第七章之正译与反译affirmation and affirmtion 英语中含有no, not, never及否定前缀non-, un-, im-, in-, ir-和否定后缀-less等成分的词句和汉语中含有不、没、无、未、别、休、莫、非、毋、勿等成分的词句，都称为否定说法，简称反说；相反，没有这些成分的简称正说。原则上说，英语中的正说正好可以译成汉语中的正说，反说也是如此。
*但在实践中，两者的正反表达方式有时不能吻合，必需进行正反转换，即将正说处理为反说，将反说处理为正说。
In the English language, negation usually fall into the following categories:
A.full negation: no, not, none, neither, nor never, nothing, nobody, nowhere
B.semi negation: hardly, scarcely, seldom, barely, few, little
C.partial negation:not every,/all/both/much/many/always
D.words with negative implification: some verbs like avoid, cease, deny, fail, hate, ignore/neglect/ overlook, miss, , pass, prevent, stop, refrain and refuse; some nouns like absence, aversion/dislike, failure, refusal, some adjectives like absent, far(from), free(from), little; some advs like out, too(…to)之类的副词，some prepositions like without, above, beyond,except, instead of, rather than and other than; some conjunctions like before,until, unless, lest.
1.正说转反说。
讲解：1)frost-free refrigerator 无霜冰箱; 2)Freeze! 别动！ 3)Wet paint!油漆未干！
1) A pollution free car 无污染的车
2) Keep off the lawn! 请勿践踏草坪！
3) No pains , no gains.
4) We’ll be there in no time.
5) I hate to see animals in cages我不喜欢看到动物关在笼子里。
6) And may trouble avoid you wherever you go!但愿你上哪儿都不会
遇到麻烦。
7) I tried in vain to persuade him to give up that idea.我想劝他放弃那
个念头，但失败了
8) True , reading is far from the only source of knowledge.的确，阅读
远非知识的唯一来源。
学生：
.1 动词的正说反译
1）She failed to perceived the difference.她看不出有什么不同的地方。2）Stop behaving like a fool.别像个傻瓜似的。
3）Father’s attitude toward anybody who wasn’t his kind used to puzzle me.
以前我总不懂父亲为什麽对那些脾气和他不一样的人采取那麽个态度。
4）As a result, many people avoided the very attempts that are the source of true happiness. 结果，很多人没有尝试，而这些尝试正是幸福的源泉。（正---反译）
.2 名词的正说反译
1) They could accept this suggestion with dignity. 他们可以不失面子
地接受这个建议。
2) He went to an outdoor phone booth and dialed Chicago, then New
York, then San Francisco.
Silence. Science. Science.
他去了一个户外公用电话亭，先给又给打了电话。没有回音，没有回音，还是没有回音。
3) Behave yourself during my absence. 译文：我不在时要规
矩点。
1.3介词的正说反译
1)That ancient vase is above price.那个古花瓶是无价之宝。
2) His answer is beside the mark. 译文：他的回答文不对题。
3）It is beyond his power to preside over such an important meeting. 主持这样重要的会议是她力所不能及的
4）They were of course all intending to be surprised; but their astonishment was beyond their expectation…
当然大家都作好了惊讶的准备，但却没料到会惊讶到这个地步
5) The above facts insist on the following conclusions .上述事实使人们不能不得出以下结论。
1.4形容词及形容词词组的正说反译
1) He felt ill at ease. 他感到不自在。
2）The light in the classroom is poor. 译文：教室里的光线不足。
3）A t present it is generally accepted, although more as a self-evident statement than on the base of a closely-reasoned scientific proof.
目前，这个观点已被普遍接受，虽然它是不言而喻的，并不是根据科学严密推理而证明的。4）Because our lives are confined by my modest salary, the surface of Ethel’s life is easy to describe.
由于我的工资不高，我们的日子过得处处受制，因此的生活的外表也就很容易勾画出来。
5）As he sipped his coffee, he opened a still damp morning paper and began reading.
他一面喝咖啡，一面翻开油墨未干的晨报，看了起来。
6）Each nation has the right to determine its own form of government, free of outside interference or domination. 每个国家都有权决定自己的政府形式，而不受外来的干涉
7)The naughty boy is far from honest and his excuse is pretty thin.
这个调皮的男孩很不老实，他的借口一点也站不住脚。
8） The islanders found themselves far from ready to fight the war. 岛民发现自己远远没有做好作战准备。
1.4连词的正说反译
1） The soldiers would fight to death before they surrendered. 译文：战士们宁愿战死也决不投降。 连接词
2) She won’t go away until you promise to help her .她要等你答应帮助以后才肯走
3)Until recently, scientists have been unable to devise a drill which would be capable of cutting through hard rock at great depths.
