Biodegradation9:259–271,1998.
?1998Kluwer Academic Publishers.Printed in the Netherlands.
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Technological aspects of the microbial treatment of sul?de-rich wastewaters:A case study
Kerry L.Sublette1,?,Ravindra Kolhatkar1&Kevin Raterman2
1Center for Environmental Research&Technology,University of Tulsa,600S.College Avenue Tulsa,OK74104-3189USA;2Amoco Tulsa Technology Center,4502E.41st Street,Tulsa,OK74135-2500USA
(?author for correspondence)
Accepted8April1998
Key words:biomass recycle,?occulation,produced water,sour water,sul?de,substrate inhibition,Thiobacillus denitri?cans
Abstract
Thiobacillus denitri?cans has been shown to be an effective biocatalyst for the treatment of a variety of sul?de-laden waste streams including sour water,sour gases,and re?nery spent-sul?dic caustics.The term‘sour’originated in the petroleum industry to describe a waste contaminated with hydrogen sul?de or salts of sul?de and bisul?de.The microbial treatment of sour waste streams resulting from the production or re?ning of natural gas and crude oil have been investigated in this laboratory for many years.The application of this technology to the treatment of sour wastes on a commercially useful scale has presented several technical barriers including substrate inhibition(sul?de),product inhibition(sulfate),the need for septic operation,biomass recycle and recovery,mixed waste issues,and the need for large-scale cultivation of the organism for process startup.The removal of these barriers through process improvements are discussed in terms of a case study of the full-scale treatment of sul?de-rich wastewater.
The ability of T.denitri?cans to deodorize and detoxify an oil-?eld produced water containing sul?des was evaluated under full-scale?eld conditions at Amoco Production Co.Salt Creek Field in Midwest,WY.More than 800m3/d of produced water containing100mg/L sul?de and total dissolved solids of4800mg/L were successfully biotreated in an earthen pit(3000m3)over a six-month https://www.doczj.com/doc/7310230415.html,plete removal of sul?des and elimination of associated odors were observed.The system could be upset by severe hydraulic disturbances;however,the system recovered rapidly when normal in?uent?ow rates were restored.
Introduction
The path from laboratory to successful full-scale or?eld application of any chemical or biochemical process presents many technical barriers.A process based on chemical transformations by living microor-ganisms can be especially dif?cult technically given the commonly narrow range of environmental condi-tions that will maintain the viability of the process culture.If aseptic conditions are required another level of technical dif?culty and cost are added.These costs can be justi?ed if high-value products are produced, but the production of commodity chemicals or waste treatment must often be accomplished under septic conditions to be cost effective.For a waste treat-ment process which employs a specialized culture, operation under septic conditions is another techni-cal barrier to successful full-scale application because of potential competition for nutrients between the process microorganisms and contaminants which be-come established in the process culture.This paper describes such a waste treatment process,the technical barriers to its use on a commercial scale,and a case study of its full-scale application.
Thiobacillus denitri?cans has been shown to be an effective biocatalyst for the treatment of a variety of sul?de-laden waste streams including sour water,sour gases,and re?nery spent-sul?dic caustics(Sublette&
MENNEN/SCHRIKS:Disk/CP:Pips Nr.:168287;Ordernr.:233249-bb;Sp.code:518-LNS(biodkap:bio2fam)v.1.1
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Sylvester,1986,1987a,1987b;Sublette,1987;Sub-lette,1990;Camp&Sublette,1992;Lee&Sublette, 1993;Raterman et al.,1993;Sublette et al.,1994a; Cho et al.,1995;Rajganesh et al.,1995a;Rajganesh et al.,1995b;Rajganesh et al.,1995c).The term ‘sour’originated in the petroleum industry to describe a waste(gas,liquid or solid)contaminated with hydro-gen sul?de(H2S)or salts of sul?de or bisul?de.The microbial treatment of sour waste streams resulting from production or re?ning of natural gas and crude oil have been investigated in this laboratory for many years.It is the treatment of sour water which will be addressed in this paper.
T.denitri?cans is a strict chemolithotroph and facultative anaerobe?rst described in detail by Baal-srud and Baalsrud(1954).Sul?de,elemental sulfur, and thiosulfate may be used as energy sources with oxidation to sulfate.
H S?+2O2→SO2?4+H+(1) Under anoxic conditions,nitrate may be used as a terminal electron acceptor with reduction to elemental nitrogen.
5H S?+8NO?3+3H+→5SO2?4+4N2+4H2O(2) Work in this laboratory has demonstrated that T. denitri?cans may be readily cultured under aerobic or anoxic conditions on H2S(g)as an energy source at pH7.0and30?C(Sublette&Sylvester,1986,1987a, 1987b;Sublette,1987).When H2S(1%H2S,5%CO2, and balance N2)was bubbled into cultures previously grown on thiosulfate,H2S was metabolized with no apparent lag.At loadings of4–5mmol H2S/h-g bio-mass,H2S concentrations in the outlet gas could be reduced to undetectable levels with1–2s of gas-liquid contact time.Under sul?de-limiting conditions,con-centrations of total sul?de(H2S,HS?,S2?)in the culture media were<1μhttps://www.doczj.com/doc/7310230415.html,plete oxidation of H2S to sulfate was observed.
We have also investigated the effect of H2S loading on reactor performance(Sublette&Sylvester,1986; Sublette,1987).In certain experiments,the H2S feed rate was increased in steps until H2S breakthrough was obtained.At this point,the H2S feed rate exceeded the rate at which the H2S could be oxidized by the bio-mass.This upset condition was characterized by the accumulation of elemental sulfur and inhibitory levels of sul?de in the culture medium.Nitrous oxide(N2O) was also detected in the outlet gas and nitrite in the culture medium under anoxic conditions.This upset condition was reversible if the cultures(either aerobic or anoxic)were not exposed to the accumulated sul?de for more than2–3h.Maximum loading of the bio-mass,the speci?c feed rate at which H2S breakthrough occurs,was estimated to be5.4–7.6mmol H2S/h-g biomass under anoxic conditions and15.1–20.9mmol H2S/h-g biomass under aerobic conditions.
Much of our early work on the oxidation of sul-?des by T.denitri?cans concerned the removal of H2S from gas streams as indicated above.There were two reasons for this focus.First,there was a need for new technology in the petroleum industry for treat-ment of gas streams contaminated by H2S.Secondly, the removal of H2S from a gas stream presented fewer technical problems with respect to reactor design and operation.This simpli?ed the study of the microbi-ology of the process.However,the application of T.denitri?cans cultures to the treatment of sour wa-ter on a commercially-useful scale presented several new technical barriers in addition to those encoun-tered in treating sour gas.All of these barriers and the process improvements required to overcome them are discussed below.
Substrate inhibition
Sul?de is toxic to T.denitri?cans and,therefore, an inhibitory substrate.The practical implication is that reactor systems employed to treat any sul?de-laden wastes must be operated on a sul?de-limited basis so that the steady-state concentration of sul-?de in the bulk liquid phase of the process culture is below inhibitory levels.Further,reactor systems must be well-mixed to avoid high gradients in sul-?dic concentrations and,therefore,isolated pockets of inhibitory sul?de concentrations.Clearly any process for the removal of sul?des from sul?de-laden waste streams would be more resistant to upset if a sul?de-tolerant strain of T.denitri?cans was utilized.A sul?de-tolerant strain(strain F)has been isolated by enrichment from culture of the wild type(Sublette and Woolsey,1989).This culture was obtained by repeated exposure of T.denitri?cans cultures to increasing con-centrations of sul?de(as Na2S).At each step only tolerant strains survived and grew.Eventually strain F was obtained which exhibited growth comparable to controls at sul?de concentrations of up to2.5mM.The wild type is inhibited by sul?de concentrations as low as0.1–0.2mM.
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Product inhibition
Sulfate is the end product of the aerobic or anoxic (with nitrate)oxidation of sul?des by T.denitri?cans. T.denitri?cans cultures have been shown to be inhib-ited by sulfate concentrations in excess of250mm (Sublette,1990).This is likely not an inherent in-hibition by sulfate but an effect of increasing ionic strength.In any regard this product inhibition places an operating restriction on both batch and continuous reactors.In batch systems the accumulation of sul-fate can determine the cycle time between batches. In a continuous system the sulfate concentration at steady state is determined by the dilution rate;there-fore,at any given sul?de feed rate,the reactor volume or hydraulic throughput is controlled by the sulfate concentration to be maintained in the culture.
Septic operation
The autotrophic medium used to grow T.denitri?cans will not support the growth of heterotrophs because there is no organic carbon source.However,if aseptic conditions are not maintained,heterotrophic contam-ination develops in the T.denitri?cans cultures.Ev-idently T.denitri?cans releases organic material into the medium in the normal course of growth,or through lysis of non-viable cells,which supports the growth of heterotrophs.To investigate the effect of heterotrophic contamination on the performance(in terms of sul?de oxidation)of a T.denitri?cans continuous stirred-tank reactor(CSTR),an anoxic reactor which became con-taminated was allowed to operate for an extended time (30days)(Sublette&Sylvester,1987c).The reac-tor was originally contaminated by two unidenti?ed heterotrophic bacteria with distinctly different colony morphologies when grown on nutrient agar.After 145hours of operation,the reactor was injected with suspensions of four different heterotrophic bacteria (Pseudomonas species)known to be nutritionally ver-satile.The total heterotroph concentration increased to about108cells/mL and leveled off.Apparently growth of the contaminants became limited by the availability of suitable carbon sources.The viable count of T.den-itri?cans at steady state was5.0x109cells/mL.The steady-state composition of the culture medium,and the outlet-gas condition,were indistinguishable from that of a pure culture of T.denitri?cans operated under the same H2S feed conditions.These results indicated that in the absence of an externally derived organic carbon source,the growth of heterotrophs in T.deni-tri?cans cultures operated septically will be controlled by the availability of organic carbon derived from growth of the chemolithotroph.Therefore,a runaway competition for nutrients is avoided.These observa-tions led to the efforts to immobilize T.denitri?cans by co-culture with?oc-forming bacteria.
Biomass recycle and biomass retention
If a sul?de-oxidizing T.denitri?cans bioreactor is operated in a batch mode,the biomass must be eco-nomically separable from the bulk liquid phase(and sul?de oxidation product)at the end of the cycle.In continuous?ow this separation must occur on a con-tinuous basis in order to decouple the biomass and hydraulic retention times and allow for recycle of the biomass.This technical problem is critical to the suc-cessful operation of a continuous bioreactor treating sour water where hydraulic loadings can be quite high. The most economical method of separating biomass from a bulk liquid phase would be gravity settling. However,gravity settling requires that the biomass be ?occulated to such a size as to allow for sedimentation in a reasonable length of time.
Many microorganisms exist co-immobilized in na-ture in associations often of bene?t to all members of the population.Many species of bacteria produce ex-tracellular biopolymers which adsorb and entrap other non-?occulating microbial cells,forming protected environments for the latter,and establishing bene?cial cross-feeding.Such immobilized mixed populations are exploited in activated sludge systems,trickling?l-ters,anaerobic digesters,and similar systems for the treatment of waste water.
T.denitri?cans has been immobilized by co-culture with?oc-forming heterotrophs obtained from activated sludge taken from the aerobic reactor of a re-?nery waste water treatment system(Ongcharit et al., 1989).T.denitri?cans cells grown aerobically on thio-sulfate and washed sludge were suspended together in fresh thiosulfate medium without nitrate.The culture was maintained in a fed-batch mode at pH7.0and 30?C with a gas feed of5%CO2in air.This medium was thiosulfate-limiting with respect to the growth of T.denitri?cans.When thiosulfate was depleted,the agitation and aeration were terminated and the?occu-lated biomass was allowed to settle under gravity.The supernatant liquid was then removed and discarded. In this way the culture was enriched for T.denitrif-icans cells which had become physically associated with the?oc.The volume then was made up with fresh medium,and aeration and agitation restarted.After5–
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6cycles a gravity-settleable,sul?de-active?oc was obtained.Immobilized T.denitri?cans was shown to oxidize H2S(g)in a CSTR with cell recycle at mo-lar feed rates of up to6.3mmoles/hr(2.0L culture volume)and total biomass concentrations of up to 13g/L.During?ve months of continuous operation, the biomass exhibited excellent settling properties demonstrating the long-term stability of the relation-ship between T.denitri?cans and the?oc-forming heterotrophs.No external addition of organic carbon was required at any time(Ongcharit et al.,1990).At a biosolids concentration of3g/L,70%compression of the biomass was observed in10minutes.
We have also used?occulated T.denitri?cans to treat sour water(Lee&Sublette,1993).Sour water containing up to25mM inorganic sul?de was success-fully treated in an aerobic up-?ow bubble column(3.5 L)containing4.0g/L of?occulated T.denitri?cans. The sul?de-laden water was supplemented with min-eral nutrients only.The sul?de-active?oc was shown to be stable for9months of continuous operation with no external organic carbon required to support the growth of the heterotrophs.The?oc exhibited ex-cellent settling properties throughout the experiment. Retention times in the reactor varied from1.2to1.8 h.However,molar sul?de feed rate(mmol/h sul?de) was more important in determining the capacity of the reactor for sul?de oxidation than either the hydraulic retention time or the in?uent sul?de concentration (mmol/L).At a biomass concentration of about4g/L, the column could be operated at a molar sul?de feed rate of12.7–15.4mmol/h without upset.Therefore, the speci?c activity of the?occulated biomass for sul?de oxidation was1.1mmol/h-g.
In these systems it seems that the growth of the chemolithotroph T.denitri?cans was balanced with the growth of the?oc-forming heterotrophs through a commensal relationship in which the growth of the heterotrophs was limited by organic carbon derived from T.denitri?cans.The result was an immobiliza-tion matrix which grew with the T.denitri?cans.This development reduces the process of microbial H2S oxidation to the level of technical simplicity of an activated sludge system.
Large-scale cultivation of T.denitri?cans Commercial-scale application of T.denitri?cans for treatment of sul?de-laden wastewater or other waste streams requires large amounts of biomass for start-up of the process.Growth of T.denitri?cans for biomass production on sul?de under sul?de-limiting condi-tions would be exceedingly tedious and potentially hazardous for operators.Fortunately,T.denitri?cans can be cultivated readily on a nontoxic energy source (thiosulfate)which can readily be supplied at high concentrations in the culture medium allowing for maximum growth rates.Flocculation of the culture of-fers a simple mechanism for harvesting the biomass. However,before any large-scale applications of mi-crobial oxidation of sul?des could be attempted,it was necessary to demonstrate that the organism could be cultivated economically on a large scale and have suf?cient"shelf life’for storage and transport to an application site.
Large-scale cultivation of T.denitri?cans strain F was demonstrated as follows(Hasan et al.,1994): T.denitri?cans strain F was immobilized by aerobic coculture with?oc-forming heterotrophs from a lo-cal re?nery-activated sludge system in the thiosulfate medium(without nitrate)as described above.When a sul?de-active,gravity-settleable?oc was obtained, this culture was used to inoculate189L of thiosul-?de mineral salts medium in a jacketed stainless-steel, stirred-tank reactor.The culture was again maintained at30?C and the pH was monitored and maintained at 7.0±0.05.The culture was aerated with line air from an in-house compressor at85–142std L/min.The re-actor also received a gas feed of pure CO2(carbon source)from a compressed gas tank at a rate of about 5%of the aeration rate.The culture was agitated by means of a single15-cm,six-bladed,disk-type im-peller at30-50rpm.When thiosulfate was depleted (2–3d),the contents of this reactor were used to in-oculate a3.8-m3reactor made from a stainless-steel milk-holding tank.The tank was horizontal and semi-cylindrical,170cm deep and660cm long on the inside.The tank was jacketed with cooling/heating coils running lengthwise in the jacket annular space. A2-hp variable-speed DC motor and gearbox were mounted on a platform that bridged the center of the vessel.The motor drove a paddle-type stirrer that was 81cm in diameter and12cm wide.The agitation rate was50rpm.On either side of the stirrer platform were stainless-steel lids that completely closed the top of the vessel.The tank was modi?ed by?tting with stainless-steel baf?es(each1/10of the major or minor dimensions of the tank)and a sparger.The sparger was fabricated from2.54-cm stainless-steel tubing in a U-shape fed with air at the bottom of the U through a 2.54-cm stainless steel tube that extended through the wall of the vessel at the center and bottom.The sparger
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was centered under the stirrer with the branches of the U equal in length to the stirrer diameter.The U branches had equally spaced0.318-cm holes drilled on the bottom such that the total hole area on each branch was two times the cross-sectional area of the tube.
Air was fed to the reactor using both a ring com-pressor and line air from an in-house compressor. About850L/min of air were supplied by the blower to the sparging system described above.Air from the blower was cooled with an after-cooler or heat-exchanger using house water at15?C.Line air was introduced into the reactor at each end with two supplemental spargers,which consisted of1.27-cm stainless-steel tubes bent at one end to produce a30.5-cm section that was perforated with0.318-cm holes. An additional425-567L/min of air could be provided to the reactor in this manner.
Temperature control in the 3.8-m3tank was achieved by circulating water from a refrigerated,re-circulator through the jacket coils.Some heating could also be obtained as needed by reducing the cooling water?ow rate to the blower after-cooler,thereby in-creasing the temperature of the air.The temperature was maintained at30±1?C and the pH was main-tained at7.0±05by addition of85%H3PO4or50% NaOH as needed.
Each batch of T.denitri?cans biomass was pro-duced as follows:The3.8-m3tank was?lled with tap water and agitated with the https://www.doczj.com/doc/7310230415.html,ponents of thiosulfate mineral salts medium were then added and allowed to dissolve one at a time.The smaller-volume cultures described above used CO2as a source of carbon.At the3.8-m3scale,this was prohibitively expensive;therefore,NaHCO3was used as the sole carbon source.The?rst inoculum used was produced in the189-L stirred-tank reactor described above.Sub-sequent inocula consisted of a fraction of the biomass produced in the previous batch.Following inoculation, each batch was maintained under conditions described above until thiosulfate was depleted.The medium was thiosulfate-limiting.When the thiosulfate was com-pletely utilized,the contents of the3.8-m3tank were pumped to a2.3-m3open-top conical-bottom tank(in two batches)to allow the?occulated biomass to settle under gravity for about2h.A concentrated suspension of biomass was then drawn from the bottom of the tank.On the average,38-57L of concentrated suspen-sion were obtained.About20%was used to inoculate the next batch;the remainder was stored at4?C in 227-L polypropylene barrels in a walk-in cold room.
Typically48–72h were required for each batch from the time of inoculation until thiosulfate was de-pleted.Harvesting of biomass required about4h on the average and typically controlled the turnaround time of the reactor,since the reactor could be replen-ished with fresh medium in less time than required to recover a concentrated inoculum from the previ-ous batch.The average mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS)concentration following thiosulfate depletion in each batch was0.47g/L(dry weight).The range was0.33–0.58g/L.Average recovery of?occulated biomass in the conical settling tank(2h settling time) was45%(range31-55%).Increasing the settling time beyond2h did not signi?cantly increase biomass re-covery.In terms of dry weight of biomass,the average recovery was0.21g/L(range0.15–0.26).As noted above,20%of the biomass recovered in each batch was used to inoculate the next batch;therefore,the net yield per batch averaged0.17g/L or approx640 g/batch on a dry-wt basis.
Sixty batches of?occulated T.denitri?cans strain F biomass were produced in this manner.The average cost per batch in terms of the cost of nutrients and NaOH for pH control was$208.An average of700 kW-h per batch were required for the blower-agitator, and recirculator.At$0.08/kWh,the estimated utilities costs/batch were$56.The cost/g dry wt of biomass was,therefore,$0.413/g.
T.denitri?cans biomass remained highly active af-ter long storage at4?C.Inoculation of thiosulfate mineral salts medium in lab-scale fermenters with bio-mass as old as3mo resulted in rapid growth of the organism and depletion of thiosulfate.The biomass produced as described above was used to inoculate a sour-water retention pond at a petroleum produc-tion site.This?eld test is the case study described subsequently in this paper.
Mixed waste treatment
Most,if not all,sul?de-laden wastewaters contain nu-merous other undesireable components in addition to sul?des.For example,sour water produced in pe-troleum production operations may contain organic constituents as well as sul?des.The biotreatment of these mixed waste streams requires not only removal of sul?des but also removal(or at least tolerance)of organics such as benzene,toluene,phenols,volatile carboxylic acids,and other constituents which con-tribute to aquatic toxicity.We have demonstrated that when?occulated T.denitri?cans strain F cultures
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are exposed to mixed aqueous wastes containing sul-?des,the heterotrophs in the culture can be adapted by enrichment to degrade the organic components of actual oil?eld sour water while maintaining sul?de-oxidizing capability and excellent settling properties (Rajganesh et al.,1995a).Produced water from an oil?eld site in Wyoming was successfully treated to remove sul?de(70mg/L),benzene(5mg/L),toluene (2mg/L),phenolics(5mg/L),volatile carboxylic acids (400mg/L)and unidenti?ed components that gave Microtox toxicity using a?occulated,continuous culture of T.denitri?cans strain F and mixed het-erotrophs.Following a brief acclimation period the process culture exhibited excellent settling properties and complete removal of all target compounds and Microtox toxicity.These results indicated that a reactor system as simple in concept as an activated sludge system can be used to treat mixed aqueous waste containing sul?des with removal of sul?des and biodegradable organics.
Case study
Microbial treatment of sour produced water
Water or brine co-produced with petroleum is often contaminated with soluble inorganic sul?des(H2S, HS?,S2?)which result from the activities of sulfate-reducing bacteria or other sul?de-producing bacteria in the reservoir and well bore.These sul?des can make a signi?cant contribution to the toxicity of these brines and must frequently be removed prior to sur-face discharge.A common method of treating these brines is to air strip the sul?des as H2S.However,this method of‘treatment’simply converts a potential wa-ter pollution problem into an air pollution and odor problem.
The ability of the T.denitri?cans strain F to de-odorize and detoxify an oil-?eld produced water con-taining sul?des was evaluated under simulated?eld conditions(Raterman et al.,1993).Strain F was used to remove inorganic sul?de from a synthetic sour brine containing4000mg/L total dissolved solids(TDS) and100mg/L sul?de.The sour brine was treated continuously in a rectangular plug?ow reactor which approximated the scaled dimensions of an existing ?eld detention pond.The head space of the reactor was purged with N2in order to capture H2S off-gases in a zinc acetate trap.Brine was fed to the reactor continuously for90days at rates correspond-ing to residence times of0.17–6days.Temperature and pH ranged from22–40.5?C and7.5–8.8,re-spectively.The start-up biomass concentration was approximately100mg/L(by dry weight).No addi-tional T.denitri?cans strain F biomass was added to the reactor after start-up.At residence times of0.3 days and greater inorganic sul?de was undetectable in the ef?uent.No H2S was detected in the outlet gas or the zinc acetate trap.Approximately80%of the sul-?de feed was oxidized to sulfate and removed from the reactor in the liquid ef?uent.The remainder was partially oxidized to elemental sulfur which was re-tained in the reactor.These experiments demonstrated that oxidation of inorganic sul?des by T.denitri?cans strain F represented a viable process concept for the treatment of sour water co-produced with oil and gas.
This process of microbial oxidation of sul?des in sour produced water was?eld tested at Amoco Pro-duction Co.Salt Creek Field in Midwest,WY.The Salt Creek Field is located40miles north of Casper,WY, and is one of the oldest oil?elds in the region.Cur-rently,it is operated as a mature water?ood with ap-proximately1,000production and950injection wells. Production averages10,000barrels(1590m3)of oil and750,000barrels(119,250m3)of water per day. Of the total water production nearly95%is reinjected while the remainder is discharged to the surface.These discharges are termed‘bene?cial’in that they repre-sent an important source of fresh water for the support of local livestock and wildlife in this predominantly arid region.
Over time,produced?uids from the?eld have become progressively sour due to microbial reduc-tion of sulfate introduced into the reservoir during water?ooding.Because potential odor and toxicity issues are associated with sour water discharges,the merits of this practice are under active evaluation.If complete water reinjection is to be avoided,a cost-effective treatment option which allows the continued discharge of water while eliminating the odor and toxicity attributed to H2S must be found.
Several remediation options exist for the control of soluble inorganic sul?des in water such as chemical oxidation,air stripping,precipitation,air oxidation, and biological treatment to name a few.For Salt Creek, the choice of a particular treatment option is severely restricted by the operating environment.Beyond obvi-ous technical issues,the most signi?cant restrictions are associated with stringent capital and operating ex-pense limits.Of necessity these limits mandate the use of existing facilities(production pits)and manpower.
265 Figure1.Amoco LACT10unit,Salt Creek Field
Of the accepted chemical or physical treatment options available,most can be rejected out-of-hand because of their high operating expenses,capital costs,or in-ability to effect immediate H2S odor control in an un-con?ned production pit.From the remaining options only biological treatment appears to offer suf?cient process?exibility to achieve effective control at low costs and under the imposed operating restrictions. The method chosen was bioaugmentation of existing pits and lagoons of the Salt Creek discharge sys-tem with a self-sustaining bacterial population capable of ef?cient sul?de oxidation at prevailing conditions, speci?cally,Thiobacillus denitri?cans(strain F).
Site description
The LACT10unit of the Salt Creek Field is an oil/water separation facility wherein approximately 159m3/d oil and15,580m3/d water are processed. Upon separation,water is diverted from the treat-ment train to a large transfer tank from which all but 795m3/d is routinely utilized for water?ood reinjec-tion.The795m3/d over?ow is shunted to the surface discharge system in order to maintain the associate pits,lagoons,and wetlands(Figure1).On occasion, injection plant failures necessitate full discharge to the surface system.Thus,large?owrate variations are inherent to the system.
Water enters the surface discharge system at Pit1 through a submerged40.6-cm line.Pit1is an earthen lagoon which serves as an oil-skimming pond.Its approximate dimensions are79m x33.5m with a vari-able depth from0.3to6.1m.The estimated volume of the pit is3021m3.From Pit1water?ows to a series of smaller detention pits,over a cascade,through a meandering lagoon,and eventually to Salt Creek.
The average water temperature entering Pit1is 41.7?C and the pH is slightly alkaline(7.8).The brine is relatively fresh with a Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)content of4,800mg/L.The sul?de concentra-tion is100mg/L.Based on an average daily?owrate of795m3,sul?de in?ux to the pit is about80kg/d. Dissolved oxygen(DO)levels within the pit are less than1mg/L and,therefore,the pit is largely anoxic. Pilot design/operation
Because of capital limitations,Pit1was chosen as the primary treatment facility for the bioaugmentation pilot.Conceptually,the piloting program sought to establish the ef?cacy of‘seeding’Pit1with a self-sustaining population of Thiobacillus denitri?cans strain F capable of sul?de oxidation under prevailing conditions of?owrate,temperature and sul?de?ux. The facility was designed as a partially aerated basin to facilitate mixing and to take advantage of higher reaction rates associated with the aerobic biooxidation of sul?de.The collection and recycle of biomass from pit ef?uents was not attempted because of the exten-sive facilities modi?cations required.Carbon for cell
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https://www.doczj.com/doc/7310230415.html,position of Salt Creek Discharge Brine
Component g/L
CaCl2·2H2O 1.33
MgSO4·7H2O 1.32
MgCl2·6H2O0.23
KCl0.018
Na2CO3·H2O0.086
NaHCO3 1.15
NaCl 1.82
Total Dissolved Solids(TDS) 4.81
pH=8.5
growth was obtained from the?eld brine as carbonate (Table1).Additional nutrients were limited to am-monia added as ammonium nitrate and phosphate as P2O5.
Construction
Two modi?cations to the existing LACT10facility were required to conduct the pilot;speci?cally,the means to add nutrients to the discharge water prior to its entering the pit and aeration of approximately one-fourth the pit volume(Figure2).
Because of cost and availability,the primary nu-trient(and potential electron acceptor source),ammo-nium nitrate,was obtained as a prilled solid in18.2-kg bags.This necessitated the construction of a batch-mixing facility to deliver the nutrient in liquid form. The mixing facility consisted of two2.84-m3?ber-glass tanks each out?tted with a centrifugal pump for solids circulation.The?rst tank served as a primary mixing tank.The second tank served as a holding and delivery vessel.Nutrient solution was metered to the produced water discharge line by means of a variable stroke chemical metering pump.All materials used in the construction of the system were compatible with corrosive liquids.The entire mixing facility was en-closed within an earthen berm for spill containment. Drainage was provided to the pit.
To completely aerate the?rst9.1m of the pit,an air manifold was constructed and connected to an existing 28.3std m3/min blower(Sutorbilt7MF).The mani-fold was made from12.7-cm PVC pipe and extended down either side of the pit.PVC laterals7.6cm in diameter were spaced at1.52m intervals on each leg of the manifold.The laterals were18.3m in length. Holes0.64cm in diameter,spaced on0.305-m
centers,
Figure2.Facilities modi?cations to the LACT10unit. were drilled in the last9.1m of each capped lateral.To provide aeration at depth,the laterals were weighted with several6.1-m lengths of1.27-cm iron rod.The approximate average depth of aeration was1.52m.A valve was placed on each lateral to control and balance air rates.
With the exception of the aeration manifold,all major capital items were obtained from?eld surplus equipment.Field personnel were utilized for construc-tion at an estimated cost of material and labor of $5,000.
Pilot start-up
Prior to physically operating the pilot,a suf?cient amount of biomass had to be cultured in order to ad-equately‘seed’the pit.About18.2kg(dry weight)of ?occulated T.denitri?cans strain F was produced as previously described above and shipped to the site in 2.08-m3drums.
Before inoculating the pit,a complete physical and chemical survey of the pit was conducted.Direct nutrient addition to the discharge was initiated ap-proximately36hours before inoculation.The nutrient was added as a40wt%ammonium nitrate concentrate supplemented with0.019kg/L P2O5.Both chemicals were obtained from a commercial source and were made-up in the?eld produced water.Initial nutrient rates were based upon the calculated nitrate require-ment(3.29mg NO3?/mg S2?)to achieve complete sul?de oxidation under anoxic conditions for an av-erage daily in?ux of sul?de.At this rate biomass
267
requirements for nutrient nitrogen(0.084mg NH3/mg S2?)and phosphorous(0.013mg PO43?/mg S2?) were easily attained(Sublette&Sylvester,1987a).
A method was devised to reduce the in?ux of sul-?de to Pit1during https://www.doczj.com/doc/7310230415.html,ly,the discharge ?owrate was lowered from795to159m3/d and the water was stripped with air upstream of Pit1to reduce the sul?de concentration from100mg/L to nearly 10mg/L.In so doing,the potential to overload the small inoculum and thereby exceed its toxicity limit to sul?de was diminished signi?cantly.The pit was inoculated by pouring the biomass concentrate directly into the pit near the discharge inlet.The deepest point in the pit was directly under the discharge inlet.The presence of adequate nutrients at the point of inocula-tion was ensured by the direct addition of fertilizers to the inoculation area.
Operation
The pilot was operated continuously for170days.The ?rst three days post inoculation served as an acclima-tion period for the bacteria.The sul?de?ux to the pit was kept low by air stripping during this period.On Day9the water discharge rate was returned to its daily average of795m3.As a consequence,the sul?de in-?ux to the pit increased although stripping continued. From Day9to Day14air was gradually diverted from the stripper to the pit aeration system.By Day14, 100%of the blower capacity(26.9m3/min10psig) had been diverted to the pit.At this point the sul?de ?ux to the pit was approximately92kg/d.Flow and air rates remained constant thereafter,unless otherwise noted.
On Day17nutrient in?ux to the pit was reduced from its start-up level to a level based upon twice the calculated ammonia demand.This was done to de-termine if nitrate was required in lieu of oxygen for anoxic oxidation of sul?de.Further reductions in the nutrient rate were attempted throughout the program to assess the minimum nutrient requirement.
Several instances of operational upsets were of note.On three separate occasions(Days43,100,and 135)full discharge events occurred.These events were initiated by unforeseen injection plant failures of vari-able duration.The longest was on Day135and lasted for nearly two days.During these periods no attempt was made to adjust nutrient delivery rates in accor-dance with the?owrate.Hence,sul?de?uxes to the pit exceeded anticipated nutrient requirements.In a related instance(Day34),water?ow to the pit fell sig-ni?cantly below the daily average due to a controller failure.Because this event occurred while ambient
temperatures were signi?cantly below freezing,pit temperatures brie?y dropped below stated optimums
for bacterial activity.On numerous other occasions,
pump,aerator,or pipe ruptures interrupted air or nu-trient service to the pit.Typically,these events were of
short duration and negligible effect.
Monitoring
During the?rst weeks of start-up and operation an
intensive monitoring program to assess pilot perfor-mance was undertaken.Key variables included aque-
ous phase sul?de,nitrate,phosphate,ammonia,sul-
fate,and dissolved oxygen concentrations.Flowrate, pH,and temperature were also monitored.Sampling
of the discharge system routinely occurred at three lo-cations:(1)upstream of Pit1,(2)from Pit1at the
in?uent position and,(3)the ef?uent from Pit1.Peri-
odically,additional samples were obtained elsewhere within the pit and the discharge system.Nutrient de-
livery rates were estimated by gauging the nutrient
holding tank daily.
Most water analyses were conducted by spectral
methods with a Hach DR/2000spectrophotometer. These included Nessler ammonia,nitrate by cadmium
reduction,sulfate by barium precipitation,and reactive
phosphate.All reagents were obtained ready-to-use from Hach Chemical Company(Loveland,CO)with
a stated accuracy supplied by the manufacturer.Sul-
?de ion was determined by Sensidyne Gastec sul?de ion analyzer tubes.The stated accuracy was±2ppm
over a0to100mg/L range.The pH and temperature
were evaluated with a Beckman 11portable pH me-ter.A two point calibration procedure was performed
routinely.Dissolved oxygen was measured with Che-metric(Calverton,V A)test kits for low(0-1mg/L)and
high(0-10mg/L)ranges.All tests were conducted in
the?eld within minutes to hours of sampling.
Ambient air quality above the pit surface was mon-
itored periodically with an Industrial Scienti?c HMX
271personal air monitor.The detection limit of the instrument is less than1ppmv.The stated accuracy is ±2ppmv.The instrument was calibrated daily with a known H2S/N2gas mixture standard.
Water?owrates were estimated by timing the wa-
ter discharge into a container and averaging several determinations.The method proved effective for rates below1590m3/d.For rates above this value,estimates were calculated on the basis of the difference between
268
Table2.Bacterial Enumerations of Sul?de Oxidiz-
ers by MPN Method
Day Bacteria/mL NO3-Utilization
3 1.5×107Yes
179.5×107Yes
487.5×107Yes
50 2.5×107Yes
daily injection plant volumes and monthly total water production averages.Estimates based on this method are subject to signi?cant error.
Water samples for bacterial enumerations were ob-tained at preinoculation(Day0),post inoculation(Day 4),Day17,48,and50(Table2).Enumerations were based on the most probable number(MPN)method using thiosulfate as the sole energy source(Rodina, 1972).Hence,MPN determinations were speci?c to sulfur-oxidizing bacteria.
Daily monitoring occurred from Day0to Day35 and from Day49to Day56.Otherwise,pilot data were collected by?eld personnel as time allowed.Only rou-tine analyses(sul?de,nutrient rate,and?owrate)were attempted at these times,although periodic ammonia, pH and temperature data were also collected. Results and discussion
Prior to inoculation and nutrient addition,a back-ground survey of Pit1and the associated discharge system was conducted to determine sul?de losses un-der prepilot conditions.In addition to temperature and pH,speci?c analytes included sul?de,dissolved oxy-gen,ammonia,and nitrate.At the time of the survey the air stripper was operating and the?owrate to the discharge system was556.5m3/d.Pit1was partially aerated.
On the basis of survey data,it was reasonably established that prior to inoculation no naturally sig-ni?cant reduction of sul?de occurred within the pit at residence times on the order of days.Speci?cally, upstream of the air stripper water conditions were 100mg/L,sul?de,41.7?C,and pH7.3.After the strip-per,water entered Pit1at28mg/L sul?de,32.2?C, and pH7.8.Pit1ef?uent was28mg/L,27.2?C, and pH8.4.A signi?cant loss of sul?de was asso-ciated with stripping but little,if any,with passive volatilization and oxidation within Pit1.The latter
was
Figure3.Hydraulic?owrate to Pit1.
in spite of a calculated?ve-day hydraulic residence time.The absence of sul?de losses within the pit were potentially attributed to(1)a hydraulic short-circuit which signi?cantly reduced?uid residence times,or (2)a shift to higher pH values and concomitantly a propensity for dissolved hydrogen sul?de to remain in solution as bisul?de ion.The temperature survey at the pit periphery did to indicate a hydraulic short-circuit since cold spots or stagnant regions were not identi?ed.The pH data,however,did con?rm a shift to higher pH values and presumably higher sul?de solubilities.Higher pH values were likely a conse-quence of contact between the discharge water and the alkaline soils of the pit.
Initial dissolved oxygen(DO)levels within the pit were uniformly less than1mg/L with minimal aer-ation.Ammonia and nitrate concentrations were also very low prior to nutrient addition.Hence,the need for aeration and nutrient addition were con?rmed.
As was mentioned previously,sul?de in?ux to the pit was limited by air stripping prior to and im-mediately after(Day4–Day16)inoculation with T. denitri?cans.During this acclimation period the sul-?de in?ux to the pit was gradually increased from0to the typical daily average of80–100kg/d.The sul?de concentration in the pit in?uent averaged100mg/L. The corresponding sul?de concentrations over this time span never exceeded5mg/L at the inlet end of the pit.Moreover,no sul?de was detected in Pit1ef?u-ents.Hence,it appeared that the bacteria were capable of oxidizing average sul?de loads to the pit within a matter of days post inoculation and the cessation of stripping.
