13Breeding Strategies to Adapt Crops to a Changing Climate

气候对牧业的影响英语作文Climate change has a significant impact on thelivestock industry. The changing weather patterns and extreme weather events caused by climate change can disrupt the availability of food and water for livestock. This can lead to a decrease in livestock productivity and health.Livestock animals rely on a stable and predictable climate for their survival. However, with climate change, there is an increased risk of droughts, floods, and heatwaves. These extreme weather events can destroy pastures and crops, making it difficult for livestock to find sufficient food. Additionally, the scarcity of water during droughts can lead to dehydration and malnutrition among livestock.Furthermore, the changing climate can also affect the health of livestock. Warmer temperatures can create a favorable environment for the spread of diseases and parasites. Livestock animals may become more susceptible toinfections and illnesses, leading to a decrease in their overall productivity.In addition to the direct impact on livestock, climate change can also affect the quality and availability of animal feed. Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns can alter the growth and nutrient content of crops and forage. This can result in a decrease in thenutritional value of feed, affecting the health and growth of livestock.Moreover, climate change can also affect the breeding and reproductive patterns of livestock. Changes in temperature and weather conditions can disrupt the mating and birthing cycles of animals. This can lead to a decrease in the number of offspring and a decline in the overall population of livestock.Overall, climate change poses significant challenges to the livestock industry. The unpredictable weather patterns and extreme events can disrupt the availability of food and water, affect the health and productivity of livestock, andimpact the quality and availability of animal feed. It is crucial for the livestock industry to adapt and implement strategies to mitigate the effects of climate change and ensure the sustainability of the industry.。

全球气候变化对粮食生产的影响与适应考研英语作文范文The Impact of Global Climate Change on Food Production and AdaptationIn recent years, global climate change has become a pressing issue that poses significant challenges to food production worldwide. The adverse effects of the changing climate, including rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and increased frequency of extreme weather events, are already being witnessed in various regions around the globe. This essay aims to explore the impact of global climate change on food production and discuss potential strategies for adaptation.Firstly, rising temperatures have a direct impact on crop yields. High temperatures can lead to heat stress in plants,negatively affecting their growth and productivity. Crops such as wheat, maize, and rice are particularly vulnerable to temperature extremes. Studies have shown that a 1-degree Celsius increase in temperature during the growing season can result in a decline of 3-5% in wheat and rice yields. As global temperatures continue to rise, it is expected that crop productivity will be significantly reduced, leading to potential food shortages.Secondly, altered precipitation patterns due to climate change also pose challenges to food production. Some regions may experience increased rainfall, leading to waterlogging, soil erosion, and increased incidence of pests and diseases. On the other hand, other areas may face droughts and reduced water supplies, affecting crop growth and yield. For example, in regions heavily dependent on rainfall for agriculture, such as sub-Saharan Africa, decreased precipitation could lead to crop failures and increased food insecurity.Furthermore, global climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, typhoons, and floods. These events can cause significant damage to crops, livestock, and infrastructure, disrupting food production and distribution systems. In addition to physical damage, extreme weather events can also result in post-harvest losses and increased food waste due to transportation and storage difficulties. Consequently, the effects of these events can have long-lasting implications for food availability and accessibility.To adapt to the impact of global climate change on food production, various strategies can be employed. Firstly, there is a need for improved crop breeding and agronomic practices that enhance resilience and tolerance to higher temperatures and altered precipitation patterns. Research and development in drought-tolerant and heat-tolerant crop varieties can help mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on yields.Furthermore, investment in irrigation infrastructure and water management technologies is crucial to ensure water availability for agriculture, particularly in regions proneto droughts. Drip irrigation, rainwater harvesting systems, and improved water storage facilities can contribute to more efficient water use and reduce dependence on rainfall.Additionally, promoting sustainable and climate-smart agricultural practices can help enhance resilience and minimize greenhouse gas emissions. Practices such as conservation agriculture, agroforestry, and organic farming can improve soil health, reduce soil erosion, and enhance carbon sequestration. Moreover, adopting precision farming techniques that utilize data and technology to optimize crop management can improve resource efficiency and reduce environmental impacts.Lastly, strengthening global cooperation and implementing international policies to combat climate change are essential.Countries need to work together to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, promote renewable energy sources, and adapt to the consequences of climate change. International collaborations can provide support for developing countries in implementing adaptation strategies and ensure equitable access to resources and expertise.In conclusion, global climate change poses significant challenges to food production due to rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and increased frequency of extreme weather events. These impacts have the potential to result in reduced crop yields, food shortages, and increased food insecurity. However, through the adoption of adaptation strategies such as improved crop varieties, water management techniques, sustainable agricultural practices, and global cooperation, it is possible to mitigate the effects of climate change and ensure food security for future generations.。

