2016年上外MTI最全真题汇总首发(三科全有!!)

2016年上海外国语大学专业学位英语口译/笔译初试英语翻译基础（100分）12月26日14:00—17:00I. Cloze. (共15个空，一空两分，共30分)卷子上的标题是Here’s why the “American century” will survive rise of ChinaThe American century will survive the rise of ChinaJoseph Nye March 25, 2015Entropy is a greater challenge than Chinese growth, writes Joseph NyeIn 1941 Time editor Henry Luce proclaimed “the American century”. Some now see this coming to an end as 1. a result of the nation’s economic and political decline. Many point to the example of US failure to convince its allies to stay out of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, Beijing’s rival to the World Bank; but this was 2.more an example of a faulty decision than evidence of decline, which raises the question of what is the natural life cycle of a nation.A century is generally the limit for a human organism but countries are social constructs. Rome did not collapse until more than three centuries after it reached its apogee of power in 117AD. After American independence in 1776 Horace Walpole, the British politician, lamented that his nation had been reduced to the level of Sardinia, just as Britain was about to enter the industrial revolution that 3. powered its second century as a global power.Any effort at assessing American power in the coming decades should 4. take into account how many earlier efforts have been wide of the mark. It is chastening to remember how wildly 5. exaggerated US estimates of Soviet power in the 1970s and of Japanese power in the 1980s were. Today some see the Chinese as 10ft tall and proclaim this “the Chinese century”.China’s size and relatively rapid economic growth will bring it closer to the US in terms of its power resources in the next few decades. But this does not necessarily mean it will surpass the US in military, economic and soft power.6. Even if China suffers no big domestic political setback, many projections are simple linear extrapolations of growth rates that are likely to slow in the future.7.Moreover, economic projections are one dimensional. They ignore US military and soft power advantages, such as the desire of students around the world to attend US universities. They also overlook China’s geopolitical 8. dis-advantages in the Asian balance of power, compared with America’s relations with Europe, Japan and India, which are likely to remain more favourable.It is not impossible that a challenger such as China, Europe, Russia, India or Brazil will surpass the US in the first half of this century but it is but not likely.On the question of absolute rather than 9. relative American decline, the US faces serious problems in areas such as debt, secondary education, income in?equality and political gridlock but these are only part of the picture. On the positive side of the ledger are favourable trends in demography, technology and energy as well as abiding factors such as geography and entrepreneurial culture.The scenarios that could 10. precipitate decline include ones in which the US overreacts to terrorist attacks by turning inwards and thus cuts itself off from the strength it obtains from openness. Alternatively it could react by overcommitting itself, and wasting blood and treasure as it did in Vietnam and Iraq.As an overall assessment, describing the 21st century as one of American decline is inaccurate and misleading. Though the US has problems it is not in absolute decline, unlike ancient Rome, and it is likely to remain more powerful than any single state in coming decades.The real problem is not that it will be overtaken by China or another contender but rather that it faces a rise in the power resources of many others—both states and non-state actors such as transnational corporations, terrorist groups and cyber criminals. And it will face an increasing number of global problems that will 11. call on our ability to organise alliances and networks.12. Contrary to the views of those who proclaim this the Chinese century, we have not entered a post-American world. But the American century of the future will not look the same as in previous decades. The US 13. share of the world economy will be smaller than it was in the middle of the past century.Furthermore, the complexity created by the rise of other countries, as well as the increased role of non-state actors, will make it harder for even America, the biggest power, to 14. wield influence and organise action. Entropy is a greater challenge than China.At the same time, even when the US had its greatest preponderance of power resources, it often failed to secure what it wanted. Those who argue that the disorder of today’s world is much worse than in the past should remember a year such as 1956,when the US was unable to prevent Soviet 15. repression of a revolt in Hungary; orthe Suez invasion by our allies Britain, France and Israel.We must not view the past through rose-tinted glasses. Now, with slightly less preponderance and a much more complex world, the American century will continue for at least a few decades, but it will look very different from when Luce first articulated it.中国崛起能终结美国世纪吗？美国哈佛大学教授约瑟夫-奈为英国《金融时报》撰稿1941年，《时代》杂志(Time)主编亨利-卢斯(Henry Luce)宣称，“美国世纪”已经来临。

