英语专业四级阅读理解讲义
（2013年）
第一讲：总论
1、阅读理解考点
1）词汇量（《英语专业四级真题词汇精选》/ 大连理工大学出版社）
2）逻辑（语义——语义关联——题型）
2、题型
细节类（事实型/推理型）
主旨类（中心思想，文章结构）
文学类（描写手段）
第二讲：事实型细节题
1、识别：题干问题关涉what / which/ why/ How
2、两大原则
1）定位（定位词：数字/大写/实词短语——文同题序）
2）同义替换（迷惑项：似是而非；无中生有——paraphrase）
3、五大经典
1）普通细节题（略）
2）句间关系
A.连接
转折：but, however, nonetheless, yet…
因果：because, so, for this reason, consequently…
增补：and, furthermore, in addition, in other words…
时间：earlier, later, formerly, then, first, in the end, next…
解题要领：定位单句无法解题，着眼多句，看句间有无上述逻辑词，逻辑词出现之处便是考点。
B.省略/替代
名词
Do you have a GF? Yes, I have.
动词
Does your GF love you? Yeah, she does.
小句
Will you marry her? I hope so.
解题要领：定位单句无法解题，着眼多句，看句间有无上述省略现象，省略出现之处便是考点。
C.指称
人称代词
第一/第二/第三人称
指示代词
this, that, these, those
比较
the same, as, such, equally, similarly, differently, otherwise, else…
解题要领：定位单句无法解题，着眼多句，看句间有无指称连接，尤其是比较关系连接，指称出现之处便是考点。
3）因果关系
A.识别：题干中出现why, because, because of, due to, in that / now that…
B.显性因果解题
连词：because, since, as, in that/now that…
副词：therefore, accordingly, consequently, thus, as a result…
介词：with, due to, owing to, because of…
动词：lead to, cause, result in/from, be attributed to, contribute to…
其他逻辑关系（时间、目的、条件等关系可替换为因果关系）
解题要领：定位后查找句中或句间有无上述词汇，考点必在此。
C.隐性因果解题
句中或句间没有明显的因果逻辑关系词，则要遵循英文因果关系思维模式解题。中文习惯：前因后果；英文习惯：前果后因。一般情况下，英文中后句（可能一句，也可能多句，视具体情况而定）揭示前句的原因。
4）词义题
A.词根词缀：传统词根词缀；非传统词根词缀（字母意义）
B.平行结构：根据以下词汇的对照性逻辑关系猜出词汇含义。
and, or, but, however
either…or….; neither…nor…
not…but…; not only…but also…
rather than; instead of
on the contrary; conversely
than
C.句序
汉语：由边缘到内核排列；英文：由内核到边缘排列。英文中，边缘成分有时可定义内核单词的含义。
D.主题词
英文中，一个段落一个主题词，主题词在各句当中以不同形式显现，所考词汇必和主题词有
关，只要读出第一句当中的核心主题词即可。
5）判断题
A.识别：题干中出现True / False; Correct / Incorrect; NOT mentioned; Except…
B.解题：
（1）题干找定位词/若题干无，选项提取公因式；
（2）文同题序（可能一段，也可能多段）；
（3）复合句看主句；并列句主要并列连词所揭示的意义重心。
第三讲：推理型细节题
1、主题句型细节题
主题句查找三部曲：
1）路标词（转折、因果、并列/递进、例证、总结等）
2）首末句
3）混合模式（a. 路标词+首末句；b. 路标词之间混合）
解题要领：若有题目直接涉及段落主题句，可用此法快速查找，得出答案。
2、infer/imply题
A.识别：题干中含有infer/imply。
B.思路
（1）定位
（2）直接推理（换汤不换药，推理过程最少）
C.三种形式
（1）词汇推理（a.比喻词推非比喻词；b.概括词推具体词）
（2）长句-虚拟语气推理（首先注意意群式解读长句，其次注意虚拟语气表示相反，要推出相反含义的选项）
（3）段落主题句推理（若从段落推理，直接看主题句）
3、态度题
A.识别：题干出现attitude。
B.分类：
正: positive; optimistic; agree; approval; supportive; favorable;
负: negative; pessimistic; disagree; disapproval
