下载文档原格式
databaseDatabase is in accordance with the data structure to organize, storage and management of data warehouse, which arises from fifty years ago, with the dating of information technology and the development of the market, especially since the 1990s, data management is no longer merely data storage and management, and transformed into user needs of the various data management way. The database has a variety of types, from the most simple storage have various data form to can be carried out mass data storage of large database systems are obtained in each aspect has extensive application.The birth of data managementDatabase's history can be traced back to fifty years ago, when the data management is very simple. Through a lot of classification, comparison and form rendering machine running millions of punched CARDS for data processing, its operation results on paper printed or punched card made new. While the data management is punched card for all these physical storage and handling. However, 1 9 5 1 year Remington Rand corporation (Remington Rand Inc.) an enzyme called Univac I computer launched a a second can input hundreds of recording tape drives, which has caused data management revolution. 1956 IBM produce the first disk drives -- the RAMAC Model 305. This drives have 50 blanks, each blanks diameter is 2 feet, can store 5 MB of data. The biggest advantage is use disk can be randomly access data, and punched CARDS and tape can order access data.Database system appears in the 1960s the bud. When computer began to 实用文档widely used in data management, the sharing of data put forward more and more high demand. The traditional file system already cannot satisfy people's needs. Manage and share data can unify the database management system (DBMS) came into being. The data model is the core and foundation of database system, various DBMS software are based on a data model. So usually in accordance with the characteristics of the data model and the traditional database system into mesh database, the hierarchy database and relational database three types.Structured query language (SQL)commercial database systems require a query language that is more user friendly. In this chapter,we study SQL, themost influential commercially marketed query language, SQL. SQL uses a combination of relational-algebra and relational-calculus constructs.Although we refer to the SQL language as a “query language,” it can do much more than just query a database. It can define the structure of the data, modify data in the database, and specify security constraints.It is not our intention to provide a complete users’ guide for SQL.Rather,we present SQL’s fundamental constructs and concepts. Individual implementations of SQL may differ in details, or may support only a subset of the full language.2.1 BackgroundIBM developed the original version of SQL at its San Jose Research Laboratory (now实用文档the Almaden Research Center). IBM implemented the language, originally called Sequel, as part of the System R project in the early 1970s. The Sequel language hasevolved since then, and its name has changed to SQL (Structured Query Language).Many products now support the SQL language. SQL has clearly established itself asthe standard relational-database language.In 1986, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) published an SQL standard, called SQL-86.IBM published its own corporate SQL standard, the Systems Application Architecture Database Interface (SAA-SQL) in 1987. ANSI published an extended standard forSQL, SQL-89, in 1989. The next version of the standard was SQL-92 standard, and the most recent version is SQL:1999. The bibliographic notes provide references to these standards.Chapter 4 SQLIn this chapter, we present a survey of SQL, based mainly on the widely implemented SQL-92 standard. The SQL:1999 standard is a superset of the SQL-92 standard;we cover some features of SQL:1999 in this chapter, and实用文档provide more detailed coverage in Chapter 9. Many database systems support some of the new constructs in SQL:1999, although currently no database system supports all the new constructs. You should also be aware that some database systems do not even support all the features of SQL-92, and that many databases provide nonstandard features that we donot cover here.The SQL language has several parts:•Data-definition language (DDL). The SQL DDL provides commands for defining relation schemas, deleting relations, and modifying relation schemas.•Interactive data-manipulation language (DML). The SQL DML includes a query language based on both the relational algebra and the tuple relational calculus. It includes also commands to insert tuples into, delete tuples from,and modify tuples in the database.•View definition.The SQL DDL includes commands for defining views.•Transaction control. SQL includes commands for specifying the beginning and ending of transactions.•Embedded SQL and dynamic SQL. Embedded and dynamic SQL define how SQL statements can be embedded within general-purpose programming languages, such as C, C++, Java, PL/I, Cobol, Pascal, and Fortran.•Integrity.The SQL DDL includes commands for specifying integrity constraints that the data stored in the database must satisfy. Updates that violate integrity 实用文档constraints are disallowed.•Authorization.The SQL DDL includes commands for specifying access rights to relations and views.In this chapter, we cover the DML and the basic DDL features of SQL.Wealso briefly outline embedded and dynamic SQL, including the ODBC and JDBC standards for interacting with a database from programs written in the C and Java languages.SQL features supporting integrity and authorization are described in Chapter 6,while Chapter 9 outlines object-oriented extensions to SQL.The enterprise that we use in the examples in this chapter, and later chapters, is abanking enterprise with the following relation schemas:Branch-schema = (branch-name, branch-city, assets)Customer-schema = (customer-name, customer-street, customer-city)Loan-schema = (loan-number, branch-name, amount)Borrower-schema = (customer-name, loan-number)Account-schema = (account-number, branch-name, balance)Depositor-schema = (customer-name, account-number)Note that in this chapter, as elsewhere in the text, we use hyphenated names for schema, relations, and attributes for ease of reading. In actual SQL systems,实用文档however,hyphens are not valid parts of a name (they are treated as the minus operator).A simple way of translating the names we use to valid SQL names is to replace all hy phens by the underscore symbol (“ ”). For example, we use branch name in place ofbranch-name.2.2 Basic StructureA relational database consists of a collection of relations, each of which is assigned a unique name. Each relation has a structure similar to that presented in Chapter 3.SQL allows the use of null values to indicate that the value either is unknown or does not exist. It allows a user to specify which attributes cannot be assigned null values,as we shall discuss in Section 4.11.The basic structure of an SQL expression consists of three clauses: select, from,and where.•The select clause corresponds to the projection operation of the relational algebra. It is used to list the attributes desired in the result of a query.•The from clause corresponds to the Cartesian-product operation of the relational algebra. It lists the relations to be scanned in the evaluation of the expression.•The where clause corresponds to the selection predicate of the relational algebra. It consists of a predicate involving attributes of the relations that实用文档appear in the from clause.That the term select has different meaning in SQL than in the relational algebra is an unfortunate historical fact. We emphasize the different interpretations here to minimize potential confusion.A typical SQL query has the formselect A1,A2,...,Anfrom r1,r2,...,rmwhere PEach Ai represents an attribute, and each ri arelation. P is a predicate. The query isequivalent to the relational-algebra expressionΠA1,A2,...,An(σP (r1 × r2 × ··· × rm))If the where clause is omitted, the predicate P is true. However, unlike the result of a relational-algebra expression, the result of the SQL query may containmultiple copies of some tuples; we shall return to this issue in Section 4.2.8.SQL forms the Cartesian product of the relations named in the from clause,performs a relational-algebra selection using the where clause predicate, and then projects the result onto the attributes of the select clause. In practice, SQL may convert the expression into an equivalent form that can be processed more efficiently.实用文档However, we shall defer concerns about efficiency to Chapters 13 and 14.In 1974, IBM's Ray Boyce and Don Chamberlin will Codd relational database 12 rule mathematical definition with simple keyword grammar expression comes out, put forward the landmark Structured Query Language (SQL) Language. SQL language features include inquiry, manipulation, definition and control, is a comprehensive, general relational database language, and at the same time, a highly the process of language, only request users do not need pointed out how do pointed out. SQL integration achieved database of all life cycle operation. SQL database provides and relations interact with the method, it can work with standard programming language. The date of the produce, SQL language became the touchstone of inspection relational database, and SQL standard every variation of guiding the relational database product development direction. However, until the twentieth century, the mid 1970s to the theory of relation in commercial database Oracle and SQL used in DB2.In 1986, the SQL as ANSI relational database language American standards, that same year announced the standard SQL text. Currently SQL standard has three versions. ANSIX3135 - is defined as the basic SQL Database Language - 89, "Enhancement" SQL. A ANS89] [, generally called SQL - 89. SQL - 89 defines the schema definition, data operation and the transaction. SQL - 89 and subsequent ANSIX3168-1989, "Language - Embedded SQL Database, constituted the first generation of SQL standard. ANSIX3135-1992 [ANS92] describes a enhancements of SQL, now called SQL - 92 standards. SQL - 92 including mode operation, dynamic creation and SQL statements dynamic 实用文档executive, network environment support enhancement. Upon completion of SQL - 92 ANSI and ISO standard, they started SQL3 standards development cooperation. The main features SQL3 abstract data types support, for the new generation of object relational database provides standard.The nature of database data1. Data integrity: database is a unit or an application field of general data processing system, he storage is to belong to enterprise and business departments, organizations and individuals set of related data. Database data from a global view, he according to certain data model organization, description and storage. Based on the structure of data between natural relation, thus can provide all the necessary access route, and data no longer deal with a certain applications, but for total organization, with a whole structural features.2. Data sharing: database data is for many users sharing their information and the establishment, got rid of the specific procedures restrictions and restraint. Different users can use the database according to their respective usage the data; Multiple users can also Shared database data resource, i.e., different users can also access database in the same data. Data sharing each user not only meets the requirements of information, but also meet the various users of information communication between the requirements.Object-oriented databaseAlong with the development of information technology and the market, 实用文档people found relational database system, while technology is mature, but its limitations is obvious: it can be a very good treatment of so-called "form of data", but of dominating the more and more complex appear helpless type of data. Since the 1990s, technology has been studying and seek new database system. But in what is the development direction of the new database system, industry once is quite confused. The influence of agitation by technology at the time, for quite some time, people put a lot of energy spent on research "object-oriented database system (object oriented database)" or simply as "OO database system". What is worth mentioning, the United States Stonebraker professor proposed object-oriented RDS theory once favored by industry. And in Stonebraker himself Informix spend big money was then appointed technology director always.However, several years of development, spatio-temporal object-oriented relational database system product market development situation is not good. Theoretically perfect sex didn't bring market warm response. The main reason of success, the main design thought database products with new database system is an attempt to replace the existing database system. This for many has been using database system for years and accumulated the massive job data, especially big customer for customers, is unable to withstand the conversion between old and new data that huge workload and big spending. In addition, object-oriented RDS system makes query language extremely complex, so whether database development businessman or application customers depending on the complicated application technology to be a dangerous road.实用文档Basic structureThe basic structure of database, reflects the three levels of observation database of three different Angle.(1) physical data layer.It is the most lining, is database on physical storage equipment actually stored data collection. These data are raw data, the object, the user is processed by internal model describing the throne of handled the instructions of string, character and word.(2) conceptual data layer.It is a layer of database, is among the whole logic said. Database Points out the logic of each data definition and the logical connection between data collection of storage and record, is. It is related to the database all objects logical relationship, not their physical condition, is under the database administrator concept of database.(3) logical data layer.It is the user sees and use the database, says one or some specific users use collections of data, namely the logical record set.Database different levels is the connection between conversion by mapping. Main features(1) to implement the data sharing.Data sharing contains all users can also access database data, including the 实用文档user can use all sorts of ways to use the database through interfaces, and provide data sharing.