上海外国语大学考研2016年现代汉语真题回忆版一、名词解释(要举例说明)（2’×5=10’）1、句法关系和语义关系2、比拟3、配价分析法4、语境5、单纯词二、填空（1’×10=10’）1、（）是经过分析得出的最小的语音单位，能够区别意义的最小语音单位是（）。

2、结构主义语言学各流派是以（）的语言理论为基础的。

（《普通语言学教程》）是现代结构主义语言学的理论基础。

3、汉代初期，汉字传入日本，产生了“假名”。

晋初，汉字传入朝鲜和韩国，产生了（）。

4、（）是古汉字演变为现代汉字的转折点。

5、普通话语音的调类名称是（）。

6、从语素在单词中所起的作用看，可以将语素分为表义语素和（）。

7、（）是词义构成的最小语义单位，也是词的区别性特征。

8、成语的构造总共有四种类型：（），复句结构，特殊结构，无理结构。

三、选择题（1’×10=10’）1、下列属于舌尖后、不送气、清、塞擦音的是（）。

A.zB.cC.zhiD.chi2、双唇音不能和（）韵母相拼？A.开口呼B.合口呼C.齐齿呼D.撮口呼3、元音与辅音根本区别是（）。

A.发音方法不同B.在音节中的位置不同C.发音部位不同D.声带是否震动4、下列“一”的变调正确的是（）。

A.看一（yí）看B.一（yī）干二净C.想一（yì）想D.一（yì）天到晚5、下列儿化韵读得不正确的是（）。

A.拐弯儿（guǎiwānr-guǎiwāir）B.小曲儿（xiǎoqur-xiǎoquěr）C.香味儿（xiāngwèir-xiāngwèr）D.药方儿（yàofāngr-yàofãr）6、“兵、朱、舟”三个字的造字法分别是（）。

A.指事、会意、象形B.会意、指事、象形C.象形、指事、会意D.会意、象形、指事7、下列成语书写正确的是（）。

A.卑躬曲膝B.委屈求全C.膛目结舌D.杯盘狼藉8、短语“今天劳动节”、“特等茶叶”、“当他是傻瓜”、“游泳去”的结构类别分别为（）。

一、翻译硕士英语（211）1.选择题（20*1')考单词为主，后面有几道语法。

单词以专八词汇为主，少量的gre词汇。

2.阅读（20*1'）四篇阅读，个人觉得很简单，文章很短，只有一面的长度吧，用专八阅读练习足够了。

3.改错（10*1'）比专八改错简单、前几年考的是修辞和英美文化常识、或古希腊神话典故。

4.作文（50分，500字）谈谈你对happiness的定义。

二、英语翻译基础（357）1.英译汉（75分）该部分选取的是卢梭的《爱弥儿》（Emile, or On Education）部分文章，主要选自《爱弥儿》第三卷第一节。