中立：
neutral; objective; cautious（中立偏正）
concerned; critical; doubtful; suspicious; skeptical（中立偏负）
C.绝对不选的态度：
indifferent; exaggerated; enthusiastic; prejudiced; biased; arbitrary; subjective; confusing; puzzling; unclear; vague; hesitant; reserved…
D.解题：
（1）定位，寻找态度词（形容词-副词-少量动词、名词和介词）
（2）利用段落主题句
E.辅助解法：
（1）排除绝对不选；
（2）两个对立态度有一个正确，视主题而定；
（3）同一个态度程度不同，优先选程度较甚；
（4）看主题
*负态度一般不选
第四讲：主旨题
1、识别：题干出现main idea，title，purpose等相关词汇。
2、思路
（1）段落主题句相加
（2）文章结构-快速识别
3、文章结构
A.开门见山型：主旨=开头段（不一定是第一段）
B.问题型：问题—分析—解决；主旨=结尾
*快速识别：
a. 首段：悲惨、郁闷、伤心、痛苦、绝望
b. 首段：problem, difficulty, concern, confusion, puzzle, trouble, stress, threat, disaster…
C.对比型：花开两朵，各表一枝；主旨=两方观点之和（矛盾对立）
*快速识别：
a. 首段：positive / negative; advantage / disadvantage; distinction; difference
b. 问题：against; oppose; opponent
c. 各段首句：反义词/对比词
第五讲：文学类题目
1、基本题型与非文学类文章相似
2、差异：描写方法（文学）
A. 外貌描写
对象单一；静态动词；名词、形容词
B. 行为描写
对象单一；动词
C. 对话描写
数量；质量；关联；方式
D. 心理描写
对象多元；实词
附：2009年专四考题分析
2009年专业英语四级阅读理解真题点评
上海新东方学校国内考试部薛海滨
2009年专业英语四级阅读理解部分与往年相比难度持平，题型相当，涉及说明、议论、记叙和描写等各种文体手段，囊括微观扫读（scanning）、宏观略读（skimming）和推理论证(inference) 等多项阅读策略。下面就各种考点的解题手段和注意事项逐一进行说明。
一、准确定位原文，认真研读细节
与往年一样，事实型细节题仍是最主要的考点。这种题型难度不大，主要考查考生利用微观扫读（scanning）的策略，从词句的角度理解原文的重点细节。解题时注意两点即可：（一）准确定位，即根据题干中出现的关键词迅速返回原文，找到题目在原文当中相应的出处。这个过程有两个问题，首先是什么样的词才能成为关键词。关键词有两种，第一种是类似于数字、大写字母等比较醒目的字眼，因其醒目，故可以快速定位；另一种是题干中意义的重心，一般是实词（名词、动词、形容词和副词），这样的词往往直接涉及文章中重点细节信息，有利于定位的准确性。例如：09年92题中的the Global Support Centre，98题的Raoul，99题的Mickey等，都是可以用来定位的首字母大写的专有名词；81题的most weight 和hip-joints，82题的the replacement of hip-joints，83题的increasing efficiency of the agricultural industry等，这些都属于实词定位。其次，定位过程中还有一个文同题序的原则，即出题的顺序和文章脉络发展的顺序相当。把关键词查找和这个原则结合起来，就会大大提高定位的速度和准确度。（二）句间关系解读。当我们把一道细节题定位到文章中的某个句子时，并不一定靠该句本身就可以解决问题，而通常要看该句和周围句子之间的逻辑关系，这种逻辑关系包含解释、并列、顺序、重复等。例如：09年82题问Engineers regard the replacement of hip-joints as a(n) ____ problem. 根据关键词the replacement of hip-joints可返回原文第一段“For many years hip-joints and other body joints have been replaceable either partially or completely.”一句，但该句并未阐明engineers的态度，因此我们只能继续看下文。下文连续出现了几个it引导的小句，用分号隔开，这几句明显是并列关系。根据上下文，it指的是joint。也就是说，这几句是对我们所定位到的那句话中joint的解释，但仍未涉及engineers的观点，因此这几句话可以跳过不读，再看下句。接下来的一句“Any engineer will recognize these as characteristic of a typical engineering problem…”中, these指代上文内容，而且谈到了any engineer的观点，因此，该句必然是对上文的进一步解释，根据该句中a typical engineering problem的说法，我们可以轻松选定A选项Mechanical。
