黑龙江大学跨文化交际英语复习总结
跨文化考试总结考试构成：一、单选1*10=10分。（Choose the one that）其中有一部分是书中的概念。
二、判断1*10=10分。（A—>true,B—>false) 课后习题第二大题，其中某些题是变动的。要注重理解。
三、搭配1*20=20分。matching 四组搭配，概念的对应，每一章课后的summary中的黑体字。
四、阅读理解1*20=20分。四篇。与课文中的专有词有关。
五、完型填空1*10=10分。
六、案例分析3*5=15分。五个案例。书中案例有四个，课外一个。
七、写作15分。150+words。可以准备一些跨文化、交际的文章。四十分钟的写作时间。8:00——8:40.作文提前收！注：前六大题是客观题即选择，只有写作是主观题。
课后题：（课后题第一第二大题老师也让多多关注，我这里就不多写啦，除了课后第一第二大题，我这里都全啦） 1、P28——P30 2、P58——P61 3、P95——P97 4、P124——P126 5、P159——P162 6、P194——P197 7、P237——P240 8、P270——P272 9、P304——P306 所有概念关键词+考试范围内的CASE：
Chapter 1 Culture Keywords (1) Culture (from intellec tual perspective): Culture is “the arts and other man ifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded c ollectively”（从知性角度定义文化：作为整体的人类智力成就的艺术和其他表现。） (2) Culture (from anthropologic perspective): Cul ture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of a nd for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, c onstituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essentia l core of culture consists of traditional ideas and e specially their attached values”.（从人类学角度定义文化：文化由清晰和模糊的行为模式构成，这些模式通过符号获得并传播，这些符号由人类群体的特别成就构成，包括具体的人工制品。文化的基本核心由传统思想和与其相关的价值观构成。） (3) Culture ( from psychological perspective): c ulture is the collective programming of he mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another。（从心理学角度定义文化：文化是使一个人类群体成员区别于其他人类群体的思维的总体规划。）
(4) Culture (from socialogical perspective): Culture is defined as a pattern of learned, group-related percep tion—including both verbal and nonverbal language, atti tudes, values, belief system, disbelief systems, and be havior. (从社会学角度定义文化：文化是一种可习得的、基于群体的认知模式——包括言语与非言语符号、态度、价值观、信仰和非信仰系统以及行为。)
(5) Culture ( from intercultural communication perspecti ve): is the deposit of knowledge, experience, belief, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notio ns of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of peopl e in the course of generations through individual and group striving. （从跨文化交际学角度定义文化：文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识、经验、信仰、价值观、行为、态度、阶级、宗教、时间观、角色、空间观、宇宙观和艺术品的集合。）(6) Culture Identity: refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethni c group.（文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。）(7) Subculture：
refers to a culture that exists within dominant cultur e, and is often based on economic or social class, e thnicity, race, or geographic region. （亚文化：指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位、社会阶层、民族、种族或地理区域。）Subcultures exist within dominant culture ,and are ofte n based on economic or social class,ethnicity,race,or g eographic region. (8) Co-culture: refers to groups or social communities exhibiting communication characterist ics, perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that a re significantly different enough to distinguish them f rom the other groups, communities, and the dominant cu lture. （共文化：指具有独特的交际特征、感知特点、价值观、信仰和行为，区别于其他群体、社团以及主流文化的群体或社团。） (9) Subgroup: usually does not involve the same large number of people and is not necessarily though t of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as cultures do. （亚群体：相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体世代相传积累的价值观念和行为模
式。） Case 2: White Dress Case analysis: The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they see the western bride in white gown. The c ase reflects the similes and metaphors in the text. C ulture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, b ut we do not know the values underneath. Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usual ly take it for granted and never ask why. ?(6) Cul ture Identity: refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethni c group.（文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。）Case 4: Coconut-skating（用椰油保养地板的方法） Case analysis: The case reflects the characterist ics of culture. We can tell from the case that cultu re is pervasive and it’s learned. People may invent different ways for things even as simple as the issue of floor moping. The P hilippine woman must have learned this way of mopping
from her own culture. Chapter 2 Communication and I ntercultural Communication Keywords (1) Sender/Source: A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.（信息发出者/信息源：信息发出者/信息源指传递信息的人。） (2) Message: A message is any signal that trig gers the response of a receiver.（信息：信息指引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。）(3) Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonver bal methods to send an intentional message. （编码：编码指信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。）(4) Channel/Medium：It is the method used to deliver a message. （渠道/媒介：渠道/媒介指发送信息的方法。） (5) Receiver: A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message. (信息接受者：信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人。) (6) Decoding: It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.（解码：解码指信息接受者赋予其收到的言