全文1000多字，共11段，但题目只要求翻译划线部分，总计翻译872字，共6段。

完整原文如下：The whole course of man's life up to adolescence is a period of weakness; yet there comes a time during these early years when the child's strength overtakes the demands upon it, when the growing creature, though absolutely weak, is relatively strong. His needs are not fully developed and his present strength is more than enough for them. He would be a very feeble man, but he is a strong child.What is the cause of man's weakness? It is to be found in the disproportion between his strength and his desires. It is our passions that make us weak, for our natural strength is not enough for their satisfaction. To limit our desires comes to the same thing, therefore, as to increase our strength. When we can do more than we want, we have strength enough and to spare, we are really strong. This is the third stage of childhood, the stage with which I am about to deal. I still speak of childhood for want of a better word; for our scholar is approaching adolescence, though he has not yet reached the age of puberty.About twelve or thirteen the child's strength increases far more rapidly than his needs. The strongest and fiercest of the passions is still unknown, his physical development is still imperfect and seems to await the call of the will. He is scarcely aware of extremes of heat and cold and braves them with impunity. He needs no coat, his blood is warm; no spices, hunger is his sauce, no food comes amiss at this age; if he is sleepy he stretches himself on the ground and goes to sleep; he finds all he needs within his reach; he is not tormented by any imaginary wants; he cares nothing what others think; his desires are not beyond his grasp; not only is he self-sufficing, but for the first and last time in his life he has more strength than he needs.I know beforehand what you will say. You will not assert that the child has more needs than I attribute to him, but you will deny his strength. You forget that I am speaking of my own pupil, not of those puppets who walk with difficulty from one room to another, who toil indoors and carry bundles of paper. Manly strength, you say, appears only with manhood; the vital spirits, distilled in their proper vessels and spreading through the whole body, can alone make the muscles firm, sensitive, tense, and springy, can alone cause real strength. This is the philosophy of the study;I appeal to that of experience. In the country districts, I see big lads hoeing, digging, guiding the plough, filling the wine-cask, driving the cart, like their fathers; you would take them for grown men if their voices did not betray them. Even in our towns, iron-workers', tool makers', and blacksmiths' lads are almost as strong as their masters and would be scarcely less skilful had their training begun earlier. If there is a difference, and I do not deny that there is, it is, I repeat, much less than the difference between the stormy passions of the man and the few wants of the child. Moreover, it is not merely a question of bodily strength, but more especially of strength of mind, which reinforces and directs the bodily strength.This interval in which the strength of the individual is in excess of his wants is, as I have said, relatively though not absolutely the time of greatest strength. It is the most precious time in his life; it comes but once; it is very short, all too short, as you will see when you consider the importance of using it aright.He has, therefore, a surplus of strength and capacity which he will never have again. What use shall he make of it? He will strive to use it in tasks which will help at need. He will, so to speak, cast his present surplus into the storehouse of the future; the vigorous child will make provision for the feeble man; but he will not store his goods where thieves may break in, nor in barns which are not his own. To store them aright, they must be in the hands and the head, they must be stored within himself. This is the time for work, instruction, and inquiry. And note that this is no arbitrary choice of mine, it is the way of nature herself.Human intelligence is finite, and not only can no man know everything, he cannot even acquire all the scanty knowledge of others. Since the contrary of every false proposition is a truth, there are as many truths as falsehoods. We must, therefore, choose what to teach as well as when to teach it. Some of the information within our reach is false, some is useless, some merely serves to puff up its possessor. The small store which really contributes to our welfare alone deserves the study of a wise man, and therefore of a child whom one would have wise. He must know not merely what is, but what is useful.From this small stock we must also deduct those truths which require a full grown mind for their understanding, those which suppose a knowledge of man's relations to his fellow-men--a knowledge which no child can acquire; these things, although in themselves true, lead an inexperienced mind into mistakes with regard to other matters.We are now confined to a circle, small indeed compared with the whole of human thought, but this circle is still a vast sphere when measured by the child's mind. Dark places of the human understanding, what rash hand shall dare to raise your veil? What pitfalls does our so-called science prepare for the miserable child. Would you guide him along this dangerous path and draw the veil from the face of nature? Stay your hand. First make sure that neither he nor you will become dizzy. Beware of the specious charms of error and the intoxicating fumes of pride. Keep this truth ever before you--Ignorance never did any one any harm, error alone is fatal, and we do not lose our way through ignorance but through self-confidence.His progress in geometry may serve as a test and a true measure of the growth of his intelligence, but as soon as he can distinguish between what is useful and what is useless, much skill and discretion are required to lead him towards theoretical studies. For example, would you have him find a mean proportional between two lines, contrive that he should require to find a square equal to a given rectangle; if two mean proportionals are required, you must first contrive to interest him in the doubling of the cube. See how we are gradually approaching the moral ideas which distinguish between good and evil. Hitherto we have known no law but necessity, now we are considering what is useful; we shall soon come to what is fitting and right.Man's diverse powers are stirred by the same instinct. The bodily activity, which seeks an outlet for its energies, is succeeded by the mental activity which seeks for knowledge. Children are first restless, then curious; and this curiosity, rightly directed, is the means of development for the age with which we are dealing. Always distinguish between natural and acquired tendencies. There is a zeal for learning which has no other foundation than a wish to appear learned, and there is another which springs from man's natural curiosity about all things far or near which may affect himself. The innate desire for comfort and the impossibility of its complete satisfaction impel him to the endless search for fresh means of contributing to its satisfaction. This is the first principle of curiosity;a principle natural to the human heart, though its growth is proportional to the development of our feeling and knowledge. If a man of science were left on a desert island with his books and instruments and knowing that he must spend the rest of his life there, he would scarcely trouble himself about the solar system, the laws of attraction, or the differential calculus. He might never even open a book again; but he would never rest till he had explored the furthest corner of his island, however large it might be. Let us therefore omit from our early studies such knowledge as has no natural attraction for us, and confine ourselves to such things as instinct impels us to study.2.汉译英（75分）2016年11月5日，上海外国语大学首届“中国学的国际对话：方法与体系”国际研讨会在虹口校区高翻学院同传室拉开帷幕，本次学术研讨会由上外主办，中国学研究所协同国际关系与公共事务学院、高级翻译学院联合承办，欧盟研究中心、俄罗斯研究中心、英国研究中心、中日韩合作研究中心以及马克思主义学院共同参与。