二、采用略读策略，把握文章结构
有些题目主要考查对文章宏观结构的把握，需要在阅读过程中采用宏观略读（skimming）的策略。这类题目主要包括文章主旨题、作者态度题和涉及文章主题词类的题目。例如：09年的Text B一文的主题词是Fake Foning，该文86题问“What is Fake Foning？”，这种题目一般不能单纯使用定位法则解决，因为主题词在原文中无所不在，你根本无法准确定位，除非作者在原文中专门用某个句子对Fake Foning下了定义。再比如该文90题问“What is the tone of the passage?”，明显问及作者态度，也需要从把握文章宏观中心思想的角度解题。
如何才能迅速而准确地把握作者思路，领会原文中心思想呢？一般遵循两个原则即可：（一），西方人写作往往习惯开门见山，尤其是在说明文和议论文当中，直截了当提出说明对象和议
论观点的文章居多。然后文章会呈线性发展，既作者用一系列的细节描写支撑自己说明对象或议论观点。因此，我们大体上可以从前几个段落中体会到作者的观点和态度。（二）英语是逻辑的语言，从句到段再到篇，西方人写作喜欢用逻辑连接词（通常是并列连词和副词）来表明自己的思路，这种词汇我们可以称之为路标词。路标词用来指明上下文的逻辑关系，通常有转折、因果、并列、递进和例证等。例如，however可以表示转折关系，so可以表示因果关系，for example可以表示例证关系。
仍以86题为例，该题问Fake Foning 的概念，我们先来看全文的思路。该文前两段使用了but这个路标词，表明作者观点在but之后，因此略读时可关注这两句，而忽略其他句子；第三段第一个单词是Say，这里的意思等于For example，因此第三段是在举例，例子用来支撑观点，因此例子的部分可以略过不读；第四段以so开头，说明这段是作者得出的结论，因此要重点阅读。通过阅读该段，我们知道作者所谓Fake Foning，就是指有时假接手机达到colleague avoidance的目的。第五段一开始就说“For standard colleague avoidance, I suggest fake chatting about fake business:”，明显告诉我们下面的文字都是细节，用来支撑作者在第四段得出的结论，因此，根据第四段内容，86题答案应该是A项A strategy to avoid people。
同理，根据第四段的内容，我们还可以知道作者在文中采用了口语式调侃的口吻来写作，因此90题作者态度必是B项Humorous。
三、透析描写手段，进行合理推断
专业英语四级阅读还有一个独特的考点，就是对描写手段的考查，一般会出现在记叙文和描写文当中。描写手段可以分为外观描写、行为描写、对话描写和心理描写四类。如09年Text C就是一篇记叙文，讲述作者在电脑出故障后，修理过程中遇到的一系列尴尬和摩擦。该文的92题“Which of the following is the author's opinion about the woman at the Global Support Centre?”就涉及文中对该女性的一段精彩描写。原文内容如下：
I opened the special drawer where I keep CDs. But no Windows CD in there. I was forced to call the computer company's Global Support Centre. My call was answered by a woman in some unnamed, far-off land. I find it annoying to make small talk with someone when I don't know what continent they're standing on. Suppose I were to comment on the beautiful weather we've been having when there was a monsoon at the other end of the phone? So I got right to the point.
"My computer is telling me a file is corrupted and it wants to fix itself, but I don't have the Windows Setup CD."
"So you're having a problem with your Windows Setup CD." She has apparently been dozing and, having come to just as the sentence ended, was attempting to cover for her inattention.
