deal.II — a General Purpose Object Oriented Finite Element Library

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2013年考研英语Text2阅读逐句分析An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory,this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioral” ads at those most likely to buy.26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioral”ads help advertisers to _______.[A] lower their operational costs（降低运营成本）[B] ease competition among themselves（缓和内部竞争）[C] avoid complaints from consumers（避免消费者投诉）[D] provide better online services（提供更好的在线服务）单词&词组搭配•budget[ˈbʌdʒɪt]（出现7次）n.预算；v.把...编入预算；[僻义]adj.价格低廉的•fraction [ˈfrækʃn]（出现2次）n.少量，部分，分数•In the....age（在....时代）•at least （至少）•click on（点击）•aim at（针对）本段翻译常言道，一半的广告预算都被浪费了——问题是，没人知道是哪一半。

在互联网时代，至少在理论上，被浪费掉的这部分能被大幅度减少。

第一章1.1管理者对组织很重要原因（1）在这个复杂、混乱和不确定的时代，组织需要他们的管理技能和能力（2）管理者对工作的顺利完成至关重要（3）有助于提高员工的生产率和忠诚度（4）对创造组织价值观很重要1.2管理者协调和监督其他人工作，以实现组织目标。

在传统结构的组织中，管理者可以被划分为基层、中层和高层管理者。

组织的三个特征：一个明确的目标；由人员组成；一种精细的结构1.3 广义上，管理就是管理者所从事的工作。

管理者协调和监管其他人以有效率、有效果的方式完成他们的工作或任务。

效率是以正确的方式做事；效果是做正确的事管理的四种只能：计划（定义目标、制定战略、制定计划）；组织（对工作作出安排）；领导（与其他人共事并且通过他们完成目标）；控制（对工作绩效进行监控、比较或纠正）明茨伯格的管理角色(Mintzberg’s managerial roles)包括（1）人际关系角色（Interpersonal):挂名首脑figurehead领导者leader联络者liaison，这涉及与人打交道以及其他仪式性/象征性ceremonial/symbolic的活动（2）信息传递角色informational:监听者monitor传播者dissemination发言人spokesperson，指的是收集collecting、接受receiving和传播disseminating信息；（3）决策定制者decisional：企业家entrepreneur、混乱驾驭者disturbance handler、资源配置者resource allocator和谈判者negotiator，即制定决策管理者以三种方式来影响行为：通过对行为进行直接管理；通过对采取行动的人员进行管理；通过对推动人们采取行动的信息进行管理managing information that impels people to take action。

卡茨认为，管理技能包括katz’s managerial skills：技术技能technical（与具体工作相关的知识和技术）、人际技能human skill（与他人和谐共事的能力）和概念能力conceptual（思考和表达创意的能力）。