科学家到目前才设计出一种能穿透坚硬岩石的钻机，达到地壳的深处。问题现在已经解决了。
1.5 某些特殊词组、习惯用法
1）He is anything but a writer. 他决不是一个作家。
2） The decision has to come. 决定尚未作出。
*有时, 英文中正说的句子可以处理为正说、反说都可以，但处理成反说可能更自然、更顺畅。
I knew her before I ever met your mother.我没遇见你妈妈之前就认识她了。
2.反说转正说: *在英语中一些表否定的概念的词语,在翻译时根据汉
语的行文习惯, 转换成肯定的说法.（以下句子在形式上是否定
的，但在意义上却是肯定的。在翻译时，只有转换成肯定句，
才能准确的表达原文的意思。）
no smoking 严禁吸烟
2.1 动词及短语反说正译
1）The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanations. 虽经他一再解释，疑团仍然存在
2）The examination left no doubt that the patient had died of cancer. 调查结果清楚的说明病人死于癌症
2.2副词反说正译
1）It is the only possession that I have not given up. 这是我所保留的唯一财产。
2.3形容词及其短语反说正译
1）He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious（反复无常的）. 他这个人优柔寡断，而且总是反复无常。
2.4介词及其短语反说正译
1)The whole gun was no longer than eight inches. 整枝枪的长度只有8英寸。
2）The problem is not beyond our reach. 这个问题我们能解决。
3）Ecotourism has both the potential to change the way we view travel and to provide the means to care for our diverse and rich resources. Western society ( about 1.2 billion people ) cannot bring the remaining 5.1billion people in less developed countries up to the Western consumptive “standard of living ” without exhausting the earth’s resources. 生态旅游既可能改变我们对旅游的看法，也为保护丰富多样的资源提供了手段。西方社会约有１２亿人口(分译)，要让欠发达国家的５１亿人口都达到西方消耗型的“生活标准”，必然会把地球的资源消耗殆尽。（ 不可能不把资源耗尽）
2.5 名词反说正译
1）He showed a strong dislike for father’s business. 他对他父亲的生意表现出强烈的厌恶。
2）he came back with no hope on his face.他满脸绝望地回来了
2.6习惯用法： no…less than, no…more than,“和……一样”
1）I couldn’t agree more.我完全同意。
2）You can’t be too careful.你要特别小心。
3）Violent video games appeared no more likely to cause loss of temper than other forms of play. 译文：含有暴力内容的电子游戏和其他形式的游戏一样，似乎都不大可能使人受挫发火。
５）the lion is no less cruel than the tiger.狮子与老虎一样残忍
６）there is nothing in his house but bare walls他家徒四壁
7)Ecotourism is really nothing more than the application of this philosophy to the self-enriching discovery made possible through travel. 生态旅游其实也就是将这种哲学思想应用于自我充实的探索发现中，而后者正是通过旅游来实现的。
3.double negation
1)There can be no sunshine without shadow 有阳光就有阴影。
2)He is not unequal to the duty .他并非不称职。
3)It was a very discreet flat and not unsuitable for a lonely man.这套房间为孤单人考虑得十分周到，真适合他们居住。
4) He is nothing if not a scoundrel.他简直是个十足的流氓
5)Not for nothing does a weasel come to a chicken and give New Year greetings.黄鼠狼给小鸡拜年一定有目的。
6）Not a day passes without shooting and bombardments between those two countries. 两国间每天都有枪击炮轰。
7）Mark Twain was so impressed that he said of Montreal “ you can’t throw a brick without hitting a church.”蒙特利尔随处可见的教堂给马克图温留下了深刻的印象。他甚至说道：“”你随便扔一块石头，就一定会砸到一座教堂。
释义
1) This man is the black sheep of the family这个人是家庭中的害群之马
2)I have let my cat out of the bag already, and I might as well tell the whole thing now.我已经泄露了秘密，我干脆把全部情况都告诉你吧。
3)Grammar may be her heel of Achilles.语法是她的一个致命弱点
4)You’d better pull up your socks next term.下个学期你最好加把油
5) Our son must go to school. He must break out of the pot that holds us in.