语或符号信息意义的行为。）(7) Feedback: The response of a receiver to a sender’s message is called feedback.（反馈：反馈指信息接收者对信息源信息所做出的反应。） (8) Noise: It is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including ex ternal noise physiological noise, psychological noise an d semantic noise.（干扰：干扰指妨碍信息交流的各种因素。包括外界干扰，生理干扰，心理干扰和语义干扰。） (9) Context: A context is the setting or situa tion within which communication takes place , including physical context, social context and interpersonal con text.（语境：语境指交际发生的环境，包括自然语境，社会语境和人际语
境。）(10) Intercultural communication: It is the commu nication between people whose cultural perception and s ymbol system are distinct enough to alter the communic ation event.( 跨文化交际：跨文化交际指的是那些在文化认知和符号系统上存在差异的人们之间的交际。这些差异足以改变整个交际事件。) (11) International communication: it takes place
between nations and governments rather than individual s; it is quite formal and ritualized. (国际交流：国际交流是指发生在国家和政府之间而非发生在个人之间的交际；此种交际非常正式和仪式化。)
(12) Interracial communication: It occurs when the send er and the receiver exchanging messages are from diffe rent races. (跨种族交际：跨种族交际是指交流信息的信息源和信息接受者来自不同的种族的交际。) (13) Interethnic communication: It is the commun ication between or among people from different ethnic groups in a country or culture.（跨民族交际：跨民族交际是指来自一个国家或文化内部的不同民族群体的人们之间的交际。） (14) Intracultural communication: it is defined as communication between or among members of the same culture.（文化内交际：文化内交际是指同一文化内部的成员之间的交
际。） (15) Communication :is derived from the Latin w ord communicare,meaning to share with or to make commo n,as in giving to another part or share of your thou ghts,hopes,and knowledge. Case 12: Why Don’
t You Eat the Pizza? This case can reflect the prob lems appearing during intercultural communication and ho w ignoring cultural differences can affect communication . In Malaysia, where most people are Muslims, people think the left hand is used only for cleaning the bo dy and thus it is dirty and can not be used to pas s food. Knowing nothing about the cultural difference, the American student puts himself in an embarrassing situation. Chapter 3 Culture’s Influence on Perception Keywords (1) Sensation: It is the neurological process by which people become a ware of their environment.（感觉：感觉是人们意识到周围环境的神经过程。) (2) Perception: It is the process by which we become aware of objects, events, and especially peopl e and their behaviors through our various senses and involves higher-order cognition in the interpretation of the sensory information. (知觉：知觉是一种人们通过各种感觉来觉察事物、事件、人和人的行为的过程。它是解释感觉信息更为高阶的认知过
程。) (3) Selection: It is a process in which we sc reen out what we need from all the stimuli and infor mation around us.（选择：选择是从周围选择的刺激信息中筛选出所需要的信息的过程。) (4) Organization: It is the process during whic h we need to organize and impose structure on what w e observe in a meaningful way. （组织：组织是把从周围选择的刺激信息，以一种有意义的方式整理，组合的过程。） (5) Interpretation: It refers to attaching meani ng to sense data and is synonymous with decoding.（释义：释义是赋予感觉信息意义的过程，类似于解码过程。） Case 16: Different Responses to Noise This cas e can reflect different culture can give different inf luences on human sensation. No two of people can assu me that their sensations are the same, especially when they come from different cultures. Different social r eality and living conditions can equip them with diffe rent way to sense the world. So it is very common f or them to have totally different sensations even towa rds the same condition. In this case, the German prof
essor and Japanese professor have very different respon se to the noise produced by the same motor for the heating system because of their cultures and living ha bits. Chapter 4 Intercultural Communication Barriers Keywords (1) Anxiety: It occurs because of not know ing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not be totally present in the communicat ion transaction.（焦虑：当人们不知道如何迎合他人对自己的期待，过多的关注自己情绪以至不能全心投入到交际事物中去时，就会产生焦虑。） (2) Uncertainty: It refers to our cognitive ina bility to explain our own or other’s feelings and behaviors in interactions because of an ambiguous situation that evokes anxiety. (不确定：不确定是指人们无法从认知的角度去解释交际活动中自己或他人的感觉及行为，这种认知角度解释能力的欠缺是某种引起焦虑的含糊情境导致的。) (3) Assuming similarity instead of difference: I t refers to the idea that people coming from another culture are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person’s situation is more similar to yours than it in fact
is. （假定一致性：假定一致性是指认为来自另一文化的他人和自己相似或他人的处境与自己的处境相似，而事实上却并非如此。） (4) Ethnocentrism: It refers to negatively judgi ng aspects of another culture by the standards of one ’s own culture.（种族或民主中心主义：是指从本国文化的标准出发，消极地审视另一文化。） (5) Stereotypes: They refer to negative or posi tive judgments made about individuals based on any obs ervable or believed group membership.（文化定势：文化定势指基于明显的或受到认可的群体身份，对目标群体中的个体成员所持有的正面或反面的判断。） (6) Prejudice: It refers to the irrational disl ike, suspicion, or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or sexual orientation.（偏见：偏见是指对于某一特定群体、种族、宗教、或性取向的无端地憎恶和怀疑。）(7) Racism: It refers to any policy, practice, belief, or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race.（种族主义：种族主义是指基于种族把性格特点或地位归因于个人的任一政策、做法、信仰或态