原文中划线部分涉及到两种描写方式：对话描写和行为描写。先是作者陈述自己问题，这位女士对问题进行反馈，这是对话描写。紧接着，作者描写了这位女性在回答作者问题后的反应，这里采用了行为描写。
我们在一般的对话描写中会遵循一个关联原则，即双方对话必须有意义相关性，一方提出问题，另一方就要回答问题。但这个对话明显违背这个原则，因为这位女士只是把作者的话重
复了一次，并未回答作者心头的疑问。这种反正常原则的对话方式恰好说明这位女士说话心不在焉。在行为描写中，作者也用几个简单的动词（doze, come to, attempt to cover for her inattention），准确刻画出该女士当时的状态。据此，我们不但推断出当时作者对这位女士失望至极。因此，我们很容易认定92题答案是B项She was there to make the callers frustrated。
以上就是笔者对2009年专业英语四级阅读理解部分的综合评述。建议各位考生在今后考试当中不要片面地认为词汇量大，读懂文中每句话的字面意思就可以达到解题的目的，最关键的是要搞清楚文中句与句之间、段与段之间的逻辑关系，清晰把握作者的思路，才能达到准确理解和合理推断的目的。
英语四级阅读理解练习附答案 导读：我根据大家的需要整理了一份关于《英语四级阅读理解练习附答案》的内容，具体内容：下面是我整理的，希望对大家有帮助。Culture is one of the most challenging elements of the international ma... 下面是我整理的，希望对大家有帮助。 Culture is one of the most challenging elements of the international marketplace. 『This system of learned behavior patterns characteristic of the members of a given society is constantly shaped by a set of dynamic variables: language, religion, values and attitudes, manners and customs, aesthetics, technology, education, and social institutions.』① To cope with this system, an international manager needs both factual and interpretive knowledge of culture. To some extent, the factual knowledge can be learned; its interpretation comes only through experience. The most complicated problems in dealing with the cultural environment stem from the fact that one cannot learn culture—one has to live it. Two schools of thought exist in the business world on how to deal with cultural diversity. One is that business is business the world around, following the model of Pepsi and McDonalds. In some cases, globalization is a fact of life; however, cultural differences are still far from converging.
TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2013) —GRADE FOUR— TIME LIMIT: 130 MIN PART 3 CLOZE 15 MIN Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Mark the best choice for each blank on Answer Sheet Two. Everyone knows that taxation is necessary in a modern state: without it, it (31) _____ not be po ssible to pay the soldiers and policemen who protect us; (32) _____ the workers in government of fices who (33) _____ our health, our food, our water, and all the other things that we cannot do for ourselves. (34) _____ taxation, we pay for things that we need just (35) _____ we need somewhe re to live and something to eat. But (36) _____ everyone knows that taxation is necessary, differe nt people have different ideas about (37)____ taxation should be arranged. In most countries, a direct tax on (38) _____, which is called income tax, (39) _____. It is arrang ed in such (40)______ that the poorest people pay nothing, and the percentage of tax grows (41) _ ___ as the taxpayer's income grows. In some countries, for example, the tax on the richest people (42)______ as high as ninety-five per cent! (43) _____ countries with taxation nearly (44) _____ have indirect taxation too. Many things imported into the country have to pay taxes or “duties.”Of course, it is the men and women who buy these imported things in the shops (45)______ really have to pay the duties, in the (46) ______ of higher prices. In some countries, (47) _____, there is a tax on things sold in the shops. If the most necessary things are taxed, a lot of money is (48) _ ___ but the poor people suffer most. If unnecessary things (49)___ jewels and fur coats are taxed, less money is obtained but the tax is (50) ______ as the rich pay it. Probably this last kind of indirect tax, together with a direct tax on incomes which is low for the p oor and high for the rich, is the best arrangement. PART 4 GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY 15 MIN There are thirty sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark your an swers on Answer Sheet Two. 51. Facing the board of directors, he didn?t deny ________ breaking the agreement. A. him B. it C. his D. its 52. Xinchun returned from aboard a different man. The italicized part functions as a (n) ______. A. appositive (同位语) B. object C. adverbial D. complement. 53. Which of the following is a compound word (复合词)? ______. A. Nonsmoker. B. Deadline. C. Meanness.
洛基英语，中国在线英语教育领导品牌 综合题，请根据题目给出的内容，来回答下面给出的试题。An unidentified wit once said, "laugh, and the world laughs with you. Snore, and you sleep alone." Yet snoring is far from a laughing matter, as those unfortunates with good hearing, who are rightly subjected to the sounds of the snoring disorder, will testify. It has been estimated that one of eight Americans snores; this means that there are approximately 21 million people --- women as well as men - who render an unpleasant sound when they are asleep. And assuming that each snorer disturbs the sleep of at least one other person, it necessarily follows that there are 21 million unhappy listeners. While a sleeping person breathes, either in or out, several structures in his nose and throat generate the snoring. The sounds, coming from the soft palate and other soft structures of the throat, are caused by vibratory responses to inflowing and outflowing air. When the soft tissues of the mouth and throat come close to the lining of the throat, the vibrations that occur are caused by the position of the tongue. In short, the noise made by snoring can be compared to the noise when breezes flutter a flag on a pole. The frequency of the vibrations depends on the size, density, and elasticity of the affected tissues and on the force of the air flow. Although it is usually the process of in haling or exhaling through the mouth that cause snoring, short snores come from the nose of an open-mouthed sleeper. In all fairness to snorers, however, it should be emphasized that snoring is an involuntary out which stops as the offender is awakened. 请根据上面给出的内容，来回答下面的单项选择题（下列每小题备选答案中，只有一个符合题意的正确答案。每小题0分，共5题。）16. If each snorer disturbs the sleep of one other person,the number of Americans that are unfortunately subjected the sound of the snores will be _____. A ：one out of five B ：one out of eight C ：eight out of one hundred D ：one out of eighteen 请选择答案：A:B:C:D:17. The snoring is caused by _____. A ：the soft palate and other structures of the throat B ：the inflwoing and outflwoing air through the nose C ：the inflowing and outflowing air throught mouth D ：the vibrations as a result of the inflwoing and outflowing air 请选择答案：A:B:C:D:18. If a person produces short snores,most probably he has _____. A ：a soft palate B ：a big nose
英语四级阅读题库含答案解析 1.Passage One Global warming may or may not be the great environmental crisis of the 21st century, but regardless of whether it is or isn’t –we won’t do much about it. We will argue over it and may even, as a nation, make some fairly solemn-sounding commitments to avoid it. But the more dramatic and meaningful these commitments seem, the less likely they are to be observed. Al Gore calls global warming an “inconvenient truth,” as if merely recognizing it could put us on a path to a solution. But the real truth is that we don’t know enough to relieve global warming, and –without major technological breakthroughs—we can’t do much about it. From 2003 to 2050, the world’s population is projected to grow from 6.4 billion to 9.1 billion, a 42% increase. If energy use per person and technology remain the same, total energy use and greenhouse gas emissions (mainly, CO2) will be 42% higher in 2050. but that’s too low, because societies that grow richer use more energy. We need economic growth unless we condemn the world’s poor to their present poverty and freeze everyone else‘s living standards. With modest growth, energy use and greenhouse emissions more than double by 2050. No government will adopt rigid restrictions on economic growth and personal freedom (limits on electricity usage, driving and travel) that might cut back global warming. Still, politicians want to show they’re “doing something.” Consider the Kyoto Protocol (京都议定书). It allowed countries that joined to punish those that didn’t. But it hasn’t reduced CO2 emissions (up about 25% since 1990), and many signatories (签字国) didn’t adopt tough enough policies to hit their 2008-2012 targets. The practical conclusion is that if global warming is a potential disaster, the only solution is new technology. Only an aggressive research and development program might find ways of breaking dependence on fossil fuels or dealing with it. The trouble with the global warming debate is that it has become a moral problem when it’s really an engineering one. The inconvenient truth is that if we don’t solve the engineering problem, we’re helpless. 57. What is said about global warming in the first paragraph? A) It may not prove an environmental crisis at all. B) It is an issue requiring world wide commitments. C) Serious steps have been taken to avoid or stop it. D) Very little will be done to bring it under control. 58. According to the author’s understanding, what is Al Gore’s view on global warming? A) It is a reality both people and politicians are unaware of. B) It is a phenomenon that causes us many inconveniences. C) It is a problem that can be solved once it is recognized. D) It is an area we actually have little knowledge about. 59. Green house emissions will more than double by 2050 because of _______. A) economic growth B) the widening gap between the rich and poor C) wasteful use of energy D) the rapid advances of science and technology