高二环境保护英语阅读理解25题1<背景文章>Global warming is one of the most pressing issues of our time, having a profound impact on the Earth's ecosystems. Sea - level rise is a significant consequence of global warming. As the Earth's temperature increases, glaciers and ice caps are melting at an alarming rate. This melting ice contributes to the rise in sea levels. For low - lying islands and coastal regions, this is a catastrophic threat. Many small islands are in danger of being completely submerged, displacing countless communities.The increase in temperature also disrupts the climate patterns. Extreme weather events such as heatwaves, droughts, and heavy rainfall are becoming more frequent and intense. Heatwaves can cause widespread damage to crops, leading to food shortages. Droughts parch the land, making it difficult for plants and animals to survive. On the other hand, excessive rainfall can lead to floods, which can destroy habitats and infrastructure.Species extinction is another tragic result of global warming. Many species have very specific environmental requirements for their survival. As the climate changes, their habitats are altered or destroyed. For example, polar bears rely on sea ice for hunting and breeding. With the reduction insea ice due to global warming, their survival is at risk. Similarly, many species of plants and animals in coral reefs are facing extinction as the warmer waters cause coral bleaching, destroying their homes.In conclusion, global warming is a complex and far - reaching problem that is causing significant damage to the Earth's ecosystems. Urgent action is needed to mitigate its effects and protect the delicate balance of life on our planet.1. What is one of the main causes of sea - level rise according to the article?A. More rainfallB. The melting of glaciers and ice capsC. Human activities near the coastD. Stronger ocean currents答案：B。

第四届“QTL作图和育种模拟研讨会”，2009年8月18-20日，山东泰安育种模拟的原理和遗传模拟工具QuLineCIMMYT’s headquarter in MexicoDr. Borlaug and green revolution ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾Mexico CityEl BatanToluca, 19º N, 2640 masl.High rainfall (800-900 mm)Cd. Obregon, 27º N, 39 masl. 8-11 t/ha under irrigation; 1-2t/ha under reduced irrigationCIMMYT’s Shuttle breedingMay to NovemberBreeding methods with self-pollinated cropsBreeding methods in CIMMYT’s wheat breeding program¾¾¾About 40% ofafter F7About 30% of the crosses are discarded in F1About 20% ofof yield trialsWhy do we need tools in breeding?¾¾¾••••Why do we need tools in breeding?¾¾Questions that can be studied by QuLine: A genetic and breeding simulation tool 1.2.3.4.Questions that can be studied by QuLine (mainly for inbred line development) 5.6.QuLine: A simulation tool for genetics and breeding¾QU-GENE (QUantitative GENEtics)A simulation platform for quantitative analysis of genetic models, developed byThe University of Queensland, Australia¾QuCim (funded by GRDC 2000-2004)A QU-GENE application breeding simulation module, specifically designed forCIMMYT’s wheat breeding programsSimulate most breeding programs for developing inbred linesVersion 1.1 released on July, 2003 (Workshop in Brisbane, Australia)More than 100 global requests for QuCim 1.1¾Renamed as QuLine (currently funded by GCP, H+, and Research Programs of China, i.e. 973, 863, and NSF)Landscape representation of a complex GE system (the real GE system is multi-dimensional)What can QuLine do?¾¾¾¾In genetics(implemented by the QU-GENE engine)¾¾¾¾In breeding (implemented by the QuLine module)How does QuLine work?¾•(= input for QuLine•(= input for QuLine(= input for QuLineDefine the QMP file for the selected bulk selection method: an exampleGeneral simulation parameters¾¾¾¾General simulation parameters ¾¾¾¾¾The number of models in the GE system and the number of runs for breeding strategy¾•9»¾Parameters to describe aset of breeding strategies¾¾Definition of a generation ¾¾¾Practical breeding small plot evaluation atVirtual breedingF6F7F8 (T), F8 (B)F8 (YT)F8 small plotFamilies selected14,760 3,8683,868 2,163 1,9741,974 779779An example for seed source indicator 0Bulk in F3 PYEI, F4PYEII, F5Pedigree in F4Families selected 4000 12001200 600600 100100 1000An example (LRC, Toowoomba, Australia) for seed source indicator 1Definition of each selection round¾¾Definition of each selection round ¾pedigree:bulk:Definition of each selection round¾••Definition of each selection round ¾•••9T for top, e.g. yield, tillering, grains per spike and 1000-kernel weight9B for bottom, e.g. lodging and rusts9M for middle, e.g. height and heading9R for random, for some special studies9Roundsof selectionSeedsourceindicatorGenerationtitleSeedpropagationtypeGenerationadvancemethodReplicationsPlotsizeTestlocationsEnvironmenttype10F6self pedigree175012, Toluca 40F7self bulk17011, Obregon F8(T)self bulk17012, TolucaF8(B)self bulk17013, El BatanF8(YT)self bulk110011, Obregon 10F8(SP)self bulk13011, Obregon An example of generation definitionTraitYieldLodg-ingStem rustLeaf rustStripe rustHeightTilleringHeadingGrains per spike1000 kernel weightTotalSelection mode T B B B B M T M T TF6, among 0.990.960.950.90F6, within 0.900.700.900.950.980.100.05F7, among 0.850.700.980.850.960.700.750.25F8(T), among 0.550.700.990.980.990.900.55F8(B), among 0.900.90F8(YT), among 0.400.40Traits, their selection modes andselected proportionsSteps to run QuLineBreeding strategiesGE systemPopulationInput information about the GxE system and populationsQUGENEQuLine*.fit*.var*.fre*.ham*.cro*.his*.rog*.pou *.fixMajor outputs from QuLineWhat has been done using QuLine?¾Crop Science(2003)¾Crop Science(2004)¾Aust. J. Agri. Sci.(2005)¾Crop Science(2007)Comparison of two breeding strategies: modified pedigree (MODPED) andselected bulk (SELBLK)Breeding methods with self-pollinated cropsBreeding methods in CIMMYT’s wheat breeding program¾¾¾methodsTrait, segregating gene number, gene effects and trait heritabilityTrait Genes Gene effecttypeAA Aa aa Trait range h b2(Indiv. plant)Yield20, 40E0, E1, E2Random value from UD (0, 1)0.05 Lodging3additive05100-300.10 Stem rust5additive00.510-50.30 Leaf rust5additive05100-500.30 Yellow rust5additive05100-500.30 Height3additive403020120-600.45 Tillers/plant 3additive53115-30.35 Heading5additive201612100-600.30 Grains/spike5additive1410670-300.35Trait correlation and pleiotropyTraitYieldLodgingStem rustLeaf rust YellowrustHeightTillers/plantHeadingGrains/spikeSeed weightYield-0.50-0.20-0.10-0.10-0.500.400.300.500.40Lodging-0.56Stem rust-0.25Leaf rust-0.05Yellow rust-0.09Height-0.62Tillers/plant-0.08-0.20-0.40Heading0.60Grains/spike 0.09-0.17-0.30Seed weight-0.07-0.30-0.07Estimated by CIMMYT breedersEstimated from the defined genetic modelExperiment design¾12 Genotype and environment (GE) systems¾Initial population¾¾Result 1: Genetic