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2015北京航空航天大学工程力学考博（航空科学与工程学院）参考书、历年真题、报录比、研究生招生专业目录、复试分数线一、学院介绍航空科学与工程学院（以下简称航空学院）是北航最具航空航天特色的学院之一，主要从事大气层内各类航空器（飞机、直升机、飞艇等）、临近空间飞行器、微小型飞行器等的总体、气动、结构、强度、飞行力学与飞行安全、人机环境控制、动力学与控制等方面的基础性、前瞻性、工程性以及新概念、新理论、新方法研究与人才培养工作。
航空学院前身是清华大学航空系，是1952年北航成立时最早的两个系之一，当时称飞机系（设飞机设计和飞机工艺专业），1958年更名为航空工程力学系，1970年更名为五大队，1972年更名为五系，1989年定名为飞行器设计与应用力学系，2003年成立航空科学与工程学院。
早期的航空学院荟萃了一批当时国内著名的航空领域的专家，如屠守锷、王德荣、陆士嘉、沈元、王俊奎、吴礼义、张桂联、徐鑫福、徐华舫、何庆芝、伍荣林、史超礼、叶逢培等教授，屠守锷院士（两弹一星元勋）是首任系主任，他们为本院发展奠定了坚实基础。
在北航发展史上，航空学院不断输出专业和人才，先后参与组建七系、三系、十四系、宇航学院、飞行学院、无人机所、土木工程系、交通学院等院系。
自建校以来60多年，学院已培养本科毕业生万余人，硕士毕业生两千余人，博士毕业生近千人。
毕业生中涌现出王永志、戚发韧、崔尔杰、乐嘉陵、王德臣、张福泽、王浚、钟群鹏、陶宝祺、郭孔辉、赵煦、唐西生、郭孔辉、唐长红等14位两院院士，改革开放后毕业生中也涌现出了“航空报国英模”/原沈飞董事长罗阳、中国商飞董事长金壮龙、第十一届“中国十大杰出青年”/原“神舟”飞船总指挥袁家军、歼15等飞机型号总师孙聪、C919大型客机总师吴光辉以及李玉海、耿汝光、姜志刚、屠恒章、孙聪、方玉峰、王永庆、孙兵、曲景文、李东、余后满、傅惠民、秦福光、陈元先、宋水云、吴宗琼、陈敏、高云峰等一批航空航天院所的年轻总师、总指挥、省市及部门负责人、民营企业家，为我国航空航天、国防事业及国家发展做出突出贡献。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京航空航天大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题The（）colonialists managed to wipe out the entire population.问题1选项A.aboriginalB.originalrgeD.regional【答案】A【解析】形容词辨析。
句意：（）殖民主义者们设法消灭全部人口。
aboriginal原始的，土著的；original 最早的，最初的；large大量的；regional地区的。
因此，A项aboriginal符合句意。
2.单选题The medicine（）his pain but did not cure his illness.问题1选项A.activatedB.alleviatedC.deterioratedD.mediated 【答案】B【解析】句意：这种药（）他的疼痛，但不能治愈他的疾病。
A选项activated触发；B选项alleviated 减轻，缓解；C选项deteriorated使恶化；D选项mediated调解。
选项B符合句意。
3.单选题They stood gazing at the happy（）of children playing in the park.问题1选项A.perspectiveB.viewndscapeD.scene【答案】D【解析】名词近义词辨析。
句意：他们站在那儿，凝视着在公园里玩耍的孩子们的快乐场景。
perspective 远景，透视图；view视野，风景；landscape风景，风景画；scene特定地点的景色，场景。
D项在表示场景时，场景中通常包括了其中的人物及其活动，所以本题选D。
4.单选题The reception was attended by（）members of the local community.问题1选项A.excellentB.conspicuousC.prominentD.noticeable【答案】C【解析】C选项prominent意为“突出的；著名的”。
北京航空航天大学博士研究生入学考试英语模拟试题一PART 1 Listening Comprehension (20 points) (略)PART II Reading Comprehension(30 points)Directions:There are four passages in the part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the passages carefully and decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage 1Unless we spend money to spot and prevent asteroids(小行星) now, one might crash into Earth and destroy life as we know it, say some scientists.Asteroids are bigger versions of the meteoroids(流星) that race across the night sky. Most orbit the sun far from Earth and don't threaten us. But there are also thousands whose orbits put them on a collision course with Earth.Buy $ 40 million worth of new telescopes right now. Then spend $ 10 million a year for the next 25 years to locate most of the space rocks. By the time we spot a fatal one, the scientists say, we'll have a way to change its course.Some scientists favor pushing asteroids off course with nuclear weapons. But the cost wouldn't be cheap.Is it worth it? Two things experts consider when judging any risk are: 1) How likely the event is; and 2) How bad the consequences if the event occurs. Experts think an asteroid big enough to destroy lots of life might strike Earth once every 400, 000 years. Sounds pretty rare-but if one did fall, it would be the end of the world. "If we don't take care of these big asteroids, they'll take care of us," says one scientist. "It's that simple."The cure, though, might be worse than the disease. Do we really want fleets of nuclear weapons sitting around on Earth? "The world has less to fear from doomsday (毁灭性的) rocks than from a great nuclear fleet set against them," said a New Y ork Times article.21. What does the passage say about asteroids and meteoroids?A. They are heavenly bodies different in composition.B. They are heavenly bodies similar in nature.C. There are more asteroids than meteoroids.D. Asteroids are more mysterious than meteoroids.22. What do scientists say about the collision of an asteroid with Earth?A. It is very unlikely but the danger exists.B. Such a collision might occur once every 25 years.C. Collisions of smaller asteroids with Earth occur more often than expected.D. It's still too early to say whether such a collision might occur.23. What do people think of the suggestion of using nuclear weapons to alter the course of asteroids?A. It sounds practical but it may not solve the problem.B. It may create more problems than it might solve.C. It is a waste of money because a collision of asteroids with Earth is very unlikely.D. Further research should be done before it is proved applicable.24. We can conclude from the passage that _.A. while pushing asteroids off course nuclear weapons would destroy the worldB. asteroids racing across the night sky are likely to hit Earth in the near futureC. the worry about asteroids can be left to future generations since it is unlikely to happen in our lifetimeD. workable solutions still have to be found to prevent a collision of asteroids with Earth.25. Which of the following best describes the author's tone in this pass age?A. Optimistic.B. Critical.C. Objective.D. Arbitrary.Passage 2Believe it or not,optical illusion (错觉) can cut highway crashes.Japan is a case in point. It has reduced automobile crashes on some roads by nearly 75 percent using a simple optical illusion. Bent stripes, called chevrons (人字形)painted on the roads make drivers think that they are driving faster than they really are, and thus drivers slow down.Now the American Association Foundation for Traffic Safety in Washington D. C. is planning to repeat Japan's success. Starting next year, the foundation will paint chevrons and other patterns of stripes on selected roads around the country to test how well the patterns reduce highway crashes.Excessive speed plays a major role in as much as one fifth of all fatal traffic accidents, according to the foundation. To help reduce those accidents, the foundation will conduct its tests in areas where speed-related hazards are the greatest-curves, exit slopes, traffic circles, and bridges. Some studies suggest that straight, horizontal bars painted across roads can initially cut the average speed of drivers in half. However, traffic often returns to full speed within months as drivers become used to seeing the painted bar.Chevrons, scientists say，not only give drivers the impress ion that they are driving faster than they really are but also make a lane appear to be narrower. The result is a longer lasting reduction in highway speed and the number of traffic accidents.26. The passage mainly discusses .A. a new way of highway speed controlB. a new pattern for painting highwaysC. a new approach to training driversD. a new type of optical illusion27. On roads painted with chevrons drivers tend to feel that .A. they should avoid speed-related hazardsB. they are driving in the wrong laneC. they should slow down their speedD. they are approaching the speed limit28. The advantage of chevrons over straight, horizontal bars is that the former .A. can keep drivers awakeB. can cut road accidents in halfC. will have a longer effect on driversD. will look more attractive29. The American Association Foundation for Traffic Safety plans to .A. try out the Japanese method in certain areasB. change the road signs across the countryC. replace straight horizontal bars with chevronsD. repeat the Japanese road patterns30. What does the author say about straight, horizontal bars painted across roads?A. They are falling out of use in the United States.B. They tend to be ignored by drivers in a short period of time.C. They are applicable only on broad roads.D. They cannot be applied successfully to traffic circles.Passage 3There are a number of formats for reporting research, such as articles to appear in journals, reports addressed to funding agencies, theses or dissertations as part of the requirements for university degrees, and papers to be presented at conferences. These formats differ from one another mostly in their purposes and the audiences whom they address. We will now briefly describe them.The journal article is a way of reporting research for professional journals or edited collections. The research is reporting in a brief, yet informative way, focusing mostly on the main features of the research such as the purpose, review of the literature ( often referred to as "background" ), procedures used for carrying out the research accompanied by tables, charts, and graphs, and interpretations of the results ( often referred to as discussion).The content and emphasis of the journal article will vary according to the intended readers (research or practitioners) and it is important for the researcher to be aware of the background and interest of the readers of the journal. Articles intended to be read by practitioners will emphasize the practical implications and recommendations of the research, while articles intended to be read by researchers will describe in detail the method used to collect data, the construction of data collection procedures, and the techniques used for analyzing the data. It is important for the novice researcher to be aware of the fact that articles submitted to journals go through a process of evaluation by experts who make a judgment and recommend whether they should be published or not.The thesis or dissertation is a format for reporting research which graduate students write as part of fulfilling the requirements for an advanced academic degree. The student is expected to describe in great detail all the phases of the research so it can be examined and evaluated carefully by the reader. Thus the thesis or dissertation includes the purpose and significance of the study, the rationale, a thorough review of the literature, detailed information as to the research tools and the procedures involved in their development, a description of data analysis and the results, and an interpretation of the results in the form of conclusions, implications, and recommendation. Thisdetailed description of the process of the research is needed to provide the professors with an indication of the student's ability to carry out research.The conference paper is a way of reporting research at conferences, seminars and colloquia. At such meetings research papers are usually presented orally. They are similar to the research 'article since research is reported in a concise, yet informative way, focusing on the most essential elements of the research. Handouts and transparencies can also accompany the presentations. As with the research article, here too, the content and emphasis of the oral report will depend to a large extent on the type of audience present at the meeting .and whether they are researchers or practitioners.31. The best title for this passage could beA. Types of Research ReportsB. Types of Journal ArticlesC. Writing of research ReportsD. Writing of Different Artic les32. The common aspect for the journal articles, theses and conference papers lies in thatA. they are all for the practitionersB. they are all to be read by researchersC. they are all for being publishedD. they are all forms of reporting research33. We can distinguish those research reports from each other mainly throughA. their writing style and lengthB. their aims and possible audiencesC. their presented places and timeD. their content and purposes34. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in this passage?A. Both journal articles and conference papers are reported in a brief and informative way.B. All the theses or dissertations and conference papers are reported in spoken languages.C. Both the journal articles and conference papers are influenced greatly by the intended receivers.D. The various formats of research reports may be presented in different ways.35. How can a professor evaluate a student's capability of implementing the research?A. By concentrating on the main factors like the purpose, background, procedures and discussion.B. By emphasizing the practical implications and recommendations of the research.C. By focusing on the detailed description of the process of the research such as the tools, procedures, the process of data analysis, the results, conclusions, etc.D. By noticing the detailed method used to collect the data, the construction of the data collection procedures, the techniques for analyzing the date and results, etc.Passage 4In recent years, many Americans of both sexes and various ages have become interested in improving their bodies. They have become devoted to physical fitness. The need to exercise has almost become compulsive with many persons who have a strong desire to be more physically fit.By nature, Americans are enthusiastic and energetic about their hobbies and pastimes. They apply this enthusiasm, and energy to jogging/running. As a result, there are running clubs to join andmany books and magazines to read about running.The desire to be physically fit is explained by a "passion" for good health. The high rate of heart attacks in the 1960s caused an increase on the part of the public in improving the human body.Middle-aged men especially suffer from heart attacks. Thus, they are one group strongly interested in more physical exercise. In fact, many doctors encourage their patients to become more physically active, especially those who have sedentary jobs. It is interesting to note that the rate of heart attacks began to decrease in the 1970s and it is still decreasing.Physical fitness currently enjoys a favored role in the United States. It is a new "love" that many Americans have cherished. Will it last long? Only time will tell or until another "new passion" comes along.36. In recent years, many Americans have become interested in improving their bodies becauseA. they are enthusiastic about their hobbies and pastimesB. they have a strong desire to be more physically fitC. there are many running clubs to joinD. there are many books and magazines to read about running37. The passage implies that is a great favorite of many Americans, men and women, old and young.A. jogging/runningB. joining running clubsC. reading books and magazines about runningD. going in for all kinds of sports38. Middle-aged men suffering from heart attacksA. are compulsive joggersB. are encouraged by their doctors to go in for jogging/runningC. are interested in taking more physical exerciseD. are enthusiastic and energetic about hobbies and pastimes39. In the sentence "In fact, many doctors encourage their patients to become more physically active, especially those who have sedentary jobs", the word "sedentary" meansA. involving physical workB. needing much sittingC. energy-consumingD. sleep-producing40. According to the passage, will the love for physical exercise last long for Americans?A. Y es.B. No.C. Somebody can tell.D. It is hard to tell.PART III Vocabulary (10 points)Directions: In this part, there are 20 sentences with four choices below each sentence. Choose the best one from the 4 choices. Then mark the corresponding letter oil the ANSWER SHEET witha single line through the center.41. Not until the game had begun __ at the sports ground.A. should he have arrivedB. had he arrivedC. did he arriveD. would he had arrived42. Neither at this meeting nor at the previous one _ the proposal.A. they did not discussB. did they discussC. do they discussD. would they discuss43. The molecules of gases move more freely than __A. do liquids and solidsB. liquids and solids doC. do those of liquids and solidsD. those do of liquids and solids44. The taller the container, _________ at the bottom.A. the greater will the water pressure beB. the water pressure will be greaterC. the greater will be the water pressureD. greater the water pressure will be45. from the tenth floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him.A. Jumped down the burglarB. Down the burglar jumpedC. The burglar jumped downD. Down jumped the burglar46. To the north of the city __ a small island.A. lainB. liesC. was thereD. there lays47. she first heard of the man referred to as a specialist.A. That was from StephenB. It was Stephen whomC. It was from Stephen thatD. It was Stephen that48. Was it __ the professor regarded with such contempt?A. them whoB. them whomC. he whoD. those49. __ the Europeans began to learn how to use the compass on their ships.A. It was not until the 12th century whenB. Hardly it was the 12th century thanC. No sooner it was the 12th century whenD. It was not until the 12th century that50. When I try to understand _ _ that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes.A. why it doesB. what it doesC. what it isD. why it is51. More often it is the President, and not the members of his cabinet, __ the populace.A. who appeal toB. to whom appeal toC. whom appeals toD. who appeals to52. On the large board in the main hall of the airport .you can easily find the different Destinations __which airlines can take you.A. inB. ofC. toD. by53. Not until actually faced with water scarcity __ appreciate the value of water to a region.A. one canB. one can notC. can oneD. can not one54. Most people don't think of a stamp as a receipt, but that is __ it really is a proof of just how much money you have paid in advance for mail delivery.A. whatB. whyC. howD. who55. Without water from the Nile River, Egypt __ a farming country and become a desert.A. will cease to beB. would cease to beC. will cease beingD. would cease being56. Although he refused to act on my suggestion, he had to admit that what I said.A. it was something inB. there was something asC. it was something asD. there was something in57. There is little, __, farming in that area and all you can see is miles of wild countryside.A. if soB. if suchC. if notD. if any58. In his lecture, the education expert emphasized the fact that nowadays children are exposed to many influences that of their families.A. rather thanB. other thanC. except forD. but for59. The singer on the stage has a young __ face and a voice of an __A. boy...angelB. boy's…angelC. boy…ang el'sD. boy's…angel's60. A new material __, we have good reason to be optimistic.A. developedB. being developedC. was being developedD. was developed PART IV Cloze (10 points)Directions: In this part, there are incomplete sentences in the following passage. For each sentence there arefour choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.What attracts customers? Obviously the quality of a product does, but visual images 61a great deal. It is not only the image provided by the packaging that 62 but the whole corporate63 of the company. There are now many products and services on the market which are similar in content 64 produced by different companies. It is vital, therefore, for a company to 65 itself from its competitors by having a strong company image which is immediately 66 Logos are part of this image. They are 67 which often include a name or initials to identify a company. The logo establishes a 68 identity for the company, just as different groups of young people express their identity through hairstyles and clothes. All groups from all cultures and 69 the ages have used colors and symbols to show their identity. In different cultures, different colors 70 different meanings. Some colors may be connected with coldness in one culture and with 71 in another:some colors represent 72 in one culture but death in another. International companies have, 73 , to make sure that their logos will not be misunderstood or misinterpreted in different countries.Many companies have, over the years, 74 their logos to fit in with contemporary design and to present more powerful images. Company logos can be emotive and can 75 loyalty by 76 the instinct. Some logos 77 an idea of the product, and a case in point is the steering wheel in the Mercedes logo. Logos are used on letterheads, packaging and 78 as well as on the product itself. They may also appear in newspapers or on television as part of an advertising 79 .Companies need to have a strong corporate identity. The logo helps to promote this image andto fix it in the minds of the 80 . Logos, therefore, need to be original and to have impact and style.61. A. attribute B. contribute C. devote D. attract62. A. concerns B. involves C. counts D. means63. A. features B. quality C. identity D. status64. A. instead B. and C. though D. as65. A. exist B. isolate C. hold D. distinguish66. A. observable B. differentiable C. recognizable D. accountable67. A. symbols B. signs C. signals D. indications68. A. visible B. visual C. brief D. explicit69. A. in B. throughout C. for D. between70. A. contain B. carry C. predominate D. convey71. A. mildness B. consolation C. affection D. warmth72. A. life B. love C. live D. alive73. A. otherwise B. still C. therefore D. additionally74. A. continued B. kept C. changed D. refreshed75. A. promote B. inspire C. prompt D. stir76. A. regarding B. impressing C. influencing D. effecting77. A. combine B. collaborate C. incorporate D. blend78. A. covers B. brochures C. contents D. volumes79. A. movement B. plan C. campaign D. function80. A. consumers B. employers C. reporters D. manufacturersPART V T ranslation (15 points)Directions:Read the following passage carefully and then translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET (2).The fact known to us is that war, different from what many people believe it to be, is not completely an outcome of" humanity". Otherwise，war and violence among people would exist in all the human history or ahnost all societies. However, this is not the truth. Archaeologists' investigation results seem to suggest that men lived quite a peaceful life long ago. For example, among ancient French cave drawings which were earlier than 10, 000 B. C., there were no pictures describing people fighting with each other. This indicates that, in that early period of mankind, fight among people was comparatively rare.In a certain way, this discovery is not surprising at all:in the world of animals, it's rare for one to prey on another of its own species. They do kill other kinds of animals, but not their own. Like most animals, the proportion of inner violence among early human beings was relatively small. Therefore, war is not the inherent outcome of humanity but that of certain social and cultural conditions.PART VI Writing(15 points)Directions:A. Study the following graph carefully and write an essay in 200 words.B. Your essay should meet the requirements below.Outline:1. Interpret the graph.2. Suggest counter-measures.3. Give advice for jobseekers.参考答案及解析21．B 依据文章第二段第1行可以判断出两者性质相似只是体积不同，排除A项；文中并无两者数量上的比较，排除C项；也没有涉及D项的内容。
北京航空航天大学考博英语阅读真题及其解析Education is an absolute imperative in the emerging globalknowledge society,so new ways of providing access to education fora much higher percentage of the population are now being devised.The most dramatic examples of access to education are found inthe11distance-education mega-universities found around the world.In"distance education,"the student is separated in time or spacefrom the teacher or professor.The largest of these high enrollmentuniversities is in China,the China Central Radio and TelevisionUniversity,with more than3million students.The English-speakingworld has the British Open University,with215,000students,and theUniversity of South Africa,with120,000students.In addition to themega-universities,dozens of other national and regional systems areproviding education at all levels to students.The base delivery system for the distance-education Geng duo yuanxiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quanguo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huojia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi mega-universities istelevision,supplemented by other technologies or even some onsiteinstruction in more-developed countries.Some distance-educationsystems use two-way interactive video connections to particularlocations where students gather;others supplement with the Internet,and still others deliver only by Internet.Withvideo-and-audio-streaming now available,the Internet appears to bethe technology of choice for systems where students have access to computers.Of course,these technologies merely add to the radio--delivered courses that have been offered for years in many countries around the world.The programs and courses offered vary from basic literacy courses to the highest graduate-level programming.Hundreds of university degrees are now available through distance education,where90%or more of the required credits are given at a distance,as are dozens of master's degrees and a small number of accredited doctoral degrees. One estimate suggests that50,000university-level courses are now available through distance-education delivery systems.There will be two main types of educational institutions:those that add value in coursework and those that are certifying agencies. The certifying colleges and universities are those that act as educational bankers for students.Students will earn credits from many places and have the credits or certifications of completion sent to the certifying university,then that certifying university will award the degree when enough credits of the right type have been accumulated.Regent's College of the University of the State of New York and Thomas Edison College of New Jersey are public certifying institutions that give accredited degrees.One vision for some of the remaining residential colleges in the United States,now serving mainly the18-to-23-year-old population, is that many will become certifying colleges.Students will come tothe colleges for their social,artistic,athletic,and spiritual programs.The basic commodity these colleges will sell is membership in the college community.Students will access their courses from colleges and universities around the world,transfer the credits to the college,then gain a degree.Faculty members will serve as tutors and advisers and may provide some courses live.(479words)51.What is the passage mainly about?[A]The emerging global knowledge society[B]Distance-education mega-universities[C]The largest of these high enrollment universities[D]Two main types of educational institutions52.It may be inferred that the Internet could be the technology of choice in_______.[A]the China Central Radio and TelevisionUniversity[B]the University of South Africa[C]the British Open University[D]the English-speaking world53.We learn from the passage that the distance-education programs may offer all the following EXCEPT______.[A]virtually all the basic literacy courses and the highest graduate-level programming[B]nearly90%of the required credits[C]courses for master's degrees and accredited doctoral degrees[D]50,000university-level courses54.The residential colleges in the United States______.[A]serve only the18-to-23-year-old population[B]provide students with social,artistic,athletic,and spiritual programs[C]provide courses from colleges and universities around the world[D]may provide a lot of faculty members to conduct courses lively55.Judging from the context we know that a mega-universityis_______.[A]the largest of these high enrollment universities[B]the China Central Radio and TelevisionUniversity[C]the British Open University[D]a university with very large number of studentsText1151. B.远程教育的百万人大学。
北京航天航空大学考博英语模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Structure and V ocabulary 3. Cloze 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingReading ComprehensionThere are a great many careers in which the increasing emphasis is on specialization. You find these careers in engineering, in production, in statistical work, and in teaching. But there is an increasing demand for people who are able to take in great area at a glance, people who perhaps do not know too much about any one field. There is, in other words, a demand for people who are capable of seeing the forest rather than the trees, of making general judgments. We can call these people “generalists. “And these “generalists”are particularly needed for positions in administration, where it is their job to see that other people do the work, where they have to plan for other people, to organize other people’s work, to begin it and judge it. The specialist understands one field; his concern is with technique and tools. He is a “trained” man; and his educational background is properly technical or professional. The generalist —and especially the administrator —deals with people; his concern is with leadership, with planning, and with direction giving. He is an “educated” man; and the humanities are his strongest foundation. Very rarely is a specialist capable of being an administrator. And very rarely is a good generalist also a good specialist in particular field. Any organization needs both kinds of people, though different organizations need them in different proportions. It is your task to find out, during your training period, into which of the two kinds of jobs you fit, and to plan your career accordingly. Your first job may turn out to be the right job for you —but this is pure accident. Certainly you should not change jobs constantly or people will become suspicious of your ability to hold any job. At the same time you must not look upon the first job as the final job; it is primarily a training job, an opportunity to understand yourself and your fitness for being an employee.1．There is an increasing demand for______.A．all round people in their own fieldsB．people whose job is to organize other people’s workC．generalists whose educational background is either technical or professional D．specialists whose chief concern is to provide administrative guidance to others正确答案：B解析：第一段第三、四句指出，对“一眼即能看到很大范围，可能对任一领域都知之不多；能够看到森林而不是树木，能够做出总体判断”的人的需求在日益增加。
一（15分）计算 (1) 已知A 可逆，求10d Ate t ⎰（用矩阵A 或其逆矩阵表示）； （2）设1234(,,,)Ta a a a =α是给定的常向量，42)(⨯=ij x X 是矩阵变量，求Td()d X αX ；（3）设3阶方阵A 的特征多项式为2(6)I A λλλ-=-，且A 可对角化，求kk A A ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛∞→)(lim ρ。
二（15分）设微分方程组d d (0)xAx t x x ⎧=⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪=⎩，508316203A ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪--⎝⎭，0111x ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭（1）求A 的最小多项式)(λA m ； （3）求Ate ； （3）求该方程组的解。
三（15分）对下面矛盾方程组b Ax =312312111x x x x x x =⎧⎪++=⎨⎪+=⎩ （1）求A 的满秩分解FG A =； （2）由满秩分解计算+A ；（3）求该方程组的最小2－范数最小二乘解LS x 。
四（10分）设1113A ⎫=⎪⎭求矩阵A 的QR 分解（要求R 的对角元全为正数，方法不限）。
五（10分） 设(0,,2)TnA R n αβαβ=≠∈≥ （1）证明A 的最小多项式是2()tr()m A λλλ=-；（2）求A 的Jordan 形（需要讨论）。
六（10分）设m n r A R ⨯∈，（1）证明rank()n I A A n r +-=-；（2）0Ax =的通解是(),n n x I A A y y R +=-∀∈。
七（10分）证明矩阵2121212311122222224333333644421(1)(1)n n n n n n n n n n ---⎛⎫ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪+++⎝⎭A （1）能与对角矩阵相似；（2）特征值全为实数。
八（15分） 设A 是可逆矩阵，11,B A Aαβ-=-=（这里矩阵范数都是算子范数）， 如果βα<，证明（1）B 是可逆矩阵；（2）11B αβ-≤-；（3）11()B A βααβ---≤-。
北京航空航天大学2008年博士研究生入学考试试题题单号：101英语考生注意：所有答题务必写在考场提供的答题纸上，写在本试题单上的答题一律无效（本题单不参与阅卷）。
Parts Ⅰ Listening Comprehension（20points）Section A（10%）Directions：In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C andD and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET1.1. A. Mary lost the photo album。
B. It’s difficult to take photographs indoors.C. The photo album is in the living room.D. Mary is a good photographer.2. A. The job’s short hours make it impossible for her to refuse.B. She’s looking forward to meeting her new colleagues.C. She refused the position because of the low salary.D. The job is turning into an excellent opportunity for her.3. A. Take the man to the station.B. Find out when the next bus leaves.C. Show the man the way to the station.D. Look after the man’s things.4. A. He has to do what is necessary in order to learn.B. He doesn’t have to memorize all the vocabulary.C. There’s not much he can learn by memorizing.D. He knows the whole vocabulary list already.5. A. He hasn’t had time to try it on yet.B. It doesn’t fit him very well.C. He needs a long-sleeved shirt.D. He’s not sure he likes the pattern.6. A. She doesn’t think it will snow.B. The location of session has been changed.C. The session might be canceled.D. She’ll probably be too tired to walk to the session.7. A. Use bleach on his socks.B. Buy new white socks.C. Wash his red T-shirt again.D. Throw away his pink socks.8. A. He hasn’t talked to his brother since he transferred.B. He doesn’t think his brother should transfer.C. His brother doesn’t want to transfer.D. He hadn’t heard the news about his brother.9. A. Which seminar the woman wants to sign up for.B. If the woman keeps money at the bank.C. Where the woman learned about the seminar.D. If the woman has taken other classes on personal finances.10. A. He’s used to cold weather.B. He expected the weather to be warmer over the weekend.C. He has never liked the weather in October.D. He didn’t see the forecast for the weekend.Section B (10%)Directions: In this section you will hear 2 passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear one question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B , C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET 1.11.A. The unemployment rate was the lowest in modern times.B. Inflation was the lowest in 50 years.C. Home ownership was the highest in the country’s history.D. A budget surplus was achieved.12. A. On the day he was born.B. When he was four years old.C. When he was in high school.D. When he was in Georgetown University.13. A. A professional musician.B. A professor.C. An actor.D. A lawyer.14. A. George Washington.B. Abraham Lincoln.C. Franklin Roosevelt.D. John Kennedy.15. A. Positive.B. Negative.C. Neutral.D. Hostile.16. A. 40,000.B. 14,000.C. 400,000.D. 140,000.17. A. On October 18, 1955.B. On October 28, 1955.C. On October 18, 1958.D. On October 28, 1958.18. A. In 1973.B. In 1974.C. In his junior year.D. In his senior year.19. A. His dream of making more profit.B. His mother’s advice.C. A belief the computer would be a valuable tool on every office desktop and in everyhome.D. The suggestion of his friends.20. A. Eight weeks.B. Seven weeks.C. Six weeks.D. Five weeks.Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (30 points)Directions:There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Read the passages carefully and decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET 1.Passage 1There has been a lot of hand-writing over the death of Elizabeth Steinberg. Withoutblaming anyone in particular, neighbors, friends, social workers, the police and newspapereditors have struggled to define the community’s responsibility to Elizabeth and to otherbattered children. As the collective soul-searching continues, there is a pervading sense that thesystem failed her.The fact is, in New York State the system couldn’t have saved her. It is almost impossible to protect a child from violent parents, especially if they are white, middle-class, well-educated and represented by counsel.Why does the state permit violence against children? There are a number of reasons. First, parental privilege is a rationalization. In the past, the law was giving its approval to the biblical injunction against sparing the rod.Second, while everyone agrees that the state must act to remove children from their homes when there is danger of serious physical or emotional harm, many child advocates believe that state intervention in the absence of serious injury is more harmful than helpful.Third, courts and legislatures tread carefully when their actions intrude or threaten to intrude on a relationship protected by the Constitution. In 1923, the Supreme Court recognized the “liberty of parent and guardian to direct the upbringing and education of children under their control.” More recently, in 1977, it upheld the teacher’s privilege to use corporal punishment against schoolchildren. Read together, these decisions give the constitutional imprimatur to parental use of physical force.Under the best conditions, small children depend utterly on their parents for survival. Under the worst, their dependency dooms them. While it is questionable whether anyone or anything could have saved Elizabeth Steinberg, it is plain that the law provided no protection.To the contrary, by justifying the use of physical force against children as an acceptable method of education and control, the law lent a measure of plausibility and legitimacy to her parents’ conduct.More than 80 years ago, in the teeth of parental resistance and Supreme Court doctrine, the New York State Legislature acted to eliminate child labor law. Now, the state must act to eliminate child abuse by banning corporal punishment. To break the vicious cycle of violence, nothing less will answer. If there isa lesson to be drawn from the death of Elizabeth Steinberg, it is this: Spare the rod and spare the child.21. The New York State law seems to provide least protection of a child from violent parentsof .A. a family on welfareB. a poor uneducated familyC. an educated black familyD. a middle-class white family22. “Sparing the rod” (黑体部分)means .A.childrenspoilingB. punishing childrenC. not caring about childrenD. not beating children23. Corporal punishment against schoolchildren is .A. taken as illegal in the New York StateB. considered being in the teacher’s provinceC. officially approved by lawD. disapproved by school teachers24. From the article we can infer that Elizabeth Steinberg is probably the victim of .A. teachers’ corporal punishmentB. misjudgment of the courtC. parents’ ill-treatmentviolencestreetD.25. The writer of this article thinks that banning corporal punishment will in the long run .A. prevent violence of adultsB. save more childrenC. protect children from ill-treatmentD. better the systemPassage 2For laymen ethnology is the most interesting of the biological sciences for the very reason that it concerns animals in their normal activities and therefore, if we wish, we can assess the possible danger and advantages in our own behavioral roots. Ethnology also is interesting methodologically because it combines in new ways very scrupulous field observations with experimentation in laboratories.The field workers have had some handicaps in winning respect for themselves. For a long time they were considered as little better than amateur animal-watchers—certainly not scientists, since their facts were not gained by experimental procedures: they could not conform to the hard-and-fast rule that a problem set up and solved by one scientist must be tested by other scientists, under identical conditions and reaching identical results. Of course many situations in the lives of animals simply cannot be rehearsed and controlled in this way. The fall flocking of wild free birds can’t be, or the roving animals over long distances, or even details of spontaneous family relationships. Since these never can be reproduced in a laboratory, they are then not worth knowing about?The ethnologists who choose field work have got themselves out of this impasse by greatly refining the techniques of observing. At the start of a project all the animals to be studied are live-trapped, marked individually, and released. Motion pictures, often in color, provide permanent records of their subsequent activities. Recording of the animals’ voices by electrical sound equipment is considered essential, and the most meticulous notes are kept of all that occurs. With this material other biologists, far from the scene, later can verify the reports. Moreover, two field observers often go out together, checking each other’s observations right there in the field.Ethnology, the word, is derived from the Greek ethos, meaning the characteristic traits or featureswhich distinguish a group-any particular group of people or, in biology, a group of animals such as a species. Ethnologists have the intention of studying “the whole sequence of acts which constitute an animal’s behavior.” In abridged dictionaries, ethnology is sometimes defined simply as “the objective study of animal behavior,” and ethnologists do emphasize their wish to eliminate myths.26. In the first sentence, the word “laymen” means .A. people who stand asideB. people who are not trained as biologistsC. people who are amateur biologistsD. people who love animals27. According to the passage, ethnology is .A. a new branch of biologyB. an old Greek sciencescienceforamateurspseudo-science D.aC.a28.“The field workers have handicaps in winning respect for themselves.” This sentence means .A. ethnologists when working in the field are handicappedB. ethnologists have problems in winning recognition as scientistsC. ethnologists are looked down upon when they work in the fieldD. ethnologists meet with lots of difficulties when doing field work29. According to the explanation of the scientific rule of experiment in the passage, “hand-and-fast” means experiment procedures .A. are difficult and quick to followB. must be carried out in a strict and quick wayC. must be followed strictly to avoid false and loose resultsD. hard and unreasonable for scientist to observe30. The meaning of the underlined words in “the details of spontaneous family relationships” can be expressed as .A. natural family relationshipsoccurringfamily relationshipsquicklyB.C. animals acting like a natural familyD. animal family behavior that cannot be preplanned or controlledPassage 3Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics- the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with sub-millimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. ”While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA,“We can’t yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’ to reliably interact with adynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain’s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented-and human perception far more complicated—than previously imaged. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey ate the side of a forest road or the single suspicious face in big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can’t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.31. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in .A. the use of machines to produce science fictionB. the wide use of machines in manufacturing industryC. the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous workD. the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work32. The word “gizmos” (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means .programsA.expertsB.devicesC.creaturesD.33. According to the text, what is beyond man’s ability now is to design a robot that can .A. fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgeryB. interact with human beings verballyC. have a little common senseD. respond independently to a changing world34. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also .A. make a few decisions for themselvesB. deal with some errors with human interventionC. improve factory environmentsD. cultivate human creativity35. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are .A. expected to copy human brain in internal structureB. able to perceive abnormalities immediatelyC. far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant informationD. best used in a controlled environmentPassage 4When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she’d like to either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I’m a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “Idon’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too” she says.Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year’s pace. But don’t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there’s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,” says john Deadly, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.Many folks see silver lining to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn’t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swing, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan’s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant need to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co.may still be worth toasting.36. By “Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet” (Line 1, Paragraph 1), the author means .A. Spero can hardly maintain her businessB. Spero is too much engaged in her workC. Spero has grown out of her bad habitD. Spero is not in a desperate situation37. How do the pubic feel about the current economic situation?ConfusedA.B.OptimisticPanickedCarefree D.C.38. When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range”(Lines 3-4, Paragraph 3) the author is talking about .A. gold marketB. real estateC. stock exchangeD. venture investment39. Why can many people see “silver linings” to the economic slowdown?A. They would benefit in certain ways.B. The stock market shows signs of recovery.C. Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.D. The purchasing power would be enhanced.40. To which of the following idea is the author likely to agree?A. A now boom, around the corner.B. Tighten the belt, the single remedy.C. Caution all right, panic not.D. The more ventures, the more chances.Part Ⅲ Vocabulary (10 points)Directions:In this part, there are 20 sentences with four choices below each sentence. Choose the best one from the 4 choices. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET 1.41. The statement was an allusion to recent troubles with the agency’s computers.A. an explanationB. a contradictionC. a referenceD. a rejection42. A judge who is lenient will not punish people severely.loosemerciful B.A.sincere D.lunaticC.43. A balmy breeze came in and made us all feel refreshed.B.stronggentleA.D.fairywarmC.44. There is controversy even among doctors as to whether this disease is contagious or not.A. incisiveB. infertileC. allergicD. communicable45. The poem admirably expresses complicated nuance of feeling.innocenceB.annoyanceA.C. slight differenceD. great nuisance46. They believed that the merchants had conspired to undermine the nation’s economic independence.minimizeuphold B.A.C. weakenD. postpone47. Miss Black, an heir to a large fortune, is serving a life term.A. sentenceB. convictionofficeduty D.C.48. When doing business with an Arab, you have to endure hours of small talk, waiting for the topic of commerce to be broached.brokenA.B.raisedconcludedD.C.solved49. The ink had faded with time and so parts of the letter were illegible.illegitimateilliterate B.A.indecipherableD.C.inscrutable50. The process of respiration consists of two independent actions: inhaling and exhaling.recitingspeaking B.A.smelling D.breathingC.51. A briefcase full of counterfeit money was found on the counter.currencyB.A.forgedD.cashsubstitutedC.52. I hate to see the repulsive sights in commercials about cold remedies.A. soothingB. hypocriticaldeceitfulD.loathsomeC.53. Every of a motion picture is the responsibility of the director.A. sectionB. facetC. characterD. footage54. The criminal past a guard and managed to escape.stoleA. stormedB. sneezedC.sneaked D.55. Future scientific discoveries will make possible the further prolongation of the human life .pursuit D.spanC.well-beingcondition B.A.56. The sport of wrestling tests , strength, and stamina.A. agilityB. coordinationC. tacticsD. courage57. The travelers were into silence by the sight of a distant mountain.A. enlivenedB. awedC. forcedD. frightened58. What is missing from TV news would fill a book.A. coverageB. disseminationC. declarationD. consultation59. English in idioms, and so does Chinese.A. catersB. existsC. remainsD. abounds60. The university has sought to a special fund for physically disabled students.A. administerB. complimentC. performD. institutePart Ⅳ Cloze(10 points)Directions: In this part, there are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the blank. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET 1.An Ohio State University study has linked behavior in young children 61 the type of job their mother has. Mothers with complex occupations that are self-directed and require working with other people 62 to have offspring with relatively low levels of behavior problems. The opposite held 63 when the jobs were routine, closely supervised, and dealt with things, rather than people.“A job that challenges and interests a mother and gives her an opportunity to exercise judgment and solve problems clearly has 64 consequences for her children’s behavior,” indicates 65 professor of sociology Elizabeth Mengaghan. Occupations with more positive conditions include management, sales, and teaching positions. Jobs that may be related to increased child behavior problems include book keeping, food service, and 66 line positions.Women who are supervised closely at work and made to 67 strict orders may be more likely to use this same style in 68 their kids. They may emphasize obedience to parental authority and the potential for 69 punishment. “We believe that the choice of such a parenting style may increase the 70 of behavior problems in children.” On the 71 hand, mothers whose jobs are less controlled by supervisors and 72 must work closely with other people probably rely less on physical punishment, 73 encouraging children to think about consequences of their actions and 74 responsibility for their behavior. 75 an approach encourages youngsters to follow parental demands 76 they aren’t being supervised because they have accepted parental values as their own. Moreover, mothers whose jobs don’t 77 constant supervision “ 78 problem-solving skills that they can bring to other parts of their life”.The research also found that those who have 79 challenging and interesting jobs provide better home environments for their children. The mothers give their offspring more intellectual stimulation and emotional support, and this, 80 turn, is linked to fewer behavior problem.with C.B.in D.onof61.A.D.tendedrelatedC.62.likely B.A.linkedD.thesamewrong63.A.true B.false C.64. A. negative B. positive C. affirmative D. denialC.associate D.juniorvice B.deputy65.A.gatherD.C.gatheringassembledA.66.assembly B.listenD.heargive C.followB.67.A.68. A. growing B. bringing C. feeding D. raising69. A. mental B. psychological C. physical D. bodyD.depth70.C.extentA.frequency B.degreeanother D.othersC.A.other71.one B.C.thosewhosewho D.B.whom72.A.73. A. instead B. rather than C. rather D. instead ofget C.makehave D.take B.74.A.Thus D.WhatSo C.Such B.A.75.76. A. even B. even then C. even when D. even so77. A. involve B. relate C. revolve D. relate78. A. invent B. develop C. developing D. inventingleast79.most D.C.A.less B.moreby D.withto C.in B.A.80.Part Ⅴ Translation (15 points)Directions:Read the following passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.81. By now it’s hardly news that as education has risen to the top of the national agenda, a great wave of school reform has focused on two related objectives: more-stringent academic standards and increasingly rigorous accountability for both student and schools.82. In state after state, legislatures, governors, and state boards, supported by business leaders, have imposed tougher requirements in math, English, science, and other fields, together with new tests by which the performance of both students and schools is to be judged. In some places students have already been denied diplomas or held back in grade if they failed these tests. 83. In some states funding for individual schools and for teachers’ and principals’ salaries----and in some, such as Virginia, the accreditation of schools---will depend on how well students do on tests. More than half the states now require tests for student promotion or graduation.But a backlash has begun.84. In Virginia this spring parents, teachers, and school administrators opposed to the state’s Standard of Learning assessments, established in 1998, inspired a flurry of bills in the legislature that called for revising the test of their status as unavoidable hurdles for promotion and graduation. One bill would also have required that each new member of the sate board of education “take the eighth grade Standard of Learning assessments in English, mathematics, science, and social sciences” and that “the results of such assessments… be publicly reported.” 85. None of the bills passed, but there’s little doubt that if the system isn’t revised and the state’s high failure rates don’t decrease by 2004, when the first Virginia senior may be denied diplomas, the political pressure will intensify. Meanwhile, some parents are talking about Massachusetts-style boycotts.Part Ⅵ Writing(15 points)Directions:Write a composition of no less than 200 words about you opinions on academic plagiarism—the dishonest act in academic communication. Write your answer on ANSWER SHEET 2.。
北京航空航天大学考博英语真题2013年(总分80, 做题时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension略Part Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionDirections:There are four passages in this part Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the passages carefully and decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. Passage 1Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are two prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other material) against an image-bearing surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper is removed, the image adheres to it, but in reverse.The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth century A.D. for applying patterns to textiles. The process was not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for textile decoration and then for printing on paper. Woodcuts are created by a relief process; first, the artist takes a block of wood, which has been sawedparallel to the grain, covers it with a white ground, and then draws the image in ink. The background is carved away, leaving the design area slightly raised. The woodblock is inked, and the ink adheres to the raised image. It is then transferred to damp paper either by hand or with a printing press.Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmith"s art, originated in Germany and northern Italy in the middle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, "to carve"). The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remains in the incised grooves. An impression is made on damp paper in a printing press, with sufficient pressure-being applied so that the paper picks up the ink.Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to subtle modeling and shading through the use of fine lines. Hatching and cross-hatching determine the degree of light and shade in a print. Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with sharper contrasts between light and dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images. A set of multiples is called an edition. Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear. Massproduction of prints in the sixteenth century made images available, at a lower cost, to a much broader public than before.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.What does the passage mainly discuss?A The origins of textile decorationB The characteristics of good-quality printsC Two types\of printmakingD Types of paper used in printmaking该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:C[解析] 本题为主旨题。
1. The European Unions countries were once worried that they would not have __.A. sufficientB. efficientC. potentialD. proficient[译文]欧盟国家曾经担心他们潜力不足。
sufficient[英][səˈfiʃənt] [美][səˈfɪʃənt]adj.足够的，充足的；[逻辑学]（条件）必然的；〈古〉有能力的，能胜任的，够资格的n.足够（的量）efficient[英][iˈfiʃənt] [美][ɪˈfɪʃənt]adj.有效率的；（直接）生效的；能干的；（因省钱、省时或省力等而）收效大的potential[英][pəˈtenʃəl] [美][pəˈtɛnʃəl]adj.潜在的，有可能的；[语法学]可能语气的，表示可能性的；有能力的n.潜力，潜能；[物]电位，势能；潜能的事物；[语]可能语气proficient[英][prəˈfɪʃənt] [美][prəˈfɪʃənt]adj.精通的，熟练的n.能手，老手，专家[解析]此处需要名词，根据句意，排除A和D，选C。
2. W e’d like to __ a table for five for dinner this evening.A. preserveB. prosperityC. sustainD. retain[译文]我们想留一张五人桌今晚晚餐时用。
preserve[英][priˈzə:v] [美][prɪˈzɚv]vt.保护；保持，保存；腌制食物；防腐处理vi.保鲜；保持原状；做蜜饯；禁猎n.蜜饯；防护用品；禁猎地；独占的事物（或范围）prosperity[英][prɔsˈperiti] [美][prɑˈspɛrɪti]n.繁荣；兴旺，昌盛；成功mutual prosperity 相互繁荣; 共同繁荣; initial prosperity 初步繁荣昌盛; 初步繁荣sustain[英][səˈstein] [美][səˈsten]vt.维持；支撑，支持；遭受，忍受；供养sustainable development[səˈsteinəbl diˈveləpmənt] 可持续发展retain[英][riˈtein] [美][rɪˈten]vt.保持；留在心中，记住；雇用；付定金保留retained earnings 未分配的利润，留存收益[解析]应填入动词，根据句意，排除A和C，选D。
北京航空航天大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题2012年(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、Part I Listening Com(总题数：10，分数：10.00)A.He probably calls his brothers frequently.B.He should call his brothers more often.C.He does a lot of traveling.D.He’s saving money to visit his brothers.A.The battery is not correctly positioned.B.She doesn’t know how the calculator works.C.The calculator needs a new battery.D.The man should enter the numbers in a different order.A.They can get a guidebook in Montreal.B.It might not be necessary to buy a guidebook.C.He doesn't mind the cost of a guidebook.D.It’s no use trying to study on a trip,A.Being hungry.B.Having a big lunchC.The weather.D.Cooking.A.Tom’s apartment probably costs more than the man’s.B.The man’s place is becoming more expensive.C.Her apartment is better than the man’s.D.She wants to see Tom’s new apartmentA.Drop out of the play.B.Switch parts with another actor.C.Be patient about learning his part.D.Have his lines memorized by tomorrow.A.She agrees with the manB.The man missed the last study mission.C.She didn't understand the last chemistry class.D.The man should be more serious about his studies.A.He can’t meet the woman at the engineering building.B.He can’t give the woman a ride.C.He has already passed the engineering building.D.He’ll meet the woman after his appointmentA.He'll give the quiz at a later time.B.The quiz will be very short.C.The quiz won't be ready until Thursday.D.He’ll score the quiz quickly.A.Take the medicine as she was directed to do.B.Schedule another appointment with her doctor.C.Stop taking the medicine.D.Rest her back for a few days二、Section B (10%)(总题数：2，分数：10.00)Passage 1 （分数：5.00）A.Luxury tax.B.Property tax.C.Income tax.D.Sales tax.A.The tax percentage increases as a family's income increases.B.The tax percentage increases as a family’s salaries increase.C.The tax percentage decreases as a family's expenses increase.D.The tax percentage increases as a family's property increases.A.How long the family owns the property.B.The property's value.C.The owner’s income.D.The property’s value and the owner's income.A.Public schools.B.Public safety.C.Roads, parks and benefits for the poor.D.All of the above.A.To the state government.B.To the federal governmentC.To the local government.D.To the community.Passage 2 （分数：5.00）A.The government gives direct subsidy to every faith.B.There is no law by Congress respecting the establishment of religionC.There is a law by Congress to prohibit the free exercise of religion.D.There is no freedom for Americans to choose their religious faithA.One of the biggest increases in church membership.B.The event of prohibiting the free exercise of religion.C.A big decrease in church membership.D.The emergence of classes in religious study.A.9%.B.60%.C.45%.D.52%.A.The federal government.B.Public educational institutions.C.Various religious groups.D.The local government.A.Their member’s voluntary donations.B.The State Government.C.The private schools.D.Religious groups.三、Part II Reading Comp(总题数：4，分数：30.00)Passage 1 The long-term fortunes of the modern economy depend in part on the strength and sustainability of the family, both in relation to fertility trends and to marriage trends. This basic, but often overlooked, principle is now at work in the current global economic crisis. The decline of marriage and fertility is one factor in the global economic crisis. That is, one reason that some of the world’s leading economies — from Japan to Italy to Spain to the euro zone as a whole —are facing fiscal challenges is that their fertility rates have been below replacement levels (2.1 children per woman) for decades. Persistent sub-replacement fertility eventually translates into fewer workers relative to retirees, which puts tremendous strains on publiccoffers and the economy as a whole. Indeed, one recent study finds that almost half of the recent run-up in public debt in the West can be attributed to rapid aging over the last two decades. Even China may see its sky-high growth “come down to earth in the next few decades as its work force shrinks”because of its one-child policy, as Carlos Cavalle and I argued in a recent report. The Sustainable Demographic Dividend. By contrast, a recent Rand study suggests that “India will have more favorable demographics than China”over the next few decades, insofar as its work force is poised to grow. In fact, the Rand study suggests that India may be able to use this demographic advantage to outpace China's economic growth rates by the end of the century. Finally, it’s not just fertility that matters; it’s also marriage. At least in the West, children are more likely to acquire the human and social capital they need to thrive in the modern economy when they are raised in an intact, married family, In the U.S., for instance, children are more likely to graduate from high school, complete college and be gainfully employed as young adults if they were raised in an intact, married family. And around the globe, men are more likely to give their work their fullest effort and attention when they are married; this is one reason men worldwide enjoy “marriage premiums”in their income, ranging from about 14 percent (Mexico) to 19 percent (United States) to 35 percent (Russia). So, at least when it comes to men, research suggests that marriage has important implications for worker productivity. The bottom-line message is that what happens in the home does not stay at home; rather, the size of families, and their stability and quality, has important implications for the health of the global economy. Questions 21 to 25 are based on the passage.（分数：7.50）(1).The main idea of this passage is that _________ . （分数：1.50）A.women should bear more children in order to boost the economy.B.both marriage and fertility affect a country’s economy.C.marriage has important implications for worker productivity.D.India will outpace China’s economic growth rate by the end of the century.(2).One reason that the world’s leading economies are facing fiscal challenges is that ______. （分数：1.50）A.there is a global economic crisis in recent years.B.there are fewer babies, and consequently, people spend less on many commodities.C.people in these countries have fewer children than needed to replace the population for many years.D.there are tremendous strains on public coffers and the economy as a whole.(3).“... its work force is poised to grow” (para. 3) probably means ____________ . （分数：1.50）A.its work force pauses to grow.B.its work force continues to grow fast.C.its work force continues to grow steadily.D.its work force grows slowly.(4).From the passage we know that _________. （分数：1.50）A.children from an intact, married family are more likely to have a better life.B.the more people a country has, the stronger economy it will have.C.the health of the global economy depends entirely on individual families.D.men are likely to work harder when they are going to have children.(5).According to the passage, all the following can affect economy EXCEPT _____________ . （分数：1.50）A.the size of families.B.the stability of families.C.the quality of families.D.men and women ratio within the families.Passage 2 We have known for a long time that the organization of any particular society is influenced by the definition of the sexes and the distinction drawn between them. But we have realized only recently that the identity of each sex is not so easy to pin down, and that definitions evolve in accordance with different types of culture known to us, that is, scientific discoveries and ideological revolutions. Our nature is not considered as immutable, either socially or biologically. As we approach the beginning of the 21st century, the substantial progress made in biology and genetics is radically challenging the roles, responsibilities and specific characteristics attributed to each sex, and yet, scarcely twenty years ago, these were thought to be “beyond dispute”. We can safely say, with a few minor exceptions, that the definition of the sexes and their respective functions remained unchanged in the West from the beginning of the 19th century to the 1960s. The role distinction, raised in some cases to the status of uncompromising dualism on a strongly hierarchical model, lasted throughout this period, appealing for its justification to nature, religion and customs alleged to have existed since the dawn of time. The woman bore children and took care of the home. The man set out to conquer the world and was responsible for the survival of his family, by satisfying their needs in peacetime and going to war when necessary. The entire world order rested on the divergence of the sexes. Any overlapping or confusion between the roles was seen as a threat to the time-honored order of things. It was felt to be against nature, a deviation from the norm. Sex roles were determined according to the “place” appropriate to each. Women’s place was, first and foremost, in the home. The outside world, i.e. workshops, factories and business firms, belonged to men. This sex-based division of the world (private and public) gave rise to a strict dichotomy between the attitudes, which conferred on each its special identity. The woman, sequestered at home, “cared, nurtured and conserved”. To do this, she had no need to be daring, ambitious, tough or competitive. The man, on the other hand, competing with his fellow men, was caught up every day in the struggle for survival, and hence developed those characteristics which were thought natural in a man. Today, many women go out to work, and their reasons for doing so have changed considerably. Besides the traditional financial incentives, we find ambition and personal fulfillment motivating those in the most favorable circumstances, and the wish to have a social life and to get out of their domestic isolation influencing others. Above all, for all women, work is invariably connected with the desire for independence. Questions 26 to 30 are based on the passage.（分数：7.50）(1).It is only in recent years that we have recognized that ______. （分数：1.50）A.there is almost no clue to the identity of both sexes.B.the role distinction between different sexes is conspicuous.C.the different definitions of sexes bears on the development of culture.D.the progress of civilization greatly influences the role definitions of sexes.(2).From paragraph 1 we can infer that it is now possible for women to embark on a career because ______. （分数：1.50）A.the change in sex roles is out of the question.B.women’s lib has been going on for many years.C.ideas about the roles of women have been changing.D.the expansion of sciences scarcely remolds the women’s roles.(3).The author believes that sex discrimination in the West before the 1960s was ______. （分数：1.50）A.preferable.B.prevalent.C.presumable.D.precedent.(4).According to the fourth paragraph, the author seems to think that ______. （分数：1.50）A.female passivity is natural.B.men and women are physically identical.C.men are born competitive and aggressive.D.some different sex identity is acquired.(5).According to the author, which of the following is the most important reason for women to go to work? （分数：1.50）A.Wish to claim their rights and freedom.B.Ambition and self-fulfillment.C.Financial incentives.D.Desire for a social life.Passage 3 BBC’s Casualty programme on Saturday evening gave viewers a vote as to which of two patients should benefit from a donation. But it failed to tell us that we would not need to make so many life-and-death decisions if we got to grip with the chronic organ shortage. Being pussyfooting around in its approach to dead bodies, the Government is giving a kicking to some of the most vulnerable in our society. One depressing consequence of this is that a significant number of those on the waiting list take off to foreign countries to purchase an organ from a living third-world donor, something that is forbidden in the United Kingdom. The poor have no option but to wait in vain. The Human Tissue Authority’s position on the retention of body parts for medical research after a post-mortem examination is equally flawed. The new consent forms could have been drafted by some evil person seeking to stop the precious flow of human tissue into the pathological laboratory. The forms are so lengthy that doctors rarely have time to complete them and, even if they try, the wording is so graphic that relatives tend to leg it before signing. In consequence, the number of post mortems has fallen quickly. The wider worry is that the moral shortsightedness evident in the Human Tissue Act seems to infect every facet of the contemporary debate on medical ethics. Take the timid approach to embryonic stem cell research. The United States, for example, refuses government funding to scientists who wish to carry out potentially ground-breaking research on the surplus embryos created by IVF treatment. Senators profess to be worried that embryonic research fails to respect the dignity of “potential persons”. Rarely can such a vacuous concept have found its way into a debate claiming to provide enlightenment. When is this “potential”supposed to kick in? In case you were wondering, these supposedly precious embryos are at the same stage of development as those that are routinely terminated by the Pill without anyone crying. Thankfully, the British Government has refused the position of the United States and operates one of the most liberal regimes in Europe, in which licences have been awarded to researchers to create embryos for medical research. It is possible that, in years to come, scientists will be able to grow organs in the lab and find cures for a range of debilitating diseases. The fundamental problem with our approach to ethics is our inability to separate emotion from policy. The only factor that should enter our moral and legal deliberations is that of welfare, a concept that is meaningless when applied to entities that lack self-consciousness. Never forget that the research that we are so reluctant to conduct upon embryos and dead bodies is routinely carried out on living, pain-sensitive animals. