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Lesson 5 The One Against the Many

Lesson 5 The One Against the Many
Lesson 5 The One Against the Many

Unit Five The One Against the Many

1. Notes on Guide to Reading

1) …the only superpower with its interests projected to nearly every corner of the world. (1.5-6)

project =cast ?

project next year's expenses and income ? projector

译:世界上唯一的超级大国,? 2)…confuse his own tidy models with the vast,turbulent, unpredictable, and untidy reality which is the stuff of human existence. (3.3-4)

tidy model: ?的模式

untidy reality: ?

the stuff of human existence: 人的存在的?

confuse…with…把…和…混淆起来

把其僵化的模式和现实混同起来,而现实却是无所不包、动荡不已、变幻莫测的,因为它是人的存在的产物。

或:把其僵化的模式和包容极广、动荡不已、变幻莫测的现实--人的存在的产物--混同起来。

3)seeking truth from reality (3.5)?

4)cast away (3.6) throw away

2.T ext Analysis

From paragraph 1 to paragraph 13

A.必备语汇(preparatory words and expressions)

见词汇测试表

B. 段落大意

Para 1: 引出主题:recall the development of America

Para 2: 指出美国的发展有几大根本因素。Para 3: 指出其中一个因素是教育。

Para 4:阐述教育的重要性,所谓科教兴国。Para 5:另一个因素是民主政府和代议制度。Para 6: 指出最重要的因素是反教条,不受意识形态体系的束缚。

Para 7: 解释Ideology,即一堆有系统的、僵化的教条。讲其与empiricism之争。Para 8:指出美国也曾受Ideology影响。Para 9: 但多数时候,美国对Ideology持怀疑态度,美国人更重实干,务实,美国

是一个喜欢创新和实验的国家。

Para 10: 讲Pragmatism和ideology的异同,以美国革命为例。

Para 11:讲Ideals 与Ideology的区别,以杰弗逊为例。

Para 12: 讲杰弗逊更重ideals, 而非

ideology。

Para 13: 讲ideology的问题所在:not a

picture of actuality, but a model

derived from actuality.

C. 难句理解与翻译

1.In an epoch dominated by the aspirations of new states for national development, it is instructive to recall that the United States itself began as an underdeveloped country. (1)

词:

(1)Epoch: Era

(2) Dominate: influence;control;have a commanding, controlling position in

(3)Aspiration: Ambition; a strong desire for achieving something

(4)Instructive: Enlightening

(5)Underdeveloped: Developing

(6) Recall: Remember

翻译思考:

(1)new states 新国家;新兴国家;新的国家;新生国家?

(2) Dominated by: ?

(3) national development: 国家发展?民

族发展?

(4) recall that the United States itself began

as an underdeveloped country

recall: 回忆;记起;想起?

began as an underdeveloped

country: ?

译文比较:

(1): 在一个以新国家渴求国家富强为主旋

律的时代,记住美国开始时也是一个

不发达国家,是有启迪的。

(2): 在一个以新诞生的国家渴求国家富强为主要特征的时代,想一下美国原来

的不发达,会予人启发。

(3): 新国家纷纷诞生,渴求国家富强,在

这样一个时代,回顾一下美国的强国

之路,不无启迪。

(4): 在这样一个新国家纷纷诞生、渴求国

家富强的时代,回顾一下美国的强国

之路,颇为令人深思。

2.The country was blessed by notable advantages—above all,by the fact that population was scarce in relation to available resources. (2.2-3)

词:

(1)be blessed by (with): enjoy; boast

bless:favor

翻译思考:

(1)was blessed by notable advantages: 享有

显著的优势?

(2)above all: 最重要的是?

译文比较:

(1)这个国家有着显而易见的优势,最重要

的是,人口相对资源来讲极为稀少。(2)这个国家有着得天独厚的优势-主要是

人口相对稀少而资源十分丰富。

(3)美国得天独厚,条件优越,尤其是资源

丰富,人口不多。

3.Several elements seemed fundamental to the philosophy which facilitated the rapid social and economic development of the American continent. (2.9-11)

词:

(1) philosophy: a basic theory ? 思想?体系?