gain in yield from SELBLK is 3.3% higher than MODPED. SELBLK is slightly more efficient.For gains per spike and 1000-kernel weight, SELBLK has a faster genetic gain. For tillers/plant, MODPED has a faster genetic gain.Result 2: SELBLK retained 25% more crosses in the final selected population (more genetic diversity retained)Result 3: SELBLK required 1/3 less land from F1 to F8 than MODPED. SELBLK is more cost-effective.Result 4: SELBLK produced 40% less families (plots) to be planted from F1 to F8 (less labor required)Modeling of the Single Backcrossing Breeding Strategy(SBBS)(Theor. Appl. Genet., 2009, 118: 683-694)Category% favorablegenes Example% totalparentallinesElite adapted lines (EAL)80-85Major released cultivars in targeted mega-environments (MEs) either developed byCIMMYT or by partners10Adapted lines (AL)75-80Elite advanced lines from CIMMYT’sInternational Nursery and Yield Trials60Intermediate adapted lines (IAL)65-75Advanced lines from CIMMYT’s Yield Trialsin Ciudad Obregón and Toluca, Mexico10Un-adapted (or non-adapted) lines (UAL)20-40Land races 2Second generation of re-synthesized wheat (SYNII)40-60Derived lines between the first generation ofre-synthesized wheat derivatives andadapted lines10First generation of re-synthesized wheat (SYNI)20-40Derived lines between primary re-synthesized wheat and adapted lines5Estimated percentages of favourable alleles or gene combinations in different parental lines in wheat breeding at CIMMYTTwo traits defined in QU-GENE •––––•–––。

翻译二级口译实务-环境保护(Environmental Protection)(总分：200.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}英译汉{{/B}}(总题数：4，分数：100.00)1.{{B}} Passage 1{{/B}} To me, the most interesting and immediate question is not whether the United States will ratify the Kyoto Protocol, but whether other parties are prepared to work toward that goal. The next few months will determine whether other patties choose an agreement on their terms without the United States, or whether they prefer an agreement that may require some compromise of ideological positions, but will in fact be effective and will include the United States. // I believe the EU and others, for a number of reasons, will conclude that its interests and those of the environment lie in crafting an agreement that the United States can support. The United States accounts for approximately 25% of global industrial emissions. Any agreement that excludes the United States will not control global warming. In addition, European businesses may wonder why they are asked to assume significant new climate change obligations if U.S. competitors are not going to be subject to roughly the same rules. // I might note two additional factors relevant here: first, the idea of emissions trading is growing in popularity in capitals on the continent, and also in London and Brussels. Second, economists are warning that few countries, with the notable exception of the United Kingdom, are on track to meet their Kyoto commitments. I am hopeful that these forces will allow governments at COP-6 to mold the Protocol into a sensible, practical shape, one which the United States can support. // Let me say a word more about developing country's participation because this is an area where the United States is frequently misunderstood. The undeniable fact is that climate change is a global problem that requires a global solution. To be sure, industrialization in the North contributed enormously to increased greenhouse gas concentrations. Developed countries, including the Untied States, must take significant steps immediately. // Acting alone, however, developed countries cannot stabilize global greenhouse gas concentrations. From a scientific standpoint, meaningful participation by key developing countries is a necessity. Several large developing countries will soon become the world's leading emitters. Developing countries already produce 44% of global fossil fuel emissions. In addition, developing countries are responsible for a disproportionate share of deforestation and other land-use practices that have raised carbon concentrations. // Per capita energy intensity ratios in some, not all, developing countries continue to rise briskly, despite the existence of clean technologies that were not invented when developed countries were industrialized. In the immediate future, 80% of new electric power generation projects will occur in developing countries. All of us want those projects to use the latest cutting edge technologies. // I mention these facts not to bicker about past or future responsibility, for that detracts from our common cause of halting global warming, but to highlight the need for all countries to be a part of the solution. // In a very real sense, developing countries have the most to gain from an effective Protocol in which all the industrialized countries participate. For developing countries, unfortunately, have the least capacity to adapt to climate change. The longer we wait, the harder it will be to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations at acceptable levels and the harder these countries will be hit. // The 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change points the way: each nation should take national and international steps commensurate with its capacity to contribute to the global solution based on the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities". // Many developing countries have taken significant unilateral action already. China, for example, has sought to conserve energy and reduce emissions growth while simultaneously raising living standards dramatically. Without price reforms and energy efficiency gains, China's emissions would be more than 50% higher than they are now. // We recognize, moreover, that some developing countries may lack the capacity to assume and implement legally binding emissionstargets at this time. For these countries, other types of action would be appropriate at present. All developing countries should explore opportunities under the Clean Development Mechanism, adopt sound national policies on energy and land use, and pursue other climate-friendly measures under the Framework Convention. // The negotiating histories of both the Framework Convention and Kyoto Protocol demonstrate general agreement on the need to mitigate climate change while allowing for continued economic growth. The Untied States believes this formula remains the key to securing developing country action. Developing countries are finding in the Kyoto Protocol avenues to pursue their development and environmental goals simultaneously. There is a growing recognition of the potential of the Clean Development Mechanism to direct advanced technology and major capital flows to the developing world. // (Excerpts from "Under Secretary of State Loy on Kyoto Protocol" made by former Under Secretary of State for Global Affairs Frank E. Loy to American Bar Association Conference)（分数：25.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：()解析：对我来说，最关心和最迫切的问题不是美国能否批准《京都议定书》，而是其他参与国是否会朝这个目标努力。

