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1. The Pauli exclusion principle results from the quantum mechanical fact that no two electrons in an atom can

(A)have the same set of quantum numbers

(B)have the same spatial wave function

(C)have the same spin

(D)interact with each other

(E)be in an excited state simultaneously

2. A source emits 0.6 watt of visible monochromatic light of wavelength 6×10-7meter. The number of light quanta emitted per second is most nearly

(A)2×106

(B)6×107

(C)2×1018

(D)6×1025

(E)6×1028

3. The plane of a square wire loop 0.2 meter on a side is perpendicular to a 0.008 tesla magnetic field. If the magnetic field reduced to zero in 0.04 second, the average voltage induced in the loop during the time interval is

(A)0.008 V

(B)0.04 V

(C)0.2 V

(D)3.2 V

(E)32 V

4. A parallel-plate capacitor containing a removable dielectric is fully charged . If the dielectric is removed with the charging battery disconnected, how do the total charge and energy stored by the capacitor change?

Charge Energy

(A)Decreases Decreases

(B)Decreases Increases

(C)Stays the same Decreases

(D)Stays the same Increases

(E)Increases Decreases

5. A 1-kilogram mass is initially held at rest at a height of 3 meters from the bottom of a 30 frictionless inclined plane, as shown above. The mass is released, slides down the plane, and comes to a 1-meter horizontal table with coefficient of friction μ = 0.2. After crossing this rough table, the mass slides up a 45? frictionless inclined plane. How many times does the mass cross the table before stopping? (A) 1 (B) 5 (C) 15 (D) 10 (E) 100

6. The speed v of a particle moving in a straight line is given by c

bt a

v +=, where t is time and a, b, c are constants. The magnitude of the resultant force on the particle is directly proportional to

(A) b -2 (B) b -1 (C) b (D) b 1 (E) b 2

7. The skier shown above leaves point A from rest, skies down a frictionless ski jump, leaves the jump at point B, and hits the ground at point C. The height at A and B are h A and h B . What is the skier’s speed just before hitting the ground? (A) B gh 2 (B) A gh 2 (C) )(2B A h h g - (D) )/(2B A B A h h h gh + (E)

)(2B A h h g +

8. A photon impinges on the surface of a clean copper plate in a vacuum. A retarding potential of 1 volt is necessary to ensure that an emitted photoelectron is thought to rest. If the work function of the copper plate is 4.0 electron volts, the wavelength of the photon is most nearly (A) 12,0000

A (B) 40000A (C) 30000A (D) 25000A (E) 6000A

9. Oxygen, which has atomic number 8, has the ground state configuration given by which of the following? (The notation nl k means that there are k electrons with principal quantum number n and angular momentum l). (A) 4

2

2

221p s s (B) 2

2224321s s s s (C) 2

2

2

2

3221s p s s (D) 2

2

2

2

4321f d p s

(E) 1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

34324321d p p p s s s s

10. The lines in the characteristic emission spectra of elements in galaxies at great distance from Earth are shifted to longer wavelengths relative to those observed from these elements on Earth. The principal cause of this shift in wavelength is commonly thought to be

(A) scattering of the shorter wavelength compoments out of the light from the galaxies, similar to

the effect observed in the reddening of the light from the Sun when it is near the horizon (B) multiple scattering of the photons during their trip to Earth

(C) an increase in the velocity of the photons during their trip to Earth. (D) a gravitational effect as the radiation escapes

(E) a Doppler effect caused by the galaxies reddening from the Earth

1

2

Slits

11. Coherent monochromatic light passes through two narrow slits and forms an interference pattern on a distant screen. The space between the slits is filled, as shown above, with media having different indices of refraction n 1 and n 2. Light from slit 1 travels a distance L 1, passing only through medium 1 to reach the maximum shown in the figure. Light from slit 2 travels a distance L 2, passing only through medium 2, to reach the same point. What is a possible relationship between L 1 and L 2? (A) 22

1

1L n n L =

(B) 22

1

1L n n L =

(C) 212

1L n n L =

(D) 21

2

1L n n L =

(E) 22

1

1)1(L n n L +

=

12. Radio signals emanating from a distance quasar at s frequency of 30 gigahertz are received with a dish antenna 10 meters in diameter. With what precision can the direction of the quasar be determined?

(A) 10-9 radian (B) 10-6 radian (C) 10-3 radian (D) 10-1 radian

(E) The precision cannot be determined from the information given.

13. A mixture of one mole of helium (atomic weight = 4) and one mole of argon (atomic weight =

40) is in thermal equilibrium in a container at room temperature. The ratio of the rms speed of a helium atom to the rms speed of an argon atom, v He /v Ar , is most nearly equal to (A) 1 (B) 0.3 (C) 1 (D) 3 (E) 10

V (10 -3 m 3)

p (10 5 Pa)

14. A gas is taken through the cycle A →B →C →A, as shown above. What is the net work done by the gas? (A) 2000 J (B) 1000 J (C) 0 J

(D) -1000 J (E) -2000 J

15. The number of ways of distributing N distinguishable molecules among k states, with N 1 in state 1, N 2 in state 2, etc., is (A) ∑=--k

i i i

i

N N

N N

N N 1

)ln (ln

(B) 1

21)!!....!(-k N N N

(C) k

k N N N N )!....()!()!(!3

32

21 (D) )!!....!/(21k N N N N (E) !/)!!....!(21N N N N k

m

Pivot

Point

16. A massless rod of length L is pivoted about a horizontal axis through one end. A small object of mass is attached to the other end. The rod is released from rest in a horizontal position, as shown above, and swings as a pendulum. Assume there is no friction and no air resistance. Which of the following quantities remains constant throughout the motion of the pendulum?

(A)Linear momentum of m

(B)Angular momentum of m relative to the pivot point

(C)Gravitational potential energy

(D)Kinetic energy

(E)None of the above

17. A girl is initially crouching on a massless swing that is held at rest so that her center of mass is 2 meters above the ground. Assuming that the girl weighs 500 newtons, her center of mass is 4 meters from the pivot of the swing. The swing is released from rest. At the bottom of the arc the girl stands up, instantaneously raising her cernter of mass by 1 meter. The dotted line in the figure above represents the path of her center of mass. What is the ratio of her velocity just after she stands up to her velocity just before she stands up?

(A)6/5

(B)5/4

(C)4/3

(D)3/2

(E) 2

18. Water flows through a horizontal pipe of varying cross section, as shown in the figure above. The pressure is p A at A and p B at B. Which of the following statements is true? (A) p A is greater than p B because the velocity is greater at B. (B) p A is greater than p B because A is upstream from B. (C) p A is less than p B because A is upstream from B. (D) p A equals p B according to Pascal’s theorem. (E) p A equals p B acc ording to Bernoulli’s theorem.

x

V (x)

19. A one-dimensional square well potential with infinitely high sides is shown above. In the lowest energy state, the wave function is proportional to sin kx. If the potential is altered slightly by introducing a small bulge in the middle as shown, which of the following is true of the ground state?