我们的儿子一定得上学，一定要出人头地。
6）Similarly, expensive cell phones are offered as freebies to gain contracts for phone services.同样，昂贵的手机也可以作为馈赠物品来获取电话服务业务。
7）Early Reagan was a mirror image of early Carter. 里根上台时在做法上与执政初期的卡特毫无二致。
8）The study had a Spartan look 这间书房有一种简朴的景象
9)with a television and magazine ad campaign launched last year, the company is targeting baby-boomers, especially women. 该公司去年在电视和杂志上发动了一场广告战，如今又将（促销活动）的目标对准青年一代，尤其是对准年轻女性。[高峰时期出生的一代人）
10）Putting myself in his shoes, I realized that someday they might pinch my feet, I ,too, could become dependent the kindness of strangers.我设身处地地想一想，意识到有一天自己也会出于同样的境地，也会依赖陌生人的善意。
11) My knuckles whitened from my tense grip on the steering wheel,我紧紧地握着方向盘，指关节绷得没有了血色。
12)Mr. Kingsley and his Red Brick boys will have to look to their laurels.金斯利先生和他那些二流大学的学生们得小心翼翼地保持已经取得的荣誉。
Laurels means sth that one has achieved already
注解：Red Brick 又称Red Brick universities, 指英国除牛津、剑桥大学（它们的建筑均为古色古香的石块砌成）以外的其他地方性二流大
学/local universities（其建筑主要是由红专砌成的，因而得名）
13)It’s not easy to become a member of that club — they want people
who have plenty of money to spend, not just every Tom, Dick, and Hary.要参加那个俱乐部并非易事— 他们是吸收手头阔绰的人，而不是普通老百姓。
注解：Tom, Dick, and Hary 是英美常见的名字，相当于汉语的张三，李四和王五。另外，还有Tony and George也较常见。
第七章课后答案翻译 1．a,在纽约买IBM公司的股票同时在NYSE卖出，你将获得每股2美圆的套利 b,经过一段时间后，两地价格将会相等。 c,假定购买股票的成本为每笔交易额的1%，就将会有一个2%的差异，在这个事例中大概有0。70美圆 2．a,这是违背一价定理的，这是因为在一个洲有强加的销售税，而另一个州却没有，不合法的套利行为将发生，违法者将在免税的州买进大量的酒，而在有征税的州卖出，却不付税 b,很有可能酒店将开在免税的州并且靠近有征税的州的边境上，居名将会在免税的商店买酒，有征税的州的商店将会没有生意 3． a、由于1盎司黄金值$100和DM155，所以1马克应该价值100/155=$0.645。 b、市场价格比其应该的价格要便宜，用美元兑换成马克，再用马克购买黄金，最后再用黄金换回美元。 例如： 1）开始你有1百万美元，那时你所能筹集到的最多的资金来进行三角套利。 2）用这1百万美元购买1666667马克 3）再用马克购买10752.69盎司黄金 4）把黄金兑换成1075269美元 从而你能得到75269美元 4、 5、 美元英镑德国马克日元 美元$1$1.50$.5$.01 英镑￡0.671= .67 / 2= .67 / 100 德国马克DM2.0= 2 / .671= 2 / 100 = 100 / 21 日元￥100= 100 / .67 美元英镑德国马克日元 美元$1$1.50$.5$.01
英镑￡0.67￡1￡.33￡.0067 德国马克DM2.0DM3.0DM1.0DM.02 日元￥100￥150￥50￥1 ６， a， 你应该尽量找一些最近所销售的可比房屋的信息和情况，如果你能说服税务所，你的房屋与最近销售的房屋是可比较的，而最近 所销售的可比房屋的市价低于$525,000，你就会得到一个好的评 估结果。你可以从房地产经纪人那里得到你想要的信息。 b， 你房子的估价和你隔壁公寓的市价差额是$35,000 ($525,000 -$490,000)。如果你能说服税务所，隔壁公寓所缺少的卧室的市 价少于$35,000，税务所就会同意你的观点，你的房子的估价应 该少于$525,000。举个例子，如果一个可比房屋的销售曲线图显 示，增加一间房间（或其他类似的东西）的市价是$10,000，你 就可以说，你的房子的估价应该是$500,000而不是$525,000。7， 可能的原因是： ITT公司的风险高于标准普尔500，也许它本身就是个高风险行业，或者有更高的负债率。 ITT公司所公布的销售额比它们预期的还高。或者他们使用了特殊的会计准则，导致通货膨胀（或许通胀是因为ITT的新算法。） 8， 很合理地，你的P/E为11 (= (8 + 14) / 2)，（申请一个 P/E of 11x 盈利 (= (8 + 14) / 2)），因为你的负债权益比刚好在这两个公司之间。所以，你的公司每股价值是11x $2.00 = $22.00。 9 a，销售额的倍数 0.8 x = $12000000 x 0.8 = $9600000 净收入的倍数 12 x = $1000000 x 12 = $12000000 帐面价值的倍数 0.9 x = $10500000 x 0 .9 = $9450000 公司的价值区间应该是 9000000 到 12000000 b，比区间的最大值还多 10．投资者有可能相信没有这个糟糕的CEO公司的未来预期会更好（比