英语作文-可持续农业发展政策与措施Sustainable Agriculture Development Policies and Measures。

Introduction。

Sustainable agriculture is crucial for ensuring food security, environmental health, and economic viability. Governments worldwide are increasingly recognizing the importance of implementing effective policies and measures to promote sustainable agricultural practices. This article explores various policies and measures aimed at fostering sustainable agriculture development.Policy Frameworks for Sustainable Agriculture。

Governments play a pivotal role in establishing policy frameworks that incentivize and regulate sustainable agricultural practices. One of the key strategies involves providing subsidies and financial support to farmers who adopt sustainable farming methods such as organic farming, agroforestry, and integrated pest management. These subsidies can offset the initial costs associated with transitioning to sustainable practices and encourage widespread adoption among farmers.Furthermore, regulatory frameworks are essential for ensuring compliance with environmental standards and sustainable practices. Governments can impose regulations on pesticide use, water management, soil conservation, and biodiversity protection to mitigate the negative impacts of agriculture on ecosystems. By enforcing these regulations through monitoring and penalties, governments can promote responsible agricultural practices that minimize environmental degradation.Education and Knowledge Sharing。

全文分为作者个人简介和正文两个部分：作者个人简介：Hello everyone, I am an author dedicated to creating and sharing high-quality document templates. In this era of information overload, accurate and efficient communication has become especially important. I firmly believe that good communication can build bridges between people, playing an indispensable role in academia, career, and daily life. Therefore, I decided to invest my knowledge and skills into creating valuable documents to help people find inspiration and direction when needed.正文：外研版英语八上野生动物的作文题目全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Wild AnimalsAnimals are some of the most fascinating creatures on our planet. From the mighty elephant to the tiny shrew, each species has unique traits and behaviors that allow them to survive in thewild. In this essay, I will explore the world of wild animals, discussing their habitats, adaptations, and the threats they face due to human activities.One of the most striking things about wild animals is the diversity of habitats they occupy. Some animals, like polar bears, thrive in the harsh Arctic environment, while others, such as tigers, roam the dense jungles of Asia. Each habitat presents its own set of challenges, and the animals that live there have evolved specific adaptations to cope with these challenges.For instance, camels are well-adapted to living in the desert, with their ability to go for long periods without water and their thick fur coats that protect them from the scorching sun. On the other hand, penguins have waterproof feathers and a layer of insulating fat that helps them survive in the freezing Antarctic waters.Adaptations are not limited to physical features; many animals also exhibit remarkable behavioral adaptations. One such example is the migration patterns of certain bird species, which travel thousands of miles each year in search of food and breeding grounds. The Arctic tern, for instance, holds the record for the longest migration, flying an astonishing 44,000 miles annually between the Arctic and Antarctic regions.Another fascinating aspect of wild animals is their social structures and communication methods. Wolves, for example, live in tightly-knit family groups called packs, with a strict hierarchy and intricate ways of communicating through body language, vocalizations, and scent marking. Similarly, elephants have complex social bonds and use a range of low-frequency rumbles to communicate over long distances.Despite their remarkable adaptations and intricate social systems, many wild animal populations are facing severe threats due to human activities. Habitat loss, caused by deforestation, urbanization, and climate change, is one of the most significant challenges. As their natural habitats shrink, animals are forced to compete for dwindling resources, leading to declining populations and, in some cases, extinction.Poaching, the illegal hunting and trading of wild animals, is another major threat. The demand for ivory, traditional medicine, and exotic pets has driven many species, such as elephants, rhinos, and pangolins, to the brink of extinction. The illegal wildlife trade not only threatens the survival of these animals but also contributes to the spread of diseases and the disruption of ecosystems.Climate change is also having a profound impact on wild animal populations. Rising temperatures, sea levels, and extreme weather events are altering habitats and disrupting food chains, making it increasingly difficult for some species to adapt and survive.Fortunately, there are efforts being made to protect wild animals and their habitats. Conservation organizations, governments, and local communities are working together to establish protected areas, implement sustainable practices, and raise awareness about the importance of preserving biodiversity.One such initiative is the creation of wildlife corridors, which allow animals to move freely between fragmented habitats, reducing the risk of inbreeding and ensuring genetic diversity. Another promising approach is the reintroduction of species into their former habitats, such as the successful reintroduction of the black-footed ferret in the United States after it was once declared extinct in the wild.