(2) reduce data redundancy.Compared with the file system, because the database to achieve data sharing so as to avoid the user respective establish application documentation. Reduce a lot of repeating data, reduce the data redundancy, maintain the consistency of the data.(3) data of independence.Data independence including database database of logical structure and application independent, also including data physical structure change does not affect the data of the logical structure.(4) data realize central control.File management mode, data in a decentralized state, different user or same users in different treatment had no relation between the documents. Using the database of data can be concentrated control and management, and through the data model of data organization and said the relation between data. (5) the data consistency and maintainability, to ensure the safety and reliability of the data.Mainly includes: (1) the safety control: to prevent data loss, error updating and excessive use; (2) the integrity control: ensure data accuracy, effectiveness and compatibility; (3) the concurrent control: make in the same time period to实用文档allow data realization muli-access, and can prevent users of abnormal interaction between; (4) fault finding and recovery: the database management system provides a set of method, can isolate faults and repair fault, thereby preventing data breaches(6) fault recovery.The database management system provides a set of method, can isolate faults and repair fault, thereby preventing data breaches. Database system can restore database system is running as soon as possible, is probably the fault occurred in the physical or logical error. For instance, in system caused by incorrect operation data error, etc.Database classification1. The MaiJie openPlant real-time databaseReal-time database system is a new field in database theory expansion, in power, chemical, steel, metallurgy, papermaking, traffic control and securities finance and other fields has a very broad application prospect. It can provide enterprises with high speed, timely real-time data services, to the rapidly changing real-time data to carry on the long-term effective history storage, is a factory control layer (fieldbus, DCS, PLC, etc) and production management system of the connection between the bridge, also process simulation, advanced control, online optimization, fault diagnosis system data platform. OpenPlant real-time database system used in today's advanced technology and architecture, can realize safe, stable and field each control system of the 实用文档interface, and collected data efficient data compression and China's longhistory of storage, meanwhile, we also provide convenient client application and general data interface (API/DDE/ODBC/JDBC/OPC, etc.), make the enterprise management and decision makers can prompt, and comprehensive understanding of the current production situation, also can look back at past production conditions, the timely discovery and the problems existing in the production, improve equipment utilization rate, reduce production cost, the enhancement enterprise's core competitive ability.2. IBM DB2As the pioneer and relational database fields, IBM pilot in 1977 completed System R System prototype, 1980 began to provide integrated database server - System / 38, followed by SQL/DSforVSE and VM, and its initial version is closely related with SystemR research prototype. In 1983 forMVSV1 DB2 launch. This version of the objective is to provide the new plan promised simplicity, data don't correlation and user productivity. 1988 DB2 for MVS provides a powerful online transaction processing (OLTP) support, 1989 and 1993 respectively to remote work unit and distributed work unit realized distributed database support. Recently launched Universal Database 6.1 is DB2 Database model gm, is the first online function with multimedia relational Database management system, support includes a series of platform, Linux.3. OracleOracle predecessor called SDL Ellison and another by a benchwarmer in 1977founded two programmers, they have developed their own fist product in the 实用文档market, a large sale, 1979, Oracle company introduces the first commercial SQL relational database management system. Oracle corporation is the earliest development relational database, its product support and producers of the most widely operating system platform. Now Oracle relational database products market share a front-runner.4. InformixInformix founded in 1980, the purpose is for Unix operating system to provide professional such open relational database products. The company's name from Information and Informix is the combination of Unix. Informix first truly support SQL database products is the relationship between Informix SE (StandardEngine). InformixSE is at the time of the microcomputer Unix environment main database products. It is also the first to be transplanted into the commercial database products on Linux.5. SybaseSybase company was founded in 1984, the company name "Sybase" from "the system" and "database" combination of meaning. One of the company's founder Bob Sybase Epstein is Ingres university edition (and System/R the same period the relational database model products) of main design personnel. The company's first a relational database products are launched in 1987 SQLServer1.0 Sybase may. Sybase are first proposed the structure of database system/Server thoughts, and took the lead in SQLServer Sybase realize.6. SQL Server实用文档In 1987, Microsoft and IBM cooperative development complete OS / 2, IBM inits sales OS / 2 ExtendedEdition system binding Manager, and 2Database OS/production line is still lack of database of Microsoft products. Therefore, Microsoft will Sybase, Sybase foreign-exchange signed cooperation agreements with the technical development, the use of Sybase based on OS / 2 platform relational database. In 1989, Microsoft released SQL Server version 1.0.7. PostgreSQLPostgreSQL is a characteristic very complete free software objects - relational database management system (ORDBMS), and many of its characteristic is many of today's commercial database predecessor. The earliest PostgreSQL Ingres project started in BSD the. The characteristics of PostgreSQL covering the SQL - 2 / SQL - 92 and SQL - 3. First, it includes can say to the world's most abundant data types of support; Second, at present PostgreSQL is the only support affairs, son query, multiple versions parallel control system, data integrity checking the only features such as a free software database management system.8. MySQLMySQL is a small relational database management system, developers for Sweden mySQL AB corporation. In January 2008, was 16 from takeover. Currently MySQL is widely used in the small and medium-sized websites on the Internet. Because of its small size, speed, overall has low cost, especiallyopen-source this one characteristic, many small and medium-sized web site, in 实用文档order to reduce the overall cost of ownership website and selected MySQL as website database9 in Access databasesAmerican Microsoft company in 1994 launched microcomputer database management system. It has friendly interface, easy easy to use, development is simple, flexible, and other features, is the interface typical of the new generation of desktop database management system. Its main features below: (1) perfect management, various database objects of strong data organization, user management, safety inspection functions.(2) strong data processing functions, in a group level of network environment, use Access development multi-user database management system have traditional XBASE (DBASE, FoxBASE collectively) database system can achieve client/Server (Cient/Server) structure and the corresponding database security mechanism, the Access has many advanced large database management system has the characteristics, such as transaction processing/error rollback ability, etc.(3) can be easily generate various data object, using the data stored build forms and statements, visibility.(4) as Office suite, and part of the integrated, realize seamless connection version.(5) can use Web searching and release data, realization and Internet connection. Access mainly suitable for small and medium application system, or 实用文档as a client/server system of the client database.10. SQLiteThe ACID is to comply with SQLite relational databases management system, it contained within a relatively small C library. It is ichardHipp D.R established public domain project. Not as common client/server architecture examples, with SQLite engine is not a process of communication independent process, but connected to the program become a major part of it. So the main communication protocol is within the programming language direct API calls. This in gross consumption, time delay and overall simplicity have positive role. The entire database (definition, table, indexing and data itself) are both in the host host stored in a single file. It is through the simple design of starting a business in the whole data files and complete lock.11. FoxPro databaseAt first by American Fox 1988, 1992 Fox launched by Microsoft company, have introduced after the takeover FoxPro2.5, 2.6 and VisualFoxPro etc, its function and performance version has greatly improved. FoxPro2.5, 2.6 into DOS and Windows two versions, respectively in DOS and running Windows environment. FoxPro FoxBASE in function and performance than and have improved greatly, mainly introducing the window, button, list box and text box control such as to enhance the system development capabilities.Common databases1. MySQL is the most popular open source SQL database management 实用文档system, the company develops by MySQL AB, issuing, and support. MySQL AB is founded by several MySQL developer a commercial company. It is a second-generation open-source company, combined with open source value orientation, method and successful business model.Features:MySql core program using fully multi-threaded programming. Threading is lightweight processes, it can be flexibly provides services for users, and the system resources. But manyMySql can run in different operating systems. Say simply, MySql can support Windows95/98 / NT / 2000 and UNIX, Linux and OS from various operating system platform.MySql have a very flexible and safe access and password system. When a customer and MySql server connection between all the password, they transmit encrypted, and MySql support host authentication.Support ODBC for Windows. MySql support all the ODBC 2.5 function and many other functions, like this may use Access connections MySql server, thus make the MySql applications are greatly extend.MySql support large database. Although written in Php web page for it as long as can deposit hundreds of above record data is enough, but MySql can easily support millions of recorded database.MySql have a very rapid and stable memory allocation system based on the thread, can continue to use face don't have to worry about its stability.实用文档The strong search function. MySql support inquires the ramp of the SELECT and statements all operators and function, and can be in the same query from different database table mixes, thus make inquires the become quicker and easier.PHP provides strong support for MySql, provide a whole set of the PHP function to MySql MySql, carry on the omni-directional support.2. Based on the server is SQLServer database can be used for medium and large capacity data applications, on the function management is much more ambitious than Access. In handling mass data efficiency, backstage development aspects of flexibility, scalability is strong. Because now database are using standard SQL language to database management, so if it is standard SQL language, both basically can generic. 92HeZu nets all rent space can be used both double Access database, while supporting the SQL Server. SQL Server and more extended stored procedure, can use the database size without limit restrictions.Graphical user interface, make the system management and database management more intuitive and simple.The real client/server architecture.Rich programming interface tools for users to program designed to provide more choices.SQL Server with Windows NT, using a fully integrated many functions, such as NT send and receive messages, management login security, etc. SQL Server can 实用文档be a very good and Microsoft BackOffice product integration.Has the very good flexibility, can span from running Windows 95/98 laptop to run Windows 2000 large multiprocessor and so on many kinds of platform use. Technical support to the Web, users can easily will database data released on to the Web page.SQL Server provides the data warehouse function, this function only in Oracle and other more expensive DBMS is only found in.3. Access is a desktop database, is suitable only for data quantity is little, in dealing with the application of a database of data and single visit is very good, the efficiency is high. But it's also visit the client can't more than four. The access database has certain limit, if the data reach 100M or so, is very easy to create the server iis feign death, or consume server memory to crash the server.The future development trendWith the expansion of information management content, appeared to rich variety of data model (hierarchical model, meshy model, relation model, object-oriented model, half structural model and so on), the new technology also emerge in endlessly (data streams, Web data management, data mining, etc.). Now every few years, international senior database experts assembled, discusses database research status, problems and future needs the new technology focus attention. The past existing several similar reports include: 1989 The Future Directions inDBMS Laguna BeachParticipants true - DatabaseSystems: Achievements in 1990, Opportunities, 1995. Inmon W.H. 实用文档。