After acclimation,pit ef?uent sul?de concentra-tions remained zero but for three hydraulic upset events(Figure3).On a cumulative basis this perfor-
269
mance represented a treatment ef?ciency approaching 99%of the total sul?de discharged to the surface system.(In the absence of upsets this treatment ef-?ciency approached100%.)Under normal operating conditions,the oxidation of sul?de to sulfate appeared complete.For instance,during one three-day period the average concentration of sul?de entering the pit was110mg/L,while the net sulfate concentration exiting the pit was340mg/L(well below inhibitory levels).This value agrees well with the expected mass ratio of sulfate to sul?de of3to1,if oxidation is complete.
With respect to fugitive emissions,no H2S could be detected immediately above the pit surface under normal operations.This was a consequence of the abil-ity of the bacteria to instantaneously oxidize sul?des as they entered the pit;evidence of which was demon-strated by near inlet samples whose sul?de content rarely exceeded5mg/L.In terms of treatment ef?-ciency,this performance represented a minimum of 95%sul?de removal within the?rst few feet of the aerated zone of the treatment system.
Signi?cant discharges of sul?de from the pit oc-curred as upset events on Days34,46,110,and136 (Figure4).They could be attributed to two causes. The?rst(Day34)was unique in that low?owrates to the pit and low ambient temperatures(<-17.8?C) combined to cause water temperatures within the pit to drop below15.6?C.At this temperature biological sul?de oxidation was signi?cantly inhibited to the ex-tent that an upset was observed.The upset was quickly remedied,however,by raising the?owrate to the pit to maintain water temperatures closer to the optimum of 30?C.The second cause for pilot upsets was largely uncontrollable.On Days46,110and136sul?de in-?ux to the pit signi?cantly exceeded the daily average, i.e.,>500vs.90kg/d.These occurrences were caused by injection plant failures which necessitated full dis-charge to the pit.Each was characterized by a large sul?de?ux,rapid temperature increase,and inade-quate nutrient supply imposed by the unanticipated large hydraulic throughput.The pilot response to these failures was encouraging in that approximately30%of the total sul?de was at least partially oxidized.Partial oxidation was observed as an accumulation of elemen-tal sulfur on the banks of the pit and the absence of sulfate ion in pit ef?uents.In terms of sul?de removal, recovery from these events was evidenced in a matter of hours of the?ow returning to normal.However, complete stoichiometric oxidation of sul?de to sulfate (mass of sulfate=3×mass sul?de)required several days for recovery.The observation that T.denitri?cans resorted to a partial oxidation of sul?de under stress was in keeping with laboratory observations of similar events(Sublette and Sylvester,1987a;Sublette,1987). Moreover,the production of elemental sulfur served as a convenient visual indicator of a stressed treatment system.
Because the addition of nitrate as an alternate elec-tron acceptor represented the largest chemical demand for the pilot,the requirement for nitrate was assessed within days of inoculation.This was accomplished by gradually reducing the nutrient rate to the pit over a period of several days to a lower limit based upon the calculated ammonia requirement(0.084kg NH3/kg S2?).By Day14the nitrate in?ux to the pit dropped below the calculated nitrate demand(3.29kg NO3/kg S2?times the sul?de mass?owrate in kg/d)and,there-after,always remained below it.At no time could a pilot upset be attributed to this condition.There-fore,it was presumed that the biological oxidation of sul?de occurred in large measure aerobically.This conclusion was based upon the fact that oxidation of sul?de by denitrifying mechanisms is not instituted in T.denitri?cans until O2levels fall below1mg/L.
Ammonia in?ux to the pilot remained for the most part above the calculated demand.Overall,it would appear that the calculated ammonia demand was suf?-cient to sustain the bacterial population in the pit with an adequate margin of safety.
Generally,the pH of the in?uent to Pit1ranged from7.0to8.0in the absence of air stripping.After microbial treatment,however,the pH of the discharge water was more alkaline(8.0–8.6)with no discernible difference from entrance to exit.The relatively low pH of the upstream?uids was consistent with the amount of dissolved H2S in the water.Although complete ox-idation of sul?de was indicated,the excess acidity associated with sulfuric acid production was appar-ently removed by contact with the alkaline soils of the pit.At no time did the pH within the treatment system appear to affect sul?de oxidation by T.denitri?cans.
Under normal?ow conditions the pit temperature averaged about23.9?C with a maximum day-to-day ?uctuation of about5.6?C.Fluctuations were at-tributed to changes in?owrate or heat input to the pit and variable ambient temperatures.(Over the piloting period ambient temperatures ranged from?23.3to 23.9?C).During full discharge events,large tempera-ture increases were realized within the pit in a matter of hours.On one such occasion the observed change
270
Figure4.Sul?de concentration in the in?uent to Pit1and in the inlet and ef?uent ends of Pit1.
was?1.7?C.Fortunately,such temperature swings had no discernible lasting effect on pilot performance.
Bacterial enumerations conducted were speci?c to bacteria capable of utilizing reduced sulfur as their sole energy source.Enumerations were conducted before pit inoculation,15minutes and two days after-wards,and on Days17,48,and50.All water samples for bacterial counts were obtained adjacent to the dis-charge point to Pit1.The background bacterial count was4.5×103/mL,most of which were identi?ed as aerobic organisms incapable of utilizing nitrate for anaerobic sul?de oxidation.Immediately after inocu-lation the bacterial count increased to4.5×107/mL. These bacteria were capable of using nitrate and thus indicated that viable T.denitri?cans had been intro-duced to the pit.Subsequent bacterial enumerations were on the order of107/mL and the bacteria were al-ways capable of nitrate utilization.This suggested that a steady state population of T.denitri?cans had been established.Whether indigenous organisms were sig-ni?cantly represented in this population is unknown.
Finally,the primary expenses associated with pilot operations were nutrient costs and energy costs for aer-ation.With respect to nutrient utilization,a minimum demand based upon ammonia requirements appears to offer a reasonable lower https://www.doczj.com/doc/7310230415.html,ing ammonium nitrate as the ammonia source at a cost of$0.22/kg, the estimated chemical treatment cost for the LACT 10discharge is$0.0088/m3.The rated horsepower of the blower at1640RPM and10psig backpressure is 58.The calculated energy cost per day at$0.03/kW-hr is$31.10.For an average daily?ow of795m3, the energy cost per treated m3is$0.039.The to-tal treatment cost is thus approximately$0.048/m3or about$38/d.Contrary to operating expenses,mainte-nance costs were rather high.This was attributed to repeated materials failures during cold weather and in the presence of corrosive nutrient solution.
A more detailed description of this?eld test is given by Sublette et al.(1994b).
Conclusions
This case study has demonstrated the successful ap-plication of a bioaugmentation technology for the treatment of sul?de-laden produced water to control fugitive air emissions of H2S.Speci?cally,the follow-ing was demonstrated:
1.Thiobacillus denitri?cans strain F was success-
fully introduced into the existing discharge system of the LACT10unit of the Salt Creek Field,WY.
2.Sul?de removal ef?ciencies approaching99%
could be attained for routine discharges of 795m3/d containing100mg/L sul?de.
3.Aerobic sul?de oxidation to sulfate was almost
instantaneous and,therefore,no odorous emis-sions of H2S were detected emanating from the discharge under normal conditions.
4.As designed and operated,the system was capable
of processing about1590m3/d or160kg S/d.
5.Pilot recovery from transient full discharge upset
events(15582m3/d)was on the order of hours.
During such events partial oxidation of sul?de to elemental sulfur was observed indicating that
271
severe sul?de gradients and localized inhibitory sul?de concentrations existed in the pit.
6.Hydrocarbons in the pit,clearly visible?oating on
the surface,had no effect on sul?de oxidation by T.denitri?cans.
7.Minimum nutrient requirements were based upon
bacterial reduced nitrogen(NH3)needs.No clear requirement for nitrate as an alternate electron ac-ceptor for anoxic oxidation of sul?de was demon-strated.
8.A steady state population of T.denitri?cans was
established at about107/mL without provisions for biomass recycling.The?occulated,sul?de-active biomass appears to have settled to the lowest point in the pit so that no signi?cant amounts of biomass were carried out with ef?uent.This popu-lation was stable even in the event of full hydraulic discharges.
9.Estimated treatment costs for normal discharges
were less than5cents/m3.
References
Baalsrud K&Baalsrud KS(1954)Studies on Thiobacillus denitrif-icans.Arch.Mikro.20:34–62
Camp CE and Sublette KL(1992)A machine vision system for controlling a Thiobacillus denitri?cans bioreactor oxidizing hy-drogen sul?de.Biotech.Bioeng.39:529–538
Cho JG,Sublette KS and Raterman KT(1995)Oxidation of hydro-gen sul?de by an enrichment from sour water coproduced with petroleum.Applied Biochem.Biotech.51/52:761–770
Hasan S,Rajganesh B,and Sublette KL(1994)Large-scale cultiva-tion of Thiobacillus denitri?cans to support pilot and?eld tests of a bioaugmentation process for microbial oxidation of sul?des.
Applied Biochem.and Biotech.45/46:925–934
Lee C and Sublette KL(1993)Microbial treatment of sul?de-laden water.Water Res.27(5):839–846Ongcharit C,Dauben P,and Sublette KL(1989)Immobilization of an autotrophic bacterium by co-culture with?oc-forming heterotrophs.Biotech.Bioeng.33:1077–1088
Ongcharit C,Shah YT,and Sublette KL(1990)Novel immobilized cell reactor for microbial oxidation of H2S.Chem.Eng.Sci.45: 2383–2389
Rajganesh B,Selvaraj PT,Manning FS,and Sublette KL(1995a) Biotreatment of produced water for removal of sul?des,organics and toxicity.Appl.Biochem.Biotech.51/52:735–746 Rajganesh B,Sublette KL,and Camp C(1995b)Pilot-scale biotreat-ment of re?nery spent-sul?dic caustic.Appl.Biochem.Biotech.
51/52:661–671
Rajganesh B,Sublette KL,Camp C,and Richardson MR(1995c) Biotreatment of re?nery spent-sul?dic caustic.Biotech.Prog.11: 228–230
Raterman K,Sublette KL,and Selvaraj PT(1993)Microbial treat-ment of a synthetic sour brine.J.Ind.Microbiol.12:21–28 Rodina,AG(1972)Methods in aquatic microbiology.University Park Press.Baltimore,Maryland
Sublette KL,Hesketh R,and Hasan S(1994a)Microbial oxida-tion of hydrogen sul?de in a pilot-scale bubble column.Biotech.
Prog.10(6):611–614
Sublette KL,Morse D,and Raterman KT(1994b)A?eld demon-stration of sour produced water remediation by microbial treat-ment.SPE26396and SPE Production and Facilities.9:183–187 Sublette,KL(1987)Aerobic oxidation of hydrogen sul?de by Thiobacillus denitri?cans.Biotech.Bioeng.29:690–695 Sublette,KL(1990)Microbial treatment of sour gases for the removal and oxidation of hydrogen sul?de.gas separation& puri?cation.4(2):91–96
Sublette,KL and Sylvester ND(1986)Microbial desulfurization of gases.Biotech.Bioeng.Symposium Series,No.17:543–557 Sublette,KL and Sylvester ND(1987a)Oxidation of hydrogen sul-?de by Thiobacillus denitri?cans.Biotech.Bioeng.29:245–257 Sublette,KL and Sylvester ND(1987b)Oxidation of hydrogen sul?de by continuous cultures of Thiobacillus denitri?cans.