篇2Wild Animals: Our Responsibility to ProtectAs a student who cares deeply about the environment, the topic of wild animals is one that resonates strongly with me. Inour rapidly changing world, it's more important than ever to understand the challenges facing these incredible creatures and to take action to protect them. Through this essay, I hope to shed light on the plight of wild animals and inspire others to join the fight to preserve their habitats and ensure their survival for generations to come.To begin, let's consider the harsh realities that many wild animal species face today. Habitat loss, due to human activities such as deforestation, urbanization, and agricultural expansion, is one of the most significant threats. As we encroach upon their natural homes, countless animals are left without the resources they need to survive, leading to dwindling populations and, in some cases, extinction. The impact of climate change on ecosystems further exacerbates this issue, disrupting delicate food chains and altering the very environments that wild animals have adapted to over millions of years.Another pressing concern is the illegal wildlife trade, a multi-billion-dollar industry that threatens numerous species, from elephants and rhinos to pangolins and exotic birds. Fueled by greed and a disregard for the sanctity of life, this trade not only decimates animal populations but also contributes to thespread of zoonotic diseases and disrupts the ecological balance of entire regions.But it's not just the large, charismatic species that are at risk; even the smallest and seemingly insignificant creatures play vital roles in maintaining the intricate web of life on our planet. Bees, for instance, are responsible for pollinating a vast array of crops, and their declining numbers could have catastrophic consequences for global food production. Similarly, the loss of amphibian species, often overlooked but crucial indicators of environmental health, could signal broader ecosystem disturbances.As I delve deeper into this subject, I can't help but feel a profound sense of sadness and urgency. These wild animals, each with their own unique behaviors, adaptations, and roles in the natural world, are facing unprecedented challenges, and their very existence hangs in the balance. It's a sobering reality that should serve as a wake-up call for us all.However, amidst this seeming despair, there are glimmers of hope. Around the world, dedicated individuals and organizations are working tirelessly to protect wild animals and their habitats. From conservation efforts focused on specific species to broader initiatives aimed at preserving entire ecosystems, these heroesare making a tangible difference. Their work reminds us that, even in the face of daunting challenges, there is always the possibility for positive change.But the responsibility for safeguarding our planet's wild animals doesn't solely lie with these brave individuals and groups. We all have a role to play, no matter how small our contribution may seem. By making conscious choices in our daily lives, such as reducing our consumption of single-use plastics, supporting sustainable agriculture, and advocating for stronger environmental policies, we can collectively create a better future for these remarkable creatures.As a student, I believe that education is key to inspiring the next generation of environmental stewards. By learning about the intricate relationships between wild animals and their ecosystems, and by understanding the far-reaching consequences of our actions, we can cultivate a deeper appreciation and respect for the natural world. It's my hope that schools and universities will prioritize these important lessons, empowering young minds to become agents of change.In conclusion, the plight of wild animals is a complex and multifaceted issue, but one that we cannot afford to ignore. These creatures are not only篇3Wild and Free: Exploring the Fascinating World of WildlifeHave you ever stopped to marvel at the sheer diversity and magnificence of the creatures that roam our planet? From the vast savannas of Africa to the lush rainforests of the Amazon, the natural world is teeming with an incredible array of wild animals, each with its own unique behaviors, adaptations, and stories to tell. As a student fascinated by the wonders of nature, I cannot help but be captivated by these extraordinary beings that have existed long before humans walked the Earth.One of the animals that has always captured my imagination is the mighty African elephant. These gentle giants, with their massive size and endearing social bonds, are true icons of the wild. Watching them move in family herds, communicating through low rumbles and trumpets, is a humbling experience that reminds us of the intricate societies that exist beyond our own. Their intelligence and emotional depth are undeniable, as they mourn their dead, display empathy, and even exhibit behaviors akin to celebration. It is no wonder that many cultures revere these majestic creatures as symbols of strength, wisdom, and good luck.Yet, as awe-inspiring as the African elephant is, it is merely one thread in the tapestry of biodiversity that blankets our planet. The rainforests of South America, for instance, are home to a dazzling array of species, each playing a crucial role in the delicate ecosystem. From the vibrant plumage of the resplendent quetzal to the sleek agility of the jaguar, these creatures are living embodiments of nature's artistry. Observing their intricate behaviors, such as the cooperative hunting strategies of killer whales or the ingenious tool-use of primates, fills me with a sense of wonder and humility.However, it is not only the charismatic megafauna that deserves our attention and appreciation. The natural world is replete with creatures that may seem unassuming at first glance but possess extraordinary abilities and adaptations. Take, for instance, the unassuming monarch butterfly, whose incredible migration across continents has baffled scientists for centuries. Or the tiny but tenacious tardigrade, a microscopic organism capable of surviving in the harshest environments, from the depths of the ocean to the vacuum of space. These diminutive wonders remind us that nature's marvels often lie in the smallest and most unexpected places.As I delve deeper into the study of wild animals, I am continually struck by the delicate balance and interconnectedness of life on our planet. Each species, no matter how large or small, plays a vital role in maintaining the intricate web of ecosystems that sustain us all. The disappearance of even a single link in this chain can have far-reaching consequences, rippling through the entire biosphere like a pebble dropped into a still pond.It is this realization that has fueled my passion for conservation and environmental stewardship. As humans, we have an ethical responsibility to protect and preserve the natural habitats that these wild animals call home. Deforestation, poaching, and climate change are threats that loom large, endangering countless species and disrupting the delicate equilibrium of nature.Yet, amidst the challenges, there is hope. Through education, advocacy, and responsible actions, we can make a difference. By fostering a deeper appreciation for the wonders of the natural world and instilling a sense of wonder and respect in the hearts and minds of future generations, we can inspire change on a global scale.In conclusion, the world of wild animals is a vast and fascinating realm, full of mysteries waiting to be unraveled and lessons to be learned. Whether it is the majestic prowess of a lion or the intricate dance of a school of fish, these creatures are living reminders of the incredible diversity and resilience of life on our planet. As students and stewards of this remarkable world, it is our duty to cherish, protect, and learn from these wild and free inhabitants, for they are not only vital components of our ecosystems but also a source of inspiration and wonder that enriches our lives in ways we may never fully comprehend.。

