Useful expressions for writing(非打印)

2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in theanalysis of xx10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions whicha ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experimentsThis Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into thecomputer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xSummary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in avariety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness andconfidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well inmethodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question76. It is expected to be serious barrier to70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complext。

Notice writing•书写通知正文时要注意的几点•(1)内容要简洁、清楚。

例如，会议通知要写清时间、地点、出席人员，必要时还可以写明会议内容。

•(2)多采用被动语态，人称用第三人称。

如：•①All the students of the Computer Department are required to meet…•②A lecture on linguistics will be given by Professor Xiao…•(3)为了能引起广泛的注意，正文起首常标以“ATTENTION"字样或以“Attention，please"开头。

如：•ATTENTION，A visit to…•(4)放假通知应写明放假天数及收假日期。

如：•①Tomorrow being National Day，there will be no work for seven days．•②Work will be resumed on Oct.8．Letter writingBeginning of a letter:•I would like sth•I would like to do•We learn from ABC & Co. Ltd, New York that …•I am writing to ask if …Ending of a letter:Thanking you for …•We await your early reply.•I am looking forward to sth/doing sthShowing thanks:•Thank you for•I would be most grateful if you could …•We should be obliged if you could …•I would appreciate it if you could …Marking criteria for practical writing•从格式、内容、语言以及语言得体性四方面进行评分.2006年英语专业四级考试便条写作评分标准•格式2分•日期：右上角, April 23, 2006 / 23 April, 2006 / 23/4/2006/ 4/23/2006 称呼在日期下一行左侧，Dear Michael, / Dear Michael: / Michael, / Michael:结尾右下方,Truly yours, / Yours truly,/ Yours sincerely, / Sincerely yours, / Yours, •凡不符合上述正确格式或要求均扣1分(结束语和谦称在同一行,人名没写或用xx表示等扣一分).•内容3分•涵盖organizing + interest + two details三项内容少一点扣一分,最多扣3分;两个细节需要有所展开,若只是提到when and where扣1分。

Useful Expressions in Writing and Spoken In effect/super-helpful=exceedingly helpfulEmploy examples to support one’s ideaIrrespective of sth/rich sourcesAn effective piece of evidence/fulfill the following requirementswell-chosen examplesSth is guided onto the right trackWe are awed/amazed/astonished/astoundedLong span of time/as much to one’s shameSth carries the trend towards..(引领潮流)We clutch lingeringly and lovingly to sth/in this difference lies the contrast between...In a wider perspective/from a broader viewpointbring sth to an endTo the core=in every way/through and through/completely/influential=far-reachingGenerally, it comes in bits and pieces/sth be deeply ingrained in sth/Sth has become an inevitable and ordinary part of daily life/sufficient perspective=enough comprehensive point of view/without exceptionTo a great extent/enchanting=attractive/accumulate=gradually collect/the only child/be isolated from sthHelp them grow to the fullest extent of their abilities and capacities/far from reliable/pay dividends=bring benefits/be endowed with sth/driving motivesBe foreign to sb/for keeps=for good/lifeBe exempt from the strains and tensions/mass production/with the sight of ragsIt may well be that(很可能)/great confidence builder Shades of meaning=slight differences in meaningFor a year to the day=for exactly a year/cleanly=squarely=exactlyIn short runs=in short periods of time/at a stretch= without stoppingbe in harmony withRoll into one=mingle togetherInnocent of=without=not haveA case in point=Here is a typical examplepin down=讲清楚Get somewhere=achieve success/make progressIn full stride=very calmlyTake something in stride=do something calmlyIn lieu of=in place of/ instead ofBy any chance=perhaps/possiblyAttest to=to be proof of/to demonstrateTake high honors=do very well/earn good distinction Straight out=solveThe moment of truth=a time when a person is tested,a decision has to be made, or a crisis has to be faced. Cause a few ripples=cause some excitementsOwn up to=admit/social strain=pressure from society Be given to doing sth=be in the habit of doing sth/have a tendency to do sth.All humanity=all mankindIn no slight degree=to a large extentTake an aesthetic pleasure in doing sth=enjoy doing sth with excitement/be emotionally satisfied at doing sthBe compatible with=(of two things) be able to exist or occur together without conflict.Stave off=keep way(esp. for a short time)A brief spell=a short period of time.Every day or thereabouts=almost every dayFor better or worse=whatever happens/whether one likes it or notAsserts itself=shows its importanceBe alienated from=become estranged or separateTo the detriment of=causing harm or danger toClamber up=climb up using both the hands and feet with difficultyTake liberties with=treat sth freely, without strict observance of the factTake to=begin as a practice or habitAdd up to=equal to=amount toA 50-50 toss-up=a situation in which the twoalternatives or options are equally possibleTo date=up to the presentCash in on 从中获利，利用See to it that... 务必做到...，相当于make sure that/make certain thatIn due course=in due time=in timeTake sth into account in all seriousnessConform to=comply with=accord withWith the view of...以...为目的/viz.即，就是(拉丁语) namelyToll-free number 免费电话As far as one’s information goes/as far as one knows/to one’s knowledgeAssure sb of sth/assure sb thatIn compliance with =in line withBe/get well acquainted with sth/avail oneself of...A crowning idea= a most perfect idea/lend supportto=give support toMake allowance for=take (sth) into consideration when planning/treat(someone) leniently on account of some special situationIn the same vein=in the same styleMeasure up to =reach the standard toHigh-flown=extravagant and high-soundingBulge with=be so full of something as to swell in size Grapple with=try very hard to deal withTake one’s cue from...=follow the advice or example of...The current fuss and bother=the present-day worry and anxietyIn good faith=honestly and sincerelyPretty much=(informal) very nearly, almostAre of a piece=are like each other in characterWe live too much on top of each other=we live too close to each otherThe greatest pitch of happiness=the highest degree of happinessAny burning in the blood=and strong desires that you have。