度。） Case 21: A Danish Woman in New York This cas e can reflect assuming similarity instead of difference . When communicating with people from another culture, one is likely to regard and treat other people as “his people”and to assume there must be only one way of doing things: that is “his way”.In this ca se, the Danish woman assumes that her behavior of lea ving the baby alone, which is common in Denmark, is also appropriate in New York. Here, she assumes what is suitable in her own culture is also indisputable i n another culture. That is why the small conflict hap pens. Case 23: Girl-ness This case can reflect one of the translation problems: the lack of conceptual eq uivalence, which refers to abstract ideas that may not exist in the same fashion in different languages. Di fferent cultures may attach different meanings to the same thing or person. Concerning this case, we should know what young females call themselves is very diff erent in China from the States. In China, “girl“me ans someone who is young and single. In a way, it m
akes a female sound more desirable to be called a gi rl rather than a woman. For most people, “woman“me ans someone who is married and who probably is not y oung. In fact, most single Chinese females, such as u niversity students, would be insulted to be called “w omen“.While in the West, in formal, public settings, it is customary to call any woman who is past pube rty a woman, even though she may not be legally old enough to vote, marry, purchase alcoholic beverages, drive a car, or sign a contract. This terminology bec ame widespread during the “women＇s liberation movement in the 1960s“.The term “＇girl“is sometimes interpreted to be demeaning or dis respectful. Case 24:An Unfair Decision This case refl ects prejudice, which involves an unfair, biased, or i ntolerant attitude towards another group of people. In this case, Mr. Bias decided to select someone else, instead of applicant from the country Levadel, for t he position. That is just because he holds prejudice towards people from the country Levadel. Chapter 5 V
erbal Intercultural Communication Keywords (1) Verbal intercultural communication happens when people from dif ferent cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.来自不同文化背景的人用言语进行的交际即言语跨文化交际(2) Dialect is a form of language peculiar to a group of people, as distinguished from the literary language of the whole people. 方言是某一群体特有的语言，与整个群体的言语不同。 (3) Sociolect refers to variation in terms of s ocial class or style. （社会方言指由于社会阶级或言语风格不同而产生的方言。） (4) Pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or lends languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 洋泾浜，是一种特殊的语言变体，指为贸易等目的将两种或几种语言混合使用。 (5) When a pidgin language begins to acquire na tive speakers and becomes the permanent language of a region, it is called a Creole. 当有人以洋泾浜为母语，并成为某一地区永久的语言是，它就成为克里奥耳语或混合
语 (6) Lingua franca refers to a specific language t hat is used as an international means of communication . 通用语指作为国际间交流手段的一种特殊语言。
(7) Taboo refers to prohibition of a set of behaviors that should be avoided because they are offensive an d impolite. 禁忌语指被禁止或避免的具有冒犯性的不礼貌行为。(8) Euphemism is Taboo’s linguistic counterpart because it substitutes the off ensive and disturbing vocabulary. 委婉语是替代具有冒犯性的不礼貌的禁忌语词语。（9）Jargon refers to the special or technical vocabularies developed to meet the special needs of particular pr ofessions such as medicine and law. 行话指演变而来的专门的或科技词汇，用以满足特殊职业的特殊需要，例如医药和法律。Case 25:Success Story One of the sources of the fr ustration and misunderstandings that occurred in this c ase was different notions of what was verbally relevan t. In this case, Mary was expecting a much more dire ct response to her question. Ms. Goshima, however, was uncomfortable with the question and felt her response
should be very indirect and establish a proper sense of modesty before revealing the answer to the questi on. If Mary had been more patient, she would have ev entually heard the answer to her question, but she wa s not really paying attention when it finally came be cause she felt that Ms. Goshima＇s comments weren＇t really relevant to her query. Chapter 6 Nonverba l Intercultural Communication Keywords (1) Nonverbal c ommunication: It refers to the messages sent without u sing words. （非言语交际：不运用言语语言传递信息被称为非言语交
际。) (2) Proxemics: It refers to the study of spati al relations.（时空行为：时空行为对空间关系的研究。） (3) Kinesics: It refers to gestures, facial exp ressions, eye contact, body positions, body movement, a nd forms of greeting and their relation to communicati on.（身势语行为：身势语（也称体态语），指手势、面目表情、眼神交流、身体姿势、肢体运动和问候方式以及和他们与交际的关系。）(4) Chronemics: It is the study of how people perceive and use time.（时间行为：对于人们如何理解和利用时
间的研究。） (5) Paralanguage: It is the set of audible sou nds that accompany oral language to augment its meanin g.（辅助语行为：为增强其含义，伴随言语语言产生的可听到的声音符号系统。）(6) Haptics: It refers to communicating through the use of bodily contact.（触觉行为：指通过身体接触来交流。） (7) Chromatics: It refers to the study of colo r use in affecting people’s perceptions, behaviors and impressions of others.（色彩学：色彩学指对于影响人们认知、行为和他人印象的色彩的研究。） (8) Olfactics: It is the study of communication via smell.（气味行为：研究气味对于交流的影响的学科。） (9) Oculesics: It is the study of communication s sent by the eyes.（目光语：对于由眼睛所传达的信息的研究。不同的文化对于交际时眼神的接触有不同的要求。）(10) Silence cues affect interpersonal communication by providing an interval in an ongoing interaction durin g which the participants have time to think,check or suppress an emotion,encode a lengthy response,or inaugur