上海外国语大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试外国语言学及应用语言学专业外国语言学与应用语言学理论试题（考试时间 180分钟，满分150分，共2页）一、汉语部分，中文作答（共 105分）Ⅰ.术语解释（5×3=15）本部分为5个语言学术语，请解释其定义及含义，必要时可举例说明。

1.波形理论2.皮钦语3.语料库4.音位理论5.元语言功能Ⅱ.问答题（6×15=90）本部分为6道问答题，请就所给的问题做简短回答，有必要时请具体举例说明。

1.请简述双语现象和双语制问题，说明双语几个分类标准。

2.请说明什么是宏观语言学及其分类，必要时可以列举其代表。

3.请简要介绍英国语言学家韩礼德的语言学理论的主要内容。

4.请简要介绍转换生成语法及其在语言教学上的应用价值。

5.请简要介绍美国语言学家萨丕尔的语言学思想及其现实意义。

6.如何理解“语言是符号系统，这概括了语言本身的性质和特点”第1页共2页这句话?请举例说明。

二、英文部分，英文作答。

（15×3=45）1. What is structuralism?2. What is language planning?3. What is interlanguage?4. What is lingua franca?5. What are adjacency pairs?6. What is code-switching?7. What is linguistic determinism?8. What is diglossia?9. What is metonymy?10. What is language maintenance?11. What is hypercorrection?12. What is semantic field?13. What is displacement?14. What is elision?15. What is the “critical period”?第2页共2页。

2016年上海海事⼤学外国语学院256第⼆外语：英语考研真题及详解【圣才出品】2016年上海海事⼤学外国语学院256第⼆外语：英语考研真题及详解Part ⅠVocabulary and Grammar (1×30=30%)In this section there are thirty sentences, and after each there are four choices marked A. B, C and D. Choose the one that best fits into each sentence and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. I love nothing better than the wonderful _____ of freshly baked bread.A. airB. odorC. aromaD. atmosphere【答案】C【解析】句意：我最喜欢的莫过于新鲜出炉⾯包的⾹味。

aroma指⼀种强烈的，弥漫的⾹味。

odor表⽰⽓味，是⾹或是臭须按修饰语来决定。

2. Paul Simon writes the _____ for most of his own songs.A. epicsB. poemsC. rhymesD. lyrics【答案】D【解析】句意：保罗·西蒙为⾃⼰的⼤部分歌曲作词。

lyrics歌词。

epic史诗；叙事诗。

rhyme 韵律；韵脚。

3. It’s very easy to get _____ because all the streets look the same.A. missedB. disorientatedC. directedD. targeted【答案】B【解析】句意：很容易迷失⽅向，因为所有的街道看起来都⼀样。