附录Useful Expressions and Sample SentencesⅠKnowledge and Education1. Education has become an essential part of one’s life.教育已成为人们一生中的重要组成部分。

2. The prosperity of a nation depends on the development of education.一个国家的繁荣依靠教育的发展。

3. There seems to be a growing tendency of life-long education for all.全民的终身教育似乎越来越成为教育的发展趋势。

4. Though great changes have taken place in China in the field of education, there is still acomparatively great part of the population of the country who cannot read and write.在中国，尽管我们的教育发生了很大的变化，但是仍然有很多的农村人口不识字。

5. Most colleges admit students on the basis of their Entrance Examination records.大多数高等院校根据学生的入学考试成绩录取学生。

6. Education begins its work with the first breath of the child.当孩子一开始呼吸时，教育就开始了。

7. Education is a progressive discovery of our ignorance.教育是一个逐步发现自己无知的过程。

8. Knowledge advances by steps not by leaps.知识的获得是循序渐进而不是突飞猛进的。

Useful Expressions in CET4 Writing:Expressions for beginning:Compared with cars, bicycles have many advantages.I think one of the main problems with today’s education is that we place too much emphasis on test scores. Different people have different attitudes towards…Energy can be saved by various means.Many social problems deserve our attention.Expressions for transition/starting illustration:Why do more and more teenagers smoke? The reasons are as follows.The above analysis naturally leads us to the following possible solutions to the problem.There are at least three reasons why so many children have dropped out of school.Expressions for ending:Thus effective measures should be taken immediately.Government should enact strict laws to prevent people from…Therefore, it is urgent for the government to take immediate measures to solve the problem of water shortage Only by adopting these measures can we reduce the fake commodities.Though it is hard to do away with this convention, it is worth trying.Other expressions:As a matter of fact, there are many other factors that have something to do with a student’s performance, among which his state of mind is most important.As we can see from the table,….All are equal before the law.The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.The advanced will always replace the backward.Achieve just the opposite to what one wishes.开头段的常用核心句：●As opposed to generally accepted views, I believe that …●The arguer may be right about…, but he seems to neglect to mention the fact that ….●Although it is commonly agreed that …, it is unlikely to be true that ….●There is an element of truth in this statement, but it ignores a deeper and more basic fact that ….●In all the discussion and debate over …, one important fact is generally overlooked.●On the surface (At first thought), it (this) may seem a sound (an attractive) suggestion (solution / idea), butcareful weighing on the mind (on closer analysis / on second thought), we find that …●Although many people believe that …, I wonder whether the argument bears much analysis.●The danger (problem / fact / truth / point) is that….●I agree with the above statement because I believe that ….●There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of …. Those who object to …argue that …. Butpeople who favor …, on the other hand, argue that….●Currently (In recent years / In the past few years / For many years now), there is (has been) a general(widespread / growing / widely held) feeling towards (concern over / attitude towards / trend towards/ awareness of / realization of / illusion of / belief in)….●As far as I am concerned, however, I believe that ….●Now it is commonly (widely / generally / increasingly) believed (thought / held / accepted/ felt / recognized /acknowledged) that …. But I wonder (doubt) whether …结尾段常用的的核心句型●From what has been discussed above (Taking into account all these factors / Judging from all evidenceoffered), we may safely draw (reach / come to / arrive at) the conclusion that ….●All the evidence (analysis) supports (justifies / confirms / warrants / points to) a(n) unshakable (unmistakable/ sound / just) conclusion that ….●It is high time that we placed (put) great (special / considerable) emphasis on the improvement (development /increase / promotion) of ….●It is high time that we put an end to the deep-seated (unhealthy / undesirable / deplorable) situation (tendency/ phenomenon) of ….●We must look (search / call / cry) for an immediate action (method / measure), because the present (current)situation (phenomenon / tendency / state / attitude) of …, if permitted (allowed) to continue (proceed), will surely (certainly) lead to (result in) the end (destruction / heavy cost) of ….