原文：Planning the DatabaseIt is important to plan how the logical storage structure of the database will affect system performance and various database management operations. For example, before creating any tablespaces for your database, you should know how many data files will make up the tablespace,what type of information will be stored in each tablespace, and on which disk drives the datafiles will be physically stored. When planning the overall logical storage of the database structure, take into account the effects that this structure will have when the database is actually created and running.You may have database objects that have special storage requirements dueto type or size.In distributed database environments, this planning stage is extremely important. The physical location of frequently accessed data dramatically affects application performance.During the planning stage, develop a backup strategy for the database. You can alter the logical storage structure or design of the database to improve backup efficiency. Backup strategies are introduced in a later lesson.These are the types of questions and considerations, which you will encounter as a DBA, and this course (in its entirety) is designed to help you answer them.Databases: ExamplesDifferent types of databases have their own specific instance and storage requirements. YourOracle database software includes templates for the creation of these different types of databases.Characteristics of these examples are the following:• Data Warehouse: Store data for long periods and retrieve them in read operations.• Transaction Processing: Accommodate many, but usually small, transactions.• General Purpose: Work with transactions and store them for a medium length of time.Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA)You can use the Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA) to create, change the configuration of, or delete a database. You can also create a database from a list of predefined templates or use an existing database as a sample to create a new database or template. This is sometimes referred to as “database cloning.”You can invoke the DBCA by performing the following steps:1. Log on to your computer as a member of the administrative group that is authorized to install the Oracle software.2. If required, set environment variables.3. Enter dbca to invoke the DBCA.4. Click Next to continue.DBCA offers you a choice of assisting with several operations, for example, creating a database.Using the DBCA to Create a DatabaseYou can use the DBCA to create a database as follows:1. Select Create a Database on the DBCA Operations page to invoke a wizard that enables you to configure and create a database.The wizard prompts you to provide configuration information as outlined in the steps that follow. On most pages, the wizard provides a default setting that you can accept.2. Select the type of database template to be used in creating the database. There aretemplates for Data Warehouse, General Purpose, and Transaction Processing databases that copy a preconfigured database, including data files. These data files include control files,redo log files, and data files for various included tablespaces.Click Show Details to see the configuration for each type of database.For more complex environments, you may want to select the Custom Database option. Password ManagementAfter the DBCA finishes, note the following information for future reference:• Location of installation log files (see A)• Global database name (see B)• System identifier (SID) (see B)• Server parameter file name and location (see B)• Enterpr ise Manager URL (see C)Click Password Management to unlock database accounts that you plan to use.Provide apassword when you unlock an account.Creating a Database Design TemplateA template is a predefined database definition that you use as a starting point for a new database.If you do not create a template as part of the database creation process, you can do it anytime by invoking the DBCA. You have three ways to create a template: • From an existing template• From an existing database (structure only)• From an existing database (structure as well as data)The DBCA guides you through the steps to create a database design template.Using the DBCA to Delete a DatabaseTo delete (or configure) a database in UNIX or Linux, you must set ORACLE_SID in the shell from which DBCA is launched. Start the DBCA by entering dbca in a terminal window, and click Next on the Welcome page. To delete the database, perform the following steps:1. On the Operations page, select Delete a Database, and click Next.2. Select the database that you want to delete (in class, hist), and click Finish.3. Click Yes to confirm your deletion.Using the DBCA to Delete a Database (continued)Dropping a database involves removing its data files, redo log files, control files, and initialization parameter files. The DROP DATABASE statement deletes all control files and all other database files listed in the control file. To use the DROP DATABASE statement successfully,all the following conditions must apply:The database must be mounted and closed.The database must be mounted exclusively—not in shared mode.The database must be mounted as RESTRICTED.An example of this statement is:DROP DATABASE;The DROP DATABASE statement has no effect on archived log files nor does it have any effect on copies or backups of the database. It is best to use Recovery Manager (RMAN) to delete such files. If the database is on raw disks, then the actual raw disk special files are not deleted.Management FrameworkThere are three major components of the Oracle database management framework: • The database instance that is being managed• A listener that allows connections to the database• The management interface. This may be either a management agent running onthe database server (which connects it to Oracle Enterprise Manager Grid Control) or the stand-alone Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control. This is also referred to as Database Console.Each of these components must be explicitly started before you can use the services of the component and must be shut down cleanly when shutting down the server hosting the Oracle database.The first component to be started is the management interface. After this is activated, the management interface can be used to start the other components. Starting and Stopping Database ControlOracle provides a stand-alone management console called Database Control for databases that are not connected to the Grid Control framework. Each database that is managed with Database Control has a separate Database Control installation, and from any one Database Control, you can manage only one database. Before using Database Control, ensure that a dbconsole process is started.To start the dbconsole process, use the following command:emctl start dbconsole To stop the dbconsole process, use the following command:emctl stop dbconsole To view the status of the dbconsole process, use the following command:emctl status dbconsole.Note: You may need to navigate to your $ORACLE_HOME/bin directory if this directory is not in your operating system (OS) path.Database Control uses a server-side agent process. This agent process automatically starts and stops when the dbconsole process is started or stopped.译文：规划数据库规划如何对数据库的逻辑存储结构将影响系统的性能和各种数据库管理操作是非常重要的。
大学各专业名称英文翻译——文科方面ARTS澳门历史研究Study of the History of Macao办公管理Office Management办公设备运用Using Desktop Publishing in Business比较管理学Comparative Management比较诗学Comparative Poetics比较文化学Comparative Cult urology比较文学研究Study of Comparative Literature必修课4－10学分Restricted (4-10 Credits needed)病理生理学Pathological Physiology财务报告介绍An Introduction to Financial Accounting Statements 财务报告运用Using Financial Accounting Statements财务管理学Financial Management财务会计学Financial Accounting财务理论与方法Finance Theory & Methods财政与金融Finance财政与金融学研究Study of Finance财政预算Preparing Financial Forecasts产业经济学Industrial Economics传统文化与现代化Tradition Culture and Modernization当代国际关系研究Contemporary International Relations Studies当代世界发展研究Contemporary World Development Studies当代中国外交与侨务专题研究Monographic Studies of Diplomacy and Overseas C hinese Affairs of Contemporary China德语(第二外语) German (2nd foreign language)第一外语(英语) English (1st foreign language)电力系统Power Electronic Systems电子数据Digital Electronics电子通信Electronic Communications电子原理Electrical Principles断代文化史研究Study of Dynastic History of Culture多媒体：多媒体应用开发Multimedia: Developing Multimedia Application多用户操作系统Multi-User Operating Systems耳鼻喉科学Otolaryngology发展经济学Economics of Development放射生态学Radioecology分布式应用程序的设计与开发：概况Distributed application Design and Developme nt: An Introduction分子细胞与组织生物学Molecular, Cellular and Tissue Biology分子遗传学Molecular Genetics妇产科学Gynecology & Obstetrics高级生物化学Advanced Biochemistry高级水生生物学Advanced Hydrobiology工程实践与应用沟通（提升行业沟通技能）Communication (Developing a Communication Strategy for Vocational Purposes)沟通：实用技能Communication: Practical Skills管理经济学Management Economics管理决策Management Decision-Making管理理论研究|| Management Theory Studies管理理论与实践|| Management Theory & Practice管理学研究|| Management Research光化学|| Photochemistry国际关系案例分析|| Case Studies of International Affairs国际关系学导论|| Introduction of International Relations国际金融市场研究|| International Financial Market Study国际金融研究|| Study of International Finance国际经济关系研究|| International Economic Relations国际经济环境|| The International Economic Environment国际经济政治制度比较研究|| Comparative Researches on International Economic & Political Structure国际音标的应用|| Application of International Phonetic Alphabet国际战略与大国关系|| International Strategy国际政治经济学|| International Political Economy国际组织与国际制度|| International organization and International System海外汉学|| Sinology Abroad海外华侨华人概论|| Researches on Overseas Chinese海外华人文学研究|| Study of Overseas Chinese Literature汉语词汇学|| Chinese Lexicology汉语方言调查|| Survey of Chinese Dialects汉语方言概要|| Outline of Chinese Dialects汉语方言学专书选读|| Selected Reading of Chinese Dialectology汉语方言研究|| Studies of Chinese Dialects汉语史名著选读|| Selected Reading of Chinese History汉语音韵学|| Chinese Phonology汉语语法史|| History of Chinese Grammar汉语语法学名著选读|| Selected Reading of Chinese Grammar宏观经济环境|| The Macro Economic Environment宏观经济学|| Macro-economics互联网：WEB服务器的管理|| Internet: Web Server Management互联网：电子商务入门|| Internet : Introducing E Commerce互联网：网络客户服务|| Internet : Internet Client Service互联网：网络配制与管理|| Internet: Configuration and Administration of Internet Services华侨华人史|| History of Overseas Chinese华侨华人与国际关系|| Ethnic Chinese and International Relations环境生物学|| Environmental Biology回族史|| History of Chinese Muslims会计基本理论与方法|| Basic Theories & Approaches of计算数学1 || Mathematics of Computing 1计算数学2 || Mathematics of Computing 2解剖生理学|| Anatomical Physiology金融工程学|| Financial Engineering金融机构风险管理|| Risk Management by Financial Institution金融热点及前沿问题专题研究|| Research on Financial l Central & Up-to-date Issues经济数量分析方法|| Methods of Economic & Mathematic Analysis经济数量分析方法|| Methods of Economic Quantitative Analysis跨文化管理学|| Cross-Cultural Management临床血液病学|| Clinical Hematology马克思主义与当代科技革命|| Marxism & Contemporary Science & Technology R evolution马克思主义与当代社会思潮|| Marxism & Contemporary Social Trends o f Thoug ht美术理论|| Theory of Fine Art美术史|| History of Fine Art蒙古史|| History of the Mongols免疫生物学|| Immunobiology免疫学|| Immunology免疫学|| Immunology民族政策与民族理论研究|| Study of Policies and Theories on Nation laities明清档案|| Archives in Ming and Qing Dynasties模拟电路|| Analogue Electronics南海诸岛史研究|| Study of the History of Islands in the South Chi na Sea企业财务与资本营运|| Company Finance & Capital Operation企业管理理论与实务|| Theory & Practice of Business Management企业应用软件的开发：概况|| Enterprise Application Development: An Introduction 全球化研究|| Globalization Studies人工器官|| Artificial organs人力资源管理研究方法|| Study Methods of Human Resource Management人体解剖学|| Human Anatomy人文地理文化学|| Cult urology of Humane Geography日常交流（法语/德语/意大利语/西班牙语1、2、3级）|| Basic communication in Fr ench/German/Italian/Spanish(Levels 1,2&3)日语(第二外语) || Japanese (2nd foreign language)软件开发：抽象数据结构|| Software Development: Abstract Data Structure软件开发：第四代开发环境|| Software Development: Fourth Generation Environm ent软件开发：高级编程|| Software Development: Advanced Programming软件开发：过程式程序设计|| Software Development: Procedural Programming软件开发：汇编语言和编程|| Software Development: Assembly Language and Int erface Programming软件开发：结构设计方法|| Software Development: Structure Design Methods软件开发：开发计划|| Software Development: Program Planning软件开发：快速应用开发和原型技术|| Software Development: Rapid Applications Development and Prototyping软件开发：面向对象编程|| Software Development: Object oriented Programming 软件开发：面象对象设计|| Software Development: Object oriented Design软件开发：事件驱动程序设计|| Software Development:: Event Driven Programmin g 软件开发：网站开发|| Software Development: Developing the WWW软件开发：应用软件开发|| Software商业法规|| Law for Business商业模式|| Structure of Business商业情报管理|| Business Information Management商业统计1 || Business Statistics 1商业统计2 || Business Statistics 2商业信息技术运用（电子数据表和Word处理应用软件）|| Using Information Technol ogy in Business（Spreadsheets &Word Processing Applications）商业信息技术运用（数据库和Word处理应用软件）|| Using Information Technology in Business (Database & Word Processing Applications)社会语言学|| Sociolinguistics审计学|| Auditing生物材料|| Biomaterials生物材料测试技术|| Modern Testing Methods of Biomaterials生物分子的探测和操纵|| Signals Bimolecular Detection and Manipulation生物力学|| Biomechanics生物流变学|| Biorheology生物信息学|| Bioinformatics物医学工程前沿|| Advances in Biomedical Engineering生物医学信号处理与建模|| Biomedical Signal Processing and Modeling生物制片及电镜技术|| Biological Section and Electronic Microscope Technique 生物制片及电镜技术|| Biological Section and Electronic Microscope Technique生殖工程|| Reproductive Engineering世界经济与政治研究|| World Economy & Politics Studies水生动物生理生态学|| Physiological Ecology of Aquatic Animal水生生物学研究进展|| Study Progress on Aquatic Biology水域生态学|| Aquatic Ecology思想道德修养|| Understand of Ideology and Morality宋代政治制度研究|| Study of the Political System of Song Dynasty宋明理学史研究|| Study of the History of Neo-Confucianism in Son g and Ming Dynasties提高个人成效|| Developing Personal Effectiveness通信工程|| Communication and Industry网络会计研究|| Network Accounting Studies微观经济环境|| The Micro Economic Environment微观经济学与宏观经济学|| Micro-economics & Macro-economics微型计算机系统|| Microcomputer Systems文化语言学|| Cultural Linguistics文献学|| Bibliography文学与文化|| Literature and Culture文艺美学|| Aesthetics of Literature and Art文艺学专题研究|| Special Study of Literature Theory西方史学理论|| Historical Theories in the West西方文论|| Western Literary Theories系统开发：关系数据库|| Systems Development: Rational Database Systems系统开发概论|| Systems Development Introduction系统生态学|| System Ecology细胞超微结构|| Cell Ultra structure细胞超微生物学|| Cell Ultra microbiology细胞生长因子|| Cell Growth Factor现代公司会计研究|| Study of Modern Company Accounting现代汉语诗学|| Modern Chinese Poetics现代汉语语法研究|| Studies of Modern Chinese Grammar现代经济与金融理论研究|| Study of Modern Economy & Finance Theory现代商业复合信息|| Presenting complex Business Information现代商业信息|| Presenting Business Information现代审计理论与方法研究|| Study of Modern Audit Theories & Approaches香港历史研究|| Study of the History of Hong Kong项目管理|| Project Management项目设计|| Project Studies新制度经济学|| New Institutional Economics新制度经济学|| New