Module3Unit2 教课方案课题AWEM1U2 主备人邱东项目话题语言知识语言技术感情态度目标要求Languageanditshistory语音NaturalandfluentpronunciationandintonationVocabulary,nowadays,mainland,occupy,mixture,official,phrase, contribution,defeat, replace, entire, servant,raise,therefore,process,distinction,concern,ban,pure,unique,access,gentle,character,embarrass,backwards,conclusion,词汇custom,interrupt,mistaken,deed,appearance,represent,simplify,combine,distinguish,indicate,press,convenient,practicalBemadeupof, consist of, aside from, takecontrol of, mothertongue,oughtto,differfrom,standfor,asawhole1.nounclauses introduced byquestion words: what,which,who,语法whom,whose,when,where,why,andhow2.preparatorysubjectit1.describingpointoftimeandsequences功能2.statereasonsBytheendoftheunit,studentswillbeableto听Listenforspecificinformation Discussthedevelopmentoflanguagesandmakeasurvey说PresentareportaboutChineseandWesternbodylanguageReadanarticleaboutthehistoryofEnglish,areportabout读howChinesecharactersdevelopedandthestoryofBrailleExpandvocabularyrelatedtocountriesandlanguagesWriteabookleteitheraboutthedevelopmentofalanguageor 写someChinesecharacters StudentshavearightattitudethedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese.StudentsaremoreactiveinlearningEnglishafterknowingmoreabo utthedevelopmentanditshistory. StudentsareencouragedtoknowmoreaboutthedevelopmentofC hinesecharacters. Studentsaremoreawareofthedifficultyoftheblindpeopleandthed evelopmentofBraille.Summarizewhatisinlisteningandreading;putmoreeffortonthe学习策略difficulties;cooperatewithothers;expandknowledgeinotherways课时主备教课方案课型 Welcome+WordpowerLearningobjectivesBytheendofthisperiod,studentswillbeabletolearnaboutfivedifferentlanguageforms;2.dealwithwordsandexpressionsrelatedtolanguageanddistinguishformalEnglishfrominformalEnglish;3.enlargetheirvocabularybylearningcountriesandtheirlanguages；4.develop their speaking ability byexpressing their opinionsinthediscussion.PredictedareaofdifficultieshowtoimprovethelearningofEnglishhowtouseformalEnglishandinformalEnglishproperlyPPTblackboardLearningprocedures:PROCEDURE CONTENT二次备课1.Dailyreport:Ss’ownknowledgeaboutlanguage:Warmingup(1)howmanylanguagesarethereinthePPT1-3world?(2)howmanycanyouspeak?Extensiveknowledge KnowmoreaboutdifferentlanguagesinthePPT4-9worldIntroducing other forms oflanguages in thefourpictures :Welcometothe (1)emoticon sunitPPT10-25(2)signlanguage(3)Braille(4)animallanguagePresentthe result ofthe discussion of eac hOutputof groupWelcometothe Otherwaysinwhichinformationis unit conveyed:PPT26-33Flowers;smoke;WhyisEnglishimportant?broad;standfor;Presentationofinform⋯about/of⋯.;languagefocusincircles;PPT34-36exchange;form;FillintheblankswiththewordsandPracticephrasesabove.Homework Previewthereadingpassage.PPT37课型Reading〔I〕LearningobjectivesBytheendofthisperiod,studentswillbeableto knowmoreinformationaboutthehistoryanddevelopmentofEnglish; learnthebasicskillsofhowtoreadahistoryarticle; formapositiveattitudetowardslearningEnglish.Focusofthelessonelementsofahistoryarticle:times,places,eventsthehistoryofEnglishPredictedareaofdifficultiesOldEnglish;MiddleEnglish;ModernEnglishLearningmethodsPPTblackboardLearningprocedures:PROCEDURE CONTENT二次备课Warmingup 1.DailyreportPPT1-4 2.Lead-in：historyReading 1.Introducethereadingstrategies:howtostrategies readahistoryarticleetheskillstogetthemaindates,PPT5places,andeventsReading Useskimmingtogetthemainstructure. Classassessment—timesandeventsPPT6-15Task-basedreading Post-reading Discussingroups:PPT16-19HomeworkPPT20Whatcausedthelanguagetochange? HowwillyoulearnEnglishnow? IsChineselikelytobemostwidelyusedin theworld?1.Finishthetimechart.2.Readthetextagain;underlinethewords, phrasesandsentencesthatyouthinkare importantoryoudon’tunderstand.