一．一．用反面表达法处理下列各句中的斜体动词： 1. 1.The ache that had persisted in his chest had turned to severe pain. 2. 2.“If we lose our lives, then you’ll lose yours!” she said with a laugh. 3. 3.If he had kept his temper, the negotiation would probably have been a success. 4. 4.The two teams tied. 二．二．用反面表达法处理下列各句中的斜形容词： 1. 1.Appearances are deceptive. 2. 2.The teacher found some of the pupils absent. 3. 3.Her face had a strange, lost look. 4. 4.I’m terribly sorry to have given you such a lot of trouble. 三．三．用反面表达法处理下列各句中的斜前置词： 1. 1.But that’s very extraordinary. It seems against nature. 2. 2.Never mind, we can manage without help. 3. 3.His answer is beside the mark. 4. 4.Under fifty people were there. 四．四．用反面表达法处理下列各句中的斜体名词： 1. 1.Her abstraction was not because of the tea party. 2. 2.He did not want to hurt her, but an itch to dominate push him on to say… 3. 3.Silence reigned all over for a while. 五．五．用反面表达法处理下列各句中的斜体副词： 1. 1.He said idly,“Well, what does it matter?” 2. 2.They resumed their seats moodily. 3. 3.She always seemed too busy in the house. 4. 4.Slowly he pulled the letter out of the envelope, and unfolded it. 六．六．用反面表达法处理下列各句中的斜体连接词： 1. 1.The stranger had already gone before he hurried to the hotel. 2. 2.She couldn’t sit still till her native country was free. 3. 3.They would rather have the blue one than the green one. 4. 4.You will fail unless you work harder. 七．七．用反面表达法处理下列各句中的斜体短语： 1. 1.You should seize the opportune moment to put in a word for me. 2. 2.The news of the assassination of President Lincoln spread like wild fire. 3. 3.The pioneers made light of difficulties and dangers. 4. 4.Miss Firelie kept to her room all day. 八．八．用反面表达法处理下列各句中的斜体从句或句子： 1. 1.As was expected, the enemy walked right into the trap. 2. 2.It had been six or seven hours since I had had anything to eat, drink or smoke. 3. 3.Mr. Will was a short and skinny white man with dark hair and gray eyes, a smile that seemed to be frozen on his face and everybody knew it was anything else but a genuine smile. 九. 试译下列各句，用正面表达法处理斜体部分： 1. For him the wheel of slumber was wont to turn noiseless and slick and swift. 2. Generally she accepted the family life in all its crowded inadequacy. 3. Jim was no end upset because he couldn’t go swimming. 4. Sir Percival’s spies were not going to lose sight of me.
谈英汉翻译技巧中的增补与省略 【摘要】增补法是英汉翻译中常用的方法之一。所谓增补，就是为了使译文准确和符合汉语习惯，译者应该添加必要的词句。所谓省略法，就是将不必译的冠词、物主代词、连系动词等省略不译。 【关键词】翻译技巧增补法省略法 英汉翻译是英语学习中最基本的技能之一，在今天的飞速发展的世界中越来越显示出它的重要性。一篇好的译文应该是既忠实于原文，又符合汉语的用法习惯，并且在内容与形式上与原文达到辩证的统一。忠实于原文是翻译中最重要的一点。但由于英汉两种语言的巨大差异，“忠实”的涵义并不是逐字逐句地照搬原文，而是“忠实地表达”原作者的思想，准确地理解和恰当地表现原文。因此，译者必须在理解原文的基础上，运用恰当的翻译技巧，将原文译出。 英汉翻译技巧一般来说有8种，即“分清主从”，“选词用字”，“增补法”，“省略法”，“词性转换”，“词序调整”，“正说反译和反说正译”以及“长句拆译”。本文侧重谈谈英汉翻译技巧中的增补与省略这两种方法。 1.增补法 增补法是英汉翻译中常用的方法之一。增补不是给原文增加某些内容，而只是翻译中的一个必要的规则。它实际上主张，为了使译文准确和符合汉语习惯，译者应该添加必要的词句。增补法在下面几种情况下经常使用： A.当某些词在英语的句子中被省略时 例如：We can get rid of a bad style and keep the good. 虽然，在good 一词后省略了style. 这句可译成：我们能够去掉不良作风，保持优良作风。 He majors in English and l in French. 在I 后面省略了动词major. 这句应译成：他主修英语，我主修法语。 在这类句子中，原文省略的部分应在译文中写出来。 B. 当英文中用代词来避免重复时