(2) Facilitate:Promote; to make easier Facilitator:

workshop facilitator = 讲座主讲人?training course facilitator = 训练班培训师?program facilitator = 项目主持人?

group facilitator = 小组(讨论)主持人?

consultation facilitator = 咨询活动负责人?译文比较:

(1)有几个因素似乎对促进美国大陆的快速的社会经济发展的思想是最根本的。(2)在促使美国社会经济迅速发展的思想体系中,似乎有几个根本因素。

(3) 美国社会经济迅速发展,似乎得益于其思想体系中的几个根本因素。

4. The belief that investment in people is the most essential way for a society to devote its resources existed from the earliest days of the American colonies. (3. 1-3)

句子分析:

The belief(that-…resources同位语从句) existed…

5. It arose originally from a philosophical rather than an economic commitment—from a faith in the dignity of man and from the resulting belief that it is the responsibility of society to offer man the opportunity to develop his highest potentialities. (3.3-6)

翻译思考:

(1)a philosophical rather than an economic commitment:

Philosophical: 哲学的?哲理的?思想的?Commitment:承诺?义务?致力于…? (2)a faith in the dignity of man: 对人的尊严的信任?对人的自尊的信仰?

(3) the resulting belief:

Belief:信念?

译文比较:

(1)它最初源于一种思想的责任而不是经济

上的义务,源于对人的尊严的相信以及

由此产生的一个信念,即社会有责任提

供人发挥最大潜力的机会。

(2)它的产生,最初源于思想上而非经济上

的执着追求,源于对人类尊严的坚定信

念以及由此产生的一个理念,即社会应

予人发挥最大潜力的机会。

(3)它源自对思想原则的信仰,而不是出于

对经济利益的追求…(教参)

(4)【殖民地早期就已存在社会资源应当先

用来培养人的理念】最初这一理念的产

生,是因为当时更重思想,而不是经济,坚信以人为本,认为社会应人尽其材。

4.Another factor in the process of American development has been the commitment to self-government and representative institutions. We have found no better way than democracy to fulfill man’s talents and release his energies.

(5. 1-3)

词:

(1) Commitment: loyalty;a pledge to do

翻译思考:

Self-government: 自治?…政府?Representative institutions: 代表机构?代表制度?代议制政府机构(教参)?Institution:制度

Marriage is an age-old social institution.

婚姻是一种古老的社会制度。

译:决定美国发展过程的另一个因素是坚持民主政府和代议制度。我们发现民主是使人

的才智得到充分施展、人的能量得到充分发挥的最好方式。

5. Another has been the understanding of the role of cooperative activity, public as well as voluntary. (5.5-6)

翻译思考:

Public: 公众的?公开的?

Cooperative activity:合作行为?

译文:

另一相关因素是对协作的重要性的理解,不论是应国家要求或者个人志愿的协作。

6.Nor can one suggest that Americans have been consistently immune to the ideological temptation—to the temptation, that is, to define national goals in an ordered, comprehensive, and permanent way. (8.1-3) 句子分析:

to the temptation, that is, to define national

goals…

=that is, to the temptation to define national goals …

译法比较:

(1)也不能说美国从来没有过意识形态方面的诱惑-也就是说,以一种有序、全面、永恒的方式来确定国家目标的诱惑。

(2)美国也曾受过意识形态体系的诱惑,试图有条不紊、全面彻底、一劳永逸地确定国家目标。

7. After all, the American mind was condition e d by one of the noblest and most formidable structures of analysis ever devised, Calvinist theology, and any intellect so shaped was bound to have certain vulnerability to secular ideology ever after. (8.3-5)

词汇:

(1) mind: 思维方式

(2) Condition: to affect, modify or influence

(3) Formidable: strikingly impressive

(4) Structure of analysis: 分析问题的理论体系

(5) Intellect: mind

(6) Be bound to: be sure to

(8) Vulnerability: weakness

(9) Secular: not religious

译:

毕竟,美国人的思维方式深受加尔文派神学的影响,这种神学是有史以来人类创造的最崇高、最令人敬畏的体系之一,受其影响的人不免会受到此后其他世俗意识形态的影响。

8. Yet most of the time Americans have foxily mistrusted abstract rationalism and rigid a priori doctrine. (9.1-2)

词:

(1) Mistrust: doubt

(2) Distrust: not trust

(3) Rationalism:理性主义

(4) Rigid:僵硬的

a priori: 见课本注解

a priori doctrine: 先验理论

译:

(1)但多数时候美国人对抽象的理性主义和僵化的先验理论持明智的不信任态

度。

(2)但多数时候美国人对抽象的理性主义和僵化的先验理论持怀疑态度,实是

聪明之举。

9. Our national faith has been not in propositions but in processe s. (9.2)

翻译思考:

National faith: 国家信仰?国家信念?国民信念?