课型Reading〔II〕Learningobjectives Bytheendofthisperiod,stu dentswillbeableto writeoutthetransformatio nofthekeywordsandphras escorrectly; usethekeywordsproperlyi nrelevanttasks; knowsomeborrowedword sandphrasesinenglish; raisetheawarenessoflear ningnewwordsorphrasesi nacontext.Focusoftheles son usageofthekeywordsand expressions strangerulesinEnglishPre dictedareaofdifficulties1.theusageofthefollowingwordsandphrases‘bemadeupof‘consist of‘nameafter’defeat‘take control of’leaddistinction’andsoon ’‘occupy’to’raise’2.theproperusage ofnounclauses LearningaidsPPT blackboardLearningprocedures:PROCEDURE CONTENT二次备课1.Dailyreport.Warmingup 2.Brainstorming :RetellthehistoryofEnglishbriefly. allthroughhistorybemadeupoftheEnglishoccupyconsistofbenamedafterasidefrombemixedwithbepuzzledaboutplayapartindefeattakecontrolofaffectleadtodoingKeywordsand ontheotherhand resultinexpressionsraiseserve⋯tosbmakecontributionstoconquestthelattercomeinto(widespread)usebecomeKingofEnglandmothertongueofficialeventsduringtheRenaissancegothroughkeepondoing/keepdoingItiscertainthat⋯DistinctionbetweenDoingtherelevantexercise:Blank-fillingPracticeMultiplechoicesDialogueOutput Makingupashortpassagewiththenewwords.Homework Schoolassignments课型Grammar&UsageLearningobjectivesBytheendofthisperiod,studentswillbeableto1.betterunderstandthegrammaticalfunctionsofnounclauses;equestionwords:when,where,why,how,what,who,whom,whose,howmany⋯.3.knowaboutpreparatorysubject“it〞;enjoytheneatnes s&beautyofnouncla usescomparingthe mwithsimplesenten ces.Focusoftheless on theusageofquestio nwords;2.thestructureofpre paratorysubject“it〞Predictedareaofdiffi culties1.theusageof“that〞and“what〞;2.howtodistinguish“that〞and“which〞,“that〞and“what〞. LearningaidsPPT blackboardLearnin gprocedures:PROCEDURE Warmingup Revision PPT1-3Lead-inPPT4-8CONTENT二次DailyreportRevisionofnounclausesintroduced.1.Tellthetypesofnounclauses.2.Fill intheblanks withwhich,whom,etcHowtomakeupanounclauseintroducedbyquestionwords.Sumuptheorderofaclauseshouldastatementonedon’tleaveoutanyquestionwordConsolidation ExercisesandanswersPPT9-10Practice Tipsforeachclause PPT11-15Practice Makeupasmanynounclausesaspossible usingquestionwords.NorepeatingofthePPT16-17sentencesinclass.Theuseof“ItRevisionof“it〞asapronoun.〞PPT18-32Caseswhere“it〞canbeused. PracticeHomework WorkbookPPT33Schoolassignments课型TaskLearningobjectivesAttheendofthislesson,studentswillbeableto: predictwhatisgoingtobesaidnextwhilelistening;knowhowtowritequestions; organizetheinformationproperlyintoareportFocusofthelesson readingforkeypointsandmainideaPredictedlearningdifficultieshowtogetthekeypointsofallinformationLearningaidsPPTblackboardLearningprocedures:PROCEDURE CONTENT二次备课WarmingupDailyreportLeadin Getstudentstoreadtheinstructions and knowhowtoguesstheanswers.PPT1-3BehavioraldifferencesbetweenChineseTasks andwesterners. Predictanswers.PPT4-8Checktheanswers Discussion WritewrittenquestionsPPT9-13Reading PPT14-21 Homework Organizeareport. Readanexample. Schoolassignments课型ProjectLearningobjectives:Bytheendofthisperiod,studentswillbeableto knowmoreabutthedevelopmentofChinesecharactersandastoryofBraille; identifythethreetypesofformationofChinesecharacters; learnanddevelopChinesecultureworldwide; learntoinspectthelifeoftheblindandrespectthedisabled.threekindsofformationofChinesecharactersthestoryofBraillemulti-mediaPPTblackboardLearningprocedures:PROCEDURE CONTENT二次备课Warmingup 1.DailyreportPPT1-2 2.Lead-inReading 1.leadinPPT3-6PictographofsomeChinesecharactersPPT7-9 2.fastreading---questionsandanswersPPT10 3.structureofthearticlePractice KeywordsandphrasesPPT11-13Post-reading HowtospreadChineseculture?PPT141.DoingexercisesintheexercisebookHomework2.Readthetextagain;underlinethewords,phrasesandsentencesthatyouthinkareimportantoryoudon’tunderstand.。

内容摘要随着国际贸易的发展，中日贸易关系日益紧密，商务谈判的重要性越来越突出。

近年来，中日文化差异对两国商务谈判造成影响不断加深，引起了中国商务谈判人员的极大关注。

本文从中日文化差异的角度出发，就中日贸易谈判现状作出分析，指出中国在商务谈判方面存在的弱势和问题，并提出了在文化差异背景下提高中国商务谈判人员谈判能力的应对之策。

