太阳能汽车的设计外文翻译中英文
英文
Design and implementation of the first Duoc-UC's
solar energy powered car
Matías Díaz
Abstract:
Rally racing in solar-powered cars has taken off in recent years in order to demonstrate that green mobility with zero carbon emissions is feasible. The Solar Atacama Race is one of such competitions, taking the participants over 1.400 kms through the driest desert in the world. In this context, this paper outlines the design and implementation process of a solar -and pedal-powered hybrid car built by undergraduate engineering students. The designing steps, components selection and manufacturing process that lead to the implementation of a low-cost prototype are explained. Moreover, details and lessons learned from the first participation and plans for future work are discussed.
Keywords- Solar Powered Cars, Atacama Solar Race.
Introduction
Solar car races have started approximately in 1980, winning successful ever since. Competitions as the North American Solar Challenge, the World Solar Challenge and the Shell Eco-marathon are well-established races attracting worldwide university student teams, as
well as private enterprise teams compromising with green mobility and the development of the electrical car industry. The Atacama Solar Race brings together teams from all over the world, using the strong solar radiation presents in the Atacama Desert, the driest place in the world. This year is the third edition of Atacama Solar Race, consolidating as the first and only Latin America rally for solar powered vehicles. In Fig. 1 the route for the race is illustrated [1]. The race start at the city of Iquique, traveling 1.400 kms in five days of competition. The rally passes though the cities of Antofagasta, Calama, San Pedro de Atacama, Toconao, Tocopilla and Pozo Almonte. An interesting and challenging fact is the altitude difference between some points of the route. For example, to travel from Calama to San Pedro de Atacama, cars must up from 2.100 m to 3000 m above mean sea level.
Atacama Solar Race (ASR) has two categories for the competition. The first category, called “Desafio Solar”, consists of full solar powered vehicles, without economic limitations. Well establish and recognizes teams as Tokai from Japan and Antakari from Chile are competing in this category. In the other hand, the “Ruta Solar” is the second category for low-cost prototypes powered by a combination of solar and pedal power. In “Ruta Solar” teams from Chile, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia and Argentina are participating.
In this scenario, The School of Engineering of Duoc-UC has
identified the ASR as an excellent learning platform for students. The motivation for this participation is to promote innovation and research in photovoltaic technologies, educating engineers aware of a more sustainable society, which are able to compete with students from all over the world at international level. Furthermore, the multidisciplinary nature of the project makes it an excellent environment for design, business and engineering students [2], [3]. The whole scope of the project includes aspect related to business and marketing-to raise funding-, administration, logistic - to move the team to the Atacama Desert-and engineering to build the first Duoc-UC's solar powered car, called “Surya Solar Car”. What is more, this paper deals with several engineering aspect as the design and optimization of the electrical and electronics components, the race energy planning in order to minimise the energy consumptions and maximise the autonomy of the car, mechanical design, safety considerations, etc.
Design and Implementation
The “Ruta Solar” technical requirements demand three wheels designs for the category. Moreover, these requirements set a top of USD 7000 as the total cost of the car and regulations strongly demand to ensure the driver safety in any situation. Therefore, the “Surya Solar Car” has been designed to meet these regulations.
According with [4], [5] and [6], the design of a solar powered car
should considered electrical and mechanical stages. Both aspect should interact in order to achieve an efficient design. Table 1 present the technical specifications of “Surya Solar Car”, regarding these aspects.
A. Mechanical Considerations
The structural body design of a solar powered car can be categorized into two main elements: the cells structure and the chassis. The cells structure is the part of the car where the solar panels are mounted and it is defines for the aerodynamic efficiency of the solar car. A typical cells support structure should take on the shape of a air foil keeping a large horizontal area the solar array. Moreover, according with [7] and [8], the design should considerer proper aerodynamics to reduce the drag force and the rolling resistance. In fact, an accurate mechanic design ensure stable operation and could minimise energy losses when the car is running under aggressive environment conditions, as the present in the Atacama Desert.
Every solar car race has strict safety regulations that ensure that the chassis can withstand many different impact scenarios. Thus, the aim of the chassis design process is to achieve a strong and lightweight structure. The chassis must be strong in enough to maintain safe to the driver as well provides proper aerodynamics response.
B. Electrical Considerations
The overall diagram of the electric circuit for the proposed solar car
is presented in Fig. 4. It consists of mainly 6 parts, which are explained bellow.