Institutional Economics信息工程：应用软件|| Information Technology: Applications Software 1信息技术和信息系统|| Information Technology Information Systems and Service s信息技术应用软件|| Information Technology Applications Software选修课总学分|| Total optional credits required血液分子细胞生物学|| Hematological Cell and Molecular Biology训诂学史|| History of Chinese Traditional Semantics亚太经济政治与国际关系|| Economy, Politics and International Relations in Asia n-Pacific Region眼科学|| Ophthalmology医学分子生物学|| Medical Molecular Biology医学基因工程|| Gene Engineering in Medicine医学统计学|| Medical Statistics医学图像处理|| Image Processing医学物理学|| Medical Physics医学信息学|| Medi-formatics医学遗传学|| Medical Genetics医学影像技术|| Medical Imaging Technique医学影像诊疗与介入放射学|| Medical Imaging Diagnosis & Treatment and Interve ning Radiology译介学|| Medio-Translatology音韵学史|| History of Chinese Phonology应用统计|| Applied Statistics应用统计|| Applied Statistics用户支持|| Providing Support to Users语义学|| Semantics藻类生理生态学|| Ecological Physiology in Algae增强团队合作意识|| Developing the Individual Within a Team政治学研究|| Politics Studies中国古代历史文献的考释与利用之一：宋史史料学之二：元史史料学之三：港澳史料学之四：边疆民族史料学|| Utilization and Interpretation of Ancient Chinese Hist orical Literature 中国古代史的断代研究之一：宋史研究之二：元史研究之三：明清史研究|| Dynastic History of China中国古代史的专题研究之一：宋元明清经济史之二：二十世纪宋史研究评价之三：中国文化史之四：中西文化交流史之五：港澳史研究之六：中国边疆民族史之七：西域史研究|| Studies of History of China中国古代文化史|| History of Chinese Ancient Culture中国古代文论|| Ancient Chinese Literary Theories中国古典美学研究|| Study of Chinese Classical Aesthetics中国教育史|| History of Education in China中国经济问题研究|| Economic Problems Research in China中国区域文化研究之一：岭南文化史之二：潮汕文化史|| Re search on Chinese Re gional Culture中国少数民族文化专题研究|| Study of Special Subjects on Cultures of Chinese Minority Nationality中国思想史|| History of Chinese Ideologies中国与大国关系史之一：中美关系史之二：中俄关系史之三：中英关系史之四：中日关系史|| History of Relations Between China and Major Powers中国与世界地区关系史之一：与中亚地区关系史之二：与东南亚地区关系史之三：与东北亚地区关系史之四：与南亚地区关系史|| History of Relations Between China an d Other Regions o f the World中国语言文学与文化|| Chinese Languages, Literatures and Cultures中外关系史名著导读|| Reading Guide of Famous Works on the History of Sino-Foreign Relations中外关系史史料学|| Science of Historical Data on the History of S info-Foreign Relations中外关系史研究|| Researches on the History of Sino-Foreign Relations中外史学理论与方法研究|| Researches on Theory and Method About Si no-Forei gn History Science中外文化交流史|| History of Sino-Foreign Cultural Exchanges中外文论|| Chinese and Western Literature Theories中西交通史|| History of Communication Between China and the West资本市场研究|| Study of Capital Market资本营运、财务与管理会计理论和方法研究|| Study of Theories & Appr oaches of Capital Operation, Financial Management Accounting资本运营与财务管理研究|| Capital Operation and Financial Management Researc h组织工程进展|| Advances in Tissue Engineering组织行为理论|| organizational Behavior Theory《中华人民共和国学位条例》“Regulations Concerning Academic Degrees in the People's Republic of Chin a”结业证书Certificate of Completion毕业证书Certificate of Graduation肄业证书Certificate of Completion/Incompletion/Attendance/Study教育学院College/Institute of Education中学Middle[Secondary] School师范学校Normal School[upper secondary level]师范专科学校Normal Specialized Postsecondary College师范大学Normal[Teachers] University公正书Notaries Certificate专科学校Postsecondary Specialized College广播电视大学Radio and Television University中等专科学校Secondary Specialized School自学考试Self-Study Examination技工学校Skilled Workers[Training] School 业余大学Spare-Time University职工大学Staff and Workers University大学University(regular, degree-granting) 职业大学Vocational University。
计算机常用英语词汇表高频700单词一、硬件类(Hardware)CPU(Center Processor Unit)中央处理单元Main board主板RAM(random access memory)随机存储器(内存)ROM(Read Only Memory)只读存储器Floppy Disk 软盘Hard Disk 硬盘CD-ROM 光盘驱动器(光驱)monitor 监视器keyboard 键盘mouse 鼠标chip 芯片CD-R 光盘刻录机HUB 集线器Modem= MOdulator-DEModulator, 调制解调器P-P(Plug and Play) 即插即用UPS(Uninterruptable Power Supply) 不间断电源BIOS(Basic-input-Output System) 基本输入输出系统CMOS(Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) 互补金属氧化物半导体setup安装uninstall卸载wizzard向导OS(Operation Systrem)操作系统OA(Office AutoMation)办公自动化exit退出edit编辑copy复制cut剪切paste粘贴delete删除select选择find查找select all全选replace替换undo撤消redo重做program程序license许可(证)back前一步next下一步finish结束folder文件夹Destination Folder目的文件夹user用户click点击double click双击right click右击settings设置update更新release发布data数据data base数据库DBMS(Data Base Manege System)数据库管理系统view视图insert插入object对象configuration配置command命令document文档POST(power-on-self-test)电源自检程序cursor光标attribute属性icon图标service pack服务补丁option pack功能补丁Demo演示short cut快捷方式exception异常debug调试previous前一个column行row列restart重新启动text文本font字体size大小scale比例interface界面function函数access访问manual指南active激活computer language计算机语言menu菜单GUI(graphical user interfaces )图形用户界面template模版page setup页面设置password口令code密码print preview打印预览zoom in放大zoom out缩小pan漫游cruise漫游full screen全屏tool bar工具条status bar状态条ruler标尺table表paragraph段落symbol符号style风格execute执行graphics图形image图像Unix用于服务器的一种操作系统Mac OS苹果公司开发的操作系统OO(Object-Oriented)面向对象virus病毒file文件open打开colse关闭new新建save保存exit退出clear清除default默认LAN局域网WAN广域网Client/Server客户机/服务器ATM( AsynchronousTransfer Mode)异步传输模式Windows NT微软公司的网络操作系统Internet互联网WWW(World Wide Web)万维网protocol协议HTTP超文本传输协议FTP文件传输协议Browser浏览器homepage主页Webpage网页website网站URL 在Internet的WWW服务程序上用于指定信息位置的表示方法Online在线Email电子邮件ICQ网上寻呼Firewall防火墙Gateway网关HTML超文本标识语言hypertext超文本hyperlink超级链接IP(Address)互联网协议(地址)Search Engine搜索引擎TCP/IP用于网络的一组通讯协议Telnet远程登录IE(Internet Explorer)探索者(微软公司的网络浏览器) Navigator引航者(网景公司的浏览器) multimedia多媒体ISO国际标准化组织?二、软件类(Software)ANSI美国国家标准协会able 能active file 活动文件add watch 添加监视点all files 所有文件allrightsreserved 所有的权力保留altdirlst 切换目录格式andotherinFORMation 以及其它的信息archivefileattribute 归档文件属性assignto 指定到autoanswer 自动应答autodetect 自动检测autoindent 自动缩进autosave 自动存储available on volume 该盘剩余空间bad command 命令错bad command or filename 命令或文件名错batch parameters 批处理参数binary file 二进制文件binary files 二进制文件Borland international borland国际公司bottommargin 页下空白bydate 按日期byextension 按扩展名byname 按名称bytesfree 字节空闲callstack 调用栈casesensitive 区分大小写centralpointsoftwareinc central point 软件股份公司changedirectory 更换目录changedrive 改变驱动器changename 更改名称characterset 字符集checkingfor 正在检查chgdrivepath 改变盘/路径chooseoneofthefollowing 从下列中选一项clearall 全部清除clearallbreakpoints 清除所有断点clearsanattribute 清除属性clearscommandhistory 清除命令历史clearscreen 清除屏幕closeall 关闭所有文件codegeneration 代码生成colorpalette 彩色调色板commandline 命令行commandprompt 命令提示符compressedfile 压缩文件conventionalmemory 常规内存copydiskette 复制磁盘copyrightc 版权(ccreatedospartitionorlogicaldosdrive 创建DOS分区或逻辑DOS驱动器createextendeddospartition 创建扩展DOS分区createprimarydospartition 创建DOS主分区createsadirectory 创建一个目录currentfile 当前文件defrag 整理碎片dele 删去deltree 删除树devicedriver 设备驱动程序dialogbox 对话栏directionkeys 方向键directly 直接地directorylistargument 目录显示变量directoryof 目录清单directorystructure 目录结构diskaccess 磁盘存取diskcopy 磁盘拷贝diskspace 磁盘空间displayfile 显示文件displayoptions 显示选项displaypartitioninFORMation 显示分区信息dosshell DOS 外壳doubleclick 双击driveletter 驱动器名editmenu 编辑选单emsmemory ems内存endoffile 文件尾endofline 行尾enterchoice 输入选择entiredisk 转换磁盘environmentvariable 环境变量everyfileandsubdirectory 所有的文件和子目录existingdestinationfile 已存在的目录文件时expandedmemory 扩充内存expandtabs 扩充标签explicitly 明确地extendedmemory 扩展内存fastest 最快的fatfilesystem fat 文件系统fdiskoptions fdisk选项fileattributes 文件属性fileFORMat 文件格式filefunctions 文件功能fileselection 文件选择fileselectionargument 文件选择变元filesin 文件在filesinsubdir 子目录中文件fileslisted 列出文件filespec 文件说明filespecification 文件标识filesselected 选中文件findfile 文件查寻fixeddisk 硬盘fixeddisksetupprogram 硬盘安装程序fixeserrorsonthedisk 解决磁盘错误floppydisk 软盘FORMatdiskette 格式化磁盘FORMatsadiskforusewithmsdos 格式化用于MS-DOS的磁盘FORMfeed 进纸freememory 闲置内存fullscreen 全屏幕functionprocedure 函数过程graphical 图解的graphicslibrary 图形库groupdirectoriesfirst 先显示目录组hangup 挂断harddisk 硬盘hardwaredetection 硬件检测hasbeen 已经helpfile 帮助文件helpindex 帮助索引helpinFORMation 帮助信息helppath 帮助路径helpscreen 帮助屏helptext 帮助说明helptopics 帮助主题helpwindow 帮助窗口hiddenfile 隐含文件hiddenfileattribute 隐含文件属性hiddenfiles 隐含文件howto 操作方式ignorecase 忽略大小写incorrectdos 不正确的DOS incorrectdosversion DOS 版本不正确indicatesabinaryfile 表示是一个二进制文件indicatesanasciitextfile 表示是一个ascii文本文件insertmode 插入方式insteadofusingchkdsktryusingscandisk 请用scandisk,不要用chkdsk inuse 在使用invaliddirectory 无效的目录kbytes 千字节keyboardtype 键盘类型labeldisk 标注磁盘laptop 膝上largest executable program 最大可执行程序large stmemory block available 最大内存块可用left handed 左手习惯left margin 左边界line number 行号line numbers 行号line spacing 行间距list by files insorted order 按指定顺序显示文件listfile 列表文件listof 清单locatefile 文件定位lookat 查看lookup 查找macroname 宏名字makedirectory 创建目录memoryinfo 内存信息memorymodel 内存模式menubar 菜单条menucommand 菜单命令menus 菜单messagewindow 信息窗口microsoft 微软microsoftantivirus 微软反病毒软件microsoftcorporation 微软公司modemsetup 调制解调器安装modulename 模块名monitormode 监控状态monochromemonitor 单色监视器moveto 移至multi 多newdata 新建数据newer 更新的newfile 新文件newname 新名称newwindow 新建窗口norton nortonnostack 栈未定义noteusedeltreecautiously 注意:小心使用deltree onlinehelp 联机求助optionally 可选择地pageframe 页面pagelength 页长pctools pc工具postｓｃｒｉｐｔ附言printall 全部打印printdevice 打印设备printerport 打印机端口programfile 程序文件pulldown 下拉pulldownmenus 下拉式选单quickFORMat 快速格式化quickview 快速查看readonlyfile 只读文件readonlyfileattribute 只读文件属性readonlyfiles 只读文件readonlymode 只读方式redial 重拨repeatlastfind 重复上次查找reportfile 报表文件resize 调整大小respectively 分别地rightmargin 右边距rootdirectory 根目录runtimeerror 运行时出错saveall 全部保存saveas 另存为scandisk 磁盘扫描程序screencolors 屏幕色彩screenoptions 屏幕任选项screensaver 屏幕暂存器screensavers 屏幕保护程序screensize 屏幕大小scrollbars 翻卷栏scrolllockoff 滚屏已锁定searchfor 搜索sectorspertrack 每道扇区数selectgroup 选定组selectionbar 选择栏setactivepartition 设置活动分区setupoptions 安装选项shortcutkeys 快捷键showclipboard 显示剪贴板singleside 单面sizemove 大小/移动sorthelp S排序H帮助sortorder 顺序stackoverflow 栈溢出standalone 独立的startupoptions 启动选项statusline 状态行stepover 单步summaryof 摘要信息swapfile 交换文件switchto 切换到sync 同步systemfile 系统文件systemfiles 系统文件systeminfo 系统信息systeminFORMation 系统信息程序tableofcontents 目录terminalemulation 终端仿真terminalsettings 终端设置testfile 测试文件testfileparameters 测试文件参数theactivewindow 激活窗口togglebreakpoint 切换断点tomsdos 转到MS-DOS topmargin 页面顶栏turnoff 关闭unmark 取消标记unselect 取消选择usesbareFORMat 使用简洁方式useslowercase 使用小写useswidelistFORMat 使用宽行显示usinghelp 使用帮助verbosely 冗长地videomode 显示方式viewwindow 内容浏览viruses 病毒vision 景象vollabel 卷标volumelabel 卷标volumeserialnumberis 卷序号是windowshelp windows 帮助wordwrap 整字换行workingdirectory 正在工作的目录worm 蠕虫writemode 写方式writeto 写到xmsmemory 扩充内存?三、网络类(Network)网络安全方面的专业词汇Access Control List（ACL）访问控制列表access token 访问令牌account lockout 帐号封锁account policies 记帐策略accounts 帐号adapter 适配器adaptive speed leveling 自适应速率等级调整Address Resolution Protocol(ARP) 地址解析协议Administrator account 管理员帐号ARPANET 阿帕网（internet的前身）algorithm 算法alias 别名allocation 分配、定位alias 小应用程序allocation layer 应用层API 应用程序编程接口anlpasswd 一种与Passwd+相似的代理密码检查器applications 应用程序ATM 异步传递模式attack 攻击audio policy 审记策略auditing 审记、监察back-end 后端borde 边界borde gateway 边界网关breakabie 可破密的breach 攻破、违反cipher 密码ciphertext 密文CAlass A domain A类域CAlass B domain B类域CAlass C domain C类域classless addressing 无类地址分配cleartext 明文CSNW Netware客户服务client 客户，客户机client/server 客户机/服务器code 代码COM port COM口（通信端口）CIX 服务提供者computer name 计算机名crack 闯入cryptanalysis 密码分析DLC 数据链路控制decryption 解密database 数据库dafault route 缺省路由dafault share 缺省共享denial of service 拒绝服务dictionary attack 字典式攻击directory 目录directory replication 目录复制domain 域domain controller 域名控制器domain name 域名域名其实就是入网计算机的名字，它的作用就象寄信需要写明人们的名字、地址一样重要。
数据库数据库（Database）是按照数据结构来组织、存储和管理数据的仓库，它产生于距今五十年前，随着信息技术和市场的发展，特别是二十世纪九十年代以后，数据管理不再仅仅是存储和管理数据，而转变成用户所需要的各种数据管理的方式。
数据库有很多种类型，从最简单的存储有各种数据的表格到能够进行海量数据存储的大型数据库系统都在各个方面得到了广泛的应用。
一．数据管理的诞生数据库的历史可以追溯到五十年前，那时的数据管理非常简单。
通过大量的分类、比较和表格绘制的机器运行数百万穿孔卡片来进行数据的处理，其运行结果在纸上打印出来或者制成新的穿孔卡片。
而数据管理就是对所有这些穿孔卡片进行物理的储存和处理。
然而，1 9 5 1 年雷明顿兰德公司（Remington Rand Inc.）的一种叫做Univac I 的计算机推出了一种一秒钟可以输入数百条记录的磁带驱动器，从而引发了数据管理的革命。
1956 年IBM生产出第一个磁盘驱动器——the Model 305 RAMAC。
此驱动器有50 个盘片，每个盘片直径是2 英尺，可以储存5MB的数据。
使用磁盘最大的好处是可以随机地存取数据，而穿孔卡片和磁带只能顺序存取数据。
数据库系统的萌芽出现于60 年代。
当时计算机开始广泛地应用于数据管理，对数据的共享提出了越来越高的要求。
传统的文件系统已经不能满足人们的需要。
能够统一管理和共享数据的数据库管理系统（DBMS）应运而生。
数据模型是数据库系统的核心和基础，各种DBMS 软件都是基于某种数据模型的。
所以通常也按照数据模型的特点将传统数据库系统分成网状数据库、层次数据库和关系数据库三类。
二．结构化查询语言(SQL)1974 年，IBM的Ray Boyce和Don Chamberlin将Codd关系数据库的12条准则的数学定义以简单的关键字语法表现出来，里程碑式地提出了SQL(Structured Query Language)语言。
第一章（计算机系统概论）digital computer 数字计算机decimal digits 十进制数字binary 二进制bit 位ASCII 美国国家信息交换标准代码computer system 计算机系统hardware system 硬件系统software system 软件系统I/O devices 输入输出设备central processing unit(CPU) 中央处理器memory 存储器application software 应用软件video game 计算机游戏system software 系统软件register 寄存器floating point data浮点数据Boolean布尔值character data字符数据EBCDIC扩充的二十一进制交换代码punched cards穿孔卡片magnetic tape磁带main memory主存vacuum tubes电子管magnetic drum磁鼓transistors晶体管solid-state devices固体器件magnetic cores磁芯integrated circuit（IC）集成电路silicon chip硅芯片multiprogramming多道程序设计timessharing分时分时技术minicomputers小型计算机mainframe大型计算机large-scaleintegrated(LSI)大规模集成very-large-scale integrated(VLSI)超大规模集成word processing文字处理eletronic spreedsheets电子表格database management programs数据库管理程序desktop publishing桌面印刷personalcomputer(PC)个人计算机microcomputer微型计算机storage capacities存储容量stand-alone computer独立计算机local area network(LAN)局域网peripheral devices外部设备assembly line流水线supercomputer巨型计算机第二章（计算机系统结构）memmory subsystem存储子系统I/O subsystem输入输出子系统bus总线system bus系统总线chip 芯片address bus地址总线instructions指令memory location存储单元data bus数据总线control bus控制总线local bus 局部总线microprocessor微处理器register set寄存器组arithmetic logic unit(ALU)运算器clock cycle时钟周期control unit控制器computer architecture计算机体系结构introduction format指令格式addressing modes寻址方式introduction set指令集internal memory内存main memory主存Random Access Memory(RAM)随机存取存储器Read Only Memory (ROM)只读存储器secondary storage副主存储器vitual memory虚拟存储器Dynamic RAM(DRAM)动态存储器refresh circuitry刷新电路Static RAM(SRAM)静态RAMcache memory高速缓冲存储器masked ROM掩膜ROMPROM可编程RAMEPROM可擦写PROMultraviolet light紫外线EEPROM or EEPROM电擦写PROMbasic input/output system(BIOS)基本输入输出系统flash EEPROM 快闪存储器memory hierarchy 存储器体系结构auxiliary memory 辅助存储器storage memory 存储容量keyboard 键盘alphanumeric key字母数字键function key 功能键cursor key 光标键numeric keypad 数字键mouse 鼠标touch screen触屏infrared ray红外线monitor 监视器display screen显示屏laser printer激光打印机ink-jet printer喷墨打印机dot-matrix printer点针式打印机modem调制解调器input-output interface(I/O interface)输入输出接口peripheral外部设备，外设interrupt中断program counter程序计数器vectored interrupt向量中断nonvectored interrupt非向量中断interrupt vector中断向量Direct Memory Acess(DMA)直接存储器存取timeout超时第三单元（计算机体系结构）parallel processing 并行操作serial operations 串行操作instructions stream 指令流data dream 数据流SISD 单指令单数据流SIMD 单指令多数据流MISD 多指令单数据流MIMD 多指令多数据流pipeline processing 流水线处理combinational circuit 组合电路multiplier 乘法器adder 加法器clock pulse 时钟脉冲vector processing 向量处理one-dimensional array 一维数组scalar processer 标量处理器vector instructions 向量指令CISC 复杂指令集计算机decoder 译码器RISC 精简指令集计算机backward compatibility 向下兼容第四单元（算法与数据结构）algorithm 算法parallel algotithm 并行算法primitive 原语syntax 语法semantics 语义pseudocode 伪码exhaustive search 穷举搜索divide-and-conquer algorithm 