(A) The energy of the ground state remains unchanged. (B) The energy of the ground state is increased. (C) The energy of the ground state is decreased.

(D) The original ground state splits into two states of lower energy. (E) The original ground state splits into two states of higher energy.

20. X and Y are two stationary states of a particle in a spherically symmetric potential. In which of the following situations will the wave functions of the two states be orthogonal? I. X and Y correspond to different energies.

II. X and Y correspond to different total orbital angular momenta L. III. X and Y correspond to the same L but different L z . (A) Not neccesarily in any of these situations.

(B) In situation I, but not neccesarily in II or III. (C) In situation I and II, but not neccesarily in III. (D) In situation II and III, but not neccesarily in I. (E) In all three situations.

x

V (x)

21. The graph above shows the potential energy as a function of position x for an infinite triangular well. Which of the following is true of the bound state energy levels of this well? (A) They are equally spaced for all energies.

(B) They are more closely spaced at higher energies. (C) They are less closely spaced at higher energies. (D) They are randomly spaced.

(E) There are no bound state energy levels.

22. A satellite of mass m circles the Earth at rasius r. Its period T is proportional to (A) m r /3

(B) 2

13

)/(m r

(C) 02/3m r

(D) 02

/3m r

(E) 2

13

)/(r m

23. The figure above shows two objects of mass m and 4m placed on a frictionless track at heights of 4h and h, respectively. They start from rest, slide along the track, collide at the bottom, and stick together. The speed of the objects just after the collision is (A) 0 (B) gh 252

(C) gh (D)

gh 2

(E) gh 22

x

y

z

24. A table tennis paddle lies in the x-y plane, as shown above. Its center of mass is at the origin of the coordinate system. If I x , I y ,and I z are the moments of inertia about the tthree axes, which of the following is true? (A) z y x I I I == (B) z y x I I I << (C) y z x I I I << (D) z x y I I I << (E) x y z I I I <<

25. A spaceship of mass m is initially in a circular orbit around an isolated star of mass M. The radius of the orbit is R. If the kinetic energy of the spaceship is doubled by a short burst of its

engine, what is the final total energy of the spacship? (The potential energu is taken to be zero when the spaceship is at infinite distance from the star. G is the gravitational constant.)

(A) R GMm

21-

(B) R

GMm 41-

(C) 0

(D) R GMm

41

(E) R

GMm 21

26. A particle with positive charge q is at the center of a spherical shell of inner radius R and outer radius R+?R, as shown above. The shell carries a postive charge Q that is uniformly distributed throughout the shell. What is the work done on the particle in bringing it from r = 0 to r = R? (A) 0 (B)

R

qQ

041

πε

(C) R qQ 041

πε-

(D) 3

32

0)(81

R R R qQR -?+πε (E) 3

32

0)(81

R R R qQR -?+-πε

27. An electron moves at constant speed in auniform magnetic field. If the initial velocity of the electron is parallel to the magnetic field, the electron describes a path that is a (A) straight line

(B) helix (C) circle (D) parabola (E) hyperbola

E 0 cos ωt

28. An AC source is connected to an LRC circuit, as shown above. Energy is stored in the capacitor and inductor, and is dissipated in the resistor. At what times is the energy dissipated at the maximum rate?

(A) When the stored energy is all in electric fields. (B) When the stored energy is all in magnetic fields.

(C) When the stored energy is equally divided between electric fields and magnetic fields. (D) When no energy is stored.

(E) Under none of the conditions above.

Questions 29-30

In an inertial frame S, a particle has a momentum (p x , p y , p z ) = (5, 3,2) MeV/c and a total energy E = 10 MeV .

29. The speed v of the particle as measured in frame S is most nearly (A) c 83 (B) c 52 (C) c 21 (D) c 53 (E)

c 5

4

30. Which of the following combinations of momentum p and energy E could represent the motion of the particle described above, as observed in another inertial frame S, moving with an unspecified velocity v, relative to S ? (A) c MeV p /)8,0,0(=' (B) c MeV p /)2,0,8(='

(C) c MeV p /)6,4,31(=' (D) c MeV p /)200,30,50(-=' (E) c MeV p /)0,10,100(='

6 Ω

V

31. Ther current in the 6-ohm resistpr in the circuit shown above is 0.5 ampere. The voltage V applied to the circuit is most nearly (A) 6 V (B) 8 V (C) 16 V (D) 18V (E) 23 V

32. The cylinder shown above has radius a and uniform volume density ρ. It is surrounded by a concentric cylinderical shell, which is a conductor with inner and outer radii b and c, respectively. Which of the following graphs displays the radial electric field E r as a function of r, the distance from the axis?

r

r

r

E r

r

E (A)

(C)

(B)

(D)

(E)

33. The mass of the Moon is 1.2 percent of the mass of the Earth. The radius of the Moon is 27 percent of the radius of the Earth. Approximately how long does it take for a rock released from rest from a height of 0.5 meter above the Moon’s surface to strike the surface of the Moon? (A) 0.25 s (B) 0.8 s (C) 2.5 s (D) 8 s (E) 25 s

ω

34. A person at A is rotating at a radius R and angular speed ω about a vertical axis B, as shown

above. The person throws a ball with horizontal speed v 0 with respect to the person. If the ball is to hit B, at what angle θ must the person aim? (A) 0 (B) 0/v R ω (C) )/(tan 01

v R ω- (D) )/(tan 01R v ω- (E) )/(sin 01v R ω-

35. Which of the following atomic transitions CANNOT occur through the emission of electric dipole radiation? (A) 2321d p → (B) 2

5

2

3f p →

(C) 212

1s p → (D) 232

3d p →

(E) 2

5

23

d p →

36. The nondegeneracy of the 2p 1/2 and 2p 3/2 levels of the hydrogen atom is an example of (A) Zeeman splitting (B) Stark splitting (C) Fine structure

(D) Hyperfine structure (E) Lamb shift

37. The energy of the K x-ray emitted by a lead atom is closest to (A) 100 eV (B) 1 keV (C) 10 keV (D) 100 keV (E) 1 MeV

38. A charged particle traverses a proportional counter. About 104 times as many electrons are collected as are formed by the particle in traversing the counter. This is the result of (A) stimulated emission

(B) photoelectron production (C) ionization by collisions

(D) magnetic resonance (E) the Auger effect

39. Which of the following circuits are high-pass filters?

I.

II.

III.IV.

(A) I and II (B) I and III (C) I and IV (D) II and III (E) II and IV

40. A mass m is tied to a light string wound around a pulley of moment of inertia I and radius R, as shown above. The pulley bearing is frictionless. The tension in the string as the mass falls is (A) mg (B) g R I )/(2

(C) g m R I )/(2+ (D) g R I m )/(2-

(E) mg R

I m R I 2

2

//+

Questions 41-42

Cu Fe

Two rods are joined end-to-end, as shown above. Both have a cross-sectional area of 0.01 cm 2. Each is I meter long. One rod is copper with a resistivity of 1.7×10-6 ohm ?centimeter; the other is iron with a resistivity of 10-5 ohm ?centimeter.