ate another line of thought.
(11) Attire refers to clothing and physical appearance .it also serves as nonverbal symbols. Case 33:Are A mericans Indifferent? This case can reflect different nonverbal communication patterns exist in the actual in tercultural communication, especially facial expression d iffer according to different https://www.doczj.com/doc/793349696.html,pared to most Chinese, Americans like to smile a lot and to have c ausal and rich facial expressions in their daily lives , even though they have some misfortune. In this case , because of the different opinions about facial expre ssions in intercultural communication, the American lady talked about her father’s sickness and death in a smiling way to show she s till has the optimistic way to treat the future life, which is misunderstood as being indifferent and selfi sh by the Chinese. Case 36:Don’t Put Your Hand on My Arm This case can reflect di fferent cultures have different opinions to spatial rel ations. Different cultures have very different opinions
about an individual’s unconsciously structuring the microspace immediately s urrounding the physical body. Some cultures can have r elatively close distance when communicating while other cultures cannot. Some western cultures consider body touch between people of the same gender to be cultura l taboo and a symbol of being homosexual.In this case , Sam is from western cultures and knows the social taboo of body touch very clearly,so he wouldn’t let others misunderstand Mark’s close body distance and touch with him, even though Mark from Chile doesn’t know the cultural taboo at all. Chapter 7 Cult ural Patterns Keywords (1) Cultural pattern: Shared b eliefs, values, norms, and social practices that are s table over time and that lead to roughly similar beha viors across similar situations are known as cultural patterns. (文化模式是指在相对稳定的共有的信仰、价值观、标准和社会实践，这些文化模式在相似的情形下会使人产生相似的行为。) (2) Context：
Unit1 Sportsmanship:It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat. 2. Traditionally, an Englishman is thought to be reserved, unemotional, courteous, shy of strangers, suspicious of change, and slow to accept new ideas. 3.It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s oppo nent and good temper in defeat. Moreover, sportsmanship as an idea is applied to life in general. The pioneering spirit:Except for the brought from Africa, immigrants came to America voluntarily, early in search of greater prosperity and freedom. Rags-to-riches:It is story about a poor boy who, because he was hardworking, honest, and lucky, grew up to become rich and respected. American dream: The belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve weather and fame through diligence and virtue. 1.Traditionally, individualism, independence and collaboration, practice, tolerance, melting pot and racial discrimination are the character of Americans. 3.The American Dream is the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue. Unit 2 Key concepts Five relationships Five relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend. Humanism Humanism means that man not only had the right to enjoy the beauty of their life, but also had the ability to perfect themselves and perform wonders. Individualism An individualism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves ad individuals and to emphasize the needs of individuals. Collectivism A collectivism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Comprehension questions 1.According to Confucianism, what are the five cardinal relationships in Chinese society and what should these relationships be? That is the well-known five relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend. This was explained as" There should be affection between man and wife, stratification between old and young, and good faith between friends." 2.What is the difference between collectivism and individualism? Firstly, westerns tend to believe that people should rely on themselves as much as possible- and they usually expect other people to do the same. So they don't think they have the obligation to help family members and friends during emergency situations. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures generally feel that they have a right to help other members of their groups. Secondly, westerns generally feel that the rights of individuals should not be subordinated to the needs of a larger group, or at least that individuals should have the right to decide for themselves whether to sacrifice their personal benefit for the sake of the group. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures are generally more willing to accept the idea that individuals should sacrifice for the benefit of the group.