分治算法dynamic programming 动态规划bottom-up 自上而下top-down 自下而上array 数组one-dimensional array 一维数组pointer 指针program counter 程序计数器instruction pointer 指令指针list 列表linked list 链表singly-linked list 单向链表double-linked list 双向链表circularly-linked list 循环链表FIFO 先进先出LIFO 后进先出stack 栈push 压栈pop 出栈stack pointer 栈指针queue 队列tree 树root 根level 层次degree of a node 结点的度depth of a tree树的深度binary tree 二叉树traversal 遍历M-way search tree M向搜索树第五章（编程语言）Program 程序Program language 程序设计语言Software engineering 软件工程Pseudocode 伪码Flowchart 流程图Coding 编码Program testing 程序测试Desk-checking 手工检查Documentation 文档User documentation 用户文档Operator documentation 操作员文档Programmer documentation 程序员文档Machine language 机器语言Assembly languages 汇编语言High-level languages 高级语言RAD(rapid application development) 快速应用开发Natural language 自然语言Artificial intelligence(AI) 人工智能Compile 编译Assemble 汇编Source code 源代码Object code 目标代码Linker 连接器Executable file 可执行文件Object-oriented programming 面向对象的程序设计Object 对象Class 类ADT（abstract data type）抽象数据类型Member variable 成员变量Class variable 类变量Member function 成员函数Inheritance 继承Derived class 派生类Overload 超载Message 消息Static binding 静态绑定Dynamic binding 动态绑定Polymorphism 多态性Visual programming 可视化编程Markup language 标记语言HTML（hyper text markup language）超文本标记语言Hyperlink 超链接XML(extensible markup language) 可扩展标记语言Java virtual machine java虚拟机第六章（操作系统）Application software 应用软件System software 系统软件Utility software 实用软件Operating system（OS）操作系统Shell 操作系统的外壳程序Graphical user interface（GUI）图形用户界面Kernel 内核Serial processing 串行处理Job 作业Batch processing 批处理Simple batch systems 简单批处理系统Multiprogrammed batch systems 多道程序批处理系统Monitor 监控程序Scheduler 调度程序Multiprogramming 多道程序Multitasking 多任务Time-sharing systems 分时系统Uniprogramming 单道进程Process 进程Process management 进程管理Process control block 进程控制块Mutual exclusion 互斥Multiprocessing 多处理，多进程Distributed processing 分布式管理Concurrent processes 并发处理Deadlock 死锁Synchronize process同步处理Semaphore 信号量Reusable resource 可复用性资源I/O buffers 输入/输出缓冲区I/O channel 输入/输出通道Deadlock prevention 死锁预防Deadlock detection 死锁检测Deadlock avoidance 死锁避免Virtual memory 虚拟内存Logical reference 逻辑引用Real addresse 实地址Paging 分页Segmentation 分段Virtual address 虚拟地址Physical addresses 物理地址Real-time process 实时处理File management 文件管理Plug and play(PnP) 即插即用第七单元(应用软件)application software 应用软件word processing 字处理软件spreadsheet 电子表格personal finance 个人理财presentation graphic 演示图形database manager 数据库管理软件groupware 群件desktop accessory 桌面辅助工具browsers 浏览区desktop publishing 桌面印刷project management 项目管理CAD 计算机辅助设计CAM 计算机辅助制造multimedia authoring 多媒体发布animation 动画MIDI 乐器数字化接口speech synthesis 语音合成insertion point 插入点scroll bar 滚动条window 窗口menu bar 菜单栏pull-down menu 下拉式菜单Button 按钮toolbar 工具条dialog box 对话框default value 缺省值（默认值）macro 宏OLE 对象链接和嵌入clipboard 剪切板column 列row 行cell 单元格cell address 单元格地址cell pointer 单元格指针formula 公式function 函数bar chart 柱形图line chart 线图pie chart 圆饼图workflow software 工作流软件PIM 个人信息管理软件Web browser 浏览器World Wide Web 万维网home page 主页第八单元（数据库）DBMS 数据库管理系统instance 实例schema 模式physical schema 物理模式存储模式内模式logical schema 逻辑模式概念模式模式subschema 子模式外模式data independence 数据独立性physical data independence 物理数据独立性logical data independence 逻辑数据独立性data model 数据模型entity-relationship model 实体联系模型object-oriented model 面向对象模型semantic data model 语义数据类型functional data model 功能数据模型entity 实体entity set 实体集mapping cardinality 映射基数abstract data type 抽象数据类型attribute 属性relation 关系tuple 元组primary key 主键super key 超健candidate key 候选键foreign key 外键DDL 数据定义语言data dictionary 数据字典DML 数据操纵语言procedure DML 过程化DML nonprocedure DML 非过程化DMLSQL 结构化查询语言view 视图the relational algebra 关系代数the tuple relational calculus 元组关系演算atomicity 原子性consistency 一致性duration 持久性transaction 事物DBA 数据库管理员。
Database FundamentalsIntroduction to DBMSA database management system (DBMS) is an important type of programming system, used today on the biggest and the smallest computers. As for other major forms of system software, such as compilers and operating systems, a well-understood set of principles for database management systems has developed over the years, and these concepts are useful both for understanding how to use these systems effectively and for designing and implementing DBMS's. DBMS is a collection of programs that enables you to store, modify, and extract information from a database. There are many different types of DBMS's, ranging from small systems that run on personal computers to huge systems that run on mainframes.There are two qualities that distinguish database management systems from other sorts of programming systems.1) The ability to manage persistent data, and2) The ability to access large amounts of data efficiently.Point 1) merely states that there is a database which exists permanently; the content of this database is the data that a DBMS accesses and manages. Point 2) distinguishes a DBMS from a file system, which also manages persistent data.A DBMS's capabilities are needed most when the amount of data is very large, because for small amounts of data, simple access techniques, such as linear scans of the data, are usually adequate.While we regard the above two properties of a DBMS as fundamental, there are a number of other capabilities that are almost universally found in commercial DBMS's. These are:(1) Support for at least one data model, or mathematical abstraction through which the user can view the data.(2) Support for certain high-level languages that allow the user to define the structure of data, access data, and manipulate data.(3) Transaction management, the capability to provide correct, concurrent access to the database by many users at once.(4) Access control, the ability to limit access to data by unauthorized users, and the ability to check the validity of data.(5) Resiliency, the ability to recover from system failures without losing data.Data Models Each DBMS provides at least one abstract model of data that allows the user to see information not as raw bits, but in more understandable terms.In fact, it is usually possible to see data at several levels of abstraction. At a relatively low level, a DBMS commonly allows us to visualize data as composed of files.Efficient File Access The ability to store a file is not remarkable: the file system associated with any operating system does that. The capability of a DBMS is seen when we access the data of a file. For example, suppose we wish to find the manager of employee "Clark Kent". If the company has thousands of employees, It is very expensive to search the entire file to find the one with NAME="Clark Kent". A DBMS helps us to set up "index files," or "indices," that allow us to access the record for "Clark Kent" in essentially one stroke no matter how large the file is. Likewise, insertion of new records or deletion of old ones can be accomplished in time that is small and essentially constant, independent of the file length. Another thing a DBMS helps us do is navigate among files, that is, to combine values in two or more files to obtain the information we want.Query Languages To make access to files easier, a DBMS provides a query language, or data manipulation language, to express operations on files. Query languages differ in the level of detail they require of the user, with systems based on the relational data model generally requiring less detail than languages based on other models.Transaction Management Another important capability of a DBMS is the ability to manage simultaneously large numbers of transactions, which are procedures operating on the database. Some databases are so large that they can only be useful if they are operated upon simultaneously by many computers: often these computers are dispersed around the country or the world. The database systems use by banks, accessed almost instantaneously by hundreds or thousands of automated teller machines (ATM), as well as by an equal or greater number of employees in the bank branches, is typical of this sort of database. An airline reservation system is another good example.Sometimes, two accesses do not interfere with each other. For example, any number of transactions can be reading your bank balance at the same time, without any inconsistency. But if you are in the bank depositing your salary check at the exact instant your spouse is extracting money from an automatic teller, the result of the two transactions occurring simultaneously and without coordination is unpredictable. Thus, transactions that modify a data item must “lock out” other transactions trying to read or write that item at the same time. A DBMS must therefore provide some form ofconcurrency control to prevent uncoordinated access to the same data item by more than one transaction.Even more complex problems occur when the database is distributed over many different computer systems, perhaps with duplication of data to allow both faster local access and to protect against the destruction of data if one computer crashes.Security of Data A DBMS must not only protect against loss of data when crashes occur, as we just mentioned, but it must prevent unauthorized access. For example, only users with a certain clearance should have access to the salary field of an employee file, and the DBMS must be able associate with the various users their privileges to see files, fields within files, or other subsets of the data in the database. Thus a DBMS must maintain a table telling for each user known to it, what access privileges the user has for each object. For example, one user may be allowed to read a file, but not to insert or delete data; another may not be allowed to see the file at all, while a third may be allowed to read or modify the file at will.DBMS TypesDesigners developed three different types of database structures: hierarchical, network, and relational. Hierarchical and network were first developed but relational has become dominant. While the relational design is dominant, the older databases have not been dropped. Companies that installed a hierarchical system such as IMS in the 1970s will be using and maintaining these databases for years to come even though new development is being done on relational systems. These older systems are often referred to as legacy systems.数据库基础DBMS 简介数据库管理系统是编程系统中的重要的一种，现今可以用在最大的以及最小的电脑上。
multilingual processing system 多语讯息处理系统multilingual translation 多语翻译multimedia 多媒体multi-media communication 多媒体通讯multiple inheritance 多重继承multistate logic 多态逻辑mutation 语音转换mutual exclusion 互斥mutual information 相互讯息nativist position 语法天生假说natural language 自然语言natural language processing (nlp) 自然语言处理natural language understanding 自然语言理解negation 否定negative sentence 否定句neologism 新词语nested structure 崁套结构network 网络neural network 类神经网络neurolinguistics 神经语言学neutralization 中立化n-gram n-连词n-gram modeling n-连词模型nlp (natural language processing) 自然语言处理node 节点nominalization 名物化nonce 暂用的non-finite 非限定non-finite clause 非限定式子句non-monotonic reasoning 非单调推理normal distribution 常态分布noun 名词noun phrase 名词组np (noun phrase) completeness 名词组完全性object 宾语{语言学}/对象{信息科学}object oriented programming 对象导向程序设计[面向对向的程序设计]official language 官方语言one-place predicate 一元述语on-line dictionary 线上查询词典 [联机词点]onomatopoeia 拟声词onset 节首音ontogeny 个体发生ontology 本体论open set 开放集operand 操作数 [操作对象]optimization 最佳化 [最优化]overgeneralization 过度概化overgeneration 过度衍生paradigmatic relation 聚合关系paralanguage 附语言parallel construction 并列结构parallel corpus 平行语料库parallel distributed processing (pdp) 平行分布处理paraphrase 转述 [释意;意译;同意互训]parole 言语parser 剖析器 [句法剖析程序]parsing 剖析part of speech (pos) 词类particle 语助词part-of relation part-of 关系part-of-speech tagging 词类标注pattern recognition 型样识别p-c (predicate-complement) insertion 述补中插pdp (parallel distributed processing) 平行分布处理perception 知觉perceptron 感觉器 [感知器]perceptual strategy 感知策略performative 行为句periphrasis 用独立词表达perlocutionary 语效性的permutation 移位petri net grammar petri 网语法philology 语文学phone 语音phoneme 音素phonemic analysis 因素分析phonemic stratum 音素层phonetics 语音学phonogram 音标phonology 声韵学 [音位学;广义语音学] phonotactics 音位排列理论phrasal verb 词组动词 [短语动词]phrase 词组 [短语]phrase marker 词组标记 [短语标记]pitch 音调pitch contour 调形变化pivot grammar 枢轴语法pivotal construction 承轴结构plausibility function 可能性函数pm (phrase marker) 词组标记 [短语标记] polysemy 多义性pos-tagging 词类标记postposition 方位词pp (preposition phrase) attachment 介词依附pragmatics 语用学precedence grammar 优先级语法precision 精确度predicate 述词predicate calculus 述词计算predicate logic 述词逻辑 [谓词逻辑]predicate-argument structure 述词论元结构prefix 前缀premodification 前置修饰preposition 介词prescriptive linguistics 规定语言学 [规范语言学] presentative sentence 引介句presupposition 前提principle of compositionality 语意合成性原理privative 二元对立的probabilistic parser 概率句法剖析程序problem solving 解决问题program 程序programming language 程序设计语言 [程序设计语言] proofreading system 校对系统proper name 专有名词prosody 节律prototype 原型pseudo-cleft sentence 准分裂句psycholinguistics 心理语言学punctuation 标点符号pushdown automata 下推自动机pushdown transducer 下推转换器qualification 后置修饰quantification 量化quantifier 范域词quantitative linguistics 计量语言学question answering system 问答系统queue 队列radical 字根 [词干;词根;部首;偏旁]radix of tuple 元组数基random access 随机存取rationalism 理性论rationalist (position) 理性论立场 [唯理论观点]reading laboratory 阅读实验室real time 实时real time control 实时控制 [实时控制]recursive transition network 递归转移网络reduplication 重叠词 [重复]reference 指涉referent 指称对象referential indices 指针referring expression 指涉词 [指示短语]register 缓存器[寄存器]{信息科学}/调高{语音学}/语言的场合层级{社会语言学}regular language 正规语言 [正则语言]relational database 关系型数据库 [关系数据库]relative clause 关系子句relaxation method 松弛法relevance 相关性restricted logic grammar 受限逻辑语法resumptive pronouns 复指代词retroactive inhibition 逆抑制rewriting rule 重写规则rheme 述位rhetorical structure 修辞结构rhetorics 修辞学robust 强健性robust processing 强健性处理robustness 强健性schema 基朴school grammar 教学语法scope 范域 [作用域;范围]script 脚本search mechanism 检索机制search space 检索空间searching route 检索路径 [搜索路径]second order predicate 二阶述词segmentation 分词segmentation marker 分段标志selectional restriction 选择限制semantic field 语意场semantic frame 语意架构semantic network 语意网络semantic representation 语意表征 [语义表示] semantic representation language 语意表征语言semantic restriction 语意限制semantic structure 语意结构semantics 语意学sememe 意素semiotics 符号学sender 发送者sensorimotor stage 感觉运动期sensory information 感官讯息 [感觉信息]sentence 句子sentence generator 句子产生器 [句子生成程序]sentence pattern 句型separation of homonyms 同音词区分sequence 序列serial order learning 顺序学习serial verb construction 连动结构set oriented semantic network 集合导向型语意网络 [面向集合型语意网络]sgml (standard generalized markup language) 结构化通用标记语言shift-reduce parsing 替换简化式剖析short term memory 短程记忆sign 信号signal processing technology 信号处理技术simple word 单纯词situation 情境situation semantics 情境语意学situational type 情境类型social context 社会环境sociolinguistics 社会语言学software engineering 软件工程 [软件工程]sort 排序speaker-independent speech recognition 