●There is no easy (immediate / effective) solution (approach / answer / remedy) to the problem of …, but …might be useful (helpful / beneficial).●No easy method (solution / recipe / remedy) can be at hand (found / guaranteed) to solve (resolve / tackle) theproblem of …, but the common (general / public) recognition of (realization of / awareness of / commitment to) the necessity (importance / significance) of … might be the first step towards change (on the right way / in the right direction).●Following these methods (suggestions) may not guarantee the success in (solution to)…, but the pay-off willbe worth the effort.●Obviously (Clearly / No doubt), if we ignore (are blind to) the problem, there is every chance that ….●Unless there is a common realization of (general commitment to) …, it is very likely (the chances are good)that ….●There is little doubt (no denying) that serious (special / adequate / immediate / further) attention must becalled (paid / devoted) to the problem of ….●It is necessary (essential / fundamental) that effective (quick / proper) action (steps /measures / remedies)should be taken to prevent (correct /check / end / fight) the situation (tendency / phenomenon).●It is hoped (suggested / recommended) that great (continuous / persistent / sustained / corporate) effortsshould be made to control (check/ halt / promote) the growth (increase / rise) of ….●It is hoped that great efforts should be directed to (expended on / focused on) finding (developing /improving) ….●It remains to be seen whether …, but the prospect (outlook) is not quite encouraging (that rosy).●Anyhow, wider (more) education (publicity) should be given to the possible (potential / grave /serious /pernicious) consequences (effects) of ….●To reverse (check / control) the trend (tendency) is not a light task (an easy job), and it requires (demands /involves / entails) a different state of mind towards (attitude towards / outlook on) ….●For these reasons, I strongly recommend that ….●For the reasons given above, I feel that ….中间段常用的的核心句型●Although the popular belief is that …, a current (new / recent) study (survey / poll / investigation) indicates(shows / demonstrates) that ….●Common sense tells us that ….●The increase (change / failure / success) in … mainly (largely / partly) results from (arises from / is becauseof) ….●The increase (change / failure / success) in … is due to (owing to / attributable to) the fact that ….●Many people would claim that ….●One may attribute (ascribe / owe) the increase (decrease / change ) to …, but … is not by itself an adequateexplanation.●One of the reasons given for … is that ….●What is also worth noticing is that ….●There are many (different / several /a number of / a variety of)causes (reasons) for this dramatic (marked /significant) growth (change / decline / increase) in …. First, …. Second, …. Finally, ….●There is no evidence to suggest that….●Why are (is / do / did) …? For one thing, …. For another, ….●Another reason why I dispute the above statement is that ….●It gives rise to (lead to / bring /create) a host of problems (consequences).●There are numerous reasons why …, and I shall here explore only a few of the most important ones.●It will exert (have / produce) profound (far-reaching / remarkable / considerable / beneficial / favorable /undesirable / disastrous) effect (influence) on ….●A multitude of factors could account for (contribute to / lead to / result in / influence) the change (increase /decrease / success / failure / development) in ….●In 2000, it increased (rose / jumped / shot up) from 5 to 10 percent of the total (to 15 percent / by 15percent).●By comparison with 2002, it decreased (dropped / fell) from 10 to 5 percent (to 15 percent / by 15 percent).●It accounts for 15 percent of the total.●There were 100 traffic accidents in April, an increase of 5 percent in a five-month period.●By 2002, only (less than / more than / almost / about / over/ as many as) three quarters (40 percent of / oneout of five / one in four) college population (graduates / housewives) as against (as compared with) last year (2002) preferred to (liked) ….●With the development (improvement / rise / growth / general recognition / acknowledgement / realization)of …, vast changes awaits this country’s society.