41. What voltage is required to produce a current of 1 ampere in the rods? (A) 0.117 V (B) 0.0145 V (C) 0.0117 V (D) 0.00145 V (E) 1.7×10-6 V

42. What is the surface charge density that builds up at the copper-iron interface when there is a current of 1 ampere in the rods? (A) Zero

(B) 1.7×10-8 coulomo/m 2 (C) 10-10 coulomo/m 2

(D) 7.0×10-13 coulomo/m 2 (E) 2.7×10-13 coulomo/m 2

μC y

43. A bead of charge q 1 = 5 microcoulombs and mass 1 gram slides without friction on a wire along the x-axis, as shown above. Another charge q 2 = 2 microcoulombs is fixed at x = 0, y = -4 centimeters. If q 1 is released from rest at x = 3 centimeters, its speed at x = ∞ is most nearly (A) 6 m/s (B) 60 m/s (C) 190 m/s (D) 1900 m/s (E) 6000 m/s

E 1

R 1

44. A capacitor is charged with two batteries, as shown above. If initially there is no charge on C, which of the following expressions gives the time dependence of Q? (A) ]1[)(021C

R R t e

Q +--

(B) ]1[2121/)(0C

R R R R t e Q +--

(C) C

R R R R t e

Q 2121/)(0+-

(D) C

R R t e Q )(021 +- (E) C

R R t e

Q 21/0 -

45. Positive charge is brought from far away and gradually assembled on the surface of an initially uncharged sphere of radius R. The work required to place total charge Q on a sphere in this manner is

(A) 2

2

04121R Q πε (B) 2

2

041

R Q πε

(C) R

Q 2

04121πε

(D) R Q 2

04153πε

(E) R

Q 2

041

πε

46. A particle of mass m moves in a thress-dimensional potential V(r) =

2

1 kr 2

. If k is halved, what is the ratio of the new ground-state energy to that of the old ground-state energy? (A) 6/1 (B) 1/2 (C) 2/1 (D) 2 (E) 6

V ∞

47. A spinless nonrelativistic particle of mass m is placed in the divided suqare well shoqn above. The potential rises to infinity at x = ± l. Which of the following is NOT true for states ψ(x) of definite energy E?

(A) If V 0 →∞, there are two states for each allowed energy. (B) If V 0 →0, the allowed energies satisfy

2

22h

mE

l

π

= integer. (C) For a general V 0 , solutions of definite E have a definite reflection symmetry. ψ(x) = ψ(-x) or

ψ(x) = - ψ(-x). (D) ψ(l) = 0 = ψ(-l).

(E) ψ(a) = 0 = ψ(-a).

48. A particle moves in a potential

V(x) = 0, for x < -L.

V(x) = - V 0 , for -L L.

If the potential between -L and L is shown to - 5V 0 and the total energy of the particle is negative (E < 0), the number of bound states must (A) stay the same or increase (B) stay the same or decrease (C) stay the same (D) equal to zero (E) increase

49. The sky appears blue because

(A) red light from the Sun is absorbed by the Earth’s atmosphere

(B) dust particles in the Earth’s atmosphere preferentially scatte r red light (C) molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere preferentially scatter red light (D) molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere preferentially scatter blue light

(E) oxygen molecules have absorption lines in the red region of the spectrum

50. A particle at rest in a laboratory lives for a time τ, as measured in the laboratory, before it decays. How long does this particle live according to observers in a reference frame moving at 0.6c with respect to the laboratory? (A) 6τ (B) 0.8τ (C) τ

(D) 8.01τ (E) 6

.01τ

51. Two objects of mass m are connected by three identical springs of negligible mass, as shown above. Two normal modes of oscillation are shown by the arrows. The ratio ω1/ω2 of the frequencies of the two normal modes is (A) 3/1

(B)

3/2

(C) 1 (D) 2/3 (E)

3

52. For an isotropic two-dimension metal, the Fermi surface is a circle of radius k F in momentum space. If the energy of an electron of mass m and wave vector k is m k 2/2

2

h =ε, then the number of states per unit energy (density of states ) at the Fermi energy εF is (A) proportional to

F ε

(B) proportional to F ε (C) proportional to F ε/1 (D) proportional to F ε/1 (E) independent of F ε

53. In the nuclear reaction X p Ar +→+40

α, the nucleus X is

(A) K 41 (B) K 42 (C) K 43 (D) K 44 (E) Ar 41

54. In the Bohr model, the radius of an excited hydrogen atom in the n = 100 state is closest to (A) 100 μm (B) 10 μm (C) 50000

A (D) 10000A (E) 500

A

55. When two thin lenses of focal lengths f 1 and f 2 are placed in contact, the focal length f of the combination is given by the relation (A) 21f f f += (B) 21f f f -=

itunes新手完全教程(让你彻底搞清楚同步、备份等)

目录 一、使用itunes进行备份的基本知识 1、iTunes什么时候会进行备份。 2、iTunes备份到底备份了什么? 3、iTunes的备份还有哪些特点? 二、使用备份和恢复的一些技巧 1、能否禁止iTunes在同步时进行自动备份? 2、iTunes进行备份出现" iTunes 无法备份iPhone,因为无法将备份储存在电脑上"的提示产生的原因及处理办法! 3、重刷了iPhone之后,应该怎样进行恢复? 4、如何删除现有的备份?在另一台电脑上使用iTunes的备份可以吗? 三、使用第三方工具处理备份 1、iTwin 2、iBackupBot——非常强大的备份处理软件 四、使用资料库的技巧 1、如何将资源加入资料库?资料库的位置在哪? 2、在一台电脑上能不能够使用多个资料库,因为有两个iPhone都需要用这个电脑同步? 3、可以手工让iTunes将资料库的内容保存到iTunes Media文件夹吗?