1. If the weather holds a couple of days, we can start the operation. 2. The company denied the individual investors a seat on the board. 1. The new entries point to more than just the effects of technology on the English language. 2. He dived into the water fully clothed and rescued the children． 1. Other research also implicates the better- educated as more mendacious. 2. The two sides said they kept mum over the deal because it was scandalous. 1. Effective marketing requires a consumer orientation instead of a product orientation. 2. The man who is above his business may on day find his business above him. 1．Before I could say “thank you”，the postman had disappeared around the corner． 2. It’s more than I can describe. 1. At first, he was a total stranger in this city. 2. His exclusion from the tennis club hurt him very much. 1．I’ll chase you down and bring you under, you’ll see! 2．So cheer up, Captain; and buy a flower off a poor girl. 1．One day Mr. Poldero said to his manager, Mr. Ramkin, “How long since any fool paid to look at the phoenix?” 2. If your mother is still offering maxims for your life, try to resist the temptation to reject them automatically. 1．The performance of this organization has not, so far, justified the hopes which we set on it. 2．At the same time, even as she untied the package, the thought came to her—supposing it would not work? 1．She came very unwillingly． 2．Everyone felt nervous that afternoon and they all went about their work in an unusually careful manner. 1．It was quite uncommon for a woman with children to enter or re-enter college. 2. Yesterday the President gave an unprepared speech before a big audience. 1. The illiteracy rate declined from 30．4 percent in 1910 to 22．9 percent in 1920． 2．His speech leaves nothing to be desired. 1．Make no mistakes: out economic development is critical to our future. 2．An opportunity is not likely to repeat itself 1．Evidently he had the first quality of an angler, which is not to measure the pleasure by the catch. 2. Nothing is more deceitful than the appearance of humility.
正反译法练习之一 1.The newspaper accounts are far from being true. 报纸上的报道一点儿也不真实。 2.Mr. Thompson was above reproach. 汤姆森先生的行为是无可非议的。 3.Keep dry and the top side up! 请勿倒立，防止受潮！ 4.Such a chance was denied to me. 这个机会跟我无缘。 5.All are not thieves that dogs bark at. 被狗叫的人不一定都是贼。（犬之所吠，并非皆贼） 6.He kept himself apart from the other children. 他和其他孩子保持距离，一个人待着。 7.No deposit will be refunded unless ticket produced. 如果不出示票据，押金是不会返还的。 8.他决不会说出这样的话. He should never have dreamt of saying such a thing. 9.她抱怨名单上没有她的名字． She complained about her name should be on the list. 10.他尽力克服技术资料的不足． He tried his best to overcome the lack of technical data. 11.在收据尚未签字以前不得付款. Don’t pay unless the receipt was signed. 12.他上火车站去接他的朋友，可是在人群中没见到他。（miss） He goes to the railway station to meet a friend, but he missed his friend in the crowd. 13.他直到三年级才认识到广泛阅读的重要性。（not…until） He did not realized the importance of the wider reading until three grade. 14.我警告过你，不要跟陌生人谈论我的事。（warn against） I have warned you against talking about me with strangers.