●Now people in growing (ever-increasing / significant) numbers are beginning (coming / getting) to believe(realize / recognize / understand / accept / see / be aware) that ….●According to a(n) recent (new / official) study (survey / report / poll), ….●History (Our society) is filled (abounds) with the examples of ….●The story (case / instance / situation) is not rare (isolated / unique), it is one of many examples (typical ofdozens).●A(one) recent (new / general / nationwide) study (survey / poll / investigation) conducted (taken) at auniversity by (officials / scientists / experts) indicates (reveals / suggests / shows / proves / demonstrates) that ….●According to (As can be seen in / As is shown in) the figures (statistics / findings / data / graph / table)released (provided) by the government (an institute), it can be learned (seen / predicted) that ….●There is (no) good (every / little / sufficient / considerable / strong) evidence (proof) to●Personal experience (Examples I heard / read of) leads me to conclude that ….●We must admit the undeniable fact that ….●No one can deny (ignore / doubt / overlook / obscure / brush aside) the fact that ….●Experience (Evidence) suggests (shows) that ….●Take for example … who (that) ….●The same is true of ….●As the saying goes, “….”句子的“启、承、转、合”常用句型和结构“启”It is often said that…Generally speaking…As the proverb says…It goes without saying that…It is clear/obvious that…Many people often ask …“承”It is true that…Everybody knows that…It can be easily proved that…No one can deny that…One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is…The chief reason why …is that …We must recognize that…There is no doubt that…I am of the opinion that…This can be expressed as follows…Take…as an example (instance) …Therefore we should realize that …We have reason to believe that…We know that…What is more serious is that…“转”Another special consideration in this case is that …However, …Therefore…Besides, we should not neglect that…But the problem is not so simple, …But it is a pity that…On the other hand, …I do not believe that…Perhaps you’ll ask why…This may be true, but we still have a problem with regard to…Though we are in basic agreement with …The trouble seems that…Y et differences will be found, that’s why I feel that…So long as you regard this as reasonable, you may…“合”In a word, …In sum, …In conclusion, …From this point of view, …On account of this we can find that …The result is dependent on …Therefore, these findings reveal the following information…Thus, this is the reason why we must…CET4 Writing 常用过渡词总结关系过渡词语：generally speaking, generally, as a general rule, in general, on a larger scale, to take the idea further, to take the above opinion to an extreme, in a sense, in one sense, in a way, to some extent, in my opinion, in my view, as for me, as far as I am concerned, obviously, undoubtedly, in terms of, in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, in a word, on the whole, to sum up, to conclude比较对比关系过渡词语：similarly, likewise, like, too, equally important, the same as, in common, in the same way, on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, in sharp contrast, whereas, rather than, conversely, instead, in/by contrast, but, however, yet, nevertheless列举关系过渡词语：for example, for instance, as an example, as a case in point, such as, namely, that is, like, thus, first, second, third, finally, in the first place, initially, first of all, to begin with, to start with, what is more, furthermore, eventually, besides, in addition (to that), first and foremost, last but not least, next, also, moreover, for one thing, for another因果关系过渡词语：because (of), as, since, for, owing to, due to, thanks to, on account of, as a result of, result in (from), consequently, for the reason that, as a consequence, consequently, it follows that, accordingly, therefore, hence让步关系过渡词语：although, even though, after all, in spite of, despite, granted that强调关系过渡词语：anyway, certainly, surely, obviously, to be sure, especially, particularly, above all, in deed, in fact, even worse, needless to say, most important of all, no doubt递进关系：in addition, furthermore, also, moreover, besides, again, and, likewise, what's more时间顺序：afterwards, at last, at length, immediately, in the meantime, lately, meanwhile, presently, shortly, since, soon, temporarily, thereafter, while方位序列：in front of, beside, beyond, above, below, inside, outside, on the left, on the right方式手段：as, as if, as though, the way，by目的关系：that, so that, lest, in case, for fear that, in order that。