Solar Panels: In “Surya Solar Car” 6 flexible solar panels have been used. Each panel has 56 cells with a nominal power of 100 W, 21.4 V oc, 5.6 A and efficiency of 22.5%. The panels have been connected in two parallel arrays of three panels in series, in order to achieve an open voltage of 64.2V and 11.2 A.
Maximum Power Point Tracking: A commercial Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Charge Controller have been used to maximise the energy produced by the solar panels to charge the batteries or to feed the motor. The MPPT is from OutBack Power systems and operates until 60A in steady state.
Battery and Monitoring System: The critical criteria for select the batteries in an electrical vehicle application is related with the weight-capacity trade-off. For this reason, batteries based in Lithium Ion technology are utilised, regardless its prize is elevate in comparison with other technologies. 3 batteries of 48V and 10 Ah have been using as storage energy system, reaching a storage capability of 1.5 kWh. These batteries are commercialised by Golden Motor and include an internal BMS.
Motor and Drive System: the propulsion system is also commercialised by Golden Motors. It consist in a 1 kW Permanent
Magnet Motor and drive system which are included in the propulsion wheel, as is shown in Fig. 6.
Regarding the electrical safety considerations, protections are disposed in the circuit in order to protect the pilot from any dangerous situation and besides to protect the sensitive electronic devices as the MPPT and BMS. Moreover, 30 A diodes and fuses are connected between the solar panels and the MPPT to prevent inverse power flows.
Energy Estimation Approach
In order to make an accurate race planning is imperative to develop a model to calculate the car energy consumptions. Several works regarding the modelation of solar electric cars have been proposed in recent literature
However, due to the main purpose of this paper is devoted to the implementation of the car, the development of an accurate energy modelation is proposed as a future work and just a general energy calculation is presented.
A. Application of the Model in the First Race Day
The first day of competition considers a route of 240kms starting in Collahuasi Solar Power Plant and ending near to Calama. This stage is divided in four stretches. The first one stars in Collahuasi Solar Power Plant, and finishes in “Oficina Victoria”, an old saltpetre factory in the middle of the Atacama Desert. The initial altitude of this stretch is
1.035m, the final altitude is 961m, and the length is 6
2.4 km. Fig.
7 illustrates a map of the route:
Using this information in (1), the resistive force can be calculated as is shown in (4). It is important to note the every factor in (1) is calculated using conventional physics equations, which are not presented in this paper.
B. Estimation of the Solar Power Capture
The batteries have a capacity of 1.5 kWh and the energy required to fulfil the first stage is 3,3172 kWh. Therefore, the solar energy capture has to be estimated.
The radiation profile of the first stage is presented in Fig. 8. It is important to note that the data is obtained from the Chilean Ministry of Energy radiation data base webpage [11].
Results and Future Work
The first participation of the School of Engineering of Duoc-UC in the Atacama Solar race has been successful. Surya Team has been able to design and implement a solar-and pedal-hybrid solar powered car that meets the race requirements regarding functionality and safety. Furthermore, the car passed successfully all the technical and safety inspections and participated in the race, as is shown in Fig. 9, to gain experience.
Several lessons have been learned in this first participation. The
team have realised the importance of develop a lightweight, reliable and secure car to be able to resist the entire race. Additionally, it is extremely important to considerate the environmental conditions and have time to test the car before the competence.
Technical problems, related precisely with the lack of testing time and lack of knowledge of the route, appears during the race. In fact, the team did not really realize the aggressive wheatear conditions until was in the race. Temperatures until 40°C during the day, decreasing to ?15°C in the night, make even more complex the task to cross the driest desert in the world. Furthermore, lateral winds (between 10–14 ms) force to drive with precaution and reducing the speed to prevent any dangerous situation.
Even though the team develop an energy estimation model, the design of the car did not considerate instrumentation and telemetry systems for the energy consumptions supervision. Therefore, the accuracy of the energy estimation model presented in (3)could not be checked and was used only as an approximation.
During the fourth day of competition, the mechanical system fails due to the extensive use in aggressive environment conditions, forcing to the team to leave the competition for security reasons. However, Surya team is currently working on improved version of Surya to participate in Atacama Solar Race 2016.
Major modifications to the first model are been development to solve the problems faced in this version of the race. Some improvements are:
Increase the solar panel area.
Increase the nominal power of the electrical motor.
Incorporate instrumentation to improve the energy supervision.
Incorporate a telemetry system and develop an online interface of supervision
Develop an accurate energy estimation model incorporating radiation prediction to plan the race.