4、同步时,提示会抹掉所有的信息,这种情况如何处理? 5、电脑重装后,可以将iPhone中的资料,如音乐,导回到资料库吗?推荐Xilisoft iPod Rip。 一、使用itunes进行备份的基本知识 1、iTunes什么时候会进行备份? iTunes在每次连接iPhone并进行第一次同步的时候,会自动进行备份。也就是说,如果你的iPhone一直连着电脑反复进行同步,只有第一次同步会自动进行备份。 同时,你可以手工使用iTunes进行备份,如下图: 无论是自动还是手动备份,你都可以随时取消备份,有的同学觉得在同步时备份花费了太多时间,只要在同步开始时候,出现备份字样时,点x 按钮即可,如下图:

习题 6.3.2反比例函数的应用(2)【慕联】初中完全同步系列浙教版数学八年级下册

浙教版数学八下6.3.2反比例函数的应用(2) 单项选择题 1.已知一块蓄电池的电压为定值,以此蓄电池为电源时,电流I(A)与电阻R(Ω)之间的函数关系如图,则电流I关于电阻R的函数解析式为() 2.某气球内充满了一定质量的气体,当温度不变时,气球内气体的气压p(kPa)是气体体积V(3m)的反比例函数,其图象如图所示,当气球内的气压大于120kPa时,气球将爆炸,为了安全起见,气体体积应() 3.设从泉港到福州乘坐汽车所需的时间t(小时),汽车的平均速度为v(千米/时),则下面大致能反映v与t的函数关系的图象是()

4.某变阻器两端的电压为220伏,则通过变阻器的电流I(A)与它的电阻R(Ω)之间的函数关系的图象大致是() 5.某种气球内充满了一定质量的气体,当气温不变时,气球内气体的气压P(kPa)是气体体积V(3m)的反比例函数,其图象如图所示,当气球内气体的气压大于150kPa时,气球将爆炸,为了安全,气体体积V应该是() 6.已知一块蓄电池的电压为定值,以此蓄电池为电源时,电流I(A)与电阻R(Ω)之间的函数关系如图,如果以此蓄电池为电源的用电器限制电流不超过10A,那么此用电器的可变电阻为()

7.某体育场计划修建一个容积一定的长方体游泳池,设容积为a (3m ),泳池的底面积S (2m )与其深度x (m )之间的函数关系式为x a s =(x>0),该函数的图象大致是( ) 8.某闭合电路中,电源电压为定值,电流I(A)与电阻R (Ω)成反比例,如图表示该电路中电流I 与电阻R 的函数关系图象,则该电路中某导体电阻为4(Ω),导体内通过的电流为( ) 9.一辆汽车均速通过某段公路,所需时间t (h )与行驶速度v (km/h )满足函数关系v k t =(k 是常数),其图象为如图所示的一段双曲线,端点为A (40,1)和B (m ,0.5)则k 和m 的值为( )

关于完全多部图Kn(t)的{C3,Cj,C2k}-强制分解

关于完全多部图Kn(t)的{C3,Cj,C2k}-强制分解 发表时间:2012-06-21T08:49:06.217Z 来源:《新校园》理论版2012年第5期供稿作者:刘君何慧 [导读] 关于完全多部图Kn(t)的{C3,Cj,C2k}- 强制分解,是指将Kn(t)分解为长为3 或和的圈。 刘君何慧(海南大学应用科技学院,海南儋州571737) 摘要:关于完全多部图Kn(t)的{C3,Cj,C2k}- 强制分解,是指将Kn(t)分解为长为3 或和的圈。本文证明了完全多部图Kn(t)的{C3,C5,C6}- 强制分解存在的必要条件也是充分的。 关键词;完全多部图;强制分解;分解 1 引言 用Kn(t)表示以X=∪Xi(i=1,2,…,n)为顶点集的完全n 部图,其中Xi(i=1,2,…,n)是n 个两两不相交的t 元集,其中顶点a∈Xi及b∈Xj在Kn(t)中相邻当且仅当i≠j。符号Ck 表示长为k 的圈,记为(a1,a2,…,ak)。给定图G,B 是图G 的一族互不同构的子图,若B 中子图的边集形成E(G)的一个划分且每个子图与某一图Fj(1≤j≤r)同构,则称B 是图G 的一个{F1,F2,…,Fr}-分解。若对任意Fi(i=1,2,…,r),B 中至少有一个子图与Fi同构,则称B 为G 的一个{F1,F2,…,Fr}- 强制分解。本文将给出Kn(t)的{C3,C5,C6}- 强制分解的存在的充要条件。 定理Kn(t)的{C3,C5,C6}- 强制分解存在的充要条件为: (1)当t=1 时,n≥9 且n≡1(mod2); (2)当t=2k+1 时,n 也为大于等于3 的奇数; (3)当t=2k 为偶数时,n≥3 且(n,t)≠(3,2)。k=1,2,3…. 2基本引理 引理1 如果Km(2)的{C3,C5}- 强制分解存在,则K2m+1的{C3,C5 }- 分解存在。 引理2 n≥4,K= {4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,18,19,23},则Kn(t)存在{ Km(t):m∈K}- 分解。 引理3 如果Kn(t)的Ck- 分解存在,则对任意的正整数m,Kn(mt)的Ck- 分解存在。 引理4 对任意大于1 的奇数n,Kn(t)的{K3(t),K5(t)} -分解存在。 引理5 t>1 为奇数时,Kn(t)\Kn(1t)的Kn(3)\Kn(1t),Kn(5)\Kn(15)- 分解存在。 3定理的证明 必要性:若Kn(t)的{C3,C5,C6}- 强制分解存在。因圈Ck的顶点u 的度数为2,要使Kn(t)强制分解成某些特定圈,必有Kn(t)的每个顶点度数都为偶数,且对任意u∈Kn(t),d(u)=(n-1)t,故(n-1)t≡0(mod2),或当t 为奇数时,n 也必须为奇数.因为二部图不包含奇圈,所以又有n≥3。由Kn(t)的边数知存在p,q,r∈N。使得n(n-1)t2=2(3p+5q+6r),通过简单计算可证明,其中当(n,t)=(3,2)和3≤n≤7 时,Kn(t)的{C3,C5,C6}-强制分解不存在,得证。 充分性:情形1:t=1 时,n≥9 且n≡1(mod2)当时;(i)当1≤n≤7 时,Kn 显然不存在{C3,C5,C6}- 强制分解。(ii)当n≥9 时,显然K(n-1)/2(2)的{C3,C5,C6}-强制分解存在。在K(n-1)/2(2)中再添加一个新顶点,且该新增顶点分别与大小为2 的(n-1)/2 个顶点类构作C3,这样可得到(n-1)/2 个C3,所以Kn 的{C3,C5,C6}- 强制分解存在。综上,t=1 时,n≥9 且n≡1(mod2)时,Kn 的{C3,C5,C6}- 强制分解存在。 情形2:t=2k+1 时,n 也为大于1 的奇数,k∈N*;由引理4,要证明Kn(t)存在强制分解,只需证K3(t)和K5(t)的{C3,C5,C6}- 强制分解存在。 1.K3(t)的{C3,C5,C6}- 强制分解的情形 (i)t=3 时,记完全K3(3)的顶点集为{1,4,7}∪{2,5,8}∪{3,6,9},则可如下构作其{C3,C5,C6}- 强制分解:(1,2,3),(8,1,6),(1,5,3,7,9),(2,7,5,9,4), (8,4,6,2,9),(3,4,5,6,7,8). (ii)t=5 时,可先证明K3(3)\K3(1)的{C3,C5,C6}- 强制分解存在.这里以{a,4,7}∪{b,5,8}∪{c,6,9}记K3(3)\K3(1)的顶点,其中K3(1)的顶点为{a,b,c},因此,K3(3)\K3(1)的{C3,C5,C6}- 强制分解可如下得到:(8,a,6),(a,5,c,7,9),(b,7,5,9,4),(8,4,6,b,9),(c,4,5,6,7,8), 又因为K3(5)可分解为K3(3),K3(2),K3(3)\{K3(3),K3(2)},由前面的分析可知K3(5)存在{C3,C5,C6}-强制分解。 (iii)当t>5 时,设K3(t)的第i 个顶点类为{ai1,ai2,…ait},其中i=1,2,3,记3×t 阶矩阵A=(aij)为由K3(t)的顶点构作的矩阵,则我们可如下构作K3(t)的强制分解: 首先取A 的前列,构作K3(t-2),由(ii)可知,K3(t-2)存在{C3,C5,C6}- 强制分解。其次,取A 的最后2 列,构作K3(2),显然K3(2)存在 {C3,C5,C6}- 强制分解。再以最后两行与第一行构作K3(3)\K3(1),由(i)可知,K3(3)\K3(1)存在{C3,C5,C6}-强制分解。最后,对任意s(2≤s≤t-3),分别以第t-1 行和t 行与s 行构作C6,由上分析可知,K3(t)当t>5 时,存在{C3,C5,C6}-强制分解。 2.K5(t)的{C3,C5,C6}- 强制分解 先看K5(t)\K5(1t)的情形.由引理5,K5(t)\K5(1t)的{K5(3)\K5(13)\K5(5)\K5(15)}-分解存在。 (i)显然K5(3)\K5(13)可分解为10 个C6; (ii)K5(5)\K5(1)的{C3,C5}- 强制分解,K5(5)\K5(1)存在{C3,C5}-强制分解。 由(i),(ii),在t>1 且为奇数之时,K5(t)\K5(1t)的{C3,C5,C6}- 强制分解存在;而K5显然存在C5分解.因此可知K5(t)存在{C3,C5,C6}-强制分解。 情形3:t=2k 为偶数时,n≥3 且(n,t)≠(3,2);(i)n=3 时,t≥4 且为偶数时,易知K3(4)的{C3,C5,C6}- 强制分解存在。 假设其中t=2m,m≥2,且m 为奇数时,由情形2,K3(m)的{C3,C5,C6}- 强制分解存在,由引理1,K3(t)的{C3,C5,C6}- 强制分解也存在.若m 为偶数,知K3(4)的{C3,C5,C6}- 强制分解存在,从而由引理1,易知K3(t)的{C3,C5,C6}- 强制分解存在.故当其中的t≥4 的偶数时,K3(t)的 {C3,C5,C6}- 强制分解存在. (ii)n≥4,且t 为偶数时.首先证明Kn(2)的{C3,C5,C6}- 强制分解存在;当n≥4 时, 由引理2,只需证明Kn(2) (n∈{4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,18,19,23})的{C3,C5,C6}- 强制分解情况. 当n=4,5,6,7,8 时,Kn(2)显然存在{C3,C5,C6}-强制分解。 当n=9 时,我们知道,完全多部图K4(2)的{C3,C5,C6}- 强制分解存在,则由引理1,K9 的{C3,C5,C6}- 强制分解也存在,由引理3

