring advantage to...，相当于for the purpose of helping/improving... by virtue of 通过……来…… given, in view of, in light of 考虑到，鉴于……。后面跟名词或名词短语 b. 举例关系 take... for example 以……为例。省略号里面只能填名词，不能填句子 consider... for example 以……为例。省略号里填入名词或that从句都可以 for instance, for example 比如…… such as 例如。后面跟名词或名词短语，不能用在句首 This can be illustrated with the example of... 这可以用……的例子来证明。后面跟名词或名词短语 This is confirmed by the example of... 这可以被……的例子支持。后面跟名词或名词短语 A good example of this is……, A case in point is…… 一个恰当的例子就是……。后面跟名词或名词短语 c. 比较关系 while..., whilst..., whereas... 这三个词用在句首或句中，表示主句和从句的对比，即句内对比。后面要直接跟从句，而不能先加一个逗号然后再跟从句。whilst的语气比while和whereas更
常用处方用拉丁词缩写式 标注 Cap 应服用 Cape,capiat D.S. 给予，标明用法 da,signa et 与 et R;Rp. 取药，处方，取！Recipe Rept. 重复前方 Repetatur S.;Sig. 标明用法 Signa u. 用；应用 usus 剂型 amp. 安瓿 ampulla aq. 水 aqua ap.dest. 蒸馏水 aqua destillata ap.steril. 无菌水 aqua sterilisata caps.gelat. 胶襄 capsula gelatinosa co. 复方的 compositus,-a-um collut. 漱口剂 collutorium collum. 洗鼻剂 collunarium collyr. 洗眼剂 collyrium enem. 灌肠剂 enema crem. 乳剂 cremor ext. 浸膏 extractum parg. 含漱剂；含漱液 gargarisma gtt. 滴；滴剂 guttae lin. 搽剂 linimentum Inhal. 吸入剂 Inhalatio Inj. 注射剂 injectio lot. 洗剂 lotio mist. 合剂 mistura neb. 喷雾剂 nebula Past. 糊剂 Pasta Pig. 涂剂 Pigmentum Pil. 丸剂 Pilulae Pulv. 散剂，粉剂 Pulvis suppos. 栓剂 Suppositorium tab. 片剂 tabellae tinct.;tr. 酊剂 tinctura troch. 锭剂，糖锭 trochscus ung. 软膏剂；软膏 unguentum 剂量