湖南省炎德英才大联考2024届高三第二次诊断性检测试题英语试题文试卷注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。

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第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．—Why did you come by taxi?—My car broke down last week and I still it repaired.A．didn’t have B．hadn’t hadC．haven’t had D．won’t have2．Many of us see reading as an investment in ourselves，so it’s only natural that we want to learn something useful________ our efforts.A．in view of B．in response toC．in parallel with D．in return for3．Not having worked out the program, ________ leave the office.A．so he was forbidden to B．and he didn’t want toC．his little son couldn’t make him D．be couldn’t free himself to4．— He made an apology be blamed what he had done.— It's really wise of him.A．so as to not; of B．in order to not; forC．so as not to; for D．in order not to; of5．Like all parents in the world，we want you to grow up in a world __________ is full of love and kindness. A．where B．thatC．when D．what6．—Shall we put off the experiment till next week?—______, I don’t think our teacher will be happy with it.A．Never mind B．Sure, go aheadC．Y es, better not D．I’d rather not7．—What a pity! You missed my birthday party.—Terribly sorry!___________my uncle not visited me unexpectedly.A．Should B．WouldC．Had D．Did8．It rained this morning, _____ actually didn’t bother me because I like walking in the rain.A．what B．whenC．where D．which9．–Let’s take a coffee break, shall we?–I wish I ________, but I have a really tight schedule.A．can B．shall C．could D．should10．The dining room is clean and tidy, with a table already ______for a big meal．A. being laid B．laying C．to lay D．laid11．--- Are you free now? I have something interesting to tell you.---OK, you make it short I will have to work on this term paper due tomorrow.A．now that B．as soon asC．every time D．as long as12．In spring, the scene on the top of the hill is so appealing that it is ________ my words.A．above B．overC．beyond D．off13．一"Peter, have you got your new flat furnished?—Yes. I ______ some used furniture and it was a real bargain.A．will buy B．have bought C．bought D．had bought14．The incident turned him into different person, even if he did not realize it at beginning.A．a; a B．the; the C．the; a D．a; the15．______ what had happened, they knew I would struggle and simply wanted to help because it was the right thing to do.A．Hearing B．To have heard C．Having heard D．Heard16．China’s BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, whose positioning ________ will reach 2.5 meters by 2020, will soon provide services for more countries.A．accuracy B．categoryC．function D．reference17．Fortunately somebody who happened to be passing by called the emergency aid the traffic accident occurred. A．hurriedly B．quickly C．immediately D．shortly18．She seems to prefer American TV Shows to talking to me．A．to watch B．to be watching C．watching D．having watched19．_______ a record-breaking seven Golden Globes, the musical La La Land surprisingly does not appeal to Chinese viewers.A．Winning B．WonC．Having won D．To win20．Many questions have been answered by John. He must have previewed the lessons last night, ____ he?A．needn’t B．hasn’t C．didn’t D．mustn’t第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

《作物育种学总论》习题Exercises in general introduction of crop breedingChapter 1 breeding objectives1.terms: breeding objectives, biological yield, economic yield, harvest index, plant breeding, breeding for high photosynthetic efficiency2.what are the basic requirements of modern agriculture for crop varieties?3.what are the principles for formulating breeding objectives?4.what are the main objectives of crop breeding?5., how can we correctly formulate a practical breeding target?6., why can crop yield increase through dwarf breeding?7., formulate a breeding target for a particular crop for a region you are familiar with and explain why.The seco nd chapter is the breed ing mode and varieties of cropsFloral structure and flowering habits of the wheat, corn, cotton, soybeans and other crops・ What are the floral structure and flowering habits conducive to cross pollination? What are thefloral structure and flowering habits conducive to self pollination?Combining the specific crops, the genetic effects of selfing and outcrossing were briefly described・What are the types of crops and what are the basic characteristics of them?What are the breeding characteristics of different types of populations?The third chapter, Germplasm Resources1.concepts: germplasm resources, origin centers, primary centers, secondary centers, native crops, secondary crops, genetic diversity centers, gene banks, primary gene pools, secondary gene pools, and three gene pools2.briefly describe the role of germplasm in crop breeding・3.briefly describe the characteristics and utilization value of local germplasm resources・4.briefly describe the characteristics and utilization value of foreign germplasm resources・What is the role of the theory of 5. Vavilov origin center in crop breeding?6.how to differentiate between primary and secondary centers?7.the main contents and identification methods of crop germplasm resources are discussed・8., what is the significance of establishing the crop gene pool? How to build a crop gene bank?9., what is the significance of establishing a database of crop germplasm resources? How to establish a database of crop germplasm resources?10.what is the necessity and significance of excavation, collection and preservation of germplasm resources?The fourth chapter is introduction and Domestication1.what are the concepts and basic principles of introduction and domestication?2.what are the factors affecting introduction and the law of introduction?The fifth chapter chooses breeding1.describe the basic principles and procedures of breeding・The sixth chapter is cross breeding1.types of cross breeding can be divided into two