关键词：文化差异商务谈判沟通策略AbstractWith the development of international trade , the trade relationship between Janpa and China has become more and more closed , what’s more , the importance of business negotiation also came to stand out obviously. All of those cause great concern among chinese business negotiators. This article will set from the view of culture difference between Janpa and China, analyzing the current situation of business negotiation, then point out the China’s weakness and problems in international negotiation , and try to put forward to solutions of improving the ability of chinese negotiators under the background of cultural difference .Key words:Culture difference Business negotiation Communication tacticsContentsABSTRACT(Chinese) (i)ABSTRACT(English) (ii)1. Cultural differences between China and Japan (5)2. Cltural differences on international business negotiations (5)2.1 Cultural differences between countries on business negotiation (5)2.2. Language and non-verbal behavior differences in the impact oflanguage differences (5)2.3. Values the impact of differences in the behavior of internationalbusiness negotiations (6)2.4. Customs differences (8)3. Business negotiation hidden risks (8)3.1. The existence of the business negotiations between the two parties to the risk of misunderstanding (8)3.2. Existing so that the risk of business negotiation agenda can notbe unified (8)3.3. The existence of the risk of business negotiations stalled (9)3.4. The presence of the risk of business negotiations eventuallybroke down (9)4. Cultural differences in the negotiating process how to deal with.. (9)4.1. To persuade is to deal with objections (10)4.2. Agreement................................................................................. ..104.3. Build cross-cultural awareness................................................. ..114.4. Has come prepared.................................................................... ..114.5. To overcome communication barriers (12)4.6. To eliminate prejudice............................................................... ..124.7. Several effective policy responses (13)References (16)Acknowledgements1. Cultural differences between China and JapanCulture mainly includes four parts of language and non-verbal behavior, customs, ways of thinking and values, they are a great of impact on chinese and japanese of cross-cultural business negotiation.2 Cultural differences on international business negotiations2.1 Business negotiation countries cultural differencesHelping business people to avoid the different cultures and rude, has formed a $ 100 million market in the United States. “Harris different cultural training”in the market, is very famous. Helping such companies like Intel Corporation and other world-class enterprises for their employees to regularly organize training courses, so that they understand the slightly between different cultures. The following is some of the ways taught by Harris from different cultures and vertices resources. Remembering them, you may not be penny wise and pound foolish in co-operation with foreign Israelis meeting has always been marked by potholes, they do not have the patience to listen to other people gossip in the negotiations. The British are mostly law-abiding, but also makes good business sense. In the negotiations, they do not want to say too much nonsense. Europeans, unlike Americans do like to wear badges, if you insist, then they will feel as a child. Indians like to interrupt each other in the conversation, if you listen to them and not be interrupted or ask questions, they will think you heard inalienable seriously. Negotiations with Malaysian or Japanese, the best time to about 6 seconds of silence. If your negotiations with the Israelis, then do not settle.2.2 Language and non-verbal behavior differences in the impactof language differencesA nation use of the close ties between the language and culture of the nation have. Cross-cultural differences between different cultures negotiations language constraints. The Japanese are speaking face, anything they do not want to say the word "no". They directly refused to make the other embarrassed, even angry, great rudeness. Where negotiations with Japanese businessmen, tone to try to calm and tactful, should not jump to an ultimatum. Also, do not be mistaken for the representation of the Japanesecourtesy is the expression of consent. Japanese tend to talk about them constantly nodded and said: "Hayi!" Like this often tell each other that they pay attention to listen, not "agree".And China belong to the high-context cultures, is passed in the high-context cultures of nonverbal communication and indirect expression and understanding of the important factors of the information, such as posture, eye contact, physical appearance, tone, position, distance, environmental and other non-verbal Factors to communicate. To understand the implications of the discourse, comprehend the implication of the between the lines is necessary. And the chinese seem mild, do not like to argue, with little confrontation speak indirectly obscure, and are often used to silence the non-verbal behavior, a view, or does not agree to certain terms and conditions, and sometimes does not directly say "NO", while silence instead, as an expression of courtesy and respect for each other. Chinese people at the negotiating table is very patient, the so-called "Oriental patience.Chinese people believe in the old saying of "gas wealth, harmony as a prerequisite to achieve value negotiations to avoid friction, Politeness subtle, and the pursuit of permanent friendship and long-term cooperation. Non-language differences. In addition to the use of language to communicate, international business negotiations also widely used non-verbal expression negotiators issued a more subtle way of non-verbal or even more important to accept than language information, and all such signals or signal of total unconsciously.Therefore, when the negotiators issued a different non-verbal signals, with different cultural backgrounds negotiator easily misinterpret these signals, but also awareness of the error not occurred. Personal friction this unconsciously, if not corrected, it will affect the commencement of normal commercial relations. chinese people used silence or endorse a view or not to agree to certain terms and conditions, as an expression of courtesy and respect, this the silent hold a negative view of the Americans naturally difficult to accept their silence regarded as rejected. Under normal circumstances, "laugh" as pleased, the chinese people are sometimes expressed frustration with "laugh", does not endorse.2.3 Value differences international business negotiationsValues differences than language and non-verbal behavior differences ininternational business negotiation hidden too deep, and therefore more difficult to overcome. Values differences in international business negotiations mainly due to the concept of objectivity, equality and punctuality differences caused by misunderstanding and disgust. And the nature of japanese society, the value orientation of the chinese and japanese are also completely different. Due to special historical reasons, China has lost a lot of our own national value orientation, but with the reform and opening up to absorb Western culture after the birth of a the value orientation of the two fusion one hand should be in full contact with Western capitalist society see that the chinese people have a strong desire to learn new things, personality open index than the era of planned economy has been greatly improved. This is very very positive and encouraged, but at the same time must be reminded that due to the previous historical reasons, the character of the chinese people at the same time a mixture of traditional ideas and values of Western society.Summing up, causing instability in the chinese people's value orientation and ease of shaken. abroad hot "after the reform and opening up, the stock hot", in this series of positive behind, the same must admit the blind, assertive harm they bring these ----- blindly pursuit, not judgment, can not be sure of the value orientation of the Chinese people.Japanese nation is a very stoic people, and this led them to flourish in many areas of science and technology, art and also the cause of their nationality Gerry brutal temperament. Become a fascist World War II, when the three countries, one can not get away with this. As for Japanese value orientation, it can be said the relatively "pure." well-known reasons: the post-World War II Japan 100 to be all zeros. perhaps in the long time U.S. jurisdiction, they suffer from cultural aggression. However, this Culture cleaning is also so completely Japanese cultural context of capitalism, since the post-war history, it has been more powerful blood even in cultural mergers of other capitalist countries out of their own road Japan has its unique values: the geographically narrow Japan in order not to be squeezed out of the capitalist bus, only positive, progressive, powerful.At present, China's market economic system has been initially established, the business concept of consciousness tend to have some of the characteristics of the period of the early Western market economy, business negotiations often take the "single win" strategy, economic interests are involved, the more consideration one's own interests, and not too concerned about the interests of the other party. Fairlymature market economy system in the developed countries, Western countries negotiators more "win-win" strategy, and basically be able to consider the actual interests of both sides.2.4 Customs differenceCustoms including some social activities. Chinese people in daily life and work, too proud, and very concerned about their image in the eyes of others, fear of being a joke, arguments and misunderstandings. Americans are more practical, not too concerned about the opinions of others. The American people will not ask each other's age, income, and marriage, they believe infringe on the privacy of others; frequently asked in China. Americans like to frankly express their point of view, the chinese people by a tactful way to express meaning. Americans once asked about something, generally must be given a clear answer. The chinese people advocate "silence is golden". Common in the United States to the elders and juniors meet each other Paijian Bang, Kiss the case, such scenes rarely seen in China. Americans are very punctual, chinese people tend to understand the reason of late. The differences between the many habits still very obvious.3 Business negotiation hidden risks3.1 The existence of the business negotiations between the twoparties to the risk of misunderstandingCommunication between the negotiators of the chinese and japanese Business The most important tool is the language, in addition to non-verbal communication. However, due to differences in both language and non-language cultural communication between the two sides there are obstacles.Between China and Japan, there are many on the verbal and nonverbal cultural differences, misunderstandings and obstacles manufactured for communication between the chinese and japanese negotiations personnel.3.2 Existing so that the risk of business negotiation agenda cannot be unifiedDifferent due to the japanese way of thinking, the chinese negotiators tend to take lateral negotiations, that the negotiations involved lateral spread, that is, to discuss several issues at the same time, progress at the same time, and then forward, until all issues negotiated so far;Lateral negotiations with longitudinal negotiations is two completely different negotiations, if both sides insist on their own way to arrange the negotiating agenda, the negotiations can not be carried out.3.3 The existence of the risk of business negotiations stalled.In order to maintain good interpersonal relationships, chinese negotiators are more willing to take a non-confrontational and non-direct conflict to solve the problem. Even if do not agree with each other's views, and rarely directly reject or refute, but twists and turns to state their views. Japanese negotiators sought to illustrate his point, the language directly, non-distinct, exhibit highly aggressive and argumentative. Straightforward expression of the japanese negotiators will hurt the chinese people's self-esteem, because they do not to their face. Negotiators in China tactful way will make the japanese suited, because he can not truly understand the attitude of the chinese side.These differences will become difficult negotiation process, and even lead to an impasse in negotiation.3.4 The presence of the risk of business negotiations eventuallybroke downFocus on the friendship between the chinese merchants generally can accommodate change the terms of the contract. The japanese focus on interests, once they signed the contract, attaches great importance to the legal nature of the contract. If you sign a contract can not perform, then they would have to pay damages and liquidated damages in strict accordance with the terms of the contract breach, no further room for negotiation. Both different attitudes towards contract after signing a contract compliance difficult, and may make the outcome of the negotiations came to naught. Hospitality of chinese people, will be taken care of on the the visiting japanese sidenegotiators, warm hospitality. This service is great for the japanese side negotiators will feel too extravagance and waste. Japanese equality hospitality, guests would not give preferential. Such hospitality is easily chinese negotiators that the japanese side unfriendly. Different understanding of the two sides will be difficult to trust each other and may be a direct result of the negotiations fruitless.4 In the cultural differences in how the negotiation processNegotiations generally consists of four stages: First pleasantries, talk about some unrelated topic; conduct said; make concessions and the final agreement. Before entering formal business negotiation, people are generally the process of business negotiations, an expectation. This is expected to affect the control of the progress of the talks and negotiation strategy selection often. As negotiators from different cultural differences in terms of language and non-verbal behavior, values and thinking, decision-making, so that they held expectations are not the same, and different expectations would lead these negotiations in the various stages of the negotiations spend time and effort on the differences.4.1 To persuade is to deal with objectionsPersuasion is crucial to negotiations. Understanding of persuasion to convince the way the selection is often due to cultural differences. Will be more time and effort spent on pleasantries and work-related information exchange on cultural focus on the vertical position in relationship, people often tend to convince the stage of the "controversy". Even persuade the way out to save face psychological, often subtle or behind the scenes, but to convince and results with the status of the relationship. As in Japanese culture, it is more presumptuous or tough negotiating strategy may result in loss of face and destroy important personal relationship, so less is used. But sometimes in an informal setting will also be used by the buyer concessions and agreements4.2 AgreementDifferences based on the objective existence of thinking, different cultural negotiations exhibit differences in decision-making, and the formation of the conflictbetween the order of decision-making methods and the overall decision-making methods. When faced with a complex negotiation task, sequential decision of Western culture, especially Britain and the United States are often the big task is decomposed into a series of small tasks. Times to solve the issue of price, delivery, warranty and service contract, every time you solve a problem from start to finish has concessions and commitments, the final agreement is the sum of a series of small agreements. Oriental culture of the overall decision-making methods, however, will have to be at the end of the negotiations, until all issues to make concessions and promises to reach a package agreement.4.3 To establish a cross-cultural awarenessThe so-called cross-cultural exchanges "participants not only rely on their own code, habits, attitudes and behavior, but also experience and understanding of each other's code, habits, attitudes and behavior of all relations, while the latter is considered to be strange new synonym., cross-cultural, including all features and a strange new heterosexual identity and peculiar sense of intimate easygoing and risk, normal things and new things together participants in the center of behavior, ideas, feelings and understanding force is exerted on the relationship between cross-cultural relationship between all the people of the cultural attribution across system boundaries to experience. "in popular parlance refers to people from different cultural backgrounds to participate and cross-cultural carry out the exchange.International business negotiations, the need to strengthen cross-cultural awareness, recognize different cultural type background negotiators in different needs, motivations, beliefs, and learn to know, accept and respect each other's culture. Of course, aware of cultural differences does not necessarily mean that will be able to easily overcome their influence, but at least it will provide an opportunity to overcome, international business negotiations, due to ignorance of the cultural differences and to avoid obstacles. In the correct negotiations awareness under the guidance of foreign negotiators to be flexible and make their own negotiating style and strategy to adapt to different business and cultural impact.4.4 Having come preparedBefore in international business negotiations, we should be familiar with the negotiation of cultural norms, customs, social values and national conditions. The way to do does not cause unpleasant or misunderstandings, as well as affect the progress and results of the negotiations, and we can not only know that fur to a profound understanding. The successful always favors those who are prepared, if you do not make the necessary preparations, it means preparing to fail. A British businessman by long-term market research has found an ideal chinese enterprises, and enterprises in order to establish a good business relationship he decided to visit and visit to this enterprise, I heard the expression send a gift to be able to better sincerity, he would want to buy a gift to his partner.He originally wanted to buy a bottle of liquor, but feared the chinese people believe that he is a jail sentence only, he would like to buy a high-tech product afraid enough humane. Later, he suddenly thought of the the Guangdong local restaurants everywhere worship the Buddha, he thought about the chinese people have such beliefs, so he bought a pack Xiangla gave him chinese partners. The results, of course, he lost the business, a pack Xiangla chinese partners find it difficult to accept.4.5 To overcome communication barriersLanguage is the most important communication tool between countries, but also cross-cultural exchange between the tools. Sometimes, if we can not understand each other's language, it can not be this cross-cultural exchanges. In international negotiations generally communicate in English, if both the mother tongue is not all in English, we have to try to use simple, clear, clear of the English, do not use easy to cause misunderstandings polysemous word puns, slang, idioms, nor to use and easy to causing displeasure words. Cross-cultural exchange can not subjectively believe that the meaning of each other will be in accordance with our wishes, our habits to understand our speech, or from the other side of the speeches we understand what the other would like to express meaning.4.6 To eliminate prejudiceIn cross-cultural communication, people often used to "self-referential" want to be based on the personality and values of their own culture to explain or to determine thebehavior of all other groups, resulting in prejudice to the different cultures, resulting in cultural conflict. In international business negotiations, it is necessary to eliminate prejudice, this will be conducive to negotiations carried out smoothly. Business exchanges with foreign rivals, some of their habits, in our view, is very rigid and even funny. However, we have to respect each other, maintain negotiations situation, so the negotiations harmony. We can not impose their own culture on the people of other countries, other people's culture can not be measured by their country's culture, not to xenophilia, does not adhere to the principles. In international business negotiations, to deal rationally with the obstacles caused due to cultural differences.4.7 Several effective policy responses1. The expert team of portfolio strategies.Japan's negotiating team generally higher, to indicate the great importance to facilitate the division of functions. Small number, not pay enough attention to the lack of sincerity of the negotiations in the japanese view. Negotiating team in Japan generally does not include lawyers, the japanese feel that every step should discuss with the lawyer who is not trusted even with lawyers to participate in the negotiations, is to deliberately create a future legal disputes, unfriendly behavior. The japanese were very patient, indicate their intentions are usually reluctant to take the lead, but be patient, wait and see. Do business, the delaying tactics the japanese used a "weapon". They will force each other gradually lost patience, and know the negotiations each other deadline, they will be more leisurely talk slowly.So the Chinese negotiating team must arrange negotiations, technical, financial, translation and other experts or consultants, especially legal experts. So that in the course of negotiations appear to respond freely to ensure no flaws appear in the contract signed aspects.2. Create an atmosphere strategy.Chinese negotiators to respect the cultural habits of the japanese to create a harmonious atmosphere for negotiations. Japan is a large power distance, very important status symbol here, so the choice of negotiators generally has a certain status and duties in addition to have a certain social skills. Therefore, when negotiating with the japanese in select negotiators to follow the principle of reciprocity, that sent the identity and status of the identity and status of the negotiators should negotiate witheach other to represent a considerable Otherwise, it is considered to be on the other side does not respect . In addition, the lower the status of japanese women in society, so the experience of formal negotiations in general should not allow women to participate in, otherwise they will be skeptical, even showing dissatisfaction.3.Silence and listening strategiesJapanese negotiators to prepare a full and professional characteristics and chinese negotiators in the pre-negotiation to do a good job market information, opponents gathering of information and legal information, the silence strategy can be used in the negotiation process, to think through and listen more, listen get more information on each other in the process.4. Pragmatic language policyChinese negotiators in negotiations with the japanese, our staff of conversation should be tactfully point to calm, polite, show enough patience, impatient and do not have the patience in the japanese view is a sign of weakness . Waiting time, you can engage in investigations elsewhere try to learn more about each other's situation. Note not to publicly criticize the japanese, not bluntly rejected the japanese, and say that you have to further consider. If you had to deny a proposal, but also a clear euphemism rather than the threat of attitude to state the reasons.5 Multi-program strategyFor japanese staff is confidence and focus on the characteristics of the actual interests in the negotiations stalled multi-program strategy can be used to make a conditional concessions. The asking price of the program of multi-program strategy is to determine a variety of pre-negotiation acceptable to both sides in the talks hit impasse to discuss, can provide new ideas to solve the problem for the negotiations.6 Flexible commitment strategyNegotiating team in Japan generally does not include lawyers, the japanese feel that should discuss with the lawyer who is not trusted even with lawyers to participate in the negotiations every step.It is to deliberately create a future legal disputes, unfriendly behavior. Flexible commitment strategy is negotiating with the japanese side can not only attach importance to a person of the other negotiating team, and to persuade everyone. Temporarily unable to fully agree on, not emergency in urging otherwise, can only be counterproductive. Many japanese lawyers are always skeptical, so as long as you can without lawyers to do the main negotiators, they do not bring a lawyer.7 Simple etiquette strategyChinese negotiators can use simple etiquette strategy to the japanese concept of pragmatism negotiations. Useing a simple and practical etiquette is in the process of interaction and the purpose of a friendly and respectful.References[1]刘园:国际商务谈判[M].北京：对外经济贸易大学出版社，2007.1.17[2]周忠兴:商务谈判原理与技巧[M]．南京：东南大学出版社，2003.1.1[3]周桂英:中西思维模式差异对中日商务谈判的影响[J]．江苏商论，2007[4]杨欣欣:中日价值观念差异及其对语言文化的影响[J]．郑州航空工业管理学院学报，1999[5]王耀敏:中日价值观比较探析[J].理论参考，2007（3）[6]杨柳:中日文化价值观在文化风俗上的投影[J].当代教育论坛，2005[7]周新民：中日文化交流[J].北京-中国少年儿童出版社1998.7[8]陈勤建:民俗视野中日文化的融合和冲突[M] 上海-华东师范大学出版社2006.5[9]7wnwc5ey3b:/album/view/bf2d12d5b9f3f90f76c61b28?fr=hittag&al bum=title&tag_type=1 2013.1.22[10]1055273107:/view/8d8c44640b1c59eef8c7b4ac.html2012.10[11]504732809:/view/80be7bed172ded630b1cb685.html2012.7.12[12]/history/special/wushidao/detail_2010_03/21/399937_0.shtml2010.10.23[13]liqihui1990061:/view/0123724769eae009581bec35.html2010.11.3[14]倔倔夫: /view/6548d2f804a1b0717fd5ddae.html 2012.6.2[15]york leon: /p-679139329417.html 2013.1.2[16]linjianghu:/p-776871023244.html2011.11.19AckonwledgementsI’d like to express my sincere thanks to a ll those who have lent me hands in the course of my writing this paper. First of all, I'd like to take this opportunity to show my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Ms. Dong, who has given me so much useful advices on my writing, and has tried her best t o improve my paper. Secondly, I’d like to express my gratitude to my classmates who offered me references and information on time. Last but not the least, I’d like to thank those leaders, teachers and working staff especially those in the School of Foreign Languages. Without their help, it would be much harder for me to finish my study and this paper.ZhongYingTing Geely University April 2013。

高中英语选必二Unit2一词一句plex：复杂的；[英文释义]consisting of many different and connected parts; complicated.2.recall：回忆；[英文释义]to remember something from the past; to bring the memory of something back into one's mind.3.qualification：资格；[英文释义]a quality or accomplishment that makes someone suitable for a particular job or activity; an official record or document that shows that you have finished a course of training or have the necessary skills, etc.4.qualify：使具备资格；[英文释义]to have the necessary skills, knowledge, or experience to do something; to make someone eligible or suitable for something.5.ambition：志向；[英文释义]a strong desire to achieve something, typically requiring determination and hard work; a desired goal or objective.6.ambitious：有雄心壮志的；[英文释义]having or showing a strong desire and determination to succeed; eager for success or achievement.7.adaptation：适应；[英文释义]the process of adapting or adjusting to a new situation or environment; the action or process of making something suitable for a new purpose or use.fort：舒适；[英文释义]a state of physical ease and freedom from pain or constraint; a feeling of consolation or relief.9.tutor：导师；[英文释义]a private teacher, typically one who teaches a single student or a very small group; a person who gives individual, specialized instruction or guidance.10.cite：引用；[英文释义]to quote (a passage, book, author, etc.), especially as evidence or to support an argument or claim; to mention as an example or proof of something.11.participation：参与；[英文释义]the action of taking part in something; the involvement or presence of someone in an activity or event.12.participate：参与；[英文释义]to take part in or become involved in an activity or event; to be a participant.13.participate in：参加；[英文释义]to take part in or involve oneself in an activity or event.14.presentation：演讲；[英文释义]the act of giving a formal talk or speech, especially in a meeting or a conference; a visual or auditory display of information or ideas.15.speak up：大声说话；[英文释义]to speak more loudly or clearly; to express one's opinions or concerns openly and assertively.16.feel at home：感到自在；[英文释义]to feel comfortable and relaxed in a particular place or situation.17.engage：参与；[英文释义]to participate or become involved in; to occupy or attract someone's interest or attention.18.engage in：参与；[英文释义]to participate or become involved in (an activity or event).19.involve：涉及；[英文释义]to include or encompass as a necessary part or result; to engage or participate in.20.get involved in：参与；[英文释义]to become engaged or participate in (an activity or event).21.messenger：信使；[英文释义]a person who carries and delivers messages, documents, or packages.22.edition：版本；[英文释义]a particular form or version of a published text or work; the entire number of copies of a book or other publication printed at one time from the same set of type.23.culture shock：文化冲击；[英文释义]the feeling of confusion, discomfort, or disorientation that someone experiences when encountering an unfamiliar way of life or culture, often experienced by travelers or individuals moving to a new country.24.zone：区域；[英文释义]an area or region with particular characteristics or purposes; a specific area that is set apart or designated for a particular purpose or use.fort zone：安逸区；[英文释义]a situation, place, or level of familiarity where one feels safe, at ease, and without stress or anxiety.26.overwhelming：压倒性的；[英文释义]very intense or powerful; so great as to be difficult to resist or overcome.27.homesickness：思乡病；[英文释义]a feeling of longing or sadness experienced when missing one's home or familiar surroundings.28.motivated：有动力的；[英文释义]having a strong reason or incentive to do something; driven by a desire, goal, or ambition.29.motivation：动机；[英文释义]the reason or reasons one has for acting or behaving in a particular way; the general desire or willingness of someone to do something.30.motivate：激励；[英文释义]to provide someone with a reason or incentive to do something; to stimulate or inspire someone's actions or behavior.31.advisor：顾问；[英文释义]a person who gives advice, typically in a professional capacity; a mentor or guide in a particular field or area.32.reasonable：合理的；[英文释义]fair and sensible; based on good judgment or logic.33.expectation：期望；[英文释义]a strong belief that something will happen or be the case; a feeling of anticipation or hope.34.applicant：申请人；[英文释义]a person who makes a formal request for something, typically a job, admission to an educational institution, or a grant.35.firm：公司；[英文释义]a business concern, especially one involving a partnership of two or more people.36.exposure：接触；[英文释义]the state of being exposed to something, especially something harmful or unpleasant; the act of subjecting someone or something to an influence or experience.37.expose：揭露；[英文释义]to make (something) visible or known, typically by uncovering it; to reveal the true nature of someone or something.38.insight：洞察力；[英文释义]the capacity to gain an accurate and deep understanding of someone or something; a clear and often sudden understanding or perception.39.departure：离开；[英文释义]the act of leaving a place, especially to start a journey; a deviation or divergence from a normal, expected, or traditional course.40.setting：环境；[英文释义]the surroundings or environment in which something is set; the context or background against which something is presented or viewed.41.grasp：抓住；[英文释义]to take hold of something firmly with the hand; to understand or comprehend something fully or accurately.42.dramatic：戏剧性的；[英文释义]sudden and striking; highly effective and exciting, especially in a theatrical or literary context; pertaining to or resembling drama or theater.43.expense：费用；[英文释义]the cost incurred in the performance of an operation or activity; the amount of money spent on something.44.cost an arm and a leg：花费巨大；[英文释义]to be very expensive; to cost a lot of money.45.tremendous：巨大的；[英文释义]extremely large, powerful, or intense; impressive in size or extent.46.behave：表现；[英文释义]to act or conduct oneself in a specified way, especially towards others; to function or operate in a particular way.47.surroundings：周围环境；[英文释义]the conditions and environment surrounding a person, place, or thing; the objects, people, and things that are present in a particular place or situation.48.surrounding：周围的；[英文释义]situated or found on all sides; encircling.49.mature：成熟的；[英文释义]fully developed physically or mentally; fully grown or ripe; having reacheda state of completion or readiness for use or action.50.depressed：沮丧的；[英文释义]in a state of general unhappiness or despondency; feeling sad and without energy or enthusiasm.51.depress：使沮丧；[英文释义]to make someone feel sad or without energy or enthusiasm; to lower in amount, quality, or value.52.boom：繁荣；[英文释义]a period of sudden and substantial economic growth or prosperity; a loud, deep, resonant sound.53.strengthen：增强；[英文释义]to make something stronger or more solid; to reinforce or fortify.54.deny：否认；[英文释义]to declare that something is not true; to refuse to acknowledge or admit the existence or truth of something.55.optimistic：乐观的；[英文释义]hopeful and confident about the future; having a positive outlook on life or circumstances.56.gain：获得；[英文释义]to obtain or acquire something through effort or skill; to increase in value or amount.57.perspective：视角；[英文释义]a particular attitude towards or way of regarding something; a point of view or standpoint.petence：能力；[英文释义]the quality or state of being competent; the ability to do something successfully or efficiently.petent：有能力的；[英文释义]having the necessary ability, knowledge, or skill to do something successfully or efficiently.60.envoy：使者；[英文释义]a messenger or representative, especially one on a diplomatic mission.61.cooperate：合作；[英文释义]to work together with others towards a common goal or objective; to collaborate or coordinate efforts.62.angle：角度；[英文释义]the space between two intersecting lines or surfaces measured in degrees;a particular way of approaching or considering something.63.outlook：展望；[英文释义]a person's point of view or attitude towards something; a forecast or prediction for the future.64.belt：腰带；[英文释义]a strip of material worn around the waist to support clothes or for decoration; a relatively narrow band of atmospheric circulation that is typically characterized by strong winds and associated with areas of low pressure.65.initiative：主动性；[英文释义]the ability or willingness to take the first step or move forward; the power or opportunity to act or take charge before others do.66.sincerely：真诚地；[英文释义]in a genuine, honest, and heartfelt manner; without reservation or deceit.67.budget：预算；[英文释义]an estimate of income and expenditure for a set period of time; a financial plan.68.side with：支持；[英文释义]to support or agree with one person, group, or opinion over another.69.logical：逻辑的；[英文释义]based on reason or sound judgment; reasonable and consistent; pertaining to logic.70.as far as I know：据我所知；[英文释义]to the best of my knowledge; as much as I am aware.71.as far as I am concerned：就我而言；[英文释义]speaking for myself; in my opinion or from my perspective.72.in summary：总之；[英文释义]in brief; as a concise summary or conclusion.73.generally speaking：一般来说；[英文释义]usually; in general; for the most part.74.outcome：结果；[英文释义]the way a thing turns out; the result or consequence of an action or event.。

南开大学现代远程教育学院考试卷大学英语（一）PartⅠ答题纸：请将1－20题答案填写在如下表格中，否则成绩无效。

PartⅡ答题纸：请将21－45题答案填写在如下表格中，否则成绩无效。

PartⅢ答题纸：请将46－50题答案填写在如下表格中，否则成绩无效。

PartⅣ答题纸：请将（1）-（6）题答案填写在如下表格中，否则成绩无效。

Model Test OnePart ⅠVocabulary and StructureDirections: This part is to test your ability to use words and phrases correctly to construct meaningful and grammatically correct sentences. It consists of 2 sections.Section ADirections: There are 10 incomplete statements here. You are required to complete each statement by choosing the appropriate answer from the 4 choices marked A), B), C)and D). You should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with asingle line through the center. (本题共10个小题，每题1分，共10分)1. We will have to pay them a large ________ of money for their service．A. sizeB. setC. amountD. series2. I'd appreciate it if you could tell me how_______the machine.A. operateB. to operateC. operatingD. operated3. I'm sorry to tell you that the materials you wanted are_______．A. taken offB. put upC. sold outD. got off4. It is obvious that these small businesses are _______need of technical support．A. inB. onC. withD. to5. _______I am concerned，it is important to get a job first．A. As long asB. As well asC. As soon asD. As far as6. Some companies might not let you rent a car _______ you have a credit card．A. whereB. becauseC. sinceD. unless7. In his opinion，success in life mainly _______on how we get along with other people．A. keepsB. dependsC. insistsD. spends8. We _______ building the bridge by the end of next month．A. are finishing C. would finishB. have finished D. will have finished9. Our company’s service is _______in nearly 80 countries around the world.A. availableB. naturalC. relativeD. careful10. It was in Jonson’s hotel _______ the business meeting was held last year.A. thisB. thatC. whatD. whichSection BDirections: There are also 10 incomplete statements here. You should fill in each blank with the proper form of the word given in the brackets. Write the word or words in thecorresponding space on the Answer Sheet. (本题共10个小题，每题1分，共10分)11. To start your own business is usually (cheap) _______ than to buy one．12. The foreign professor spoke slowly and (clear) _______ so that we could follow him.13. The money (borrow) _______from the bank has already been paid back.14. The (manage) _______said that their company wouldn’t be responsible for the loss of thegoods．15. When we get his telephone number，we (tell) _______you immediately.16. It won’t make any (different) _______whether he comes to the meeting or not.17. The machine should (test) _______before it is put to use.18. We look forward to (meet) _______you and wish you every success in your career.19. My (person) _______experience suggests that we should contact the customers first.20. After the lecture yesterday，they (realize) _______how important company culture was．PartⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:this part is to test your reading ability. There are 5 tasks for you to fulfill. You should read the reading materials carefully and do the tasks as you are instructed.（共25小题，每题2分，共50分）Task 1Directions: After reading the following passage, you will find 5 questions or unfinished statements, numbered 21to 25. For each question or statement there are 4 choicesmarked A), B), C) and D). You should mark the correct choice and mark thecorresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.A car is made up of more than 30，000 parts．Each part in a new car is as weak as a baby．So a new car requires proper care and servicing．If you’re unfamiliar with the parts，you have to read through the owner's instructions carefully．First of all, the brakes(刹车)of your car are important for safety(安全)reasons．Having them checked regularly can reduce the risks of accidents．Another important thing to consider is engine care．Always remember that the life and performance of your car engine depend on the engine oil．Replace the engine oil when recommended．If you feel the engine is very hot especially during summer it is probably because the cooling system doesn’t work well．You’d better get the cooling system serviced before the start of summer．In a word，timely and proper servicing is an important task for car owners．Good servicing can not only extend the life of your newborn baby，but also ensure your safety，and the safety of those who share the road with you．21. To get familiar with the parts of a new car, the owner should .A) regard the ear as a new—born babyB) have the car serviced before driving itC) read through the instructions carefullyD) examine all of the parts of the new car22. The brakes should be checked regularly .A) to avoid accidentsB) to raise speedC) to reduce costD) to save gas23. For a car engine to work long and well，the owner should .A) replace the engine oil as recommendedB) reduce the use of the car in summerC) clean the engine parts regularlyD) change the brakes frequently24. It is recommended to have the cooling system checked when .A) you buy a new carB) summer is comingC) the engine oil is replacedD) the brakes are out of order25. The last paragraph tells us that the purpose of carefully servicing a car is .A) to let you sell your car at a good priceB) to extend its life and ensure safetyC) to reduce the cost of car servicingD) to make the car run fasterTask 2Directions: This task is the same as task 1. The 5 questions or unfinished statements are numbered 26to30.Ticket-booking PoliciesGeneral Policies*Once the flight ticket has been issued，the name on the ticket cannot be changed．*Ticket is non—refundable(不能退款的)．*Please review your itinerary(行程安排)immediately．If any problems arise before or during your trip，you must call our booking offices right away．If you wait until you return，it’s too late．*There are times when we are unable to confirm a booking．In that case we will attempt to reach you by phone and email．You must call us back within 48 hours or we may not be able to offer you the booking price．Change Policies*If you change your booking, airlines may charge a fee--S150 to$200．*Some tickets do not allow any changes．Need to change or cancel your trip? Visit our website to check the fees and rules before you decide．Cancellation(取消) Policies*If you cancel your booking you will not receive any money back．*You may apply part of your ticket price towards future travel (for a limited time，usually a year)．26. According to the policies，the name on the ticket cannot be changed once the ticketis .A) bookedB) issuedC) cancelledD) confirmed27．If you have any problems during a trip，you should .A) ask for a refundB) change your itineraryC) call the booking officeD) return the ticket to the office28．What happens when your ticket booking cannot be confirmed?A) You should make another booking immediately．B) You can change your booking free of charge．C) You will be informed by phone and email．D) You will still enjoy the booking price．29．If you want to change a booking，you may have to pay——．A) 10％of the booking priceB) a fee of $150 to $200C) half the ticket priceD) a fixed fee30．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the cancellation policies?A) You Can use part of the ticket price for future travel．B) You can refund the money from the booking office．C) You can keep the booking effective for one year．D) You cannot cancel your booking in any case．Task3Directions: Read the following passage. After reading it, you should complete the information by filling in the blanks marked 31 to 35 (in no more than 3 words) in the table below.If you are staying in the UK for more than 6 months, it may be useful to open a UK bank account. There are a lot of advantages of having a UK current (checking) account:Paying billsMany landlords prefer to collect rent directly from a bank account.You may be able to obtain cheaper services if you pay bills directly from a bank account，e. g. telephone, gas/water/electricity．If you are given a chequebook, you can also write cheques as a safe way of paying for things．CashYou can easily obtain money from cash machines，or pay directly from your account using a debit card(借记卡)．Saving moneyIt is generally cheaper to use a UK account than it is to pay by credit card(信用卡)or withdraw (提取) cash from a foreign bank．EmploymentIf you work in the UK，some employers require you to have a bank account so that you can get your pay．Task4Directions: The following is a list of terms related to the human resources management. After reading it, you are required to find the items equivalent to (与﹍﹍等同) thosegiven in Chinese in the table below. Then you should put the corresponding lettersin the brackets on the Answer Sheet, numbered36 through 40.A--Employee relations B—Basic salaryC—Night shift D—Attendance bookE—Human resources management F—W0rk permitG--Employment injury insurance H--Housing fundI—Annual salary J—Year end bonus K--Contract of serviceL--Evaluation of employees M—Sick leaveN—C0ffee break O--Unemployment insuranceP--Minimum wage Q—Quality managementExample: (L) 员工考核- (E) 人力资源管理Task5Directions: The following is a letter of recommendation. After reading them, you are required to complete the answers that follow the questions (No. 41 to No. 45). You should writeyour answers (in no more than 3 words) on the Answer Sheet correspondingly．Dear Mr. Brown,Thank you for your letter of 6 September regarding Mr. John Green who has been employed by this company for the past 10 years．Mr. Green served his apprenticeship(学徒) with Vickers Tools Ltd. in Manchester, followed by a three-year course of engineering for Production Engineers. He is technically well—qualified and for the past five years has been our Assistant Works Manager responsible for production and related business in our Sheffield factory. In all his job duties he has shown himself to be hard-working, responsible and in every way a very dependable employee.I can strongly recommend Mr. Green as I feel sure that if he were to be chosen to manage your factory in Nairobi he would bring to his work a true atmosphere of teamwork, which would be found necessary and helpful by all who would work with him．Sincerely yours，Tom Smith41. How long has Mr. Green been employed by the writer's company?For .42. What kind of course did Mr. Green take?A three-year course in engineering for .43. What job position has Mr. Green held in the past five years?. 44．What does the writer think of Mr. Green as an employee?He is hard-working, and dependable. 45．What is the purpose of this letter?To Mr. Green to manage a factory in Nairobi．PartⅢTranslation---English to ChineseDirections: This part, numbered 46 to 50, is to test your ability to translate English into Chinese. Each of the four sentences (No. 46 to No.49) is followed by four choices of suggested translation marked A, B, C and D. Make the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. Write your translation of the paragraph (No. 50) in the corresponding space on the Translation /Composition Sheet. (共5小题，其中46-49每题2分，50题7分，共15分)46. With fuel prices going up，car buyers are changing their idea of buying a car.A. 燃料的价格正在随着购车者买车想法的改变而上涨。