英汉翻译的基本方法和技巧 翻译是信息交流过程中极其复杂的社会心理现象。语言知识是翻译的基础。此外，翻译还涉及到推理、判断、分析和综合等复杂的心理认识过程。翻译的方法和技巧是翻译工作者在长期的实践中根据两种语言的特点总结归纳出来的一般规律。这些规律可以指导我们的翻译实践，使我们能更自觉、更灵活地处理翻译过程中所遇到的各种语言现象。下面就英译汉中的一些方法和技巧结合翻译实例作一概述。 1.词义的选择 ? 一词多义和一词多类是英汉两种语言都有的一种语言现象。因此，在平日的翻译练习和测试中，我们在弄清原文句子结构后，务必注意选择和确定句中关键词的词类和词义，以保证译文的质量。通常可从以下三个方面来考虑词义选择： 1)根据词在句中的词类来选择词义 例如：Censorship is for the good of society as a whole. Like the law, it contributes to the common good. ［译文］：审查是为了整个社会的利益。它像法律一样维护公众利益。 ［注释］：本句中like作介词，意为"像……一样"。但like作动词用，则意为"喜欢；想要"。例如：He likes films with happy endings. (他喜欢结局好的电影。)又如：Would you like to leave a message (你要不要留个话儿)此外，like还可以作形容词用，意为"相同的"，如：Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.(电荷同性相斥，异性相吸。) 2)根据上下文和词在句中的搭配关系选择词义 例1According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. ［译文］：新学派的科学家们认为，技术在扩大科学知识范围过程中是一种被忽视的力量。 ［注释］：school一词常被误译为"学校"，其实，school还有一个词义"学派"。可见，正确选择词义对译文质量有重要影响，而文章的上下文和逻辑联系是翻译中选择词义的重要依据。 例2Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a "valid" or "fair" comparison. ［译文］：既然对智力的评估是比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度要能提供"有效的"和"公平的"比较。
【翻译技巧】英语笔译技法——正反译法 由于国家、历史、地理、社会文化背景和生活习性的不同，汉英两种语言在表达正说和反说时有很大差异，尤其英语在否定意义的表达上更为复杂，有时形式否定而实质肯定，或形式肯定而实质否定。在两种语言互译时，原文中正说的句子可能不得不处理成反说，或是用反说表达更为合适。反之亦然。翻译中，这种把正说处理成反说、把反说处理成正说的译法，就称为正反译法。 正反译法是翻译技巧中的一个重要方法，属于引申和修辞范围。 笼统的说，英语句子中含有“never”、“no”、“not”、“un-”、“im-”、“in-”、“ir-”、“-less”等否定词以及否定前缀或后缀的单词，以及汉语句子中含有“不”、“没”、“无”、“未”、“甭”、“别”、“休”、“莫”、“非”、“勿”、“毋”等否定词的即为反说，不含有这些否定词的即为正说。 但实际操作时，正说和反说的界限又变得极为模糊，例如“correct”可以翻译成“正确”（正说），也可以翻译成“没有毛病”（反说）。因此，到底译文要采用正说还是反说，就完全要看译文语言的惯用表达和上下文的语气语态了。 在正反译法中，英译汉正转反（正说反译法）和汉译英反转正（反说正译法）是最为重要的两种正反译法。 英译汉正转反 英语中有些否定概念是通过含有否定意义或近似否定意义的词来表达的，虽然形式是肯定的，但这类词大多是某些肯定词所引申或变化出来的反义词，或经过长期历史演变而引申出其他否定词义，即所谓的“含蓄否定词”或“暗指否定词”，这类词在译成汉语时，需要变成汉语的否定词组，必要时还需要作词类转换。 1、名词 —含蓄否定名词主要有：shortness / shortage（不够；不足）、lack（缺乏；没有）、absence （不在）、failure（未能；不成功）、defiance（不顾；无视）、denial（否认；否定）、exclusion （排除）、freedom（不；免除）、refusal（不愿；不允许）、loss（失去）等。 Shortness of time has required the omission of some states. 由于时间不够，没能访问那些国家。 Behave yourself during my absence. 我不在时要规矩点。 We were perplexed by his failure to answer the letter. 他何以不回信，我们大惑不解。 2、动词或动词短语 —英语中常见的含蓄否定动词包括：refuse（不愿；不肯；无法）、lack（缺乏；没有）、defy（不服从；不遵守；不让）、forbid（不许）、stop（不准；别）、ignore（不理；不肯考虑；无视；不顾）、hate（不愿意）、miss（没听清楚；没赶上）等。
Review 1.The last person to be speaking about terrorism is the representative of country A. 最没有资格谈论恐怖主义问题的人就是A国的代表。 2.What, if any, effect do you feel the imports of Canadian gas will have on the American producer? 你觉得进口加拿大的天然气对美国生产者可能产生什么影响吗？ 3.他是一位中国现代优秀作家 He is an outstanding contemporary Chinese writer. [误译分析] 【原文】 The roofs loomed in front of them with starting clarity. 暗礁在他们面前令人吃惊地清楚，时隐时现。 【改译】暗礁在他们面前隐隐呈现，看得越清楚就越感到毛骨悚然 英语句子经常使用连词、关系代词、关系副词、短语中又包括介词短语、动名词短语、分词短语、不定式短语等，汉语如果照译，读者可能不知所云。按照汉语习惯，可将这些英语特有的结构转译为短句。例如： 1.The idea of a fish being able to generate electricity strong enough to light small bulbs, even to run an electric motor, is almost unbelievable. 鱼能发电，其强度足以点亮小灯泡，甚至能开动马达，这简直是令人难以置信 的。 2.Flooded with calls, the company is maximizing profits by handling in-city runs. 要车的人太多了，公司便只接来往于市区的生意，这样好多多赚钱。 【翻译技巧】转句译法 Conversion of words or phrases into sentences 有些词和各种短语所含的语义是相当的丰富，但是单靠换序、转性等方法还是 不能表达原文的真实含义，而要把原文的内容连词形式一起翻译成汉语几乎不 可能的，因此，不得不把这些词、词组转译成句子，称为转句译法。 1.Pressure of work has somewhat delayed my answer. 由于工作很忙，答复稍迟了一些。（主语转句） 2.Another hour’s ride will bring us to the village.