types according to their guiding ideology What are the respective genetic mechanisms?2.why is it the key to cross breeding to choose the parents correctly? What's the point?3., how to understand the four principles of parental selection in cross breeding?4., what are the advantages and disadvantages of using genetically diverse materials as parents? How do you understand the distance between parents and their parents?5.why should parents be highly cooperative?6.why is hybridization one of the most important factors that affect the success of cross breeding? What are the hybrid ways? How about the genetic proportion of each parent in single cross, three handed, four handed and double crosses? Why do you put the good agronomic parents on the last cross in the three and four crosses?7.explain genealogy, mixed method, derivative system method and single granule transmission method, and give a brief account of their respective work points. Compare their advantages and disadvantages and their applications・The seventh chapter is backcross breeding1.what is backcross breeding? What are the uses and limitations of backcross breeding? What is the most effective breeding in backcross breeding?2.what is a recurrent parent and a non recurrent parent? What roles do they play in backcross breeding? What problems should we pay attention to when choosing recurrent parents and non recurrent parents?What is the genetic effect of 3. backcross? What's the difference between selfing and genetic effects?4., the characters of dominant and recessive single gene control, as well as the backcross breeding process of quantitative characters were briefly described・The eighth chapter is the utilization of HeterosisThe 1. nouns explain heterosis, specific combining ability, test cross, test cross species, test species, one ring system, second ring system, gametophyte self incompatibility, sporophyte self incompatibility and cytoplasmic hybrid2.what are the approaches to utilize crop heterosis? What are the characteristics of each?3.what are the methods of measuring heterosis in crops? How to measure?FourPrinciples and reasons for selection of parents of hybrid varieties ・5.what are the basic conditions for utilizing crop heterosis? What types of crop hybrids are there in6.?What are the characteristics of crop heterosis in 7. crops?8.what are the main directions for the study of Heterosis in maize, rice, cotton, wheat and so on? Why?9.,what are the genetic causes of Heterosis in crops? What do you think of these interpretations?10.what methods are used to determine the combining ability? What are the characteristics of these methods?11.what is cytoplasmic cytoplasmic male sterility? How does this sterility utilize heterosis?12.what is the difference between sporophyte sterility and gametophyte? What are the characteristics of each?13.,there are several types of pollen abortion in male sterility What are the characteristics of each?14.what are the abnormal physiological and biochemical aspects of male sterility in plants?15., what are the conditions for the application of sterile lines?16.what methods can be used for the breeding of restorer lines?17.what principles should be followed in the selection of hybrid varieties? Why?18.how to identify the genetic type of genic male sterile material?How was the germplasm of 19. photoperiod and photoperiod induced male sterility obtained?The ninth chapter is mutation breeding1.what are the species, radiation sources, and major characteristics of the major physical mutagens?2.the materials of radiation mutation treatment and corresponding treatment methods are discussed・3.what are the irradiation intensity and dose intensity? What is its unit? How do you convert new and old units?4.how do you determine the optimum dose of radiation?5.what are the types, properties and principles of the main chemical mutagens? What problems should we pay attention to in using?6.how to determine the concentration and treatment time of chemical mutagens?7., what is the difference between mutation breeding and other breeding (such as cross breeding) in the treatment of future generations?8.why does mutation breeding require close planting in Ml?9.to illustrate the achievements of mutation breeding in Crop Genetics and breeding and agricultural production・10.what are the characteristics and trends of plant mutation breeding?The tenth chapter is distant hybridization breeding1.what is distant hybridization? What is the role and significance of distant hybridization in crop genetics, breeding and scientific research?2.the characteristics and difficulties of distant hybridization were discussed.3., try to explain the reasons for the incompatibility of distant hybridization and the ways to overcome it.4.hybrid sterility and why die? How to overcome?What is the difference between the isolation of 5. Distant Hybrids and that of interspecific hybridization?6.how to overcome the instability of distant hybridization progeny?What is the principle of induction of haploid in 7. distant crosses?8.what are alien addition lines and alien substitution lines?Can il be used directly in agricultural production? How to make use of it in Crop Genetics and breeding?9.to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of somatic hybridization.The eleventh chapter is ploidy breeding1.what are the main ways to induce polyploidy?2.what are the main ways of artificially inducing haploid?3.,the significance of ploidy breeding in plants was discussed・4.how does plant ploidy breeding combine with other breeding methods?5., six times triticale lacks D genome, poor quality of grain. How do you think it improved?The twelfth chapter is disease resistant breeding1., the main role of pest resistance breeding in modernagricultural production?2.. What are the physiological races, physiological, biological and differential hosts?3.what is the gene pair theory of genes?4.what is vertical resistance and horizontal resistance?5., the main links of breeding for disease resistant insects?6.how to maintain the stability of resistance to disease resistant varieties?The thirteenth chapter stress resistant breeding1.main species of crop adversity?2.. The meaning of drought resistanee and salt tolerance of crops?3.general procedures for crop stress resistance breeding?4.main methods of crop stress resistance identification?The fourteenth chapter, group improvement and recurrent choice1.,the concept and function of group improvement・2.principles of population improvement・3., the basic process and main link of population improvement・4., the similarities and differences between composite varietiesand synthetic varieties・5.how do we synthesize base populations