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尊重的素材（为人处世） 思路 人与人之间只有互相尊重才能友好相处 要让别人尊重自己，首先自己得尊重自己 尊重能减少人与人之间的摩擦 尊重需要理解和宽容 尊重也应坚持原则 尊重能促进社会成员之间的沟通 尊重别人的劳动成果 尊重能巩固友谊 尊重会使合作更愉快 和谐的社会需要彼此间的尊重 名言 施与人，但不要使对方有受施的感觉。帮助人，但给予对方最高的尊重。这是助人的艺术，也是仁爱的情操。—刘墉 卑己而尊人是不好的，尊己而卑人也是不好的。———徐特立 知道他自己尊严的人，他就完全不能尊重别人的尊严。———席勒 真正伟大的人是不压制人也不受人压制的。———纪伯伦 草木是靠着上天的雨露滋长的，但是它们也敢仰望穹苍。———莎士比亚 尊重别人，才能让人尊敬。———笛卡尔 谁自尊，谁就会得到尊重。———巴尔扎克 人应尊敬他自己，并应自视能配得上最高尚的东西。———黑格尔 对人不尊敬，首先就是对自己的不尊敬。———惠特曼
每当人们不尊重我们时，我们总被深深激怒。然而在内心深处，没有一个人十分尊重自己。———马克·吐温 忍辱偷生的人，绝不会受人尊重。———高乃依 敬人者，人恒敬之。———《孟子》 人必自敬，然后人敬之；人必自侮，然后人侮之。———扬雄 不知自爱反是自害。———郑善夫 仁者必敬人。———《荀子》 君子贵人而贱己，先人而后己。———《礼记》 尊严是人类灵魂中不可糟蹋的东西。———古斯曼 对一个人的尊重要达到他所希望的程度，那是困难的。———沃夫格纳 经典素材 1元和200元 （尊重劳动成果） 香港大富豪李嘉诚在下车时不慎将一元钱掉入车下，随即屈身去拾，旁边一服务生看到了，上前帮他拾起了一元钱。李嘉诚收起一元钱后，给了服务生200元酬金。 这里面其实包含了钱以外的价值观念。李嘉诚虽然巨富，但生活俭朴，从不挥霍浪费。他深知亿万资产，都是一元一元挣来的。钱币在他眼中已抽象为一种劳动，而劳动已成为他最重要的生存方式，他的所有财富，都是靠每天20小时以上的劳动堆积起来的。200元酬金，实际上是对劳动的尊重和报答，是不能用金钱衡量的。 富兰克林借书解怨 （尊重别人赢得朋友）
那一刻我感受到了幸福 本文是关于初中作文的那一刻我感受到了幸福，感谢您的阅读！ 每个人民的心中都有一粒幸福的种子，当它拥有了雨水的滋润和阳光的沐浴，它就会绽放出最美丽的姿态。那一刻，我们都能够闻到幸福的芬芳，我们都能够感受到幸福的存在。 在寒假期间，我偶然在授索电视频道，发现(百家讲坛)栏目中大学教授正在解密幸福，顿然引起我的好奇心，我放下了手中的遥控器，静静地坐在电视前，注视着频道上的每一个字，甚至用笔急速记在了笔记本上。我还记得，那位大学教授讲到了一个故事：一位母亲被公司升职到外国工作，这位母亲虽然十分高兴，但却又十分无奈，因为她的儿子马上要面临中考了，她不能撇下儿子迎接中考的挑战，于是她决定拒绝这了份高薪的工作，当有人问她为什么放弃这么好的机会时，她却毫无遗憾地说，纵然我能给予儿子最贵的礼物，优异的生活环境，但我却无当给予他关键时刻的那份呵护与关爱，或许以后的一切会证明我的选择是正确的。听完这样一段故事，我心中有种说不出的感觉，刹那间，我仿拂感觉那身边正在包饺子的妈妈，屋里正在睡觉的爸爸，桌前正在看小说的妹妹给我带来了一种温馨，幸福感觉。正如教授所说的那种解密幸福。就要选择一个明确的目标，确定自已追求的是什么，或许那时我还不能完全诠释幸福。 当幸福悄悄向我走来时，我已慢慢明白，懂得珍惜了。 那一天的那一刻对我来说太重要了，原本以为出差在外的父母早已忘了我的生日，只有妹妹整日算着日子。我在耳边唠叨个不停，没想到当日我失落地回到家中时，以为心中并不在乎生日，可是眼前的一切，让我心中涌现的喜悦，脸上露出的微笑证明我是在乎的。
爸爸唱的英文生日快乐歌虽然不是很动听，但爸爸对我的那份爱我听得很清楚，妈妈为我做的长寿面，我细细的品尝，吃出了爱的味道。妹妹急忙让我许下三个愿望，嘴里不停的唠叨：我知道你的三个愿望是什么?我问：为什么呀!我们是一家人，心连心呀!她高兴的说。 那一刻我才真正解开幸福的密码，感受到了真正的幸福，以前我无法理解幸福，即使身边有够多的幸福也不懂得欣赏，不懂得珍惜，只想拥有更好更贵的，其实幸福比物质更珍贵。 那一刻的幸福就是爱的升华，许多时候能让我们感悟幸福不是名利，物质。而是在血管里涌动着的，漫过心底的爱。 也许每一个人生的那一刻，就是我们幸运的降临在一个温馨的家庭中，而不是降临在孤独的角落里。 家的感觉就是幸福的感觉，幸福一直都存在于我们的身边!
关于我的幸福作文八篇汇总 幸福在每个人的心中都不一样。在饥饿者的心中，幸福就是一碗香喷喷的米饭；在果农的心中，幸福就是望着果实慢慢成熟；在旅行者的心中，幸福就是游遍世界上的好山好水。而在我的心中，幸福就是每天快快乐乐，无忧无虑；幸福就是朋友之间互相帮助，互相关心；幸福就是在我生病时，母亲彻夜细心的照顾我。 幸福在世间上的每个角落都可以发现，只是需要你用心去感受而已。 记得有一次，我早上出门走得太匆忙了，忘记带昨天晚上准备好的钢笔。老师说了：“今天有写字课，必须要用钢笔写字，不能用水笔。”我只好到学校向同学借了。当我来到学校向我同桌借时，他却说：“我已经借别人了，你向别人借吧！”我又向后面的同学借，可他们总是找各种借口说：“我只带了一枝。”问了三四个人，都没有借到，而且还碰了一鼻子灰。正当我急的像热锅上的蚂蚁团团转时，她递给了我一枝钢笔，微笑的对我说：“拿去用吧！”我顿时感到自己是多么幸福！在我最困难的时候，当别人都不愿意帮助我的时候，她向我伸出了援手。 幸福也是无时无刻都在身旁。 当我生病的时候，高烧持续不退时，是妈妈在旁边细心
的照顾我，喂我吃药，甚至一夜寸步不离的守在我的床边，直到我苏醒。当我看见妈妈的眼睛布满血丝时，我的眼眶在不知不觉地湿润了。这时我便明白我有一个最疼爱我的妈妈，我是幸福的！ 幸福就是如此简单！不过，我们还是要珍惜眼前的幸福，还要给别人带来幸福，留心观察幸福。不要等幸福悄悄溜走了才发现，那就真的是后悔莫及了！ 这就是我拥有的幸福，你呢？ 悠扬的琴声从房间里飘出来，原来这是我在弹钢琴。优美的旋律加上我很强的音乐表现力让一旁姥爷听得如醉如痴。姥爷说我是幸福的，读了《建设幸福中国》我更加体会到了这一点。 儿时的姥爷很喜欢读书，但当时家里穷，据姥爷讲那时上学可不像现在。有点三天打鱼两天晒网，等地里农活忙了太姥爷就说：“别去念书了，干地里的活吧。”干活时都是牛马拉车，也没机器，效率特别低。还要给牲口拔草，喂草，拾柴火，看书都是抽空看。等农闲时才能背书包去学校，衣服更是老大穿了，打补丁老二再接着穿，只有盼到过年时才有能换上件粗布的新衣服。写字都是用石板，用一次擦一次，那时还没有电灯，爱学习的姥爷在昏暗的煤油灯下经常被灯火不是烧了眉毛就是燎了头发。没有电灯更没有电视，没有电视更没有见过钢琴，只知道钢琴是贵族家用的。
小学生作文《感悟幸福》范文五篇 小草说,幸福就是大地增添一份绿意;阳光说,幸福就是撒向人间的温暖;甘露说,幸福就是滋润每一个生命。下面是为大家带来的有关幸福650字优秀范文，希望大家喜欢。 感悟幸福650字1 生活就像一部壮丽的交响曲，它是由一篇一篇的乐章组成的，有喜、有怒、有哀、有乐。每一个人都有自己丰富多彩的生活，我也有自己的生活。我原本以为，吃可口的牛排，打电脑游戏，和朋友开心玩乐就是幸福。可是，我错了，幸福并不仅仅如此。 记得有一次，我放学回到家里放下书包就拿起一包饼干来吃。吃着吃着，突然我觉得牙齿痛了起来，而且越来越痛，痛得我连饼干也咬不动了。我放下饼干，连忙去拿了一面镜子来看。原来这又是那一颗虫牙在“作怪”。“哎哟哟，哎哟哟，痛死我了……”我不停地说着。渐渐地，那牙疼得越来越厉害，疼得我坐立不安，直打滚。后来在妈妈的陪伴下去了医院，治好了那颗虫牙。跨出医院大门时，我觉得心情出奇的好，天空格外的蓝，路边的樟树特别的绿，看什么都顺眼，才猛然一悟，幸福是简单而平凡的，身体健康就是一种幸福! 这学期我发现我的英语退步了，我决定要把这门功课学好，于是，我每天回
家做完作业后，都抽出半小时时间复习英语，在课上也听得特别认真，一遇到不懂的题目主动请教老师。经过一段时间的努力，终于，在上次考试的时候，我考了97分。妈妈表扬了我，我心里美滋滋的。我明白了经过自己的努力享受到成功的喜悦，这也是一种幸福。 …… 每个人都无一例外的渴望幸福。不同的人有不同的感受，其实，幸福就是那种能在平凡中寻找欢乐、能在困境中找到自信的一种心境。同学们，幸福其实很简单，就在我们的身边，触手可及。用心去认真地品味吧，它一直未曾离开我们身边! 感悟幸福650字2 有的人认为幸福就是腰缠万贯，有的人认为幸福就是找到意中人，“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山”是陶渊明对邪恶幸福，“从明天起做一个幸福人，喂马、劈柴、周游世界。从明天起，关心蔬菜和粮食，我有一所房子，面朝大海，春暖花开。”这是海子的幸福。一千种人就有一千种对幸福的理解。 我对幸福的理解就是幸福使简单而平凡的，是无处不在的! 我的牙疼得奇怪而顽强不是这颗牙疼就是那颗牙疼;不是吃冷的疼就是吃热
关于以幸福为话题的作文800字记叙文5篇 ----WORD文档，下载后可编辑修改---- 下面是作者为各位家长学生收集整理的作文（日记、观后感等）范本，欢迎借鉴参考阅读，您的努力学习和创新是为了更美好的未来，欢迎下载！ 以幸福为话题的作文800字记叙文1： 那是我生病后的第三天，妈妈从早上五点就起来为我准备早点。她蹑手蹑脚地走着“针步”，下楼煮早点，“啪”的一声，妈妈打开了煤气。在拿肉丝，打鸡蛋的她全然不知我正躲在楼梯口“监视”着她的一举一动。不一会儿，蛋炒好了。 她开始切肉丝，一不小心，妈妈的手指切破皮了，鲜血正一滴一滴地流下来，为了不影响我的睡眠，她把手指放在嘴里吸了一下，坚持把剩下的肉丝切完。 此时的我，心中犹如打翻了五味瓶，眼里的泪像断了线的珍珠般掉了下来，我再也忍不住了，一个劲地冲到妈妈面前，她赶紧把手背了过去，生怕让我知道了什么。 她吃惊地问我：“妈妈太吵了，吵到你了?”“不，不，没有”她见我这么早起来就让我再回去补个觉。我关心地问：“妈，你的手没事吧?”她吱唔着说：“没事，擦破点皮，不碍事!”我仔细地帮她清洗了伤口，贴了一片创可贴。 吃饭时，妈妈一直地往我碗里夹肉，“孩子，病刚好，多吃点!”可是我见她始终都没吃一块肉。我也夹了两块放在她的碗里。“儿子懂事了，你自己快点吃吧!补身体要紧!”我冲她点点头笑了笑，“嗯。” 这就是幸福，一份简简单单的幸福!我祈祷这幸福能伴我成长。 以幸福为话题的作文800字记叙文2： 在我眼中，成长就是记录我们长大过程中一点一滴的小事情的，而幸福就在这点点滴滴中。 在我的成长记忆中，永不磨灭的是2017年11月的一天。妈妈要去云南，妈妈早上四点半要到指定地点集合，这么早，妈妈要两三点就起来，可是最近我咳嗽比较严重，所以天天给我煮萝卜汤喝。 “叮铃铃，叮铃铃”闹钟叫了起来，把我从睡梦中吵醒，一醒来，去找妈妈，