Put the following sentences into Chinese, using the technique of omission. 1.If you give him an inch, he will take a mile. 2.These developing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population and abound in natural resources. 3.Winter is the best time to study the growth of trees. Although the leaves are gone and the branches are bare, the trees themselves are beautiful. 4.It is not entirely right to say that if there is food, let everyone share it. 5. 6.Scientific exploration, the search for knowledge, has given man the practical result of being able to shield himself from the calamities of nature and the calamities imposed by others. 7. 8.There was no haste or restlessness in his manner but a poised friendliness. 9. 10.N ever trouble yourself with trouble till trouble troubles you. 11.T he true joy of joys is joy that joys in the joy of others. 12.F or generations, coal and oil have been regarded as the chief energy source to transport man from place to place.
英译汉中的反译法 在英译汉过程中，我们常常遇到这样一种情况，即原词所表达的并不是其字面意义，而是其字面意义的反义，或者说是对其字面意义的否定，可这种否定又往往不出现否定词，这种情况并不很少，给翻译工作带来很大的麻烦。 下面是常见的两个词组，请注意它们的汉语意思： ①riot police防暴警察（即anti-riot police，而不是暴乱的警察） ②crisis law反危机法案（即anti-crisis law) 这两个词组的翻译采用的就是反译法，译文都是其字面意辽的否定或反义，这样既表达了原文的真正含义，又符合汉语的表达习惯，使人一看就懂。 另外，英文报刊文章标题的翻译有时也采用反译法。如《中国日报》China Daily）1995年1月16日头版刊登一则新闻，题目是Inflation is target of bank’s new policy，主要说的是银行在1995年将来取有力措施制止通货膨胀。但题目的字面意思恰恰相反。因此我们在翻译时必须把inflation看成是anti-inflation，使之文题一致。这样的标题在英文报刊中比较常见，目的是为简练及醒目，我们在翻译时要格外注意，切勿望文生义。 再让我们来看看下面的例子： （1）Sidney Simon called the college grading system“archaic，prescientific，bureaucratic invention，"，and“about as accurate as police estimates of crowds of peace marches.” 如果按字面翻译，这句话是这样的： 西德尼·西蒙称这种大学评级制度“是过时的，缺乏科学验证”，而且还是“官僚主义的产物”而且“简直同警察估计和平示威人数一样准确。” 既然前面已说了这个评级制度“过时无用，缺乏科学验证”，而且还是“官僚主义的产物”，后面又怎么能说它“准确”呢？这显然自相矛盾，西蒙所表达的真正含义绝非如此。 以上译文，忽略了说话人的语气。其实，西蒙是在抨击大学评级制度。他说话时，前面直接用了archaic，prescientific和bureaucratic几个贬义词，而后面的褒义词accurate实际上是一个反语。因为我们知道，警察在估计示威人数时只能说出大概，往往和实际人数出入很大，极不准确。所以说话人所表达的真正含义是not accurate，或inaccurate。这样，可理解成about as inaccurate，as police estimates of crowds of peace marches，译成汉语就是：“简直同警察估计和平示威人数一样不准确。”也就是把accurate反过来译，即反译。 以上例句是通过分析说话人的语气来采用反译法正确表达语义的。有的句子前面所表达的意思是否定的，但根据这个意思得出来的结论却是肯定的。为了使其真正含义不至于前后矛盾，我们也采取反译后面结论的方法。
本次翻译由【谭扬】一人独立完成，考虑到很多人应该没有翻译，所以提供大家共享哈哈~~ 注：红色部分为翻译不出或者有问题等。 In a 500mL modified Claisen flask are placed 250g (4 moles) of ammonium formate, 150 g. (1.25 moles) of acetophenone, and a few chips of porous plate. 在一个500mL的改良克氏烧瓶中加入250g（4moles）的甲酸铵和150g（1.25moles）的乙酰苯以及几片多孔板。 The flask is fitted with a cork carrying a thermometer extending nearly to the bottom, and the side arm is connected to a small condenser set for distillation. 烧瓶口装有携带温度计的软木塞延伸近烧瓶底部，在其侧壁连接有一个蒸馏用的小型冷凝器。 On heating the flask with a small flame the mixture first melts to two layers and distillation occurs; at 150–155° it becomes homogeneous and reaction takes place with moderate foaming. 当用小火加热烧瓶时，先将混合物融化并分成两层随即开始蒸馏；当温度达到150-155°时，液体将均匀混合并发生反应伴有温和发泡。 The heating is continued, more slowly if necessary, until the temperature reaches 185°. 持续加热，若有必要可以更加缓慢，直到温度达到185°。 During this process water, acetophenone, and ammonium carbonate distil; about three hours is required and little attention is necessary（这一句没搞懂）. 在这个过程中，水、乙酰苯、和碳酸铵被蒸出；大约须要三小时并且要注重细节。 At 185° the heating is stopped and the upper layer of acetophenone is separated from the distillate and returned, without drying, to the reaction flask. 在185°时停止加热，上层的苯乙酮馏分被分离并未经干燥返回烧瓶中。 The mixture is then heated for three hours at 180–185°. 然后在180-185°加热混合物3小时。 The distillate is extracted with 25–30mL of benzene to recover acetophenone, and the aqueous portion is discarded. 蒸馏物与25-30mL的苯反应恢复成苯乙酮，而水层被丢弃。 The reaction mixture is cooled and then shaken in a 500mL separatory funnel with 150–200mL of water to remove ammonium formate and formamide. 反应混合物冷却之后与150-200mL的水在一个500mL的分液漏斗中震荡除去氨甲酸和甲酰胺。 The crude α-phenylethylformamide is drawn off into the original flask, and the water layer is extracted with two 30mL portions of benzene and discarded. 粗品苯基乙基甲酰胺抽出到原烧瓶中，水提取层和两份30mL苯合并后丢弃。 The benzene extracts are united with the main portion, and 150 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid is added, together with a few pieces of porous plate.