Unit 1骄兵必败pride comes before a fall战无不胜nothing could stand in their way奋勇抵抗fierce resistance阴冷凄苦的俄罗斯寒冬a raw, bitter, bleak Russian winter堪称无敌be unequaled向…发动进攻launch an attack against…痛苦的教训 a painful lesson速决速胜 a quick, decisive victory让某人吃惊的是to sb.'s surprise面临着一个重要抉择be faced with a crucial decision孤注一掷take the gamble激战fierce battle向…提出停战offer a truce to等待时机bide one’s time成为一场噩梦turn into a nightmare拖着脚步行进drag on溃不成军的幸存者the tattered survivors不宣而战without a declaration of war 闪电式战略lightning war“焦土”政策“scorch the earth”处境变得危急the situation becomes desperate 食品匮乏food runs out死于饥饿与疾病die from hunger and disease 食品和补给的匮乏 a lack of food and suppliesUnit 2计算机革命the computer revolution制造业manufacturing industry长途司机long-distance driver被严重低估be grossly underestimated威胁生命的重大隐患life-threatening hazard解决问题cure the problem积极的影响 a positive impact与无线电信号调谐be tuned to radio signals 在任何一个特定时间at any given time量子理论法则the laws of the quantum theory精确的频率precise frequency发出无线电信号send out a radio signal换算出be converted into导航能力navigational capability几乎无限virtually limitless 手杖walking sticks遥控remote control潜在的应用potential use / application 要求call for完全控制take complete control of 被编成组be bunched into groups 一齐行驶travel in union对环保有利environmental boon智能汽车smart cars独立驾驶drive on one’s own 把…变成现实turn sth. into a reality汽车工业the automobile industry 制造业manufacturing industry 交通事故traffic accidents空气中，在空中，悬而未决的in the air发动，启动start up扫描scan for盯着看，凝视stare at中央分道线center divider瞄准train on迷路get lost停留，被阻塞get stuck in塞车traffic jam导航系统navigation system围绕地球运行orbit the earth组成make up发射，发出send out转化成convert into无线电信号 a radio signal使相关联correlate to方向盘steering wheel精确频率at a precise frequency光速the speed of light做好准备随时做…be poised to (do)手杖walking sticks要求call for控制take control of交通繁忙路段heavily trafficked road一致，一齐in unison使成为…的一部分incorporate into作为，充当…serve asUnit 3模拟面试mock interview采取进一步行动follow up在某人手中，为某人拥有in one’s hands亲手送交的hand-delivered可能的客户prospective customers在我看来as I see it俗话说(as) the saying goes极有可能the odds are good that一生中仅有一次的经历a once-in-a-lifetime experience事先做好准备do one’s homework努力争取go after交换场地switch sides发扬长处develop one’s strengths尝试take/have a crack (at)奇迹中的奇迹miracle of miracles实现你的目标accomplish your goals改变状态或观点；产生影响make a difference大约in the neighborhood of做梦也想不beyond one’s/anyone’s wilde st dreams 从…的观点来看from one’s/the standpoint (of)Unit 4耸耸肩shrug one’s shoulders自大great vanity让某人大吃一惊give sb. a great surprise听某人亲口讲述from sb. own lips衣着整洁素雅be neatly and quietly dressed合乎某人的年龄和身份in accordance with one’s age and station玩桥牌play bridge和睦恩爱的一家人a united and affectionate family年轻时in one’s youth点头致意nod a greeting对…有一种本能have an instinct about …两颊白里透红pink-and-white cheeks和善地咯咯一笑give a kindly chuckle勉强地/欣然地with a bad/good grace一文不名go broke穷困潦倒be down and out自杀commit suicide由于on account of 吃一惊be taken aback身体状况不好/好in bad/good condition祝某人好运wish sb. good luck临阵脱逃funk it at the last moment喝酒作乐把身体搞垮ruin one’s constitution by drink and dissipationUnit 5扫除sweep aside寻找in search of国家认同national identity狂热信徒 a fervent believer认为identify… as毫不迟疑without any hesitation国际商业精英international business élite 少数几位 a handful of没完没了的认真的讨论endless earnest discussion 资本、劳动力和技术的流动flow of capital, labor and technology 最佳地点the most advantageous locations 全球超级物种global superspecies与…渐行渐远increasingly divorce from 文化断层cultural fault line处于…的前沿at the forefront of开辟一条通向…的道路beat a path to一个创新的卓越环境a remarkable environment of innovation 根据对各国人口和经济增长的预计be based on projections of demographic and economic growth从…脱离swing away from低薪流动劳工low-paid migrant workers医疗保健体系health care system跨国界经营cross-border business更别提let alone狭隘民族主义 a narrow nationalism。