(完整word版)小升初S-T图专题

小升初S-T图专题 1、如图,甲、乙两个圆柱形水槽的轴截面示意图,乙槽中有一圆柱形铁块立放其中(圆柱形铁块的下底面完全落在乙槽底面上).现将甲槽中的水匀速注人乙槽,甲、乙两个水槽中水的深度y(厘米>与注水时间x(分钟)之间的关系如图2所示.根据图象提供的信息, (1)图2中折线ABC表示槽中水的深度与注水时间之间的关系,线段DE表示槽中水的深度与注水时间之间的关系,点B的纵坐标表示的实际意义是.(2)注水多长时间时,甲、乙两个水槽中水的深度相同? (3)若乙槽底面积为36平方厘米(壁厚不计),求乙槽中铁块的体积; (4)若乙槽中铁块的体积为112立方厘米,求甲槽底面积(壁厚不计).(直接写成结果) 2、如图表示一艘轮船和一艘快艇沿相同路线从甲港出发到乙港行驶过程中路程随时间变化的图象.根据图象解答下列问题: (1)甲乙两港之间的距离是千米; (2)轮船和快艇在途中(不包括起点和终点)行驶的速度分别是多少? (3)问快艇出发多长时间赶上轮船?

3、知动点P以每秒2cm的速度沿图甲的边框按从B→C→D→E→F→A的路径移动,相应的△ABP的面积S与时间t之间的关系如图乙中的图象表示.若AB=6cm,试回答下列问题: (1)图甲中的BC长是多少? (2)图乙中的a是多少? (3)图甲中的图形面积的多少? (4)图乙中的b是多少? 4、黄岩岛是我国南沙群岛的一个小岛,渔产丰富.一天某渔船离开港口前往该海域捕鱼.捕捞一段时间后,发现一外国舰艇进入我国水域向黄岩岛驶来,渔船向渔政部门报告,并立即返航.渔政船接到报告后,立即从该港口出发赶往黄岩岛.渔政船及渔船与港口的距离s和渔船离开港口的时间t之间的关系如图所示.(假设渔船与渔政船沿同一航线航行) (1)求渔政船从港口出发赶往黄岩岛的速度; (2)求渔船和渔政船相遇时,两船与黄岩岛的距离; (3)在渔政船驶往黄岩岛的过程中,求渔船从港口出发经过多长时间与渔政船相距30海里?

通信原理_位同步

《通信原理》 §11.3 位同步 位同步是指在接收端的基带信号中提取码元定时的过程。位同步是正确取样判决的基础,只有数字通信才需要,所提取的位同步信息 是频率等于码速率的定时脉冲,相位则根据判决时信号波形决定,可能在码元中间,也可能在码元终止时刻或其他时刻。实现方法也有插入导频法(外同步)和直接法(自同步)。 一、插入导频法在基带信号频谱的零点处插入所需的位定时导频 信号。其中,图(a)为常见 的双极性不归零基带信号的功率谱,插入导频的位置是1/T;图(b)表示经某种相关变换的基带信号,其谱的第一个零点为1/2T,插入导频应在1/2T处。 图11-14 插入导频法频谱图 在接收端,对图11-14(a)的情况,经中心频率为1/T 的窄带滤波器,就可从解调后的基带信号中提取出位同步所需的信号;对图11-14(b)的情况, 窄带滤波器的中心频率应为1/2T,所提取的导频需经倍频后,才得所需的位同步脉冲。 图11-15 画出了插入位定时导频的系统框图,它对应于图11-14(b)所示谱的情况。发端插入的导频为1/2T,接收端在解调后设置了1/2T窄带滤波器,其作用是取出位定时导频。移相、倒相和相加电路是为了从信号中消去插入导频,