Finally, the School of Engineering of Duoc-UC has identified an important academic potential in this kind of projects. Currently, interdisciplinary courses related with the design and implementation of a solar powered car are been structured. Additionally, flexible academic grants are been develop to recognise and validate the time and dedication of the participants as credits for their careers.
Conclusions
The school of Engineering of Duoc-UC has decided to develop student technical and soft skills through the participation in solar car races. Projects as “Surya Solar Car” allows to the students connect engineering knowledge with interdisciplinary, problem-based and hand-on experiences, which lead to the formation of future professionals
committed with the usage of renewable energies and highly efficiency innovations into personal transportation.
In the first participation in Atacama Solar Race, the team managed to design and implement a low-cost prototypes powered by a combination of solar and pedal power. “Surya Solar Car” accomplished all the technical and safety inspections tests and participated in the race, which was the main purpose of the project. The next participation will be in Atacama Solar Race 2016 and the team aims to be in the top three of the category. Extensive work is already been done to develop a car more robust, efficient and lighter than the first version of “Surya”.
The School of Engineering of Duoc-UC has identified the ASR as an excellent learning platform for students. In fact, The School of Engineering of Duoc-UC is doing extensive curriculum efforts to promote the integration of problem and project based pedagogies as one of the institutional objectives, providing students with an active role in the acquisition and creation of knowledge.
中文
Duoc-UC大学首款太阳能汽车的设计与实现
Matías Díaz
摘要
近年来，太阳能汽车的拉力赛逐渐兴起，以证明零碳排放的绿色
汽车是可行的。阿塔卡马太阳能汽车竞赛就是其中之一，将使参加者穿越世界上最干旱的沙漠超过1.400公里。在此背景下，本文概述了由本科工科学生建造的太阳能和踏板动力混合动力汽车的设计和实施过程。解释了导致实现低成本原型的设计步骤，组件选择和制造过程。此外，还讨论了从首次参加会议中学到的细节和经验教训以及未来工作的计划。
关键字：太阳能汽车，阿塔卡马太阳能竞赛。
引言
太阳能汽车比赛大约在1980年开始，此后一直获得成功。诸如北美太阳能挑战赛，世界太阳能挑战赛和壳牌生态马拉松之类的竞赛是公认的竞赛，吸引了全世界的大学生团队以及损害绿色汽车和电动汽车行业发展的私营企业团队。利用世界上最干旱的阿塔卡马沙漠中强烈的太阳辐射，阿塔卡马太阳能竞赛汇集了来自世界各地的车队。今年是第三届阿塔卡马太阳能竞赛，巩固了拉丁美洲在太阳能汽车领域的首个也是唯一的拉力赛。在图中显示了比赛的路线。比赛在伊基克（Iquique）市开始，历时五天，行驶1.400公里。经过安托法加斯塔（Antofagasta），卡拉马（Calama），圣佩德罗·德·阿塔卡马（San Pedro de Atacama），托科瑙（Toconao），托科皮利亚（Tocopilla）和波佐·阿尔蒙特（Pozo Almonte）等城市。一个有趣且具有挑战性的事实是路线某些点之间的高度差。
阿塔卡马太阳能竞赛（ASR）分为两个类别。第一类称为“Desafio Solar”，由完整的太阳能汽车组成，没有限制。来自日本的Tokai和
毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日
Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system
https://www.doczj.com/doc/7818236999.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
文献信息： 文献标题：Challenges and opportunities affecting the future of human resource management（影响人力资源管理未来的挑战和机遇） 国外作者：Dianna L. Stone，Diana L. Deadrick 文献出处：《Human Resource Management Review》, 2015, 25(2):139-145 字数统计：英文3725单词，21193字符；中文6933汉字 外文文献： Challenges and opportunities affecting the future of human resource management Abstract Today, the field of Human Resource Management (HR) is experiencing numerous pressures for change. Shifts in the economy, globalization, domestic diversity, and technology have created new demands for organizations, and propelled the field in some completely new directions. However, we believe that these challenges also create numerous opportunities for HR and organizations as a whole. Thus, the primary purposes of this article are to examine some of the challenges and opportunities that should influence the future of HR. We also consider implications for future research and practice in the field. Keywords: Future of human resource management, Globalization, Knowledge economy Diversity, Technology 1.Change from a manufacturing to a service or knowledge economy One of the major challenges influencing the future of HR processes is the change from a manufacturing to a service or knowledgebased economy. This new economy is characterized by a decline in manufacturing and a growth in service or knowledge as the core of the economic base. A service economy can be defined as a system based on buying and selling of services or providing something for others (Oxford