译法:

词性转换:national=美国人

Faith=信

译文比较:

(1)我们国民的信仰在于过程而不是主张。(2)我们美国人信奉的是实际过程,而不是主张之类的东西。

(3)美国人注重的是实际过程,而不是空谈构想。

(4)美国人不是空头理论家,而是实干家。

(5)美国人深知空谈误国,实干兴邦。

修辞翻译:

not in propositions but in processes alliteration 头韵,目的是达到醒目的文字效果。

译成中文一般押尾韵,或者用其他醒目的译法。

例:I love my love with an E, because she's enticing; I hate her with an E, because she's engaged; I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement; Her name's Emily, and she lives in the east. (1)我爱我的那个伊,因为她的美貌让我依恋不已。我恨我的那个伊,因为她又依顺投奔他人门第。我们曾经依计而行乘风比翼,到过那依山傍水的秀美之地。我说的那位名叫做伊米丽,它的府上依稀可记在东方某地。(丁衡祁)

(2)我爱我的那个“丽”,可爱迷人有魅力;我恨我的那个“丽”,要和他人结伉俪;她文雅大方又美丽,和我出逃去游历;她芳名就叫爱米丽,家住东方人俏丽。(马红军译)

(3) 我爱我的心上人,因为她那样地叫人入迷;我恨我的心上人,因为她已订婚将作他人妻;她花容月貌无可比拟,我劝她私奔跟我在一起;她的名字叫埃米莉,她的家就在东城里。我为我的心上人呀,一切都因为这个E!(陆乃圣译)

(以上三个译文,哪个最忠实于原文?)(4)

姑娘我爱她啊那叫一个晕,

姑娘迷人啊让我脑袋发昏;

恨她要嫁人啊那叫一个村,

没有办法呀她跟人订了婚;

姑娘那个漂亮啊害我怀春,

看我把她勾走啊咱去逃婚;

姑娘芳名艾弥妮爱迷你魂,

她住东边偶在这边丢了魂。

(拙译)

(5)

我爱我的最爱,因为她迷人可爱;我恨我的最爱,别人和她订婚横刀夺爱;她漂亮大方人见人爱,我和她私奔多么欢爱;她名叫爱弥妮,住在东城我们两地相爱。

10. It has not permitted dogma to falsify reality, imprison experience, or narrow the spectrum of choice. (9.3-5)

词:

(1) Falsify: misrepresent; present a wrong picture of actual situation due to looking at things dogmatically

(2) Imprison experience: to restrict what people can do; to limit the practice of people (3) Spectrum: 光谱;范围

译文比较:

(1) 没有允许教条呈现假的现实,禁锢经验,或者缩小选择范围。

(2) 没有允许教条给人带来假象,约束人们的行为,或者使选择范围变得十分狭小。(3)【在其最佳时期,美国可以说是超越了所有的意识形态体系】没有因教条而被假象迷惑,而束手束脚,或者看不到选择的余地。

11. The most vital American social thought has

been empirical, practical, pragmatic. American, in consequence, has been at its most characteristic a nation of innovation and experiment. (9.6-8)

词:

(1) Empirical:经验的,依赖经验的

(2) Practical: 务实的

(3) Pragmatic:实用主义的

译:

美国最重要的社会思想一直是重经验和务实的。因此美国这个国家,最典型的一点就是创新和实验。

12. Pragmatism is no more wholly devoid of abstractions than ideology is wholly devoid of experience. ( 10.1-2)

句子分析:

No more…than…和…一样不…

词:

(1) be devoid of : completely lacking; empty 译:实用主义中不会一点抽象观念的东西都

没有,而意识形态体系中也不会一点经验的东西都没有。

13. The American Revolution was a pragmatic effort conducted in terms of certain general values. (10. 5-6)

词:

(1) In terms of: 按照;就…而言

译:

(1)从革命者的一些共同的价值观念来看,美国革命是一场实用主义的革命。(2)美国革命是一场实用主义的革命,从革命者的一些共同的价值观念可以看出这一点。

14. As an expound er of ideals, he remains a vivid and fertile figure—alive, not only for Americans but, I believe, for all those interested in human dignity and human liberty.