使进入取样判决器的基带信号没有插入导频。这样做是为了避免插入导频对取样 判决的影响。 (a)发送端 (b)接收端 图 11-15 插入位定时导频系统框图 此外,由于窄带滤 波器取出的导频为 1/2T ,图中微分全波整流起到了倍频的 作用,产生与码元速率相同的位定时信号 1/T 。图中两个移相器都是用来消除窄 带滤波器等引起的相移。 另一种导频插入的方法是包络调制法。这种方法是用位同步信号的某种波形对 移相键控或移频键控这样的恒包络数字已调信号进行附加的幅度调制,使其包络 随着位同步信号波形变化;在接收端只要进行包络检波,就可以形成位同步信号。 设移相键控的表达式为 (11.3-1) 利用含有位同步信号的某种波形对 s 1 (t ) 进行幅度调制,若这种波形为升余弦 波形,则其表示式为 (11.3-2) 式中的 ∧ = 2π / T ,T 为码元宽度。幅度调制后的信号为 (11.3-3) 接收端对 s 2 (t ) s 1 (t ) = cos[ωc t + ?(t )]

习题 第三章数据分析初步小结复习【慕联】初中完全同步系列浙教版数学八年级下册

浙教版数学八下第三章数据分析初步 单项选择题 1.(2015·浙江宁波中考)在端午节到来之前,学校食堂推荐了A,B,C三家粽子专卖店,对全校师生爱吃哪家店的粽子作调查,以决定最终向哪家店采购.下面的统计量中最值得关注的是() A.方差 B.平均数 C.中位数 D.众数 2.某特警部队为了选拔“神枪手”,举行了1 000米射击比赛,最后由甲、乙两名战士进入决赛,在相同条件下,两人各射靶10次,经过统计计算,甲、乙两名战士的总成绩都是99.68环,甲的方差是0.28,乙的方差是0.21,则下列说法中,正确的是() A.甲的成绩比乙的成绩稳定 B.乙的成绩比甲的成绩稳定 C.甲、乙两人成绩的稳定性相同 D.无法确定谁的成绩更稳定 3.对于数据3,3,2,3,6,3,10,3,6,3,2.①这组数据的众数是3;①这组数据的众数与中位数的数值不等;①这组数据的中位数与平均数的数值相等;①这组数据的平均数与众数的数值相等.其中正确结论的个数为()

A.1 B.2 C.3 D.4 4.综合实践活动中,同学们做泥塑工艺制作.小明将活动组各同学的作品完成情况绘成了下面的条形统计图.根据统计图,我们可以知道平均每个学生完成作品()件. A.12 B.8.625 C.8.5 D.9 5.(2015·安徽中考)某校九年级(1)班全体学生2015年初中毕业体育学业考试的成绩统计如下表: 根据上表中的信息判断,下列结论中错误的是() A.该班一共有40名同学 B.该班学生这次考试成绩的众数是45分 C.该班学生这次考试成绩的中位数是45分 D.该班学生这次考试成绩的平均数是45分

6.下列说法中正确的有() ①描述一组数据的平均数只有一个; ②描述一组数据的中位数只有一个; ③描述一组数据的众数只有一个; ④描述一组数据的平均数、中位数和众数都一定是这组数据里的数; ⑤一组数据中的一个数大小发生了变化,一定会影响这组数据的平均数、众数和中位数. A.1个 B.2个 C.3个 D.4个 7.某同学在本学期的前四次数学测验中得分依次是95,82,76,88,马上要进行第五次测验了,他希望五次成绩的平均分能达到85分,那么这次测验他应得()分. A.84 B.75 C.82 D.87 8.(2015·湖北孝感中考)今年,我省启动了“关爱留守儿童工程”.某村小为了了解各年级留守儿童的数量,对一到六年级留守儿童数量进行了统计,得到每个年级的留守儿童人数分别为10,15,10,17,18,20.对于这组数据,下列说法错误的是() A.平均数是15 B.众数是10 C.中位数是17

(完整版)t分布的概念及表和查表方法

t分布介绍 在概率论和统计学中,学生t-分布(t-distribution),可简称为t分布,用于根据小样本来估计呈正态分布且方差未知的总体的均值。如果总体方差已知(例如在样本数量足够多时),则应该用正态分布来估计总体均值。 t分布曲线形态与n(确切地说与自由度df)大小有关。与标准正态分布曲线相比,自由度df越小,t分布曲线愈平坦,曲线中间愈低,曲线双侧尾部翘得愈高;自由度df愈大,t分布曲线愈接近正态分布曲线,当自由度df=∞时,t分布曲线为标准正态分布曲线。 目录 1历史 2定义 3扩展 4特征 5置信区间 6计算 历史 在概率论和统计学中,学生t-分布(Student's t-distribution)经常应用在对呈正态分布的总体的均值进行估计。它是对两个样本均值差异进行显著性测试的学生t测定的基础。t检定改进了Z检定(en:Z-test),不论样本数量大或小皆可应用。在样本数量大(超过120等)时,可以应用Z检定,但Z检定用在小的样本会产生很大的误差,因此样本很小的情况下得改用学生t检定。在数据有三组以上时,因为误差无法压低,此时可以用变异数分析代替学生t检定。 当母群体的标准差是未知的但却又需要估计时,我们可以运用学生t-分布。 学生t-分布可简称为t分布。其推导由威廉·戈塞于1908年首先发表,当时他还在都柏林的健力士酿酒厂工作。因为不能以他本人的名义发表,所以论文使用了学生(Student)这一笔名。之后t检验以及相关理论经由罗纳德·费雪的工作发扬光大,而正是他将此分布称为学生分布。 定义

由于在实际工作中,往往σ是未知的,常用s作为σ的估计值,为了与u变换区别,称为t变换,统计量t 值的分布称为t分布。 假设X服从标准正态分布N(0,1),Y服从分布,那么的分布称为自由度为n 的t分布,记为。 分布密度函数, 其中,Gam(x)为伽马函数。 扩展 正态分布(normal distribution)是数理统计中的一种重要的理论分布,是许多统计方法的理论基础。正态分布有两个参数,μ和σ,决定了正态分布的位置和形态。为了应用方便,常将一般的正态变量X通过u变换[(X-μ)/σ]转化成标准正态变量u,以使原来各种形态的正态分布都转换为μ=0,σ=1的标准正态分布(standard normal distribution),亦称u分布。 根据中心极限定理,通过上述的抽样模拟试验表明,在正态分布总体中以固定n,抽取若干个样本时,样本均数的分布仍服从正态分布,即N(μ, )。所以,对样本均数的分布进行u变换,也可变换为标准正态分布N (0,1)。 特征 1.以0为中心,左右对称的单峰分布;

乌鸦喝水公开课教案(配完全同步课件)