disorientated迷失⽅向的。

上海外国语大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试比较文学与世界文学专业比较文学基础理论与汉外互译试题（考试时间180分钟，满分150分，共2页）一、名词解释（每题5分，共30分）1.总体文学2.影响研究3.主题学4.套话5.接受研究6.比较文学的三个学派二、论述题（每题20分，共60分，其中3、4题任选一题）1.举例说明文化误读的利和弊。

2.论述跨学科研究，举例说明。

3.论述诗学与比较诗学的关系及其意义。

4.论述形象学及其与影响研究的关系。

三、汉外互译1.英译汉（30分）She philosophically noted dates as they came past in therevolution of the year; the disastrous night of her undoing atTrantridge（地名）with its dark background of The Chase（猎苑）; also the dates of the baby’s birth and death; also her ownbirthday; and every other day individualized by incidents inwhich she had taken some share; She suddenly thought oneafternoon, when looking in the glass at her fairness, that therewas yet another date, of greater importance to her than those;that of her own death, when all these charms would havedisappeared; a day which lay sly and unseen among all theother days of the year, giving no sign or sound when sheannually passed over it; but no the less surely there; When wasit? Why did she not feel the chill of each yearly encounter with第1页共2页such a cold relation? She had Jeremy Taylor’s（注：杰里米﹒泰勒（1613—1667），英国神学家）thought that some time in the future those who had known her would say: “It is the –th, the day that poor Tess Durbeyfield died”; and there would be nothing singular to their minds in the statement. Of that day, doomed to be her terminus in time through all the ages, she did not know the place in month, week, season, or year.2.汉译英（30分）我们家的后园有半亩空地，母亲说：“让它荒着怪可惜的，你们那么爱吃花生，就开辟出来种花生吧。

2016上海外国语大学英语语言文学真题先说二外德语，首先是40道选择题，个人感觉和往年真题考的点差不多，主要有常用动词的考法，介词搭配，物主代词和形容词的变格，还有两道谚语题，aller Anfang ist schwer和kein Schmerz， kein Gewinn。

第二大题是选词填空，给出10个单词，大概讲的是上班族因为市中心房价太高，选择远离市中心，每天乘不同的交通工具上班，不是很难。

阅读大意是美国的一项调查，造纸业是能量消耗最高的产业之一，两个阶段人类的耗纸量，和钢铁行业能量消耗的比较，不同国家的耗纸量，德国对纸的回收。

答案都可以在原文中找到，有些选项会变换句型。

翻译大概是人们信件过时了，电子邮件更受年轻人的欢迎，但是信件也有优点。

哪些优点记不清了，感觉挺简单的。

作文是你会选择的职业，你选择的原因，这个职业有哪些优缺点，以及你怎样解决缺点。

语法我用的是标准德语语法——精解与练习，一本书做下来，语法绝对没问题。

词汇大学德语一就足够了。

英语综合，15道选择题，有词汇，文学，语言学的题，只记得一个问题问哪个是意识流的作家，答案是弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫。