(11.6-8)

词:

(1) Expound: explain

(2) Fertile: rich in invention

作为理想的阐述者,他仍然是一个充满活力、富于创新的人—不仅活在美国人心中,我相信也活在所有主张人的尊严和自由的人心中。

15. Indeed, the whole ideological enterprise contradicted Jefferson’s temper, which was basically flexible and experimental. (12. 2-4) 词:

(1) Enterprise: effort

(2) Temper: character

译:

说实在的,杰弗逊一生在意识形态体系上所做的努力与他的禀性是相矛盾的。他的性格特征是灵活的、从经验出发的。

16. …one generation could not commit the next to its view of public policy or human destiny. (12. 5-6)

词:

(1)Commit: to say that someone will definitely do something or must do something

一代人不能强求下一代人认同其对国家政策和人类命运的看法。

17. An ideology is not a picture of actuality; it is a model derived from actuality, a model designed to isolate certain salient features of actuality which the model builder, the ideologist, regards as of crucial importance.

(13.1-4)

词:

(1)Derive from:Come from

(2)Actuality: reality

(3)Isolate: set apart 分离出

(4)Salient:Obvious

译:

意识形态体系不是现实的反映;它是自现实构建的模式,其构建者即意识形态主义者弄这样一个模式,目的在于把现实中他认为至关重要的某些明显特征分离出来。

18. There is nothing wrong with abstractions or models per se. In fact, we could not conduct

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人教版五年级英语寒假作业答案.doc

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小学英语教师需具备的素质(一)

小学英语教师需具备的素质(一) 近几年,我国小学开设英语课程的地区日益普遍,小学英语教师短缺现象也日益明显。为适应小学英语教学的具有较高学历、较高水平的教师队伍的要求,一些高校的小教大专班应运而生。由于目前尚未制定出统一的教学大纲,其培养目标也有待进一步的探讨和研究。 国家英语课程标准(实验稿)》(以下简称《标准》)把英语课程分为九级目标,其中1—2级是小学阶段的目标,4年级学生应完成一级目标,5.6年级学生应完成二级目标。《标准》对实现各级目标具体要能做什么也作了详细的描述。1级目标的总体描述是:对英语好奇心,喜欢听他人说英语;能根据教师的简单指令做游戏、做动作、做事情;能做简单的角色扮演;能唱简单的英文歌曲,说简单的英语歌谣;能在图片的帮助下昕懂和渎懂简单的小故事;能交流简单的个人信息,表达简单的情感和感觉;能书写字母和单词;对英语学习接触的外国文化习俗感兴趣。2级目标的总体描述是:对英语学习有持续的兴趣和爱好;能用简单的英语互致问候、交换有关个人、家庭和朋友的简单信息;能根据所学内容表演小对话或歌谣;能在图片的帮助下听懂、读懂并讲述简单的故事;能根据图片或提示写简单的句子;在学习中乐于参与、积极合作、主动请教,乐于了解异国文化和习俗。要使小学生的英语学习达到以上目标,英语教师的素质是关键。作为一名未来的小学英语教师,究竟应该具备哪些素质呢? 小学英语教师首先是一名小学教师,应该具有普通教师应该具备的知

识、技能和情意几方面素质。因而,一定的思想道德素质、文化知识素养、教育能力素养、身心健康素质应该是小学英语教师的基本素质结构。此外,小学英语教师还应该具备一定的专业素质。由于小学阶段英语教育及教育对象的特殊性,小学英语教师的专业素质指从事小学英语学科教学的教师应具备的专业知识和教学技能方面素养的总和。本文所探讨的专业素质主要指英语专业知识、英语教学相关的理论素养、英语教学能力和教研能力四个要素。 一、英语专业知识 扎实系统的专业学科知识是构成教师向学生“授业”的基本内容。英语是小学英语教师的专业,对于从事未来小学英语教学的教师来说,掌握系统的英语专业知识是适应未来英语教学的保障。尽管小学英语教学的内容是一些基础知识和基本技能,但教师如果没有扎实、系统的英语专业知识是很难胜任未来的小学英语教学工作的。英语专业知识一般指英语语言、文学、文化方面的内容,还包括准确而流利的英语语音语调,一定的贴近儿童生活的词汇量,牢固的语法修辞及文体方面的知识以及本国与英语国家的历史地理、风俗习惯、文化传统、社会制度、政治结构、价值观念等领域的文化知识。掌握这些专业知识是小学英语教师首先要具备的专业素养。 系统而扎实的语言基础知识和良好的言语技能是小学英语教师应具备的语言素质。语言基础知识包括英语语音、词汇、语法、功能、话题、文化修养几方面。良好的言语技能包括听、说、读、写、译等几方面。