译国译民 专心翻译 做到极致 常用十大翻译技巧之五：正反译法 正译法和反译法： 这两种方法通常用于汉译英，偶尔也用于英译汉。所谓正译，是指把句子按照与汉语相同的语序或表达方式译成英语。所谓反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式译成英语。正译与反译常常具有同义的效果，但反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯。因此比较地道。如： （1） 在美国，人人都能买到枪。 In the United States, everyone can buy a gun. (正译) In the United States, guns are available to everyone. (反译) （2） 你可以从因特网上获得这一信息。 You can obtain this information on the Internet. （正译） This information is accessible/available on the Internet. （反译） （3） 他突然想到了一个新主意。 Suddenly he had a new idea. (正译) He suddenly thought out a new idea. (正译) A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him. （反译） （4） 他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。 He still could not understand me. (正译) Still he failed to understand me. (反译) （5） 无论如何，她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。 She can hardly be rated as a bright student. (正译) She is anything but a bright student. (反译) （6） Please withholdthe document for the time being. 请暂时扣下这份文件。（正译） 请暂时不要发这份文件。（反译）
第七节：正反、反正表达法（Negation） 1. Our PLA is worthy of being called a great army of the people. 2. He tries his best to overcome the lack of technical data. 3. The window refuses to open. 4. Yesterday he failed to get to school on time. 5. They excluded children (from) getting in. 6. That building is in a state of neglect. 7. He’s often absent-minded. 8. Lei Feng’s noble deeds are above all praise. 9. I, rather than you, should do the work. 10. The truth is quite other than what you think 11. Live up to the expectations of our own people and the people throughout the world. 12. Slips are scarcely avoidable when you’re new to your work. 13. There are two aspects to everything; to say there is only one is to be aware of one aspect and to be ignored of the other. 14. In technology, I think first we have to follow others in most cases, and it is better for us to do so, since that is what we are lacking at present and know little about. 15. The meeting were marked by such an absence of lively discussions that at times they were almost on the point of breaking up. 16. The scientists made a solemn pledge at the conference, saying,“We’ll for ever live up to what our Party expects of us.” 17 The County Party Committee there is ignorant of conditions at the lower levels. 18 The fellow is far from being honest. 19 The city and the areas around it are an ice-free port and a nuclear-weapon-free zone. 20 He stood still, trying vainly (in vain) to answer the battery of questions the boss raised. 21 The world today is far from peaceful. 22 She refrained from laughing. 23 She was refused admittance by them. 24 The evidence is conclusive, excluding all possibilities of doubt 25 Mr. White has refrained from making any official comment on the coup in that country. 26 That served to strengthen instead of weaken our determination (or: That strengthened, rather than weakened, our determination.) 27 But for the workers’ help, we should not have succeeded in this experiment. 28 The first bombs missed the target. 29 Such a chance was denied me 30 This problem is beyond me. 31 When Philip missed the last bus, he was at a loss to know what to do. 32 He unfastened his shoelace. 33 I rode around with him one day seeing how the ships unloaded. 34 Many agreed that the Prime minister had in effect resigned dishonorably. 35 He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious. 36 It was said that someone had sown discord among them. 37 He manifested a strong dislike for his father’s business. 38 Don’t lose time in posting this letter