The Competitive Dynamics in the Automotive Aftermarket: Branded Products and Private Label Products THE BUSINESS CASE Throughout the automotive aftermarket industry,senior executives are facing the reality of private brands. Similar dynamics exist outside of the automotive aftermarket and are intensifying in other sectors, such as traditional consumer goods. Also known as ―private label‖ and referred to across many consumer-oriented industries as ―store brands,‖ ―control brands‖ or ―own brands,‖ their risin g prominence has led top executives to ask: ? What issues and risks do U.S.-branded manufacturers face with respect to private brands? ? How are market forces different today than in years past? How will this landscape evolve? ? How can I better understand my operational blind spots in an increasingly competitive landscape? ? What can my management team focus on to protect and grow my brands? Where do we start? ?What are the similarities and differences between the private brand trends in the automotive aftermarket and the consumer products sector? ? What can be learned by automotive aftermarket executives from the private brand experiences in other sectors? Although answers to these questions are not simple and some market dynamics are not yet fully clear, the availability of private brands and other competitive trends are growing in the automotive aftermarket community, just as they are in many consumer product segments. One out of every three consumer products sold by one of the nation’s largest retailers is now private brand – up from one out of every five just a few years ago. With U.S. private brand sales in the grocery market surpassing well over $80 billion, for example, private brands can no longer be ignored by consumer product manufacturers. The U.S. market share of private brands in food, drug and mass merchant channels is more than 20 percent, according to industry data research firms. More than 80 percent of consumers shopping in big box, warehouse clubs and superstores frequently buy store brands and, depending on the specific product category, multiple store brands at a time. Retailers are focusing more resources on private branding to enhance margins, increase shelf velocity and expand store
On the vehicle sideslip angle estimation through neural networks: Numerical and experimental results. S. Melzi,E. Sabbioni Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 25 (2011)：14~28 电脑估计车辆侧滑角的数值和实验结果 S.梅尔兹,E.赛博毕宁 机械系统和信号处理2011年第25期：14~28
摘要 将稳定控制系统应用于差动制动内/外轮胎是现在对客车车辆的标准（电子稳定系统ESP、直接偏航力矩控制DYC）。这些系统假设将两个偏航率(通常是衡量板)和侧滑角作为控制变量。不幸的是后者的具体数值只有通过非常昂贵却不适合用于普通车辆的设备才可以实现直接被测量,因此只能估计其数值。几个州的观察家最终将适应参数的参考车辆模型作为开发的目的。然而侧滑角的估计还是一个悬而未决的问题。为了避免有关参考模型参数识别/适应的问题,本文提出了分层神经网络方法估算侧滑角。横向加速度、偏航角速率、速度和引导角,都可以作为普通传感器的输入值。人脑中的神经网络的设计和定义的策略构成训练集通过数值模拟与七分布式光纤传感器的车辆模型都已经获得了。在各种路面上神经网络性能和稳定已经通过处理实验数据获得和相应的车辆和提到几个处理演习(一步引导、电源、双车道变化等)得以证实。结果通常显示估计和测量的侧滑角之间有良好的一致性。 1 介绍 稳定控制系统可以防止车辆的旋转和漂移。实际上，在轮胎和道路之间的物理极限的附着力下驾驶汽车是一个极其困难的任务。通常大部分司机不能处理这种情况和失去控制的车辆。最近,为了提高车辆安全，稳定控制系统(ESP[1,2]; DYC[3,4])介绍了通过将差动制动/驱动扭矩应用到内/外轮胎来试图控制偏航力矩的方法。 横摆力矩控制系统（DYC）是基于偏航角速率反馈进行控制的。在这种情况下,控制系统使车辆处于由司机转向输入和车辆速度控制的期望的偏航率[3,4]。然而为了确保稳定，防止特别是在低摩擦路面上的车辆侧滑角变得太大是必要的[1,2]。事实上由于非线性回旋力和轮胎滑移角之间的关系，转向角的变化几乎不改变偏航力矩。因此两个偏航率和侧滑角的实现需要一个有效的稳定控制系统[1,2]。不幸的是,能直接测量的侧滑角只能用特殊设备(光学传感器或GPS惯性传感器的组合)，现在这种设备非常昂贵,不适合在普通汽车上实现。因此, 必须在实时测量的基础上进行侧滑角估计，具体是测量横向/纵向加速度、角速度、引导角度和车轮角速度来估计车辆速度。 在主要是基于状态观测器/卡尔曼滤波器(5、6)的文学资料里, 提出了几个侧滑角估计策略。因为国家观察员都基于一个参考车辆模型,他们只有准确已知模型参数的情况下，才可以提供一个令人满意的估计。根据这种观点,轮胎特性尤其关键取决于附着条件、温度、磨损等特点。 轮胎转弯刚度的提出就是为了克服这些困难,适应观察员能够提供一个同步估计的侧滑角和附着条件[7,8]。这种方法的弊端是一个更复杂的布局的估计量导致需要很高的计算工作量。 另一种方法可由代表神经网络由于其承受能力模型非线性系统，这样不需要一个参
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
XXX学院 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院：计算机与软件工程学院 专业：计算机科学技术(软件工程方向) 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：GoyKakus.THE RESEARCH OFCUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT STRATEGY [J]. International Journal of Management Research & Review, 2017, 1(9): 624-635. 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 客户关系管理战略研究 Goy Kakus 摘要 客户关系管理解决方案，通过为你提供客户业务数据来帮助你提供客户想要的服务或产品,提供更好的客户服务、交叉销售和更有效的销售,达成交易,保留现有客户并更好地理解你的客户是谁。本文探讨了客户关系管理模型在获得、保持与发展策略方面的优势。然而,我们对其定义和意义还存在一些困惑。本文通过考察关系营销和其他学科方面的相关文献，解释了客户关系管理的概念基础,从而对客户关系管理的知识作出了贡献。 关键词:客户关系管理模型, 客户关系管理的博弈改变者与关键策略 引言 CRM 是客户关系管理的简称。它的特征在于公司与客户的沟通,无论是销售还是服务相关的。客户关系管理这一术语经常用来解释企业客户关系,客户关系管理系统也以同样的方式被用来处理商业联系, 赢得客户,达成合同和赢得销售。 客户关系管理通常被考虑作为一个业务策略，从而使企业能够: *了解客户 *通过更好的客户体验留住客户 *吸引新客户 *赢得新客户和达成合同 *提高盈利 *减少客户管理成本 *通过服务台等工具软件,电子邮件组织者和不同类型的企业应用程序，企业业务经常寻求个性化的在线体验。 设计精良的客户关系管理包括以下特征: 1．客户关系管理是一种以顾客为中心并以客户投入为基础的服务响应，一对一的解决客户的必需品, 买家和卖家服务中心直接在线互动,帮助客户解决他