非特定语者语音识别spectrum 频谱speech 口语speech act assignment 言语行为指定speech continuum 言语连续体speech disorder 语言失序 [言语缺失]speech recognition 语音辨识speech retrieval 语音检索speech situation 言谈情境 [言语情境]speech synthesis 语音合成speech translation system 语音翻译系统speech understanding system 语音理解系统spreading activation model 扩散激发模型standard deviation 标准差standard generalized markup language 标准通用标示语言start-bound complement 接头词state of affairs algebra 事态代数state transition diagram 状态转移图statement kernel 句核static attribute list 静态属性表statistical analysis 统计分析statistical linguistics 统计语言学statistical significance 统计意义stem 词干stimulus-response theory 刺激反应理论stochastic approach to parsing 概率式句法剖析 [句法剖析的随机方法]stop 爆破音stratificational grammar 阶层语法 [层级语法]string 字符串[串；字符串]string manipulation language 字符串操作语言string matching 字符串匹配 [字符串]structural ambiguity 结构歧义structural linguistics 结构语言学structural relation 结构关系structural transfer 结构转换structuralism 结构主义structure 结构structure sharing representation 结构共享表征subcategorization 次类划分 [下位范畴化] subjunctive 假设的sublanguage 子语言subordinate 从属关系subordinate clause 从属子句 [从句;子句] subordination 从属substitution rule 代换规则 [置换规则] substrate 底层语言suffix 后缀superordinate 上位的superstratum 上层语言suppletion 异型[不规则词型变化] suprasegmental 超音段的syllabification 音节划分syllable 音节syllable structure constraint 音节结构限制symbolization and verbalization 符号化与字句化synchronic 同步的synonym 同义词syntactic category 句法类别syntactic constituent 句法成分syntactic rule 语法规律 [句法规则]syntactic semantics 句法语意学syntagm 句段syntagmatic 组合关系 [结构段的;组合的] syntax 句法systemic grammar 系统语法tag 标记target language 目标语言 [目标语言]task sharing 课题分享 [任务共享] tautology 套套逻辑 [恒真式;重言式;同义反复] taxonomical hierarchy 分类阶层 [分类层次] telescopic compound 套装合并template 模板temporal inference 循序推理 [时序推理] temporal logic 时间逻辑 [时序逻辑] temporal marker 时貌标记tense 时态terminology 术语text 文本text analyzing 文本分析text coherence 文本一致性text generation 文本生成 [篇章生成]text linguistics 文本语言学text planning 文本规划text proofreading 文本校对text retrieval 文本检索text structure 文本结构 [篇章结构]text summarization 文本自动摘要 [篇章摘要] text understanding 文本理解text-to-speech 文本转语音thematic role 题旨角色thematic structure 题旨结构theorem 定理thesaurus 同义词辞典theta role 题旨角色theta-grid 题旨网格token 实类 [标记项]tone 音调tone language 音调语言tone sandhi 连调变换top-down 由上而下 [自顶向下]topic 主题topicalization 主题化 [话题化]trace 痕迹trace theory 痕迹理论training 训练transaction 异动 [处理单位]transcription 转写 [抄写;速记翻译]transducer 转换器transfer 转移transfer approach 转换方法transfer framework 转换框架transformation 变形 [转换]transformational grammar 变形语法 [转换语法] transitional state term set 转移状态项集合transitivity 及物性translation 翻译translation equivalence 翻译等值性translation memory 翻译记忆transparency 透明性tree 树状结构 [树]tree adjoining grammar 树形加接语法 [树连接语法] treebank 树图数据库[语法关系树库]trigram 三连词t-score t-数turing machine 杜林机 [图灵机]turing test 杜林测试 [图灵试验]type 类型type/token node 标记类型/实类节点type-feature structure 类型特征结构typology 类型学ultimate constituent 终端成分unbounded dependency 无界限依存underlying form 基底型式underlying structure 基底结构unification 连并 [合一]unification-based grammar 连并为本的语法 [基于合一的语法] universal grammar 普遍性语法universal instantiation 普遍例式universal quantifier 全称范域词unknown word 未知词 [未定义词]unrestricted grammar 非限制型语法usage flag 使用旗标user interface 使用者界面 [用户界面]valence grammar 结合价语法valence theory 结合价理论valency 结合价variance 变异数 [方差]verb 动词verb phrase 动词组 [动词短语]verb resultative compound 动补复合词verbal association 词语联想verbal phrase 动词组verbal production 言语生成vernacular 本地话v-o construction (verb-object) 动宾结构vocabulary 字汇vocabulary entry 词条vocal track 声道vocative 呼格voice recognition 声音辨识 [语音识别]vowel 元音vowel harmony 元音和谐 [元音和谐]waveform 波形weak verb 弱化动词whorfian hypothesis whorfian 假说word 词word frequency 词频word frequency distribution 词频分布word order 词序word segmentation 分词word segmentation standard for chinese 中文分词规范word segmentation unit 分词单位 [切词单位]word set 词集working memory 工作记忆 [工作存储区]world knowledge 世界知识writing system 书写系统x-bar theory x标杠理论 ["x"阶理论]zipf's law 利夫规律 [齐普夫定律]。
英语作文对网络课堂的改进English:With the rapid development of technology, online education has become increasingly popular, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there is always room for improvement in the online classroom experience. One way to enhance the online learning process is by incorporating interactive elements. Online education should move beyond a one-way flow of information from the teacher to the students. Instead, there should be opportunities for students to actively participate in discussions, ask questions, and engage in collaborative activities. This can be achieved through features like real-time chat, virtual breakout rooms, and online forums.Another improvement that can be made is the use of multimedia resources. Instead of relying solely on text-based materials, online courses should incorporate videos, images, and audio recordings to enhance the learning experience. This can help to make the content more engaging, improve comprehension, and cater to differentlearning styles. Additionally, providing access to supplementary resources such as online libraries, educational websites, and multimedia databases can further enrich the learning process.Furthermore, personalized learning should be emphasized in online classrooms. Each student has unique learning needs and interests, and online education platforms should be designed to cater to these individual differences. Personalized learning can be achieved through adaptive learning technologies that provide tailored learning experiences based on the student's abilities, interests, and progress. This not only facilitates better learning outcomes but also enhances student motivation and engagement.Lastly, regular and meaningful feedback is essential for effective online learning. Teachers should provide timely feedback on assignments, assessments, and student progress. This can be done through online grading systems, audio or video feedback, or even online conferencing. Additionally, students should also be encouraged to provide feedback on the course content, format, and overall learning experience. This feedback can be used to makenecessary improvements and ensure that the online education platform meets the needs and preferences of the learners.In conclusion, to improve the online classroom experience, interactive elements, multimedia resources, personalized learning, and regular feedback should be incorporated. By implementing these changes, online education can become more engaging, effective, and student-centered.中文翻译:随着技术的迅猛发展, 在线教育变得越来越受欢迎, 尤其是在COVID-19大流行期间. 然而, 在线课堂体验始终有改进的空间. 提升在线学习过程的一种方式是加入互动元素. 在线教育应该超越从教师到学生的单向信息流. 而是应该有机会让学生积极参与讨论、提问和参与合作活动. 这可以通过实时聊天、虚拟小组讨论室和在线论坛等功能实现.另一个可以改进的方面是使用多媒体资源. 在线课程不应仅依靠文本材料, 而应融入视频、图片和音频录制等形式以增强学习体验. 这有助于使内容更具吸引力, 提高理解能力, 并迎合不同的学习风格. 此外, 提供在线图书馆、教育网站和多媒体数据库等补充资源可以进一步丰富学习过程.此外, 在在线课堂中应强调个性化学习. 每个学生都有独特的学习需求和兴趣, 在线教育平台应该设计为满足这些个体差异. 通过提供基于学生能力、兴趣和进展的个性化学习体验的自适应学习技术, 可实现个性化学习. 这不仅有助于提高学习成果, 还增强了学生的动机和参与度.最后, 对于有效的在线学习, 定期的和有意义的反馈至关重要. 教师应及时提供有关作业、评估和学生进展的反馈. 这可以通过在线评分系统、音频或视频反馈甚至在线会议等方式实现. 此外, 还应鼓励学生对课程内容、格式和整体学习体验提供反馈. 这些反馈可以用于进行必要的改进, 确保在线教育平台满足学习者的需求和偏好.总之, 要改善在线课堂的体验, 应纳入互动元素、多媒体资源、个性化学习和定期反馈. 通过实施这些改变, 在线教育可以变得更具吸引力、有效和以学生为中心.。
第一篇北京师范大学图书馆使用说明一、图书馆概况北京师范大学图书馆始于1902年京师大学堂师范馆图书室。
1923年建成第一座馆舍。
1931年北平大学女子师范学院图书馆并入。
1952年私立北平辅仁大学图书馆并入。
现在的图书馆由一个总馆、两个分馆和十七个学科资料室组成，现有建筑面积近2万平方米，目前图书馆的年接待量约120万人次，3万平方米的新图书馆大楼正在建设中，未来新馆将为全校师生提供更先进的硬件服务设施。
图书馆总馆共五层。
主楼四季厅内、各个借书处及阅览室均设有检索机，可对馆藏书目及国内外各种类型学术数据库、各类数字资源和音像资料系统进行检索，获取相关图书信息。
图书馆主页（）包含下文所提到的所有资源检索和各类服务的入口，还会及时更新与图书馆有关的各类通知，提供强大的网络服务功能，为同学们使用图书馆提供有效的辅助和最大的便利。
二、馆藏资源现有馆藏印本文献371万余册，其中：中文图书279万余册，外文图书近46万册。
中外文合订刊41万余册，20世纪初期珍稀期刊240余种。
博、硕士及本科生学位论文26783篇。
馆藏古籍线装书3万余种37万余册，馆藏善本3万册；地方志近3000种，占全国地方志总量的1/3。
引进中外文数据库210个，中外文全文电子期刊3.6万余种，电子图书62万余册，电子学位论文140万篇。
自建共建各类型数据库25个。
多媒体数据库多个，以及外语教学、音乐、各学科教学参考、随书资源等各类音视频文件近十万个。
北京师范大学图书馆教育心理类书刊尤具特色。
重点收藏教育类书刊，特别是对近年来全国各地的师范学校和中小学教材有系统收藏，藏有清末以来中央政府及各地有关教育事业的法规文件图表报告等。
收藏教育部“七五”至“十五”期间课题成果及人文社会科学获奖图书。
估计线装书具有特色，有宋元刻本、明清刻本、抄本等珍贵藏本，其中尤以地方志和丛书类为特色。
三、主要服务1．图书借阅服务（1）书刊外借备注：借书时开架选择图书时可使用带书板，阅毕方便放归原处，避免书刊错架。
UNIT 1application software 应用软件basic application 基础程序communication device 通讯设备compact disc（CD) 高密度磁盘computer competency 计算机能力desktop computer 台式机device driver 设备驱动程序r digital versatile disc（DVD) 数字化通用磁盘digital video disc（DVD) 数字视频光盘end user 终端用户floppy disc 软盘handheld computer 手持式计算机hard disc 硬盘highdefinition（hidef）高清晰度information system 信息系统information technology 信息技术input device 输入设备mainframe computer 大型机midrange computer 中型机notebook computer 笔记本电脑operating system 操作系统output device 输出设备optical disc 光盘（CD和DVD 的统称）palm computer 掌上电脑personal digital assistant（PDA）个人数字助理presentation file 演示文档（PPT）primary storage 主存储器random access memory（RAM）随机存取存储器secondary storage 次级存储specialized application 专业计算机应用system software 系统软件system unit 系统处理单元tablet PC 平板电脑wireless revolution 无线革命worksheet file 工作表文件UNIT 2Advanced Reasearch Project Agency Network （ARPANET）阿帕网auction house site 拍卖行网站business-to-business（B2B）企业对企业的电子商务模式business-to-consumer(B2C) 企业对消费者的电子商务模式Center for European Nuclear Research(CERN)欧洲原子能研究中心（注意是CERN而非CENR）computer virus 计算机病毒consumer-to-consumer 消费者对消费者的电子商务模式digital cash 数字现金directory search 目录检索domain name 域名electronic commerce 电子商务electronic mail 电子邮件file transfer protocol(FTP) 文件传输协议Hypertext Markup Language(HTML)超文本标记语言instant messaging(IM) 即时通讯Internet security 网络安全Internet service provider(ISP) 互联网服务提供商Keyword search 关键字检索metasearch engine 元搜索引擎national service provider 国家级服务提供商online banking 网上银行online shopping 网上购物online stock trading 网上炒股person-to-person auction site 人与人的拍卖网站plug-in 插件程序search engine 搜索引擎search service 搜索服务signature line 签名档social networking 社交网络spam blocker 垃圾邮件拦截器specialized search engine 专用搜索引擎top-level domain(TLD) 顶级域名uniform resource location(URL) 统一资源定位器universal instant messenger 环球即时通讯Web auction 网上拍卖Web-based application 基于Web应用Web-based services 基于Web服务Web page 网页Web utility Web实用程序Wireless modem 无线调制解调器Wireless service provider 无线上网服务提供商UNIT 3analytical graph 分析图AutoContent wizard 内容提示向导bulleted list/numbered list 项目符号列表business suite（productivity suite）商务套装软体character effect 字符效果computer trainer 计算机教师contextual tab 情景标签（上下文选项卡）database management system(DBMS)数据库管理系统database manager 数据库管理器design template 设计模板dialog box 对话框find and replace 查找替换grammar checker 语法检查器graphical user interface(GUI) 图形用户界面home software 家用软件integrated package 集成软件包master slide 幻灯片母板menu bar 菜单栏numeric entry 数字输入personal software 个人软件personal suite 个人软件套装presentation graphics 演示图形relational database 关系数据库software suite 软件套件specialized suite 专业软件套装speech recognition 语音识别spelling checker 拼写检查程序user interface 用户界面utility suite 实用工具套件what-if analysis 假设分析word processor 文字处理软件word wrap 自动换行workbook file 工作表文件UNIT4 artifical intelligence 人工智能artificial reality 人造现实audio editing software 音频编辑软件bitmap image 位图clip art 剪辑艺术desktop publisher 排版者desktop publishing program 排版程序drawing program 绘图程序expert system 专家系统fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑graphical map 图形映射graphics suite 图像处理套件illustration program 插图软件image editors 图像编辑器image gallery 图像库immersive experience 拟真经历industrial robot 工业机器人knowledge base 知识库knowledge-based system 基于知识的系统mobile robot 可动机器人multimedia authoring program 多媒体编辑程序page layout program 排版程序perception system robot 感知系统机器人photo editors 照片编辑器raster image 光栅图像（位图的另一种说法）virtual reality 虚拟现实stock photograph 摄影作品story board 故事板vector illustration 矢量插画vector image 矢量图video editing software 视频编辑软件virtual environment 虚拟环境virtual reality modeling language(VRML)虚拟现实建模语言virtual reality wall 虚拟现实墙Web authoring 网页制作Web authoring program 网页制作程序Web log 网络日志Web page editor 网页编辑器UNIT 5Add Printer Wizard 添加打印机向导antivirus program 反病毒软件backup program 文件备份程序Boot Camp 引导营地cold boot 冷启动computer support specialist 计算机支持专家desktop operating system 桌面操作系统device driver 设备驱动diagnostic program 诊断程序dialog box 对话框Disk Cleaning 磁盘清理Disk Defragmenter 磁盘碎片整理embedded operating system 嵌入式操作系统file compression program 文件压缩程序graphic user interface 图形用户界面language translator 程序语言翻译程序network operating system（NOS）网络操作系统network server 网络服务器One Button Checkup 一键检测software environment 软件环境stand-alone operating system 单机操作系统system software 系统软件troubleshooting program 麻烦纠错程序uninstall program 卸载程序utility suite 套装工具软件warm boot 热启动UNIT 6AC adapter 交流电转接器accelerated graphics port（AGP)图形加速端口arithmetic-logic unit（ALU) 逻辑算术单元，运算器arithmetic operation 算术运算binary coding scheme 二进制编码方案binary system 二进制系统bus line 总线bus width 总线宽度cache memory 高速缓冲存储器carrier package 载波包central processing unit（CPU)中央处理器clock speed 时钟速度complementary metal-oxide semiconductor （CMOS) 互补金属氧化物半导体computer technician 计算机技术员control unit 控制单元，控制器desktop system unit 桌面系统单元dual-core chips 双核心晶片expansion bus 扩展总线expansion card 扩展卡expansion slot 扩展槽FireWire bus 火线总线FireWire port 火线端口flash memory 闪存graphics card 显卡graphics coprocessor 图形协处理器handheld computer system unit掌上电脑系统单元industry standard architecture(ISA)工业标准结构Infrared Data Association(IrDA) 红外数据协会integrated circuit 集成电路logical operation 逻辑运算modem card 调制解调器卡musical instrument digital interface(MIDI)音乐设备数字接口network adapter card 网络适配卡network interface card 网络接口卡,网卡notebook system unit 笔记本电脑系统单元parallel port 并行端口parallel processing 并行处理PC card 个人计算机卡PCI Express(PCIe) 串行总线peripheral component interconnect(PCI)外部控制器接口Plug and Play 即插即用power supply unit 电源单元random-access memory 随机存储器read-only memory 只读存储器RFID tag 无线射频标签serial ATA(SATA) 串行ATAserial port 串行端口silicon chip 硅晶片smart card 智能卡sound card 声卡system board 主板system bus 系统总线system cabinet 主机箱system clock 系统时钟system unit 系统处理单元tablet PC system unit 平板电脑系统处理单元TV turner card 电视卡universal serial bus(USB) 通用串行总线virtual memory 虚拟内存UNIT7active-matrix monitor 有源矩阵显示器bar code 条形码bar code reader 条形码扫描器bar code scanner 条形码扫描器cathode-ray tube(CRT) 阴极射线管combination key 组合键cordless mouse 无线鼠标data projector 投影机digital camera 数码摄像机digital media player 数字媒体播放器digital music player 数字音乐播放器digital video player 数字视频播放器display screen 显示屏幕dot-matrix printer 点阵式打印机dot pitch 点距dots-per-inch(dpi) 每英寸点数dual-scan monitor 双向扫描显示器dumb terminal 哑终端ergonomic keyboard 人体工程学键盘fax machine 传真机flat-panel monitor 平板显示器flatbed scanner 台式扫描仪flexible keyboard 柔性键盘handwriting recognition software手写识别软件high-definition television(HDTV)高清电视ink-jet printer 喷墨打印机intelligent terminal 智能终端Internet telephone 网络电话IP telephony ip电话laser printer 激光打印机light pen 光笔liquid crystal display(LCD) 液晶显示器magnetic-ink character recognition(MICR)磁墨水字符识别mechanical mouse 机械鼠标mouse pointer 鼠标指针multifunctional device(MFD) 多功能设备network terminal 网络终端numeric keypad 数字小键盘optical-character recognition(OCR)光学字符识别optical-mark recognition(OMR)光标阅读器optical mouse 光电鼠标optical scanner 光电扫描仪passive-matrix monitor 无源矩阵显示器personal laser printer 个人激光打印机picture elecments 像素pixel pitch 像素间距platform scanner 平版式扫描仪pointing