谈如何尊重人尊重他人，我们赢得友谊；尊重他人，我们收获真诚；尊重他人，我们自己也 获得尊重；相互尊重，我们的社会才会更加和谐. ——题记 尊重是对他人的肯定，是对对方的友好与宽容。它是友谊的润滑剂，它是和谐的调节器， 它是我们须臾不可脱离的清新空气。“主席敬酒，岂敢岂敢？”“尊老敬贤，应该应该！”共和 国领袖对自己老师虚怀若谷，这是尊重；面对许光平女士，共和国总理大方的叫了一 声“婶婶”，这种和蔼可亲也是尊重。 尊重不仅会让人心情愉悦呼吸平顺，还可以改变陌生或尖锐的关系，廉颇和蔺相如便是 如此。将相和故事千古流芳:廉颇对蔺相如不满，处处使难，但蔺相如心怀大局，对廉颇相 当的尊重，最后也赢得了廉颇的真诚心，两人结为好友，共辅赵王，令强秦拿赵国一点办法 也没有。蔺相如与廉颇的互相尊重，令得将相和的故事千百年令无数后人膜拜。 现在，给大家举几个例子。在美国，一个颇有名望的富商在散步 时，遇到一个瘦弱的摆地摊卖旧书的年轻人，他缩着身子在寒风中啃着发霉的面包。富 商怜悯地将8美元塞到年轻人手中，头也不回地走了。没走多远，富商忽又返回，从地摊上 捡了两本旧书，并说：“对不起，我忘了取书。其实，您和我一样也是商人！”两年后，富商 应邀参加一个慈善募捐会时，一位年轻书商紧握着他的手，感激地说：“我一直以为我这一生 只有摆摊乞讨的命运，直到你亲口对我说，我和你一样都是商人，这才使我树立了自尊和自 信，从而创造了今天的业绩??”不难想像，没有那一 句尊重鼓励的话，这位富商当初即使给年轻人再多钱，年轻人也断不会出现人生的巨变， 这就是尊重的力量啊 可见尊重的量是多吗大。大家是不是觉得一个故事不精彩，不够明确尊重的力量，那再 来看下一个故事吧！ 一家国际知名的大企业，在中国进行招聘，招聘的职位是该公司在中国的首席代表。经 过了异常激烈的竞争后，有五名年轻人，从几千名应聘者中脱颖而出。最后的胜出者，将是 这五个人中的一位。最后的考试是一场面试，考官们都 作文话题素材之为人处世篇：尊重 思路 人与人之间只有互相尊重才能友好相处 要让别人尊重自己，首先自己得尊重自己 尊重能减少人与人之间的摩擦 尊重需要理解和宽容 尊重也应坚持原则 尊重能促进社会成员之间的沟通 尊重别人的劳动成果 尊重能巩固友谊 尊重会使合作更愉快 和谐的社会需要彼此间的尊重 名言 施与人，但不要使对方有受施的感觉。帮助人，但给予对方最高的尊重。这是助人的艺 术，也是仁爱的情操。———刘墉 卑己而尊人是不好的，尊己而卑人也是不好的。———徐特立 知道他自己尊严的人，他就完全不能尊重别人的尊严。———席勒 真正伟大的人是不压制人也不受人压制的。———纪伯伦 草木是靠着上天的雨露滋长的，但是它们也敢仰望穹苍。———莎士比亚
最新整理高中关于幸福的议论文800字范文3篇 范文一 什么是幸福?当我把一个棒棒糖递给六岁的邻居小妹妹时，她满足的笑容告诉我，这是她的幸福。当我轻轻地走过妹妹的写字台时，我瞥见埋在桌上的妹妹的僵硬的表情。我笑笑，走近，她抬头，水汪汪的眼睛望着我，似乎带着某种渴求。我说：出去玩吧!她笑了，蹦蹦跳跳地跑了出去。我诧异，这么真诚的笑。玩耍是她的幸福。 暑假到了，马上面临实习的哥哥回来了。可没过几天，就不见人影了，好容易盼他回来，暑假也结束了。他说他去了内蒙的好多地方。我关切的问他累吗?他说：累啊!随后又骄傲地说：“可是我学会了许多东西，我相信那对我以后的人生路是有帮助的。”我笑，大声地喊：哥，你是我的榜样。在他看来，他的暑假是充实的，他是幸福的! 夜幕降临，繁星点点。隔着一层帘，我看见常年劳作的父亲坐在那里，默默地吸着一支烟。灯光打在他的脸上，我看不清他的表情，只有那斑白的鬓角依稀可见。父亲真的老了，每天早出晚归来支撑这个家，他一定很累了。眼泪盈满了眼眶，最后还是不争气的流了下来……“咳、、咳、、”一阵剧烈的咳嗽声传来。我擦干眼泪，走到父亲旁边，父亲把那支烟熄灭，慈祥的笑笑，说：爸爸老了，不中用了。我说：没有啊!父女两开怀的笑了，笑声混着一个个烟圈飘向远方……我问父亲：爸，这么多年付出，这么多年劳作，你幸福吗?他坚定地告诉我，幸福!他说：“只要你们开开心心快快乐乐地成长，我做的一切都值得。”他又说：“霞，好好读书，爸爸赚钱供你上大学，我还没老呢，至少还能干XX年，20年……然后是一片寂静，我和父亲看着远方，那里有希望。 年迈的姥姥是家里的大长辈，他常常念叨：平安就是福。那也许是经历了人生的酸甜苦辣后的感悟吧!每逢新春，一大家人在姥姥家围着看电视时，那应该是她的幸福吧! 幸福是什么?它不是你一个人拥有一座豪宅，它是一家人在并不宽敞的屋子里谈笑风生。它不是你一个人有拥山珍海味，它是一家人和和乐乐的吃一些普通
感受幸福作文(15篇) 感受幸福作文第1篇： 幸福是什么？这是许多同学要问的问题。 很小的时候，我就明白钱能够买来一大盒巧克力；钱能够买来玩具汽车；钱能够买许多的美丽的洋娃娃；钱能够买来一个大楼…… 我以为有钱就是幸福。 倡我错了，钱虽然能够买来一屋子巧克力，但买了甜蜜，钱虽然能买到房子，可是却买来家庭幸福；钱虽然能买来药，可是却买来健康，钱虽然能买来闹钟，可是买来时间……那时，我又明白了有钱必须幸福。 以前，我总是为了一条连衣裙而朝思暮想，盼望有一天能够穿上裙子，去放风筝。那时候，我以为拥有就是幸福。 最终有一天，妈妈给我买了这条连衣裙，我高兴的一宿都没有睡觉。可是几天的新鲜劲没有了，穿上裙子后，我并没有什么改变，依然是一个黄毛丫头。于是把它扔到箱子里。几个月后，我又把它翻出来，可是已经小了，穿下了。我又明白了，虽然裙子很美，但都是暂时的，完美的时光总是转瞬消失。 “幸福是什么？”我依然没有感受到。 几年后，我在街上看到了一对耄耋老人，他们虽然履蹒跚，可是互相搀扶，有时抬头看看天上的云卷云舒，有时望望西天如血的残阳，她们脸上洋溢着的是满足和幸福。 噢，我明白幸福就是真情。虽然他们很穷，可是他们很
相爱。他们彼此珍惜，从感叹世界对他们的公平。往往有的有钱人，他们虽然很有钱，可是他们并幸福，因为他们的心总是被金钱和权势所占据了，根本享受了这天伦之乐。 幸福其实很简单，就是和爸爸、妈妈吃一顿饭，和他在一齐聊聊天。 感受幸福作文第2篇： 夜，悄悄地打开了黑暗，散布着一如既往的宁静，天上的繁星披上了闪装，正对着我的眼，似乎害怕我听到它们之间的悄悄话。 知何时，甘寂寞的虫儿起劲地奏起了动听的乐曲，清凉的微风夹杂着泥土的芳香悄悄地将白天的烦闷与喧嚣赶跑。夜，显得更加宁静而诗意了。 静静的，左思，右想，就这样静静地坐在楼顶上，感受着夜馈赠我的美妙。就连天上偶尔飘过的云朵，也像是怕惊动了夜的宁静，如绒毛在平静水面滑过般，显得那么轻柔而迷人。 今夜独处在空旷的夜空下，感受着夜带给我的美妙，幸福惬意溢满于心。原先自我一向以来苦苦追寻的幸福其实就在自我的身边。 以往，有人努力打拼，渴望生活富裕来获得幸福，可一辈子的艰辛拼搏使自我逐渐沦为金钱的奴隶，苦苦追寻的幸福也越寻越远，最终留给自我的是岁月无情地染白的头发。其实，幸福并非是追寻能得到的，幸福是一种感受，仅有用心感受身边的一切，你就能发现，幸福无处在，譬如，管贫
尊重他人的写作素材 导读：——学生最需要礼貌 著名数学家陈景润回厦门大学参加 60 周年校庆，向欢迎的人们说的第一句话是：“我非常高兴回到母校，我常常怀念老师。”被人誉为“懂得人的价值”的著名经济学家、厦门大学老校长王亚南，曾经给予陈景润无微不至的关心和帮助。陈景润重返母校，首先拜访这位老校长。校庆的第三天，陈景润又出现在向“哥德巴赫猜想”进军的启蒙老师李文清教授家中，陈景润非常尊重和感激他。他还把最新发表的数学论文敬送李教授审阅，并在论文扉页上工工整整写了以下的字：“非常感谢老师的长期指导和培养——您的学生陈景润。”陈景润还拜访了方德植教授，方教授望着成就斐然而有礼貌的学生，心里暖暖的。 ——最需要尊重的人是老师 周恩来少年时在沈阳东关模范学校读书期间 , 受到进步教师高盘之的较大影响。他常用的笔名“翔宇”就是高先生为他取的。周恩来参加革命后不忘师恩 , 曾在延安答外国记者问时说：“少年时代我在沈阳读书 , 得山东高盘之先生教诲与鼓励 , 对我是个很大的 促进。” 停奏抗议的反思 ——没有礼仪就没有尊重 孔祥东是著名的钢琴演奏家。 1998 年 6 月 6 日晚，他在汕头
举办个人钢琴独奏音乐会。演出之前，节目主持人再三强调，场内观众不要随意走动，关掉 BP 机、手提电话。然而，演出的过程中，这种令人遗憾的场面却屡屡发生：场内观众随意走动， BP 机、手提电话响声不绝，致使孔祥东情绪大受干扰。这种情况，在演奏舒曼作品时更甚。孔祥东只好停止演奏，静等剧场安静。然而，观众还误以为孔祥东是在渴望掌声，便报以雷鸣般的掌声。这件事，令孔祥东啼笑皆非。演出结束后，孔祥东说：有个 BP 机至少响了 8 次，观众在第一排来回走动，所以他只得以停奏抗议。 “礼遇”的动力 ——尊重可以让人奋发 日本的东芝公司是一家著名的大型企业，创业已经有 90 多年的历史，拥有员工 8 万多人。不过，东芝公司也曾一度陷入困境，土光敏夫就是在这个时候出任董事长的。他决心振兴企业，而秘密武器之一就是“礼遇”部属。身为偌大一个公司的董事长，他毫无架子，经常不带秘书，一个人步行到工厂车间与工人聊天，听取他们的意见。更妙的是，他常常提着酒瓶去慰劳职工，与他们共饮。对此，员工们开始都感到很吃惊，不知所措。渐渐地，员工们都愿意和他亲近，他赢得了公司上下的好评。他们认为，土光董事长和蔼可亲，有人情味，我们更应该努力，竭力效忠。因此，土光上任不久，公司的效益就大力提高，两年内就把亏损严重、日暮途穷的公司重新支撑起来，使东芝成为日本最优秀的公司之一。可见，礼，不仅是调节领导层之间关
感悟幸福(作文)(20篇) 篇一篇的乐章组成的，喜、怒、哀、乐。每一个人都自我丰富多彩的生活，我也自我的生活。我原本以为，吃可口的牛排，打电脑游戏，和朋友开心玩乐就是幸福。可是，我错了，幸福并不仅仅如此。 记得一次，我放学回到家里放下书包就拿起一包饼干来吃。吃着吃着，突然我觉得牙齿痛了起来，并且越来越痛，痛得我连饼干也咬不动了。我放下饼干，连忙去拿了一面镜子来看。原先这又是那一颗虫牙在“作怪”。“哎哟哟，哎哟哟，痛死我了”我不停地说着。渐渐地，那牙疼得越来越厉害，疼得我坐立不安，直打滚。之后在妈妈的陪伴下去了医院，治好了那颗虫牙。跨出医院大门时，我觉得心境出奇的好，天空格外的蓝，路边的樟树异常的绿，看什么都顺眼，才猛然一悟，幸福是简单而平凡的，身体健康就是一种幸福！ 这学期我发现我的英语退步了，我决定要把这门功课学好，于是，我每一天回家做完作业后，都抽出半小时时间复习英语，在课上也听得异常认真，一遇到不懂的题目主动请教教师。经过一段时间的努力，最终，在上次考试的时候，我考了97分。妈妈表扬了我，我心里美滋滋的。我明白了经过自我的努力享受到成功的喜悦，这也是一种幸福。