完形填空我觉得最耗时间也最难，30题15分，我直接放弃了。

阅读八篇，有长有短，有些题目的答案原文是没有的，比如问这两个人出自哪本书，所以一些常识和文学知识还是要积累的。

第一篇考亚里士多德逻辑，很短的文章，有一个题问苏格拉底，柏拉图和亚里士多德之间的师生关系，考的是常识，原文没答案。

接下来五篇就考文学，有英国文学，美国文学和文学批评，题型主要考词的转换，句子的转换，文章结构关系，作者的态度。

第七篇也很短，考建筑的承力，原文直接有答案。

第八篇是一篇长文，讲的是1820年到1900年之间美国经济的迅速发展带来的影响，难度大约为英语六级。

阅读40题占40分，我觉得不应该耗费太多时间，决不能超过一个小时，我用了50分钟。

最后是作文，小作文“The World Awaits me”，叙述文，250词。

16年考研详解与指导350、中国文学史上第一篇用现代体式创作的白话小说------狂人日记-----选自呐喊。

351、中国几千年文学史上第一个真正把笔深入到不幸的农民和底层知识分子灵魂世界的作家一---鲁迅_提出改造国民性的主题。

352、鲁迅小说中最著名的一篇------阿q正传。

353、阿q-—---中国现代文学中最成功的艺术典型。

354、新文学史上最有成就的教育小说家-----叶绍钧（叶圣陶)。

355、叶圣陶一---长篇小说《倪焕之》，中国现代文学史上最早写童话的作家。

356、现代小诗的最佳之作-----冰心的诗集繁星、春水。

357、冰心作品的思想内核-----爱的哲学。

358、冰心-----被誉为“美文”的代表。

359、中国现代抒情小说的最初形式-----自叙传抒情小说。

360、20年代初小说创作的三大潮流-----问题小说、自叙传抒情小说、乡土小说。

361、创造社发起人和最主要的成员-----郭沫若。

362、中国现代新诗的奠基之作-----女神。

363、郭沫若-----继鲁迅之后，我国文化战线上又一面光辉的旗帜。

364、女神中最具代表性的是诗篇-----凤凰涅槃。

365、新月派的代表人物-----徐志摩、闻一多、朱湘、胡也频等。

366、诗集翡冷翠的一夜、猛虎集的作者----徐志摩367、闻一多第一部诗集-----红烛。

368、闻一多之后的代表作-----死水。

369、新月派的真正代表诗人-----徐志摩。

370、新月派前期的主要代表人物有-----闻一多和徐志摩。

371、五四时期出版的中国第一部新诗集-----郭沫若的女神。

372、中国现代文学史上大量尝试散文诗创作的第一人-----鲁迅----散文诗代表作是野草。

373、鲁迅睢一的一本散文诗集-----野草。

374、周作人-----其早期散文分别收入自己的园地、雨天的书、谈龙集、谈虎集。

375、在20年代的戏剧创作中成绩最为显著的是----田汶-----创造社最重要的剧作家。

上海外国语大学研究生入学考试2016年汉语写作和百科知识真题一、填空 30分1.新文化运动的核心刊物是___________2.中国历史上由女真族建立的朝代有__________、____________。

3.唐朝诗人杜牧在___________中描述了秦朝大兴土木的状况。

4.编钟是一种____________5.汉字的构造方法为象形、指事、假借、会意和___________6.元曲四大家________ ___________ __________ _________7.五岳有_________ _________ _________ ___________ _________二、成语解释、典故及造句 40分1.满腹经纶2.卧薪尝胆3.首当其冲4.白驹过隙5.暴殄天物三、阅读以下文章，写读后感，不少于1000字 80分人民日报评薄熙来案：法理昭彰，有腐必惩中评社北京9月22日电／人民日报9月23日评论员文章：坚持法治反腐，建设廉洁政治法理昭彰，有腐必惩。

9月22日，济南市中级人民法院对薄熙来受贿、贪污、滥用职权案做出一审判决，判处无期徒刑，剥夺政治权利终身，并处没收个人全部财产。

综观整个薄熙来案，从立案侦查、审查起诉、提起公诉到开庭审理，再到法院宣判，整个过程以事实为根据，以法律为准绳，彰显了法治精神和司法正义，表明瞭我们党和国家依法惩治腐败的坚决态度和坚定决心。

、用法治思维和法治方式反对腐败，是我们党坚持倡导的反腐思路。

薄熙来案的查处过程，始终都贯穿着依法反腐的基本理念。

无论是依党纪国法的查办过程，还是对案件的依法指定管辖；无论是控辩双方充分质证、法院公开透明审理，还是依法作出一审判决，都始终运行在法治的轨道上，始终以法治精神为依归。