《跨文化交流》学习心得 这学期我很荣幸的能选上跨文化交际学的选修课，通过这学期虽然为数不多的课程，我对跨文化交际的知识却丰富了许多。跨文化交际有宽泛也有具体，有言语也有非言语，有思想也有行为，有差异也有融合。现代高科技的发展，尤其是传播通讯技术的改进，还有交通技术、多媒体、互联网以及经济全球化的发展和进步，给全人类带来了全球意识，不同社会和文化的相互交往已经是回避不了的现实，所以跨文化交际在当今社会显露出越来越重要的地位。 在这一段时间的课堂上，自己并不是一无所获。在跨文化交际课堂上，自己有了机会将自己所学的理论知识结合起来。以前的我总以为翻译是很容易的，只要自己积累了足够的单词，要翻译是件很容易的事情。可是当我们说出来的时候，却变得错误百出，面目全非。翻译并不是将别人的东西简简单单的传达出来，他需要的是你将别人的东西忠实于原文，不仅是将别人的东西简简单单的发出来。更多的是讲究得体，准确，自己不能将别人没有的东西创造出来。 再者，我们活在这个世界上，总要和不同的人交流，而最好的交流方式就是走进彼此的世界进行了解和学习，这样才能够交流顺畅，我想这就叫做知己知彼方能百战百胜也叫做实践出真知。虽然我们不是打仗没有胜负之分，但能否与跨文化的国度、种族进行完美的交流就取决于对他们文化以及双方之间文化差异的了解程度。 学习了跨文化交际这门选修课使我认识到，跨文化交际不仅仅是我之前认为的只要学会对方的语言就可以了。实际上即使全球的人们共享同一种语言也不能克服不同文化的人们之间交流的障碍。因为语言仅仅是日常生活交往中所涉及的众多代码之一，而且，语言代码仅仅是文化这一符号系统的一部分，而人们在文化取向、价值观念、社会规范、思维方式等等的方面均存在着各种各样的差异。
表1. 表2. 酒店管理专业课程标准 课程名称：跨文化交流 适用专业：酒店管理 1．课程定位 《跨文化交流》是酒店管理专业学生的岗位导向课程。本课程旨在提高学生的跨文化交际能力，拓宽学生的国际视野和帮助学生解决
在跨文化交际中因文化的差异而产生的种种问题。通过本课程的学习，学生能够认识语言、文化和交际三者之间的关系；适应各类交际形式。同时，对世界上其他各国文化有更进一步的了解,从而更有效地进行交流；预料和避免由于不同的文化期望而产生的误解；进一步讨论有关文化适应和相容的问题，最终培养并提高学生的跨文化交际能力。 2．课程设计 本课程的设计理念是融英语语言知识、文化差异及交际能力与一体，引导学生将理论运用到跨文化交际实践中。 酒店管理专业学生的主要就业岗位是酒店服务岗位，特别是在涉外酒店，很多时候都需同来自各国的客人打交道，势必会与不同国家的客户进行沟通交流。而客户的特点因国家不同而不同，与他们的交流也需要采取不同的策略。因此，研究不同国家的文化，有针对性地进行跨文化交际显得尤为重要。本课程根据职业导向的要求，相应设计学习项目，选择教材和编排教学内容。根据本课理论性较强的特点，灵活运用多媒体、启发引导、案例分析等多种教学手段，让学生积极参与课堂教学。 据此本课程的设计思路是：先从总体上向学生传授跨文化交际的综合理论知识体系，让学生具备跨文化交际的视野、思维、知识架构、实际运用能力等；其次，分单元介绍亚、欧、美等国家文化，如英国、美国、法国、德国、日本等，以帮助学生将来有效从事与外国客人跨文化交流的工作。其次，探讨语言与文化的关系，并阐述语言交际的内容特点及如何培养跨文化交际能力等，真正将跨文化交际所具备的思维、素养与能力落到实处。 3．课程目标 总体目标：通过本课的学习，让学生了解不同国家的文化和习俗，