《乌鸦喝水》教学设计 【教学目标】 1.学习课文,通过联系上下文、看图、联系生活实际等方法理解“口渴、到处、渐渐”等词语的含义并能正确使用“渐渐”一词。 2.正确、流利、有感情地朗读课文,培养学生的阅读能力。 3.了解课文内容,体会乌鸦在“找水喝”到“喝着水”这一过程中心情的变化。能简单地复述故事并懂得遇到困难应积极开动脑筋想办法解决的道理。 【教学重难点】 1.朗读、感悟课文。 2.明白遇到困难应积极开动脑筋,想办法解决的道理。 【教学准备】 多媒体课件,装有水的小口瓶子,小石子 【设计理念】 精心创设实践活动,以给学生自主、合作、探究的机会,鼓励学生质疑问难,开掘学生的创造潜能,激活学生的思维和想象力,尊重学生的个性,重视学生的相互评价,促进学生的发展,注重学生在语言实践中感悟语言,积累语言,运用语言。 【教学过程】 一、国学经典,引人入神 父母呼、应勿缓,父母命、行勿懒,父母教、须敬听,父母责、须顺承 释义:父母亲的呼唤,应该立即应答,不应迟缓,父母亲叫你做的事情,应该执行而不该懒惰对待,要赶快去做,父母亲的教诲,需严谨听从,恭敬地倾听,父母亲的责备,不能顶嘴,应该顺从他们,承受他们的责备,努力改进自新。 有种小动物拥有一种真正的值得我们人类普遍称道的美德——养老、爱老,在养老、敬老方面堪称动物中的楷模。据说这种鸟在母亲的哺育下长大后,当母亲年老体衰,不能觅食或者双目失明飞不动的时候,它的子女就四处去寻找可口的食物,衔回来嘴对嘴地喂到母亲的口中,回报母亲的养育之恩,并且从不感到厌烦,一直到老乌鸦临终,再也吃不下东西为止。这就是人们常说的“乌鸦反哺”。 一、谜语导入,诱发兴趣 1、猜谜语。今天我们来认识可爱的小动物吧!(板书:乌鸦喝水) 2、指着“乌鸦”问:谁能有礼貌地跟乌鸦打个招呼?指名读。(真亲切,像是老早熟识了的朋友) 【设计意图】:这一环节意在激发学生的学习兴趣,使孩子在轻松的活动中感受到老师就像一个共同学习的伙伴。通过与“乌鸦”打招呼,拉近了孩子与乌鸦的距离,仿佛这故事就发生在自己身边,同时也使孩子学着礼貌、热情地与人打招呼。) 师:猜猜这个“乌”字更我们学过的哪个字很像? 生:鸟。(指名讲)

习题2 1.2 Second Part (含答案)初中完全同步系列人教版英语八年级上册

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t分布表精确完整图

T分布表 Df 自由度 P 概率0.1 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005 0.001 0.0005 单尾0.2 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.002 0.001 双尾 1 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657 318.309 636.619 2 1.886 2.920 4.30 3 6.965 9.925 22.327 31.599 3 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 10.215 12.924 4 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 7.173 8.610 5 1.47 6 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 5.893 6.869 6 1.440 1.943 2.44 7 3.143 3.707 5.20 8 5.959 7 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 4.785 5.408 8 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 4.501 5.041 9 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 4.297 4.781 10 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 4.144 4.587 11 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 4.025 4.437 12 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 3.930 4.318 13 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 3.852 4.221 14 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 3.787 4.140 15 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 3.733 4.073 16 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 3.686 4.015 17 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.646 3.965 18 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.610 3.922 19 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.579 3.883 20 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.552 3.850 21 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.527 3.819 22 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.505 3.792 23 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.485 3.768 24 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.467 3.745 25 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.450 3.725 26 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.435 3.707 27 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.421 3.690 28 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.408 3.674 29 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.396 3.659 30 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.385 3.646 31 1.309 1.696 2.040 2.453 2.744 3.375 3.633 32 1.309 1.694 2.037 2.449 2.738 3.365 3.622 33 1.308 1.692 2.035 2.445 2.733 3.356 3.611 34 1.307 1.691 2.032 2.441 2.728 3.348 3.601 35 1.306 1.690 2.030 2.438 2.724 3.340 3.591

习题1 1.1 Section A(含答案)初中完全同步系列人教版英语八年级上册

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t分布表精确完整图

Tables T-11 ?Array Table entry for p and C is the critical value t?with probability p lying to its right and probability C lying between?t?and t?. TABLE D t distribution critical values Upper-tail probability p df.25.20.15.10.05.025.02.01.005.0025.001.0005 1 1.000 1.376 1.963 3.078 6.31412.7115.8931.8263.66127.3318.3636.6 20.816 1.061 1.386 1.886 2.920 4.303 4.849 6.9659.92514.0922.3331.60 30.7650.978 1.250 1.638 2.353 3.182 3.482 4.541 5.8417.45310.2112.92 40.7410.941 1.190 1.533 2.132 2.776 2.999 3.747 4.604 5.5987.1738.610 50.7270.920 1.156 1.476 2.015 2.571 2.757 3.365 4.032 4.773 5.893 6.869 60.7180.906 1.134 1.440 1.943 2.447 2.612 3.143 3.707 4.317 5.208 5.959 70.7110.896 1.119 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.517 2.998 3.499 4.029 4.785 5.408 80.7060.889 1.108 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.449 2.896 3.355 3.833 4.501 5.041 90.7030.883 1.100 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.398 2.821 3.250 3.690 4.297 4.781 100.7000.879 1.093 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.359 2.764 3.169 3.581 4.144 4.587 110.6970.876 1.088 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.328 2.718 3.106 3.497 4.025 4.437 120.6950.873 1.083 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.303 2.681 3.055 3.428 3.930 4.318 130.6940.870 1.079 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.282 2.650 3.012 3.372 3.852 4.221 140.6920.868 1.076 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.264 2.624 2.977 3.326 3.787 4.140 150.6910.866 1.074 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.249 2.602 2.947 3.286 3.733 4.073 160.6900.865 1.071 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.235 2.583 2.921 3.252 3.686 4.015 170.6890.863 1.069 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.224 2.567 2.898 3.222 3.646 3.965 180.6880.862 1.067 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.214 2.552 2.878 3.197 3.611 3.922 190.6880.861 1.066 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.205 2.539 2.861 3.174 3.579 3.883 200.6870.860 1.064 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.197 2.528 2.845 3.153 3.552 3.850 210.6860.859 1.063 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.189 2.518 2.831 3.135 3.527 3.819 220.6860.858 1.061 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.183 2.508 2.819 3.119 3.505 3.792 230.6850.858 1.060 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.177 2.500 2.807 3.104 3.485 3.768 240.6850.857 1.059 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.172 2.492 2.797 3.091 3.467 3.745 250.6840.856 1.058 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.167 2.485 2.787 3.078 3.450 3.725 260.6840.856 1.058 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.162 2.479 2.779 3.067 3.435 3.707 270.6840.855 1.057 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.158 2.473 2.771 3.057 3.421 3.690 280.6830.855 1.056 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.154 2.467 2.763 3.047 3.408 3.674 290.6830.854 1.055 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.150 2.462 2.756 3.038 3.396 3.659 300.6830.854 1.055 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.147 2.457 2.750 3.030 3.385 3.646 400.6810.851 1.050 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.123 2.423 2.704 2.971 3.307 3.551 500.6790.849 1.047 1.299 1.676 2.009 2.109 2.403 2.678 2.937 3.261 3.496 600.6790.848 1.045 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.099 2.390 2.660 2.915 3.232 3.460 800.6780.846 1.043 1.292 1.664 1.990 2.088 2.374 2.639 2.887 3.195 3.416 1000.6770.845 1.042 1.290 1.660 1.984 2.081 2.364 2.626 2.871 3.174 3.390 10000.6750.842 1.037 1.282 1.646 1.962 2.056 2.330 2.581 2.813 3.098 3.300 z?0.6740.841 1.036 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.054 2.326 2.576 2.807 3.091 3.291 50%60%70%80%90%95%96%98%99%99.5%99.8%99.9% Con?dence level C