stick 指点杆portable printer 便捷式打印机portable scanner 便携式扫描仪radio frequency card reader 射频读卡器radio frequency identification 射频识别refresh rate 刷新率roller ball 滚球shared laser printer 共享激光打印机technical writer 技术作家thermal printer 热敏打印机thin film transistor 薄膜晶体管toggle key 切换键touch pad 触摸板touch screen 触摸屏tranditional keyboard 传统键盘Universal Product Code（UPC）通用产品代码Voice over IP（VoIP）网络协议电话Voice recognition system 语音识别系统Wand reader 条形码读入器wheel button 滚轮wireless keyboard 无线键盘wireless mouse 无线鼠标UNIT 8access speed 存取速度CD-R(CD-recordable) 可录入光盘CD-ROM(compact disc-read-only memory)只读光盘CD-ROM jukebox 点唱机CD-RW(compact disc rewritable)可擦写光盘direct access 直接存取disk caching 磁盘缓存DVD-R(DVD recordable) 可录入DVD+R(DVD recordable)DVD-RAM(DVD random-access memory)DVD随机存储器DVD+ROM(DVD-read-only memory)高密度只读光盘DVD-RW(DVD rewritable) 可擦写DVD+RW(DVD rewritable)enterprise storage system 企业存储系统erasable optical disc 可擦除光盘file compression 文件压缩file decompression 文件解压缩file server 文件服务器flash memory card 闪存卡floppy disk 软盘floppy disk drive(FDD) 软驱hard disk 硬盘hard-disk cartridge 硬盘盒hard-disk pack 硬盘组HD DVD(high-definition DVD)head crash 物理碰撞high-capacity disk 高容量磁盘internal hard disk 内置硬盘Internal hard drive 内部硬盘驱动器magnetic tape 磁带magnetic tape reel 磁带盒magnetic tape streamer 磁带条mass storage 大容量存储器mass storage devices 大容量存储设备optical disc 光盘organizational Internet storage 组织网络存储PC Card hard disk pc卡片硬盘RAID system 碟阵列系统redundant array of inexpensive disks(RAID)磁盘阵列sequential access 顺序存取software engineer 软件工程师solid-state storage 固态存储器storage device 存储设备tape cartridge 磁带盒tape library 磁带库write-protection notch 写保护等级UNIT 93G cellular network 3G移动网络analog signal 模拟信号asymmetric digital subscriber line（ASDL）非对称数字用户线路base station 基站bits per second（bps）broadcast radio 无线电波bus network 总线网络cable modem 线缆调制解调器cellular service 移动电话服务client/server network 客户端/服务器网络coaxial cable 同轴电缆communication channel 通信电路communication system 通信系统dial-up service 拨号服务digital signal 数字信号digital subscriber line 数字用户线路distributed data processing system分布数据处理系统domain name servicer 域名服务器external modem 外部调制解调器fiber-optic cable 光导纤维global positioning system(GPS) 全球定位系统hierarchical network 层次网络internal modem 内部调制解调器IP address（Internet Protocol address）IP地址local area network（LAN）局域网low bandwidth 低带宽medium bandwidth 中带宽metropolitan area network 城域网network administration 网络管理员network architecture 网络体系结构network gateway 网络网关network hub 网络集线器network interface card 网络接口卡network operating system（NOS）网络操作系统PC Card modempeer-to-peer network 对等网proxy server 代理服务器ring network 环形网satellite/air connection service卫星连接服务star network 星型网terminal network 终端及网络time-sharing network 分时网络transmission control protocol/Internet protocol(TCP/IP)传输控制协议/互联网协议wide area network（WAN）广域网Wi-Fi（wireless fidelity）无线高保真wireless LAN（WLAN）无线局域网wireless modem 无线猫wireless receiver 无线电接收机UNIT 10ad network cookie 广告网络cookie adware cookie 广告软件cookie anti-spyware 反间谍软件biometric-scanning 生物识别扫描carpal tunnel syndrome 软骨综合症computer crime 计算机犯罪computer ethics 计算机道德Computer Fraud and Abuse Act计算机欺诈和滥用法computer monitoring software 计算机监控软件cumulative trauma disorder 积累性损伤错乱data security 数据安全denial of service(DoS) attack 拒绝服务攻击disaster recovery plan 灾难恢复计划electronic monitoring 电子监控electronic profile 电子个人资料Energy Star 能源之星environmental protection 环境保护Financial Modernization Act 金融服务现代化法Freedom of Information Act 信息自由法案history file 历史文件identify theft 身份盗用illusion of anonymity 匿名幻想information broker 信息经纪人information reseller 信息经销商Internet scam 网络诈骗keystroke logger 键盘嗅探登陆器mistaken identity 张冠李戴physical security 物理安全repetitive motion injury 反复性动作损失repetitive strain injury（RSI）重复性劳损reverse directory 反向目录Software Copyright Act 软件著作权法software piracy 软件盗版spy removal program 间谍软件清除程序surge protector 浪涌电压保护器traditional cookies 传统的信息记录程序Trojan horse 特洛伊木马voltage surge 电压增加Web bug 网页爬虫。
· 1.在供应链管理中，（）起着决定性的作用。
A.信息技术B.通信技术C.计算机技术D.软件技术【答案】 A2.主管信息系统（Executive Information Systems, ElS）是为组织的（）定制的决策支持系统。
A.中高层管理者B.中层管理着C.最高层管理者D.基层管理者【答案】 C3.（）意在吸引并留住那些能够促进企业产品与服务销售的合作者。
A.业务伙伴关系管理系统B.供应链管理系统C.知识管理系统D.客户关系管理系统【答案】 A4.（）专注如何通过营销、销售和服务过程的改善来吸引并留住有价值的客户。
A.客户关系管理系统B.供应链管理系统C.知识管理系统D.业务伙伴关系管理系统【答案】 A5.将统一管理的对象从物料扩展到了人力、设备、时间、资金等更多要素，用软件集成了生产、销售、采购、财务会计、成本管理等功能，实现了生产资源的全面性管理，用来支持企业按需生产的运营模式是（）。
A.物料需求计划（MRP）系统B.企业资源规划（ERP）系统C.管理信息系统（MIS）D.制造资源规划（MRP II）系统【答案】 D6.MIS 的报表内容不包括（）。
A.周期性报表B.例外报表C.需求、推式报告D.计划报表【答案】 D7.管理信息系统（MIS）最核心的功能是高质量地生成（）所需的信息报表。
A.财务部门B.职能部门C.人力部门D.市场部门8以下系统属于联机事务处理系统 OLTP 的是（）。
A.医院的挂号系统B.超市的收付款系统C.信用卡服务的系统D.航班查询系统【答案】 C9（）是企业信息化应用的起点，通过操作领域的自动化， TPS 将规范化的电子数据保存到数据库中，并为上层信息系统提供了必要的基础资源。
A.制造资源计划系统B.企业信息化系统C.业务处理系统（TPS）D.业务流程管理系统【答案】 C10（）实现了不同企业之间信息流的管理和集成，使不同组织间的产品和服务数据能够自动交换。
职位英文翻译高级硬件工程师Senior Hardware Engineer硬件工程师Hardware EngineerIC设计/应用工程师IC Design/Application Engineer电子/电路工程师Electronics/Circuit Engineer系统分析员System Analyst高级软件工程师Senior Software Engineer软件工程师Software Engineer互联网软件开发工程师Internet/E-Commerce Software Engineer多媒体/游戏开发工程师Multimedia Software/Game Development Engineer系统工程师System EngineerERP技术/应用顾问ERP T echnical/Application Consultant 数据库工程师/管理员Database Engineer/Administrator 网站营运领导/主管Web Operations Manager/Supervisor 网络工程师Network Engineer系统管理员/网络管理员System Manager/Webmaster网页设计/制作Web Designer/Production网站策划/编辑Web Planner/Editor信息技术领导/主管IT Manager/Supervisor信息技术专员IT Specialist通信技术工程师Communications Engineer信息安全工程师Information Security Engineer系统集成/支持System Integration/Support智能大厦/综合布线Intelligent Building/Structure Cabling 首席技术执行官CTO/VP Engineering技术总监/领导Technical Director/Manager项目领导Project Manager项目主管Project Supervisor项目执行/协调人员Project Specialist / Coordinator 技术支持领导Technical Support Manager技术支持工程师Technical Support Engineer品质领导QA Manager软件测试工程师Software QA Engineer硬件测试工程师Hardware QA Engineer测试员Test Engineer技术文员/助理Technical Clerk/Assistant销售Sales销售总监Sales Director 销售领导Sales Manager销售主管Sales Supervisor商务领导Business Manager渠道/分销领导Channel/Distribution Manager渠道/分销主管Channel/Distribution Supervisor客户领导Sales Account Manager销售行政领导/主管Sales Admin. Manager/Supervisor 区域销售领导Regional Sales Manager店长/卖场领导Store Manager销售代表Sales Representative / Executive销售Telesales经销商Distributor医药代表Pharmaceutical Sales Representative销售工程师Sales Engineer售前/售后技术服务领导Technical Service Manager售前/售后技术服务主管Technical Service Supervisor 售前/售后技术服务工程师Technical Service Engineer 售后/客服领导（非技术）Customer Service Manager 售后/客服主管（非技术）Customer Service Supervisor 售后/客服专员（非技术）Customer Service Executive 销售助理Sales Assistant / Trainee商务专员/助理Business Executive/Assistant市场/公关/广告Marketing/PR/Advertising市场/广告总监Marketing/Advertising Director/VP市场/营销领导Marketing Manager市场/营销主管Marketing Supervisor 市场/营销专员Marketing Executive/Communication市场助理Marketing Assistant / Trainee产品/品牌领导Product/Brand Manager产品/品牌主管Product/Brand Supervisor产品/品牌专员Product/Brand Executive市场通路领导/主管Trade Marketing Manager/Supervisor 促销领导Promotion Manager促销主管/督导Promotion Supervisor促销员/导购Promotions Specialist市场分析/调研人员Market Analyst/ Research Analyst公关/会务领导Public Relations Manager公关/会务主管Public Relations Supervisor公关/会务专员Public Relations Executive媒介领导Media Manager媒介人员Media Specialist广告客户领导Advertising Account Manager广告客户主管/专员Advertising Account Supervisor/Executive广告创意/设计领导Advertising Creative/Design Manager广告创意/设计主管/专员Advertising Creative/Design Supervisor/Executive文案/策划人员Copy writer/Creative企业/业务发展领导Business Development Manager企业策划人员Corporate Planning财务/审计/统计Finance/Accounting财务总监CFO/Finance Director/VP财务领导Finance Manager 财务主管/总帐主管Finance Supervisor会计领导/会计主管Accounting Manager/Supervisor会计Accountant / Accounting Trainee出纳员Cashier财务/会计助理Finance/Accounting Assistant财务分析领导/主管Financial Analysis Manager/Supervisor 财务分析员Financial Analyst本钱领导/本钱主管Cost Accounting Manager/Supervisor 本钱管理员Cost Accounting Specialist审计领导/主管Audit Manager/Supervisor审计专员/助理Audit Executive/Assistant税务领导/税务主管Tax Manager/Supervisor税务专员T ax Executive金融/保险/银行Banking & Financial Services / Insurance 证券/期货/外汇经纪人Stock Broker投资/理财顾问Investment Advisor证券分析师Securities Analyst投资/基金项目领导Investment Manager融资领导/融资主管Treasury Manager/Supervisor融资专员Treasury Specialist行长/副行长President/Vice-President/Branch Manager 资产评估/分析Assets Valuation/Analyst风险控制Risk Management进出口/信用证结算Trading / LC Officer清算人员Settlement Officer外汇主管Foreign Exchange Supervisor 高级客户领导/客户领导Senior Relationship Manager客户主管/专员Relationship Supervisor/Executive信贷/信用调查/分析人员Loan/Credit Officer银行柜台出纳Bank T eller统计员Statistician银行卡、电子银行业务推行Credit Card/E-banking business Develop 保险精算师Actuary保险核保/理赔Adjuster保险代理/财务计划师/储蓄领导人Insurance Agent/Financial Planner 保险内勤Insurance Office Staff生产/制造/工程Manufacturing/Engineering工厂领导/厂长Plant/Factory Manager总工程师/副总工程师Chief Engineer项目领导/主管Project Manager/Supervisor项目工程师Project Engineer营运领导Operations Manager营运主管Operations Supervisor生产领导/车间主任Production Manager/Workshop Supervisor 生产计划协调员Production Planning Executive/Officer生产主管/督导/领班Production Supervisor/Team Leader技术研发领导/主管Technical Design Mgr./Spvr.技术研发工程师Technical Design Engineer产品/工艺工程师Process Engineer实验室负责人/工程师Lab Manager/Engineer工程/设备领导Engineering/Facility Manager工程/设备主管Engineering/Facility Supervisor 工程/设备工程师Engineering/Facility Engineer电气/电子工程师Electrical/Electronics Engineer机械工程师Mechanical Engineer模具工程师Tooling Engineer机电工程师Electrical & Mechanical Engineer维修工程师Maintenance Engineer质量/品保/测试领导QA Manager质量/品保/测试主管QA Supervisor质量/品保/测试工程师QA Engineer质量查验员/测试员QA Inspector认证工程师/审核员Certification Engineer/Auditor安全/健康/环境领导/主管Safety/Health/Environment Manager/Supervisor安全/健康/环境工程师Safety/Health/Environment Engineer工程/机械画图员Project Drafting Specialist/Mechanical Drawing化验员Laboratory Technician服装打样/制版Clothing/Apparel Sample Production技工Technician / Engineer Trainee钳工/机修工/钣金工Locksmith/Mechanic/Repairer电焊工/铆焊工Electric Welding Worker车工/磨工/铣工/冲压工/锣工Latheman/Grinder/Miller/Puncher/Turner模具工Mould Worker电工Electrician叉车工Forklift Worker空调工/电梯工/锅炉工Air-Condition Worker/Lift Worker/Steam Worker水工/木工/油漆工Plumber/Carpenter/Painter 普工General Worker裁剪车缝熨烫T ailor汽车修理工Auto Repairing人力资源Human Resources人事总监Human Resources Director人事领导Human Resources Manager人事主管Human Resources Supervisor人事专员Human Resources Specialist人事助理Human Resources Assistant招聘领导/主管Recruiting Manager/Supervisor 招聘专员/助理Recruiting Specialist/Assistant薪资福利领导/主管Compensation & Benefits Mgr./Supervisor薪资福利专员/助理Compensation & Benefits Specialist/Assistant培训领导/主管Training Manager/Supervisor培训专员/助理Training Specialist/Assistant行政/后勤Admin./Support Services行政总监Admin Director行政领导/主管/办公室主任Admin Manager/Supervisor/Office Manager行政专员/助理Admin Staff/Assistant领导助理/秘书Executive Assistant/Secretary前台接待/总机Receptionist后勤Office Support图书管理员/资料管理员Librarian / Information/Data Management Specialist电脑操作员/打字员Computer Operator/Typist高级管理Senior Management首席执行官/总领导/总裁CEO/GM/President副总领导/副总裁Deputy GM/Vice President总监Director合股人Partner总裁助理/总领导助理CEO/GM/President Assistant 物流/贸易/采购Logis./Trading/Merchand./Purch. 物流领导Logistics Manager物流主管Logistics Supervisor物流专员/助理Logistics Specialist/Assistant供给链领导Supply Chain Manager供给链主管/专员Supply Chain Supervisor/Specialist 物料领导Materials Manager物料主管/专员Materials Supervisor/Specialist采购领导Purchasing Manager采购主管Purchasing Supervisor采购员Purchasing Specialist/Staff外贸/贸易领导/主管Trading Manager/Supervisor 外贸/贸易专员/助理Trading Specialist/Assistant业务跟单领导Merchandiser Manager高级业务跟单Senior Merchandiser业务跟单Merchandiser助理业务跟单Assistant Merchandiser仓库领导/主管Warehouse Manager 仓库管理员Warehouse Specialist运输领导/主管Distribution Manager/Supervisor报关员Customs Specialist单证员Documentation Specialist船务人员Shipping Specialist快递员Courier理货员Warehouse Stock Management文字/艺术/设计Writer/Editor/Creative Artist/Designer 编辑/作家/撰稿人Editor/Writer记者Journalist / Reporter校对/录入Proofreader/Data Entry Staff排版设计Layout Designer出版/发行Publishing/Distribution艺术/设计总监Creative/Design Director导演/影视策划/制作人员Director/Entertainment Planning/Production摄影师Photographer音效师Recording / Sounds Specialist经纪人/星探Entertainment Agent演员/模特/主持人Actor/Actress/Model/MC平面设计Graphic Artist/Designer动画/游戏/3D设计Animation/Game/3D Design陈列设计/展览设计Display/Exhibition Design纺织/服装设计Clothing / Apparel Designer工业/产品设计Industrial Designer工艺品/珠宝设计鉴定Artwork/Jewelry Design and Appraisal 科研人员Research Specialist Staff科研管理人员Research Management科研人员Research Specialist Staff律师/法务Legal律师/法律顾问Lawyer/Counselor法务/专利Legal Personnel律师助理/法务助理Paralegal/Legal Assistant教师Professor/Teacher教学/教务管理人员Education/School Administrator 讲师/助教Lecturer/Teaching Assistant幼教Preschool Education家教Tutor医疗/护理Medicine / Nursing医生（中、西医）Medical Doctor医学管理人员Healthcare / Medical Management医药技术人员Medical Technician药库主任/药剂师Pharmacist药品注册Pharmaceuticals Register Specialist护士/护理人员Nurse / Nursing Personnel临床协调员Clinical Coodinator临床研究员Clinical Researcher麻醉师Anesthesiologist心理医生Psychologist/Psychiatrist医药学查验Clinical Laboratory针灸、推拿Acupuncture and Moxibustion & Naprapathy 营养师Dietitian 兽医Veterinarian生物工程/生物制药Biotechnology/Pharmaceuticals 咨询/顾问Consultant专业顾问Senior Consultant咨询总监Consulting Director / Partner咨询领导Consulting Manager咨询员Consultant公事员Official在校学生Student应届毕业生Graduating Student实习生Intern/Trainee培训生/储蓄干部Trainee/Intern培训生/储蓄干部Trainee服务Service美容/健身顾问Exercise Coach/Fitness Trainer 餐饮/娱乐管理Banquet Services Management 宾馆/酒店领导Reception Manager领班Supervisor服务员/乘务员Service Staff/Conductor营业员/收银员/理货员Shop Clerk/Salesperson 厨师Chief/Cook导游/旅行顾问/票务Tour Guide/Travel Agent 司机Chauffeur/Driver保安Security寻呼员/话务员Paging Operator家政服务Housekeeping 拍卖师Auction建筑/房地产Construction/Real Estate建筑工程师Architect结构/土建工程师Structural Engineer电气工程师Electrical Engineer给排水/暖通工程师Drainage/HVAC Engineer 工程造价师/预结算Budgeting Specialist建筑工程管理Construction Management工程监理Engineering Project Supervisor室内外装璜设计Decorator城市计划与设计Urban Design/Planning园艺/园林/景观设计Gardenning Designer 建筑制图CAD Drafter施工员Construction Crew房地产开发/策划Real Estate Development/Planning 房地产评估Real Estate Appraisal房地产中介/交易Real Estate Agent/Broker物业管理Property Management翻译Translator英语翻译English Translation日语翻译Japanese Translator德语翻译German Translator法语翻译French Translator俄语翻译Russian Translator西班牙语翻译Spanish Translator朝鲜语翻译Korean Translator 阿拉伯语翻译Arabic Translator其他语种翻译Other Language Translator 兼职Part Time。
endnote里参考文献类型的中文翻译aggregated database 聚集数据库acient text 古文audiovisual material 视听材料bill 票据blog 博客book 书籍book section 书籍章节classical work 古典作品computer program 计程序算机conference paper 参考文章conference proceedings 会议记录dataset 数据集dictionary 词典edited book 编辑的书籍electronic article 电子文章electronic book 电书籍子electronic book section 电子书籍章节encylopedia 百科全书equation 方程figure 图像film or broadcast 电影或无线广播generic 通用government document 政府文件grant 许可hearing 听力joural article 期刊文章legal rule or regulation 法律或法规magazion article 杂志文章manuscript 手稿map 地图music 音乐newspaper article 报刊文章online database 在线数据库online multimedia 在线多媒体pamphlet 小册子patent 专利personal communication 个人通讯report 报告serial 连续的standard 标准statute 章程thesis 论文unpublished work 未出版物web page 网页。