每个人都无一例外的渴望幸福。不一样的人不一样的感受，其实，幸福就是那种能在平凡中寻找欢乐、能在困境中找到自信的一种心境。同学们，幸福其实很简单，就在我们的身边，触手可及。用心去认真地品味吧，它一向未曾离开我们身边！ 感悟幸福(作文) 第8篇： 幸福无时没，幸福无处不在。儿时，你的幸福就是当你跌倒失声痛苦时，母亲抱起你，拍打着你背时的那句“别哭。”;成年时，你的幸福就是在你结婚时你身旁的那位拉起你的手问你的那句“你愿意吗”;老年时，你的幸福就是在椅子背后孙子的那句“奶奶我帮你敲背!”。家庭中，幸福是一家子的和乐融融;学校里，幸福是同学间的互相竞争;赛场上，幸福是队友间的默契配合。 然而，幸福不全然是唾手可得的，想不付出任何代价而得到幸福，那是神话。张志新说;“苦换来的是知识真理，坚持真理，就应自觉的欣然理解痛苦，那时，也仅那时，痛苦才将化为幸福。”仅心身遭受过痛苦的洗涤，幸福才会来到，痛得越深，苦得越彻，幸福得就越甜。鲁迅说：“穿掘到灵魂的深处，使人受了精神的苦刑而得到的创伤，又即从这得伤和养伤的愈合中，得到苦的涤除，而上了苏生的路。”从而得到了幸福的真谛。拉罗什夫科说过：“幸福后面是灾祸，灾祸后面是幸福。”你想成为幸福的人吗愿你首先吃得
尊重_议论文素材 "礼遇"的动力 --尊重可以让人奋发 日本的东芝公司是一家著名的大型企业，创业已经有90 多年的历史，拥有员工8 万多人。不过，东芝公司也曾一度陷入困境，土光敏夫就是在这个时候出任董事长的。他决心振兴企业，而秘密武器之一就是"礼遇"部属。身为偌大一个公司的董事长，他毫无架子，经常不带秘书，一个人步行到工厂车间与工人聊天，听取他们的意见。更妙的是，他常常提着酒瓶去慰劳职工，与他们共饮。对此，员工们开始都感到很吃惊，不知所措。渐渐地，员工们都愿意和他亲近，他赢得了公司上下的好评。他们认为，土光董事长和蔼可亲，有人情味，我们更应该努力，竭力效忠。因此，土光上任不久，公司的效益就大力提高，两年内就把亏损严重、日暮途穷的公司重新支撑起来，使东芝成为日本最优秀的公司之一。可见，礼，不仅是调节领导层之间关系的纽带，也是调节上下级之间关系，甚至和一线工人之间关系的纽带。世界知识产权日 --尊重知识 在2000 年10 月召开的世界知识产权组织第35 届成员国大会上，我国提议将 4 月26 日定为"世界知识产权日"。这个提案经世界知识产权组织成员国大会得到了确定。2001 年4 月26 日成为第一个"世界知识产权日"。这是我国尊重知识的具体表现。 屠格涅夫与乞丐 --尊重比金钱更重要 俄罗斯文豪屠格涅夫一日在镇上散步，路边有一个乞丐伸手向他讨钱。他很想有所施与，从口袋掏钱时才知道没有带钱袋。见乞丐的手伸得高高地等着，屠格涅夫面有愧色，只好握着乞丐的手说："对不起，我忘了带钱出来。"乞丐笑了，含泪说："不，我宁愿接受您的握手。" 孙中山尊重护士 --尊重不分社会地位 有一天，孙中山先生病了，住院治疗。当时，孙中山已是大总统、大元帅了。但是，他对医务人员很尊重，对他们讲话很谦逊。平时，无论是早晨或是晚间，每当接到护士送来的药品，他总是微笑着说声"谢谢您"，敬诚之意溢于言辞。 1925 年孙中山患肝癌，弥留之际，当一位护理人员为他搬掉炕桌时，孙中山先生安详地望着她，慈祥地说："谢谢您，您的工作太辛苦了，过后您应该好好休息休息，这阵子您太辛苦了! "听了这话，在场的人都泣不成声。 毛泽东敬酒 --敬老尊贤是一种美德 1959 年6 月25 日，毛泽东回到离别30 多年的故乡韶山后，请韶山老人毛禹珠来吃饭，并特地向他敬酒。毛禹珠老人说："主席敬酒，岂敢岂敢! "毛泽东接着说："敬老尊贤，应该应该。" 周恩来不穿拖鞋接待外宾 --衣着整齐体现对人的尊重 周恩来晚年病得很重，由于工作的需要，他还要经常接待外宾。后来，他病得连脚都肿起来了，原先的皮鞋、布鞋都不能穿，他只能穿着拖鞋走路，可是，有些重要的外事活动，他还是坚持参加。他身边的工作人员出于对总理的爱护和关心，对他说："您就穿着拖鞋接待外
关于尊重的论点和论据素材 关于尊重的论点 1.尊重需要理解和宽容。 2.尊重也应该坚持原则。 3.尊重知识是社会进步的表现。 4.尊重别人就要尊重别人的劳动。 5.尊重人才是社会发展的需要。 6.人与人之间需要相互尊重。 7.只有尊重别人才会受到别人的尊重。 8.尊重能促进人与人之间的沟通。 9.我们应该养成尊重他人的习惯。 10.对人尊重，常会产生意想不到的善果。 关于尊重的名言 1.仁者必敬人。《荀子》 2.忍辱偷生的人决不会受人尊重。高乃依 3.尊重别人的人不应该谈自己。高尔基 4.尊重别人，才能让人尊敬。笛卡尔 5.谁自尊，谁就会得到尊重。巴尔扎克 6.君子贵人而贱己，先人而后己。《礼记》 7.卑己而尊人是不好的，尊己而卑人也是不好的。徐特立 8.对人不尊敬，首先就是对自己的不尊敬。惠特曼
9.为人粗鲁意味着忘记了自己的尊严。车尔尼雪夫斯基 10.对人不尊敬的人，首先就是对自己不尊重。陀思妥耶夫斯基 11.对于应尊重的事物，我们应当或是缄默不语，或是大加称颂。尼采 12.尊重老师是我们中华民族的传统美德，我们每一个人都不应该忘记。xx 13.尊重劳动、尊重知识、尊重人才、尊重创造。《xx 大报告》 14.对别人的意见要表示尊重。千万别说：你错了。卡耐基 15.尊重人才，培养人才，是通用电器长久不败的法宝。杰克韦尔奇 16.君子之于人也，当于有过中求无过，不当于无过中求有过。程颐 17.施与人，但不要使对方有受施的感觉。帮助人，但给予对方最高的尊重。这是助人的艺术，也是仁爱的情操。刘墉 18.要尊重每一个人，不论他是何等的卑微与可笑。要记住活在每个人身上的是和你我相同的性灵。叔本华 19.要喜欢我们所不尊重的人是很难的;但要喜欢
感受幸福作文范文5篇 幸福是一种心灵的振颤。它像会倾听音乐的耳朵一样，需要不断地训练。下面给大家了感受幸福范文5篇，仅供参考。 我曾经填了一份读者反馈表，得了个二等奖，奖品是三百元钱。拿着那张三百元汇款单回家，我却不大开心。在路上，我想起了从前看过的一部电影，片名好像是《小鞋子》。 主人公小阿里在参加比赛时，一心只想跑第三名，以拿到梦寐以求的奖品——一双小鞋子。他想让妹妹穿着它，而不是光着脚去上学。 他被别人推倒了又爬起来再跑，情急之下，竟然冲到了第一名。 老师欣喜若狂地祝贺他，主办单位安排大官和他合影，阿里却难过地流下了眼泪。 尽管冠军有着很高的荣誉，能得到更为丰富的奖品，但那不是阿里最需要的，他需要那双并不漂亮的小鞋子。结果，他不仅没有得到，反而连仅有的一双鞋子也跑坏了。
在那个时候，我们或许可以这样解释幸福：幸福就是得到你急需的东西。 一个吃斋念佛的饥饿的人，面对着驰名中外的北京烤鸭，是不会有幸福感的，因为那不是他需要的，他急需的，可能只是两个馒头，一盘素炒豆芽而已；独自住在乡下的老人，总是能收到城里儿子寄来的钱物，很让乡亲们羡慕，但老人最想要的不是这些，而是儿孙膝下承欢的天伦之乐；在炎炎烈日下赶路的人，急需的是一片树阴，一阵凉风；一把扇子，一眼清凉的泉水，而不是一件名贵的貂皮大衣；大海是富饶的，它哺育了各种各样的生物，珍藏着无数的宝藏和财富。但在海上迷航的人，急需的却是普普通通的淡水。 聪明的你，可能已经猜到， ___不开心了。是的，我不需要三百元钱，钱我家里人会给我。我原本只想得个三等奖，三等奖的奖品是一百元钱。我想留为己用，不想让家里人知道。尽管这样做很不合理，但我还是想，因为我想。 幸福，是团聚；是分享快乐；是帮助他人；是朋友团结互助；是一个美梦；是……幸福无处不在，只要用心体会，就能感受到幸福的存在。
关于学会尊重的高中作文1000字以上 尊重是一杯清茶，只有真正懂它的人才能忽略它的寡淡，品出它深处的热烈。下面橙子为大家搜集整理有关学会尊重的高中作文，希望可以帮助到大家! 高中作文学会尊重曾经听说这样一个故事： 一位商人看到一个衣衫破烂的铅笔推销员，顿生一股怜悯之情。他不假思索地将10元钱塞到卖铅笔人的手中，然后头也不回地走开了。走了没几步，他忽然觉得这样做不妥，于是连忙返回来，并抱歉地解释说自己忘了取笔，希望不要介意。最后，他郑重其事地说：“您和我一样，都是商人。” 一年之后，在一个商贾云集、热烈隆重的社交场合，一位西装革履、风度翩翩的推销商迎上这位商人，不无感激地自我介绍道：“您可能早已忘记我了，而我也不知道您的名字，但我永远不会忘记您。您就是那位重新给了我自尊和自信的人。我一直觉得自己是个推销铅笔的乞丐，直到您亲口对我说，我和您一样都是商人为止。” 没想到商人这么—句简简单单的话，竟使一个不无自卑的人顿然树立起自尊，使—个处境窘迫的人重新找回了自信。正是有了这种自尊与自信，才使他看到了自己的价值和优势，终于通过努力获得了成功。不难想象，倘若当初没有那么—句尊重鼓励的话，纵然给他几千元也无济于事，断不会出现从自认乞丐到自信自强的巨变，这就是尊1 / 7
重，这就是尊重的力量! 尊重，是—种修养，一种品格，一种对别人不卑不亢的平等相待，一种对他人人格与价值的的充分肯定。任何人都不可能尽善尽美，完美无缺，我们没有理由以高山仰止的目光审视别人，也没有资格用不屑一顾的神情去嘲笑他人。假如别人在某些方面不如自己，我们不能用傲慢和不敬去伤害别人的自尊;假如自己在有些地方不如他人，我们不必以自卑或嫉妒去代替理应有的尊重。一个真正懂得尊重别人的人，必然会以平等的心态、平常的心情、平静的心境，去面对所有事业上的强者与弱者、所有生活中的幸运者与不幸者。 尊重是一缕春风，一泓清泉，一颗给人温暖的舒心丸，一剂催人奋进的强心剂。它常常与真诚、谦逊、宽容、赞赏、善良、友爱相得益彰，与虚伪、狂妄、苛刻、嘲讽、凶恶、势利水火不容。给成功的人以尊重，表明了自己对别人成功的敬佩、赞美与追求;表明了自己对别人失败后的同情、安慰与鼓励。只有要尊重在，就有人间的真情在，就有未来的希望在，就有成功后的继续奋进，就有失败后的东山再起。 尊重不是盲目的崇拜，更不是肉麻的吹捧;不是没有原则的廉价逢迎，更不是没有自卑的低三下四。懂得了尊重别人的重要，并不等于学会了如何尊重别人，从这个意义上说，尊重他人也是一门学问，学会了尊重他人，就学会了尊重自己，也就学会和掌握了人生的一大要义。 2 / 7
感受幸福作文600字叙事感受幸福作文600字初二 对于我们来说，什么是幸福？幸福就是一家人整整齐齐的坐在一起吃一顿饭，幸福就是自己在乎的人没病没痛，健健康康的.....今天小编和同学们分享几篇关于感受幸福的作文，希望帮到有需要的同学们。感受幸福作文600字【1】有人说，幸福是一种感觉，幸福是一种心境，幸福是一种体验，幸福，更是一种品格。忧伤时，贴心好友的一个拥抱是幸福；思乡时，电话那头响起的家人声音是幸福；听着音乐，啜着咖啡，悠然自在地写点感想是幸福……那么，朋友，你感受到了幸福了吗？幸福，有些人看来很渺远，有些人看来却近在咫尺。其实，世界并不缺少幸福，而是缺少发现幸福的眼睛。“猫吃鱼，狗吃肉，奥特曼打小怪兽”各求所需，心满意足，这，就是所谓的“幸福”。年轻的父母在逗弄牙牙学语的孩童；亲密爱人在携手漫步；父母端上热腾腾的饭菜；孩子熟睡后嘴角的微笑……这点点滴滴不都是幸福的剪影吗？幸福无处不在……有一次，妈妈烧了红烧鱼，刚要端上桌，我贪婪的目光就随着鱼的移动而移动。妈妈忙把好吃的鱼肚子夹给我，说：“来，吃吧！”“咦？你不是最爱吃这个吗？”我反问道。“现在不爱吃了，你吃吧！”妈妈说道。我拗不过妈妈，只好吃了。刹时间，幸福的感觉洋溢全身。只有在菜里放入了爱，才能让人感受到幸福。平凡的红烧鱼，不平凡的味道，不平凡的爱……幸福，往往是一个瞬间，只有有爱的人，才能发现幸福，感受幸福。朋友，感受你身边的幸福吧！幸福，无处不在……感受幸福作文600字【2】 人生若是一夜星空，幸福便是那耀眼的星星，琳琅满目。当你仔细观察时，你会发现，每一颗都独一无二。——题记 抬头仰望星空，看着那琳琅满目的星星，每一颗都独一无二。当我的眼神扫到最亮的那一颗时，我的思绪立马随着那颗星星穿越到过去。“神经病啊你，我都说过几百遍几千吧几万遍了，我的东西你别碰，你为什么就是讲不通听？好了，现在玻璃球打碎了，可以了吧？你舒服了吧？”扯着嗓子喊的是一个七岁的小女孩，她的对面站着一个五六岁的小女孩，那小女孩有着圆圆的脑袋，一头乌黑发亮的头发下有一双水灵灵的大眼睛，高挺的鼻梁下一张樱桃小嘴，模样甚是可爱。只是那眼眶湿润着，泪水如断了线的珍珠，不断地往外涌。她的小嘴蠕动了好几次，却始终没有说话，小女孩颤颤巍巍地向前走去，用颤抖的小手慢慢地拾起地下的玻璃碎片，转身离开。第二天清晨，当那个七岁的小女孩睁开眼时，就看到桌上有一个玻璃球和小纸条。纸条上写着歪歪扭扭的小字：姐姐对不起，我不是故意的，我只是觉得玻璃球很漂亮。现在我又帮你重新买了一个一模一样的玻璃球，希望姐姐不要生气了。童年的易满足心，那个小女孩果真没有生气了，她和那个小妹妹和好如初了。但偶然的一天，她却发现，玻璃球不是小妹妹打破的……原来是邻居的两岁小弟弟，看到那个玻璃球很漂亮，在伸手拿它时，因为太滑，玻璃球滚了下来……于是，她拿着自己最爱的零食和棒棒糖去和小妹妹道歉。没想到妹妹却如小大人一般说：“都过去了，你依旧是我的好姐姐，我永远是你的调皮妹妹……”回想到这里，我的眼眶早已红润。那个七岁的小女孩不就是我吗？那个小妹妹不就是自己的妹妹吗？顿时明白了妹妹的用意，顿时发现：幸福就像空气，无时无刻萦绕在我们身边，只是我们未曾发觉罢了。现在的我发觉了，也感受到了。人生若是一夜星空，幸福便是那耀眼的星星，琳琅满目。当你仔细观察时，你会发现，每一颗都独一无二。感受幸福作文600字【3】 什么是幸福？幸福是空气，它普遍的你随处都可以感受到它的存在；幸福是小鸟，它调皮的你怎么也抓不住它；幸福又是一杯水，平平淡淡才是真。幸福无时没有，幸福无处不在。儿时，你的幸福就是当你跌倒失声痛苦时，母亲抱起你，拍打着你背时的那句“别哭。”；成年时，你的幸福就是在你结婚时你身旁的那位拉起你的手问你的那句“你愿意吗？”；老年时，你的幸福就是在椅子背后孙子的那句“奶奶我帮你敲背！”。家庭中，幸福是一家子的和乐融融；学校里，幸福是同学间的互相竞争；赛场上，幸福是队友间的默契配合。然而，幸福不全然是唾手可得的，想不付出任何代价而得到幸福，那是神话。张x新说；“苦换来的是知识真理，坚持真理，就应自觉的欣然接受痛苦，那时，也只有那时，痛苦才将化为幸福。”
感悟幸福作文（精选10篇） 在日常生活或是工作学习中，大家都经常接触到作文吧，作文是由文字组成，经过人的思想考虑，通过语言组织来表达一个主题意义的文体。那么，怎么去写作文呢？以下是小编收集整理的感悟幸福作文（精选10篇），仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。 感悟幸福作文1 幸福是“临行密密缝，意恐迟迟归”的牵挂；幸福是“夜来风雨声，花落知多少”的恬谈；幸福是“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”的胸怀。 记得那是一个宁静的夜晚，家家户户家家户户都关了灯，可我家的灯却依旧工作着，因为我的作业还没有写完，懊恼的我使劲的捶打着桌子。妈妈听到了响声走了进来，亲切的说到：“怎么了乖女儿？”“都六点半了，我的作业还没有写完，我怎么不着急”，我气急败坏的回答。妈妈看到我无助的状态安慰到“孩子不要着急，妈妈会在这一直陪着你，直到你写完作业……”此刻我忽然感觉到，其实有母亲的陪伴就是我最大的幸福！ 还有一次，我和同学们一起在小区的花园里玩，正当我们玩游戏玩的不亦乐乎的时候，我被重重的摔了一跤，腿被摔破了。当时情不自禁的哭了起来，同学们听到我的哭声纷纷赶来，大家纷纷帮忙把我搀扶回家里。那时我又深深的感觉到，来自朋友的关心其实也是一种幸福。 记得那是一个风雨交加的下午，由于我的粗心来学的时候忘记了带雨伞。放学后我只能站在教室的窗口默默的看着外面的漂泊大雨……忽然，一个高大而熟悉的身影出现在我的眼前，忽然感觉双眼酸涩：“爸爸……”我一下子扑倒了爸爸的怀里，父亲的爱是无言的，这也正是我幸福的源泉！ 幸福就是有母亲的陪伴，朋友的关怀，父亲的关爱！每个人都向往幸福追求幸福，其实幸福就是一种感觉，是一种心态，它源于你对事与物的的追求与理解！ 感悟幸福作文2 著名作家海伦凯勒曾说过：“我一直在哭，一直在哭，哭我没有鞋穿，直到有一天，我知道有人没有脚…我由此知道了幸福的真正内涵。”幸福是什么？ 许多年前，当人们提出这个问题时，个个都两目相对，哑口无言。是啊，幸福是什么？幸福是那禾苗晃动稚嫩的身躯，昂首向天际发出的无声的诉说吗？幸福是蚕宝宝咀嚼着香脆的桑叶奏出的“沙沙沙沙”的乐曲吗？幸福是雏燕展翼穿过鹅黄的柳梢剪出的一片春色朝向母亲的回眸吗？幸福是梅花“已是
2015年高考作文素材：关于文明的作文素材 高考作文素材点拨及运用思路：文明 一、素材链接: 言语类 (一)名人名言 1.礼仪的目的与作用本在使得本来的顽梗变柔顺，使人们的气质变温和，使他尊重别人，和别人合得来。约翰?洛克 2.善气迎人，亲如弟兄;恶气迎人，害于戈兵。管仲 3.天下有大勇者，猝然临之而不惊，不故加之而不怒。苏轼 4.我们应该注意自己不用言语去伤害别的同志，但是，当别人用语言来伤害自己的时候，也应该受得起。刘少奇 5.礼貌使人类共处的金钥匙。松苏内吉 6.讲话气势汹汹，未必就是言之有理。萨迪 7.火气甚大，容易引起愤怒底烦扰，是一种恶习而使心灵向着那不正当的事情，那是一时冲动而没有理性的行动。彼得.阿柏拉德 8.青年人应当不伤人，应当把个人所得的给予各人，应当避免虚伪与欺骗，应当显得恳挚悦人，这样学着去行正直。夸美纽斯 9.礼貌是儿童与青年所应该特别小心地养成习惯的第一件大事。约翰.洛克 10.不论你是一个男子还是一个女人，待人温和宽大才配得上人的名称。一个人的真 11.正的英勇果断，决不等于用拳头制止别人发言。萨迪 12.礼貌使有礼貌的人喜悦，也使那些授人以礼貌相待的人们喜悦。孟德斯鸠 13.坏事情一学就会，早年沾染的恶习，从此以后就会在所有的行为和举动中显现出来，不论是说话或行动上的毛病，三岁至老，六十不改。克雷洛夫 14.礼貌经常可以替代最高贵的感情。梅里美 15.礼貌是最容易做到的事，也是最珍贵的东西。冈察尔 16.脾气暴躁是人类较为卑劣的天性之一，人要是发脾气就等于在人类进步的阶梯上倒退了一步。达尔文 17.蜜蜂从花中啜蜜，离开时营营的道谢。浮夸的蝴蝶却相信花是应该向他道谢的。泰戈尔
感受幸福作文650字 第1篇感受幸福作文650字 什么是幸福？幸福是各种各样的，不同的人对幸福的感受也各不相同。假如我们不会说话，那就不能表达自己内心的想法，不能向朋友倾诉自己的喜悦与烦恼，那是一种不幸，反之就是一种幸福。假如我们听不见，就不能感受到一切美妙的声音，如叮叮咚咚的琴声，哗哗的流水声，以及父母、老师、同学的说话声，那也是一种不幸，反之也是一种幸福。假如我们看不见，就不能欣赏到这个大千世界形形色色的样子，看不见斑斓的色彩，更看不见那美丽的太阳和月亮……这也是一种不幸，反之，，也是一种幸福。父母爱着我，就是一种幸福，别人帮助我，是一种幸福，能吃到美味的食物，也是一种幸福，快乐地生活着，更是一种幸福。被人信任是一种莫大的幸福。我平时有个坏习惯，不喜欢洗脸，一般都要妈妈督促着才勉强去洗。可有一次，妈妈回家比较晚。她到家时，我们都已经在吃晚饭了，正吃得津津有味时，妈妈回来了，她的第一句话就是“你今天有没有洗过脸？”，我赶紧回答：“我洗过了”。妈妈半信半疑：“你到底洗过没有？”，并盯着我，脸上的表情十分严肃。她这样做，其实是测试我有没有说谎。于是我更加坚定并大声地说：“我真的洗过了！”这次，她不再问了，并且笑了，我知道她相信了我的话，这时，我真的感受到了一种从未有过的幸福！其实，幸福还有很多很多，如爷爷奶奶的宠爱，父母亲的关怀，亲戚朋友们的赞美，老师们的期盼，同学们的友爱…。.都值得我们去好好珍惜，让我们常怀一颗感恩的心，时刻感受生活中的幸福吧！ 第2篇感受幸福作文650字 欧文曾说过,“人类的一切努力的目的在于获得幸福。幸福是什么？幸福是一种感觉，感动就是一种幸福。幸福就像作家毕淑敏说的：世上有预报台风的，有预报蝗虫的，有预报瘟疫的，有预报地震的，但没有人预报幸福，其实幸福和世界万物一样，有它的征兆。清晨，旭日东升，温柔的阳光洒向人间，抚摸着我的脸，心，感觉暖暖的。这，就是幸福的征兆。当我们在写作业时，一边写，一边贪婪地记下知识的结晶。这时，笔尖沙沙的响声，就是幸福的征兆。走在小河边，两岸的杨柳随风摆动，鱼儿和鹅卵石正在编制着充满活力的动态画面。这时，小河潺潺的流水声就是幸福的征兆。幸福的感觉是美好的，幸福的味道是甜美的。只不过它比玫瑰更芬芳，比棒棒糖更甜蜜，比巧克力更浓郁，比咖啡更香醇......幸福是什么？“幸福是贫困中相濡以沫的一块糕饼,患难中心心相印的一个眼神,父亲一次粗糙的抚摸,女友一个温馨的字条......这像一粒粒缀在旧绸子上的红宝石,在凄凉中愈发熠熠生辉。”幸福在哪里？当我们与家人一起散步时，幸福就在那温馨的眼神里；当我们和朋友们一起玩耍时，幸福就在那灿烂的笑容里；当我们与同学在一起探讨难题时，幸福就在那激烈的争辩里；当我们想象着自己的未来时，幸福就在那美好的憧憬里。幸福有时不一定是甜的，快乐有时也不一定就是幸福。快乐只是表面的开心，而幸福是发自内心的快乐和欣慰。因此，只要你是幸福的，那你一定是快乐的。让我们一起追求幸福吧！在生活中快乐成长，在成长中感受幸福。 第3篇感受幸福作文650字 幸福是什么？幸福对于每个人，都是不一样的！其实幸福可以很小，很简单，它时刻陪伴在我们的身边，也许是因为人们平时没有去在意，身边的那些本可以让人暖心的普通点滴，只要我们好好的去感受幸福！ 幸福就好比如这样：天悄悄拉下夜幕，同学们渐渐散了，不知什么时候，课室里只剩下我和她，她的画，也终于画好了。而我还是差一些才能搞定，她便开始收拾起来，时间更加紧迫，因此，我的心更加紧张，一滴晶莹的汗滴在了画纸上，我觉得实在画不下去了：小姨妈（外号），你觉得我的画还有有救吗！她凑过脑袋：来，我看看，当然有啦，快画吧！我看她望了望校门口，她一定是在找寻来接她回家的爸爸，我看看空空的课室：小姨妈，很晚