以完全同步运行方式控制协同轴的好处---覃华雄

以完全同步运行方式控制协同轴的好处 覃华雄 随着自动化程度的要求不断提高,越来越多的设备开始使用伺服电机作为高速高精度执行元件,在电机轴数增加的同时,对于控制器的要求也在逐步变化,传统的以PTO(脉冲序列输出)方式控制伺服的方式在应对多轴控制时劣势也逐步显现,即便可以通过增加更多脉冲输出模块的方式扩展系统规模,但是在整机性能上基于总线的运动控制系统将尽显优势,在这里我们暂且撇开省安装布线、省模块、易扩展等明显好处不谈,单就控制方式而言,其灵活性和效率就已远胜PTO。而且就是在传统上认为各轴间没有主从跟随、插补等同步关系,仅存在顺序动作要求的设备上,引入完全同步控制方式,同样可以取得明显成效,下面我们就结合一些实际应用来了解一下。 在深入细节之前我们首先要了解两个基础概念:同步轴& 协同轴 ● 同步轴 同步轴是指与运动任务相连的轴,设定点(通常是位置) 通过报文机制在每个运动总线任务被周期性发送(位置环在运动控制器完成);此功能是强制性的跟随轴(电子齿轮或电子凸轮,G代码),协同轴也可用此机制管理(会增加系统负荷); ● 协同轴 协同轴无需与运动任务同步,一个运动命令(最终位置)被发送到驱动器,轨迹内插由驱动器完成(位置环在伺服驱动器内完成);此功能一般用于单轴运动(或多轴独立运行),可减少控制器及总线的负荷.就施耐德的解决方案而言,我们多会选用基于 M241/251(by CANopen总线)控制器的系统来处理非同步多协同轴的任务。该方案虽然在一定程度上具有控制器成本优势,但由于CANopen总线带宽及响应周期的不足,很多用户会反映系统整体速度较低,进而影响整机效率;即便是采用双CAN口的LMC058或是多个M241分担总线载荷,仍然难以满足客户要求;若改用by sercos III总线的系统

完全t部图K(n-k,n-2,n,-,n)的色唯一性

第36卷第9期 2013年9月 合肥工业大学学报 (自然科学版) JOURNALOFHEFEIUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY Vol.36No.9 Sept.2013  收稿日期:2012‐12‐26 基金项目:淮南职业技术学院科研资助项目(HKJ10‐6)作者简介:徐利民(1961-),男,江苏宜兴人,合肥工业大学硕士生,淮南职业技术学院副教授; 杨志林(1962-),男,安徽肥东人,博士,合肥工业大学教授,硕士生导师. Doi:10.3969/j.issn.1003‐5060.2013.09.028 完全t部图K(n-k,n-2,n,…,n)的色唯一性 徐利民1,2, 杨志林1 (1.合肥工业大学数学学院,安徽合肥 230009;2.淮南职业技术学院基础部,安徽淮南 232001) 摘 要:文章介绍了完全t部图K(n-k,n-2,n,…,n)的色唯一性,设P(G,λ)是图G的色多项式,若对于任意与图G的色多项式相等(P(G,λ)=P(H,λ))的图H都与图G同构(G≌H),则称图G是色唯一图,通过比较t部图的t+1色类的划分数和三角形子图的个数证明,如果n>[(k+1)2/4]+1,并且k>2,则完全t部图K(n-k,n-2,n,…,n)是色唯一图。 关键词:色唯一图;色划分数;完全t部图;三角形子图 中图分类号:O157.5 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1003‐5060(2013)09‐1148‐05 Onthechromaticityofcompletet‐partitegraphK(n-k,n-2,n,…,n) XULi‐min 1,2 , YANGZhi‐lin 1 (1.SchoolofMathematics,HefeiUniversityofTechnology,Hefei230009,China;2.DepartmentofBasicCourses,HuainanVocationalandTechnicalCollege,Huainan232001,China) Abstract:Thechromaticityofcompletet‐partitegraphK(n-k,n-2,n,…,n)isintroduced.LetP(G,λ)bethechromaticpolynomialofagraphG.AgraphGischromaticallyuniqueifforanygraphH,P(H,λ)=P(G,λ)impliesH≌G.Bycomparingthechromaticnumberofpartitionintot+1‐colorclassesofthet‐partitegraphandthenumberofthetriangularsubgraphofgraphs,itisprovedthat K(n-k,n-2,n,…,n)ischromaticallyuniqueifn>[(k+1)2 /4]+1andk>2.Keywords:chromaticallyuniquegraph;numberofpartitionintocolorclass;completet‐partitegraph;triangularsubgraph 0 引 言 如果图G与图H的色多项式相等,则称图G与图H是色等价的,记为G~H;如果任意与图G色等价的图H都与图G同构,则称图G是色唯一图。文献[1‐2]研究了有关完全t部图色唯一性的问题,即若|ni-nj|≤2,t>2,当min1≤i≤t{ni}充分大时,K(n1,n2,…,nt)是否是色唯一图。文献[3]证明了下面定理1。 定理1 若|ni-nj|≤k,min1≤i≤t{ni}≥(tk2 /4)+[k2(t-1)/2]+1,则完全t部图K (n1,n2,…,nt)是色唯一图[3] 。定理2 若|ni-nj|≤k,min{n1,n2,…,nt}≥(tk2 /8)+1,则完全t部图K(n1,n2,…,nt)是色唯一图 [4] 。 定理3 若n≥k2+k+1,则完全t部图K(n-k,n,…,n,n+k)是色唯一图 [4] 。 定理4 若n≥k+2≥4,则完全t部图K(n-k,n-1,n,…,n)和K(n-k,n,…,n)是色唯一图[5]。 文献[6]证明了文献[7]中提出的猜想,即若n≥k+2≥4,则K(n-k,n,n)是色唯一图;并进一步证明了若n≥2k≥4,则K(n-k,n-1,n)是色唯一图。

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