计算机/互联网/通讯Technology/Internet高级硬件工程师Senior Hardware Engineer硬件工程师Hardware EngineerIC设计/应用工程师IC Design/Application Engineer电子/电路工程师Electronics/Circuit Engineer系统分析员System Analyst高级软件工程师Senior Software Engineer软件工程师Software Engineer互联网软件开发工程师Internet/E-Commerce Software Engineer多媒体/游戏开发工程师Multimedia Software/Game Development Engineer 系统工程师System EngineerERP技术/应用顾问ERP Technical/Application Consultant数据库工程师/管理员Database Engineer/Administrator网站营运经理/主管Web Operations Manager/Supervisor网络工程师Network Engineer系统管理员/网络管理员System Manager/Webmaster网页设计/制作Web Designer/Production网站策划/编辑Web Planner/Editor信息技术经理/主管IT Manager/Supervisor信息技术专员IT Specialist通信技术工程师Communications Engineer信息安全工程师Information Security Engineer系统集成/支持System Integration/Support智能大厦/综合布线Intelligent Building/Structure Cabling首席技术执行官CTO/VP Engineering技术总监/经理Technical Director/Manager项目经理Project Manager项目主管Project Supervisor项目执行/协调人员Project Specialist / Coordinator技术支持经理Technical Support Manager技术支持工程师Technical Support Engineer品质经理QA Manager软件测试工程师Software QA Engineer硬件测试工程师Hardware QA Engineer测试员Test Engineer技术文员/助理Technical Clerk/Assistant其他Other销售Sales销售总监Sales Director销售经理Sales Manager销售主管Sales Supervisor商务经理Business Manager渠道/分销经理Channel/Distribution Manager渠道/分销主管Channel/Distribution Supervisor客户经理Sales Account Manager销售行政经理/主管Sales Admin. Manager/Supervisor区域销售经理Regional Sales Manager店长/卖场经理Store Manager销售代表Sales Representative / Executive电话销售Telesales经销商Distributor医药代表Pharmaceutical Sales Representative销售工程师Sales Engineer售前/售后技术服务经理Technical Service Manager售前/售后技术服务主管Technical Service Supervisor售前/售后技术服务工程师Technical Service Engineer售后/客服经理（非技术）Customer Service Manager售后/客服主管（非技术）Customer Service Supervisor售后/客服专员（非技术）Customer Service Executive销售助理Sales Assistant / Trainee商务专员/助理Business Executive/Assistant其他Others市场/公关/广告Marketing/PR/Advertising市场/广告总监Marketing/Advertising Director/VP市场/营销经理Marketing Manager市场/营销主管Marketing Supervisor市场/营销专员Marketing Executive/Communication市场助理Marketing Assistant / Trainee产品/品牌经理Product/Brand Manager产品/品牌主管Product/Brand Supervisor产品/品牌专员Product/Brand Executive市场通路经理/主管Trade Marketing Manager/Supervisor促销经理Promotion Manager促销主管/督导Promotion Supervisor促销员/导购Promotions Specialist市场分析/调研人员Market Analyst/ Research Analyst公关/会务经理Public Relations Manager公关/会务主管Public Relations Supervisor公关/会务专员Public Relations Executive媒介经理Media Manager媒介人员Media Specialist广告客户经理Advertising Account Manager广告客户主管/专员Advertising Account Supervisor/Executive广告创意/设计经理Advertising Creative/Design Manager广告创意/设计主管/专员Advertising Creative/Design Supervisor/Executive 文案/策划人员Copy writer/Creative企业/业务发展经理Business Development Manager企业策划人员Corporate Planning其他Others财务/审计/统计Finance/Accounting财务总监CFO/Finance Director/VP财务经理Finance Manager财务主管/总帐主管Finance Supervisor会计经理/会计主管Accounting Manager/Supervisor会计Accountant / Accounting Trainee出纳员Cashier财务/会计助理Finance/Accounting Assistant财务分析经理/主管Financial Analysis Manager/Supervisor财务分析员Financial Analyst成本经理/成本主管Cost Accounting Manager/Supervisor成本管理员Cost Accounting Specialist审计经理/主管Audit Manager/Supervisor审计专员/助理Audit Executive/Assistant税务经理/税务主管Tax Manager/Supervisor税务专员Tax Executive其他Others金融/保险/银行Banking & Financial Services / Insurance证券/期货/外汇经纪人Stock Broker投资/理财顾问Investment Advisor证券分析师Securities Analyst投资/基金项目经理Investment Manager融资经理/融资主管Treasury Manager/Supervisor融资专员Treasury Specialist行长/副行长President/Vice-President/Branch Manager资产评估/分析Assets Valuation/Analyst风险控制Risk Management进出口/信用证结算Trading / LC Officer清算人员Settlement Officer外汇主管Foreign Exchange Supervisor高级客户经理/客户经理Senior Relationship Manager客户主管/专员Relationship Supervisor/Executive信贷/信用调查/分析人员Loan/Credit Officer银行柜台出纳Bank Teller统计员Statistician银行卡、电子银行业务推广Credit Card/E-banking business Develop 保险精算师Actuary保险核保/理赔Adjuster保险代理/财务规划师/储备经理人Insurance Agent/Financial Planner 保险内勤Insurance Office Staff其他Others生产/制造/工程Manufacturing/Engineering工厂经理/厂长Plant/Factory Manager总工程师/副总工程师Chief Engineer项目经理/主管Project Manager/Supervisor项目工程师Project Engineer营运经理Operations Manager营运主管Operations Supervisor生产经理/车间主任Production Manager/Workshop Supervisor生产计划协调员Production Planning Executive/Officer生产主管/督导/领班Production Supervisor/Team Leader技术研发经理/主管Technical Design Mgr./Spvr.技术研发工程师Technical Design Engineer产品/工艺工程师Process Engineer实验室负责人/工程师Lab Manager/Engineer工程/设备经理Engineering/Facility Manager工程/设备主管Engineering/Facility Supervisor工程/设备工程师Engineering/Facility Engineer电气/电子工程师Electrical/Electronics Engineer机械工程师Mechanical Engineer模具工程师Tooling Engineer机电工程师Electrical & Mechanical Engineer维修工程师Maintenance Engineer质量/品保/测试经理QA Manager质量/品保/测试主管QA Supervisor质量/品保/测试工程师QA Engineer质量检验员/测试员QA Inspector认证工程师/审核员Certification Engineer/Auditor安全/健康/环境经理/主管Safety/Health/Environment Manager/Supervisor 安全/健康/环境工程师Safety/Health/Environment Engineer工程/机械绘图员Project Drafting Specialist/Mechanical Drawing化验员Laboratory Technician服装打样/制版Clothing/Apparel Sample Production技工Technician / Engineer Trainee钳工/机修工/钣金工Locksmith/Mechanic/Repairer电焊工/铆焊工Electric Welding Worker车工/磨工/铣工/冲压工/锣工Latheman/Grinder/Miller/Puncher/Turner模具工Mould Worker电工Electrician叉车工Forklift Worker空调工/电梯工/锅炉工Air-Condition Worker/Lift Worker/Steam Worker水工/木工/油漆工Plumber/Carpenter/Painter普工General Worker裁剪车缝熨烫Tailor汽车修理工Auto Repairing其他Others人力资源Human Resources人事总监Human Resources Director人事经理Human Resources Manager人事主管Human Resources Supervisor人事专员Human Resources Specialist人事助理Human Resources Assistant招聘经理/主管Recruiting Manager/Supervisor招聘专员/助理Recruiting Specialist/Assistant薪资福利经理/主管Compensation & Benefits Mgr./Supervisor薪资福利专员/助理Compensation & Benefits Specialist/Assistant培训经理/主管Training Manager/Supervisor培训专员/助理Training Specialist/Assistant其他Others行政/后勤Admin./Support Services行政总监Admin Director行政经理/主管/办公室主任Admin Manager/Supervisor/Office Manager行政专员/助理Admin Staff/Assistant经理助理/秘书Executive Assistant/Secretary前台接待/总机Receptionist后勤Office Support图书管理员/资料管理员Librarian / Information/Data Management Specialist 电脑操作员/打字员Computer Operator/Typist其他Others高级管理Senior Management首席执行官/总经理/总裁CEO/GM/President副总经理/副总裁Deputy GM/Vice President总监Director合伙人Partner总裁助理/总经理助理CEO/GM/President Assistant其他Others物流/贸易/采购Logis./Trading/Merchand./Purch.物流经理Logistics Manager物流主管Logistics Supervisor物流专员/助理Logistics Specialist/Assistant供应链经理Supply Chain Manager供应链主管/专员Supply Chain Supervisor/Specialist物料经理Materials Manager物料主管/专员Materials Supervisor/Specialist采购经理Purchasing Manager采购主管Purchasing Supervisor采购员Purchasing Specialist/Staff外贸/贸易经理/主管Trading Manager/Supervisor外贸/贸易专员/助理Trading Specialist/Assistant业务跟单经理Merchandiser Manager高级业务跟单Senior Merchandiser业务跟单Merchandiser助理业务跟单Assistant Merchandiser仓库经理/主管Warehouse Manager仓库管理员Warehouse Specialist运输经理/主管Distribution Manager/Supervisor报关员Customs Specialist单证员Documentation Specialist船务人员Shipping Specialist快递员Courier理货员Warehouse Stock Management其他Others文字/艺术/设计Writer/Editor/Creative Artist/Designer编辑/作家/撰稿人Editor/Writer记者Journalist / Reporter校对/录入Proofreader/Data Entry Staff排版设计Layout Designer出版/发行Publishing/Distribution艺术/设计总监Creative/Design Director导演/影视策划/制作人员Director/Entertainment Planning/Production 摄影师Photographer音效师Recording / Sounds Specialist经纪人/星探Entertainment Agent演员/模特/主持人Actor/Actress/Model/MC平面设计Graphic Artist/Designer动画/游戏/3D设计Animation/Game/3D Design陈列设计/展览设计Display/Exhibition Design纺织/服装设计Clothing / Apparel Designer工业/产品设计Industrial Designer工艺品/珠宝设计鉴定Artwork/Jewelry Design and Appraisal其他Others科研人员Research Specialist Staff科研管理人员Research Management科研人员Research Specialist Staff律师/法务Legal律师/法律顾问Lawyer/Counselor法务/专利Legal Personnel律师助理/法务助理Paralegal/Legal Assistant其他Others教师Professor/Teacher教师ProfessorTeacher教学/教务管理人员Education/School Administrator讲师/助教Lecturer/Teaching Assistant幼教Preschool Education家教Tutor其他Others医疗/护理Medicine / Nursing医生（中、西医）Medical Doctor医学管理人员Healthcare / Medical Management医药技术人员Medical Technician药库主任/药剂师Pharmacist药品注册Pharmaceuticals Register Specialist护士/护理人员Nurse / Nursing Personnel临床协调员Clinical Coodinator临床研究员Clinical Researcher麻醉师Anesthesiologist心理医生Psychologist/Psychiatrist医药学检验Clinical Laboratory针灸、推拿Acupuncture and Moxibustion & Naprapathy 营养师Dietitian兽医Veterinarian生物工程/生物制药Biotechnology/Pharmaceuticals其他Others咨询/顾问Consultant专业顾问Senior Consultant咨询总监Consulting Director / Partner咨询经理Consulting Manager咨询员Consultant其他Others公务员Official公务员Official在校学生Student在校学生Student应届毕业生Graduating Student实习生Intern/Trainee其他Others培训生/储备干部Trainee/Intern培训生/储备干部Trainee服务Service美容/健身顾问Exercise Coach/Fitness Trainer餐饮/娱乐管理Banquet Services Management宾馆/酒店经理Reception Manager领班Supervisor服务员/乘务员Service Staff/Conductor营业员/收银员/理货员Shop Clerk/Salesperson厨师Chief/Cook导游/旅行顾问/票务Tour Guide/Travel Agent司机Chauffeur/Driver保安Security寻呼员/话务员Paging Operator家政服务Housekeeping拍卖师Auction其他Others建筑/房地产Construction/Real Estate建筑工程师Architect结构/土建工程师Structural Engineer电气工程师Electrical Engineer给排水/暖通工程师Drainage/HVAC Engineer工程造价师/预结算Budgeting Specialist建筑工程管理Construction Management工程监理Engineering Project Supervisor室内外装潢设计Decorator城市规划与设计Urban Design/Planning园艺/园林/景观设计Gardenning Designer建筑制图CAD Drafter施工员Construction Crew房地产开发/策划Real Estate Development/Planning 房地产评估Real Estate Appraisal房地产中介/交易Real Estate Agent/Broker物业管理Property Management其他Others翻译Translator英语翻译English Translation日语翻译Japanese Translator德语翻译German Translator法语翻译French Translator俄语翻译Russian Translator西班牙语翻译Spanish Translator朝鲜语翻译Korean Translator阿拉伯语翻译Arabic Translator其他语种翻译Other Language Translator其他Others其他Others兼职Part Time。
《中国图书馆分类法》第四版类目简表1自动化基础理论2自动化技术及设备3计算技术计算机技术=======================================================TP1 自动化系统理论TP11 自动化系统理论人机系统、联机系统入此。
人工智能入TP18; 系统理论入N94。
TP13 自动控制理论控制论在自动化中的应用入此，控制论的数学理论入O231；工程控制论入TB114.2TP14 自动信息理论信息理论在自动化中应用入此。
总论信息论的著作入G201; 信息论的数学理论入O236; 数字信号处理入TN911.72 。
TP15 自动模拟理论（自动仿真理论）模拟理论在自动化中应用入此。
模拟理论入N023; 数学模拟入O242.1; 系统仿真入TP391.9 。
TP17 开关电路理论自动继电线路原理入此。
TP18 人工智能理论智能模拟理论、智能控制理论入此。
智能语言、智能程序设计入TP31有关各类；智能机器人入TP242.6 。
TP181 自动推理、机器学习TP182 专家系统、知识工程TP183 人工神经网络与计算人工神经网络计算机入TP398.1 。
TP2 自动化技术及设备TP20 一般性问题TP202 设计、性能分析与综合TP202+.1 可靠性、稳定性、寿命TP202+.2 精确性、误差TP202+.3 灵敏度TP202+.4 随机过程、随机信号TP202+.5 过渡过程TP202+.7 最佳化、自适应性最佳化控制系统入TP273+.1 , 最优化数学理论入O224 。
TP203 结构、构造TP204 材料TP205 制造、装配、改装TP206 调整、测试TP206+.1 试验、测试技术与方法TP206+.3 故障预测、诊断与排除TP207 检修、维护TP21 自动化元、部件TP211 一般自动化元、部件TP212 发送器（变换器）、传感器TP213 分配器、配电器TP214 调节器、调节阀TP215 传动装置（执行机构）TP216 自动检测仪器、仪表TP217 校正元件、装置TP23 自动化装置与设备总论入此; 自动机入此。
Multimedia DatabaseMultimedia data typically means digital images, audio, video, animation and graphics together with text data. The acquisition, generation, storage and processing of multimedia data in computers and transmission over networks have grown tremendously in the recent past.多媒体数据是指由数字图象、音频、视频、动画制作等一起组成的文本数据。
近来，多媒体数据在计算机中的获得、产生、存储、执行的速度以及在网络中的传输速度已经有了极大地提高。
This astonishing growth is made possible by three factors. Firstly, personal computers usage becomes widespread and their computational power gets increased. Also technological advancements resulted in high-resolution devices, which can capture and display multimedia data (digital cameras, scanners, monitors, and printers). Also there came high-density storage devices. Secondly high-speed data communication networks are available nowadays. The Web has wildly proliferated and software for manipulating multimedia data is now available. Lastly, some specific applications (existing) and future applications need to live with multimedia data. This trend is expected to go up in the days to come.这种令人吃惊的增长速度可能是由三个因素造成的。
首先是，个人计算机功能的不断强大和普及，技术的发展产生了能够获取和播放多媒体数据的高技术和大容量的存储设备。
其次是，目前在网络中已经能进行高速的数据传输，在广泛的互联网中运用软件来操作处理多媒体数据已经成为了可能。
最后是，未来一些特殊的需求是要依靠多媒体数据的，这种趋势是未来所期待的。
Multimedia data are blessed with a number of exciting features. They can provide more effective dissemination of information in science, engineering ,medicine, modern biology, and social sciences. It also facilitates the development of new paradigms in distance learning, and interactive personal and group entertainment.多媒体数据有许多令人振奋的特点。
它能在科学、工程、医学、现代生物学和社会科学中提供更有效的信息传播。
它也使得网上学习中的新范例的发展和个人与团体娱乐设施的相互影响得变便利了。
The huge amount of data in different multimedia-related applications warranted to have databases as databases provide consistency, concurrency, integrity, security and availability of data. From an user perspective, databases provide functionalities for the easy manipulation, query and retrieval of highly relevant information from huge collections of stored data.各种与多媒体相关的大量数据都要求有能提供数据的一致性、同时性、完整性、安全性和存在性的数据库。
从用户的角度来看，数据库为从存储的数据中收集有紧密关联的信息提供了简单的操纵、查询和检索功能。
MultiMedia Databases (MMDBs) have to cope up with the increased usage of a large volume of multimedia data being used in various software applications. The applications include digital libraries, manufacturing and retailing, art and entertainment, journalism and so on. Some inherent qualities of multimedia data have both direct and indirect influence on the design and development of a multimedia database. MMDBs are supposed to provide almost all the functionalities, a traditional database provides. Apart from those, a MMDB has to provide some new and enhanced functionalities and features. MMDBs are required to provide unified frameworks for storing, processing, retrieving, transmitting and presenting a variety of media data types in a wide variety of formats. At the same time, they must adhere to numerical constraints that are normally not found in traditional databases.多媒体数据库必须处理运用在各种应用软件中不断增加的大量的多媒体数据。
这些应用包括数字图书馆、制造零售业、艺术休闲、旅游等。
多媒体数据的一些固有特点会对多媒体数据库的设计和发展产生直接和间接的影响。
多媒体数据库应该具有传统数据库提供的所有的功能，不仅如此，一个多媒体数据库还必须具有一些新的、更强的功能和特点。
多媒体数据库要求对各种格式各种形式的媒体数据提供统一的存储、处理、检索和传输模式，同时，它还必须支持通常在传统数据库中找不到的数值约束。
Contents of MMDBAn MMDB needs to manage several different types of information pertaining to关于the actual multimedia data. They are:∙Media data - This is the actual data representing images, audio, video that are captured, digitized, processes, compressed and stored.∙Media format data - This contains information pertaining to the format of the media data after it goes through the acquisition, processing, andencoding phases. For instance, this consists of information such as thesampling rate, resolution, frame rate, encoding scheme etc.∙Media keyword data- This contains the keyword descriptions, usually relating to the generation of the media data. For example, for a video,this might include the date, time, and place of recording , the personwho recorded, the scene that is recorded, etc This is also called ascontent descriptive data.∙Media feature data - This contains the features derived from the media data. A feature characterizes the media contents. For example, thiscould contain information about the distribution of colors, the kinds oftextures and the different shapes present in an image. This is alsoreferred to as content dependent data.多媒体数据库需要管理多种不同形式的关于多媒体数据的信息，他们是：1、媒体数据。