正因如此，对薄熙来案的依法查处，得到广大干部群众的支持拥护。

这同时也有力表明，坚持依法反腐，既体现一种政治文明，也凝聚着普遍的社会共识。

律己廉为首，治国法为先。

上海外国语大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试英汉互译真题回忆版一、英译汉选自伊莎多拉•邓肯的自传My LifeISADORA DUNCAN’S AUTOBIOGRAPHY:CHAPTER ONEThe character of a child is already plain,even in its mother’s womb.Before I was born my mother was in great agony of spirit and in a tragic situation.She could take no food except iced oysters and iced champagne.If people ask me when I began to dance I reply,“In my mother’s womb,probably as a result of the oysters and champagne—the food of Aphrodite.”My mother was going through such a tragic experience at this time that she often said,“This child that will be born will surely not be normal,”and she expected a monster. And in fact from the moment I was born it seemed that I began to agitate my arms and legs in such a fury that my mother cried,“You see I was quite right,the child is a maniac!”But later on,placed in a baby jumper in the center of the table I was the amusement of the entire family and friends,dancing to any music that was played. My first memory is of a fire.I remember being thrown into the arms of a policeman from an upper window.I must have been about two or three years old,but I distinctly remember the comforting feeling,among all the excitement—the screams and the flames—of the security of the policeman and my little arms round his neck.He must have been an Irishman.I hear my mother cry in frenzy,“My boys,my boys,”and see her held back by the crowd from entering the building in which she imagined my two brothers had been left.Afterwards I remember finding the two boys sitting on the floor of a bar-room,putting on their shoes and stockings,and then the inside of a carriage,and then sitting on a counter drinking hot chocolate.I was born by the sea,and I have noticed that all the great events of my life have taken place by the sea.My first idea of movement,of the dance,certainly came from the rhythm of the waves.I was born under the star of Aphrodite,Aphrodite who was also born on the sea,and when her star is in the ascendant,events are always propitious to me.At these epochs life flows lightly and I am able to create.I have also noticed that the disappearance of this star is usually followed by disaster for me.The science of astrology has not perhaps the importance to-day that it had in the time of the ancient Egyptians or of the Chaldeans,but it is certain that our psychic life is under the influence of the planets,and if parents understood this they would study the stars in the creation of more beautiful children.I believe,too,that it must make a great difference to a child’s life whether it is born by the sea or in the mountains.The sea has always drawn me to it,whereas in the mountains I have a vague feeling of discomfort and a desire to fly.They always give me an impression of being a prisoner to the earth.Looking up at their tops,I do not feel the admiration of the general tourist,but only a desire to leap over them and escape.My life and my art were born of the sea.I have to be thankful that when we were young my mother was poor.She could not afford servants or governesses for her children,and it is to this fact that I owe the spontaneous life which I had the opportunity to express as a child and never lost.My mother was a musician and taught music for a living and as she gave her lessons at the houses of her pupils she was away from home all day and for many hours in the evening.When I could escape from the prison of school,I was free.I could wander alone by the sea and follow my own fantasies.How I pity the children I see constantly attended by nurses and governesses,constantly protected and taken care of and smartly dressed.What chance of life have they?My mother was too busy to think of any dangers which might befall her children,and therefore my two brothers and I were free to follow our own vagabond impulses,which sometimes led us into adventures which,had our mother known of them,would have driven her wild with anxiety.Fortunately she was blissfully unconscious.I say fortunately for me,for it is certainly to this wild untrammeled life of my childhood that I owe the inspiration of the dance I created,which was but the expression of freedom.I was never subjectedto the continual“don’ts”which it seems to me make children’s lives a misery.二、汉译英林语堂的《秋天的况味》秋天的黄昏，一人独坐在沙发上抽烟，看烟头白灰之下露出红光，微微透露出暖气，心头的情绪便跟着那蓝烟缭绕而上，一样的轻松，一样的自由。