for population improvement?6.,how does the recurrent selection approach the combination of population impTovement and breeding practice?SevenWhat are the recurrent selection methods within a population? What are the characteristics of each?8.,what are the similarities and differences between groups and groups?9., in what circumstances is it suitable to apply compound cycle selection?10.why into Recessive Genic Male sterile gene is based on recurrent selection of self pollination and cross pollinated crops?The fifteenth chapter is the experimental technique of crop breeding1.explain the concepts: marginal effects, growth competition, regional trials, varietal adaptability, and varietal stability2.what are the basic requirements for field trials? How can the test error be minimized?3.what are the factors that affect the design of a residential district? How do you deal with these factors?4.,how to overcome inter cell compelition?5.how do you conduct a line comparative test?6.what are the conditions for applying for a regional trial? What standards are you up to?7.how about regional test and production test?8.what are the methods and procedures for the stability parameterestimation using the average number of varieties as the parameter and the adaptive estimation method based on the environmental index?The sixteenth chapter, seed production and management1.what conditions should be applied for the varieties that have been applied for approval?2., what are the similarities and differences between China, Japan, the United States and European countries in their species management systems?What are the substantial and major causes of the 3. species，hybrid degradation? How to prevent?4.in China, self pollination and cross pollination often crop seed production method, the main differenee breeding method and cycle selection proposed in recent years strains breeding method and self propagation method mixed in technology is what?5.show three methods of producing two representative types of parent stock, and point out their substantive differences and their theoretical basis.6.what are the two methods for the production of inbred stock? What，s the difference between them?7.how to speed up breeding?How to select isolation zone in 8. parent breeding and hybrid seed production? How do you determine your parents， ratio?9.what is the key point in regulating the sowing date and ensuring the flowering time in hybrid seed production?Plant breeding, biotechnology, exercisesChapter 1 cell engineering and crop breeding1.what are the main ingredients of the culture medium?2.what is the genetic basis for somaclonal variation in somatic cells?3.how to breed new varieties by somatic cell cloning and variation?4.. What is the practical value of haploid cell culture in crop breeding?What is the difference between microspore development and normdl microspore development under 5. culture conditions?6.what are the factors that affect anther culture?7., how can cell engineering be used to overcome theincompatibility of distant hybridization?The second chapter, transgenic technology and crop breeding1.what is GM crop breeding? What are the contents of its research?2.. Advantages and disadvantages of transgenic breeding and their relationship with conventional breeding・3.procedures for breeding transgenic crops・4.what are the commonly used transgenic methods?5.what are the common methods for identification of transgenic plants?6.the mode and characteristics of exogenous gene integration.Causes and solutions of 7. gene silencing・8.isolation of foreign genes in transgenic plants・9.specific ways of breeding transgenic crops・10.biosafety principles of genetically modified crops.The third chapter is molecular marker assisted selection breeding1.types and genetic characteristics of several major molecular markers・2.订lustrate the principles and methods of gene mapping for important agronomic traits.3.how to understand the development of molecular marker technology and inject new vigor into crop breeding work?PAGEPAGE 5***[JimiSoft:, Unregistered, Software, Convert, Part, Of, File, Read, Help, To, Know, ONLY, How, To, Register.]***。

袁隆平培育杂交水稻英语作文Yuan Longping, a Chinese agronomist and educator, is renowned for his pioneering work in developing hybrid rice varieties. His groundbreaking research and dedication to improving agricultural practices have had a significant impact on global food production. In this essay, I will explore the contributions of Yuan Longping in cultivating hybrid rice and the implications of his work on the agricultural industry.Yuan Longping's interest in rice cultivation began in the 1960s when he started experimenting with hybrid rice varieties. Hybrid rice is a crossbreed of two different rice varieties, resulting in plants that exhibit higher yields and better resistance to pests and diseases. Yuan Longping's research focused on increasing rice productivity to address food shortages in China and other developing countries.One of Yuan Longping's most notable achievements is the development of the first high-yielding hybrid rice variety,known as IR8. This variety revolutionized rice production by doubling or tripling the yield compared to traditional rice varieties. The success of IR8 inspired further research and innovation in hybrid rice breeding, leading to the development of new varieties with even higher yields and improved quality.Yuan Longping's work has had a profound impact on global food security. By increasing rice yields, his hybrid varieties have helped to alleviate hunger and poverty in many regions of the world. In addition, the improved resistance of hybrid rice plants to pests and diseases has reduced the need for chemical pesticides, making rice production more environmentally sustainable.Furthermore, Yuan Longping's research has paved the way for advancements in agricultural science and technology. His innovative breeding techniques and genetic research have provided valuable insights into plant genetics and breeding strategies. The knowledge gained from his work has been instrumental in developing new hybrid varieties of other crops, contributing to increased crop yields and improved agricultural practices.In conclusion, Yuan Longping's contributions to the field of hybrid rice cultivation have been invaluable. His research has not only increased rice yields and improved food security but also advanced agricultural science and technology. As we continue to face challenges such as climate change and population growth, the legacy of Yuan Longping will continue to inspire future generations of researchers and farmers to innovate and strive for a more sustainable and productive agricultural future.。