高英翻译题

第一课 1)一条蜿蜒的小路淹没在树荫深处。 A zig-zag path loses itself in the shadowy distance of the woods. 2)集市上有许多小摊子,出售的货物应有尽有。 At the bazaar there are many stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold. 3)我真不知道到底是什么事让他如此生气。 I really don't know what it is that has made him so angry. 4)新出土的铜花瓶造型优美,刻有精细、复杂的传统图案。The newly unearthed bronze vase is pleasing in form and engraved with delicate and intricate traditional designs. 5)在山的那边是一望无际的大草原。 Beyond the mountains there is a vast grassland that extends as far as the eye can see. 6)他们决定买那座带有汽车房的房子。 They decided to buy that house with. a garage attached. 7)教师们坚持对学生严格要求。 The teachers make a point of being strict with the students. 8)这个小女孩非常喜欢他的父亲。 This little girl is very much attached to her father. 9)为实现四个现代化,我们认为有必要学习外国的先进科学技术。 To achieve the four modernization, we make a point of learning

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Unit1 A new study shows that dogs can detect if someone has cancer just by sniffing the person’s breath. Ordinary household dogs with only a few weeks of basic training learn to accurately distinguish between breath samples of lung- and breast-cancer patients and healthy subjects.One expert, who led the research, said, “Our study provides compelling evidence that cancers hidden beneath the skin can be detected simply by (dogs’) examining the odors of a person’s breath.” Early detection of cancers greatly improves a patient’s survival chances, and researchers hope that man’s best friend, the dog, can become an important tool in early screening. Unit 2 A research team recently replicated a bacterium’s genetic structure entirely from l aboratory chemicals, moving one step closer to creating the world’s first artificial organism. The researchers said, “It’s the second step of a three-step process to create a synthetic organism. But the final step could prove far more difficult.” Nonetheless, the research is pushing forward at a rapid pace. Last June, the team revealed details of an experiment in which researchers inserted the DNA of one species of bacterium into the cells of another. That process almost magically booted up the inserted genome. The research team hopes to use a similar trick to boot up the artificially created genome, so as to create a man-made living organism. Unit 3 In recent years, the psychologists from many countries banded together to do a research which indicated that continued income growth could make people apply themselves to an ongoing consumption race rather than promote overall happiness. Everyone has to spend more and more money in order to maintain a constant level of happiness. This is because our vanity and jealousy are functioning . The way to sort out them out is to cultivate the noble sentiment of being considerate and serving the society. People shouldn’t pin all their hopes on money. Instead , friends, family and work are also playing a very improtant role . Therefore, hapiness is not an inborn trait, but a talent which everyone can learn. Unit 4 I used to feel excited at teaching my students the elegant economic theories that could supposedly cure societal problems of all types. But what is the good of all my complex theories when people were dying of starvation on the sidewalks and porches across from my lecture hall? My lessons were like the American movies where the good guys always win. But when I emerged from the comfort of the classroom, I was faced with the reality of the city streets. Here good guys were mercilessly beaten and trampled. Daily life ws getting worse, and the poor were growing even poorer. Unit 5 No one thought that shy little Einstein would grow up to a prominent scientist. He was slow in learning to speak, and he often paused to consider what he would say during a conversation.In school, Albert Einstein was singled out by his teachers as a troublesome child because he liked to ask difficult strange questions. He did not like to memorize facts and rules, but was interested in what lay below the surface of things. When he was four or five years old, for instance, his father gave him a compass. Little Einstein was curious about the mysterious force that could keep a compass needle always pointing north, which prompted him to read widely in science. His real studies were mostly done at home by reading books on mathematics, physics, and philosophy. Unit 6 Most Americans have great vigor and enthusiasm. They prefer to discipline themselves rather than be disciplined by others. They pride themselves on their independence, their right to make their own minds. They tend to take the initiatives, even when there is a risk in doing so. They have courage and do not give in easily. They are considered sentimental. When they see a flag on ceremonial occasions, or attend parades celebrating Ame rica’s glorious past, tears may come to their eyes. They tend to be emotional at the reunions with family and friends, too. Sometimes, they can laugh at themselves and their country, while they will always remain intensely patriotic.

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