2013年12月英语四级真题 作文一： For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay based on the picture below. You should start your essay with a brief account of the impact of the Internet on the way people communicate and then explain whether electronic communication can replace face-to-face contact.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. “Dear Andy-How are you? Your mother and I are fine.We both miss you and hope you are doing well.We look forward to seeing you again the nest time your computer crashes and you come down-stairs for something to eat,Love,Mom and Dad.” 作文二： For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay based on the picture below. You should start your essay with a brief account of the impact of the Internet on learning and then explain why doesn’t simply mean learning to obtain information. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
大学英语四级阅读理解试题及答案（四） 十六 Trees shoul d only be pruned when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and , fortunately,the number of such reasons is small. Pruning involves the cutting away of obergrown and unwanted branches, and the inexperienced gardener can be encouraged by the thought that more damage results from d oing it unnecessarily than from l eaving the tree to grow in its own way. First, pruning may be d one to make sure that trees have a d esired shape or size. The object may be to get a tree of the right height, and at the same time to help the growth of small side branches which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shape. Secondly, pruning may be done to make the tree healthier. You may cut diseaed or dead wood, or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus cause wounds. The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing branches that are blocking up the centre and so preventing
PART Ⅱ READING COMPREHENSION ［25 MIN.］ In this section there are four passages followed by fifteen questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the correct answer.Mark your choice on your ANSWER SHEET. TEXT A As many as one thousand years ago in the Southwest, the Hopi and Zuni Indians of North America were building with adobe－sun baked brick plastered with mud. Their homes looked remarkably like modern apartment houses. Some were four stories high and contained quarters for perhaps a thousand people, along with storerooms for grain and other goods. These buildings were usually put up against cliffs, both to make construction easier and for defense against enemies. They were really villages in themselves, as later Spanish explorers must have realized since they called them “pueblos”, which is Spanish for town.The people of the pueblos raised what are called “the three sisters”—corn, beans, and squash. They made excellent pottery and wove marvelous baskets, some so fine that they could hold water. The Southwest has always been a dry country, where water is scarce. The Hopi and Zuni brought water from streams to their fields and gardens through irrigation ditches. Water was so important that it played a major role in their religion. They developed elaborate ceremonies and religious rituals to bring rain. The way of life of less settled groups was simpler and more strongly influenced by nature. Small tribes such as the Shoshone and Ute wandered the dry and mountainous lands between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. They gathered seeds and hunted small animals such as small rabbits and snakes. In the Far North the ancestors of today’s Inuit hunted seals, walruses, and the great whales. They lived right on the frozen seas in shelters called igloos built of blocks of packed snow. When summer came, they fished for salmon and hunted the lordly caribou. The Cheyenne, Pawnee, and Sioux tribes, known as the Plains Indians, lived on the grasslands between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River. They hunted bison, commonly called the buffalo. Its meat was the chief food of these tribes, and its hide was used to make their clothing and covering of their tents and tipis. 16. What does the passage mainly discuss? A. The architecture of early American Indian buildings. B. The movement of American Indians across North America. C. Ceremonies and rituals of American Indians. D. The way of life of American Indian tribes in early North America. 17. It can be inferred from the passage that the dwellings of the Hopi and Zuni were ___ A. very small B. highly advanced C. difficult to defend D. quickly constructed TEXT B Most earthquakes occur within the upper 15 miles of the earth’s surface. But earthquakes can and do occur at all depths to about 460 miles. Their number decreases as the depth increases. At about 460 miles one earthquake occurs only every few years. Near the surface earthquakes may run as high as 100 in a month, but the yearly average does not vary much. In comparison with the total number of earthquakes each year, the number of disastrous earthquakes is very small.[JP] The extent of the disaster in an earthquake depends on many factors. If you carefully build a toy house with an erect set, it will still stand no matter how much you shake the table. But if you build a toy house with a pack of cards, a slight shake of the table will make it fall. An earthquake in Agadir, Morocco, was not strong enough to be recorded on distant instruments, but it completely destroyed the city. Many stronger earthquakes have done
大学英语四级阅读理解（1）We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are enriched. We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming(把......按能力分班) pupils. It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates. It can have a bad effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright child. After all, it can be quite discouraging to be at the bottom of the top grade! Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual ability. This is only one aspect of their total personality. We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full, not just their academic ability. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning. In our classrooms, we work in various ways. The pupils often work in groups: this gives them the opportunity to learn to co-operate, to share, and to develop leadership skills. They also learn how to cope with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyse and evaluate, and to communicate effectively. The pupils learn from each other as well as from the teacher. Sometimes the pupils work in pairs; sometimes they work on individual tasks and assignments, and they can do this at their own speed. They also have some formal class teaching when this is appropriate. We encourage our pupils to use the library, and we teach them the skills they need in order to do this efficiently. An advanced pupil can do advanced work: it does not matter what age the child is. We expect our pupils to do their best, not their least, and we give them every
英语四级阅读试题及答案详解1 Reading is thought to be a kind of conversation between the reader and the text. The reader puts questions, as it were, to the text and gets answers. In the light of these he puts __1__ questions, and so on. For most of the time this “conversation” goes on below the level of consciousness. At times, however, we become __2__ of it. This is usually when we are running into difficulties, when mismatch is occurring between __3__ and meaning. When successful matching is being experienced, our question of the text continues at the unconscious level. Different people __4__ with the text differently. Some stay very close to the words on the page, others take off imaginatively from the words, interpreting, criticizing, analyzing and examining. The former represents a kind of comprehension which is __5__ in the text. The latter represents __6__ levels of comprehension. The balance between these is important, especially for advanced readers. There is another conversation which from our point of view is __7__ important, and that is to do not with what is read but with how it is read. We call this a “process” conversation as __8__ to a “content” conversation. It is concerned not with meaning but with the __9__ we employ in reading. If we are an advanced reader our ability to hold a
2013英语专业四级真题语法、完型填空题及解析 【完形填空原文】 Everyone knows that taxation is necessary in a modern state: Without it, it would not be possible to pay the soldiers and policemen who protect us；nor the workers in government offices who look after our health, our food, our water, and all the other things that we cannot do for ourselves；nor the ministers and members of parliament(国会) who govern the country for us. By means of taxation, we pay for things that we need just as much as we need somewhere to live and something to eat. But everyone knows that taxation is necessary, different people have different ideas about how taxation should be arranged. Should each person have to pay a certain amount of money to the government each year? Or should there be tax on things that people buy and sell? If the first kind of taxation is used, should everyone pay the same tax, whether he is rich or poor? If the second kind of tax is preferred, should everything be taxed equally? In most countries, a direct tax on persons, which is called income tax, exists. It is arranged in such a way that the poorest people pay nothing, and the percentage of tax grows greater as the taxpayer’s income grows. In England, for example, the tax on the richest people goes up as high as ninety-five percent! But countries with direct taxation nearly always have indirect taxation too. Many things imported into the country have to pay taxes or “duties”. Of course, it is the men and women who buy these imported things in the shops who really have to pay the duties, in the form of higher prices. In some countries, too, there is a tax on things sold in the shops. If the most necessary things are taxed, a lot of money is collected, but the poor people suffer most. If unnecessary things like jewels and fur coats are taxed, less money is got but the tax is fairer, as the rich pay it. Probably this last kind of indirect tax, together with a direct tax on incomes which is low for the poor and high for the rich, is the best arrangement. 【语法题真题及解析】 51. Facing the board of directors,he didn't deny __________ breaking the agreement. A. him B. it C. his D. its 解析：本题考查动名词的逻辑主语。动名词可以有自己的逻辑（意义）主语，一般可以用名词所有格Tom‘s，代词宾格如him（口语），书面语情况下一般用物主代词his，their。本题选C，但我还是要吐槽，因为根本就不需要多此一举添加his, he didn't