The development of automobile As the world energy crisis and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy in one day someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not inresources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications the application of the electronic device cars and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance but also improve the automobile fuel economy performance reliability and emission spurification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system electronic control ignition system electronic control automatic transmission electronic control ABS/ASR control system electronic control suspension system electronic control power steering system vehicle dynamic control system the airbag systems active belt system electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response the use function of quick car high reliability guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example automatic transmission in road can not on the clutch can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter gear transmission pump hydraulic control system electronic control system and oil cooling system etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car car motions of state and optimum control performance and increased automobile adhesion controlling and stability. Besides these appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passengers safety and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer to protect the safety of life. Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities
附录 Modern car’s design always stresses people-oriented, so safety, comfort, Environmental protection and energy saving have been the design theme And target in car design. Ergonomics layout design is not only relate to the effective use of internal space and improve car’s comfort and safety Performance, but it will also impact internal and external modeling results, and further affects the vehicle's overall performance and marketability.Soergonomics’application and research during car design and development process occupy an important position.After more than 50 years of construction and development, China’s Automobile industry has become the leading power of automobile production and consumption in the world. In particular, with the rise and rapid de velopment of independent brand’s vehicles, we pay more attention To the development processes and the technical requirements of hard Points’ layout. Through the three typical processes such as modern vehicle developing Process, body development process and using ergonomic to progress Inner auto-body layout, describe ergonomic layoationship between design, Aunt design in which stage of the process of vehicle development, the red The importance of working steps. The automobile body total arrangement is the automobile design most initial is also the most essential step, is other design stage premise and the foundation, to a great extent is deciding the body design success or failure. Picks generally in the actual design process With by forward and reverse two design method (1) to design (from inside to outside law) to design method namely "humanist", is coming based on the human body arrangement tool to define the pilot and the crew member gradually rides the space and the vehicle comes to pay tribute each article the arrangement, take satisfies the human body to ride with the driving comfortableness as the premise, said simply is determined first satisfies the human body to ride under the comfortable premise, carries on the indoor arrangement first, then carries on the complete bikes external styling design again. The concrete method and the step are as follows: ①Determine 5% and 95% manikin H position and the chair by the SAE recommendation's enjoyable line or the region law adjustment traveling schedule, seat
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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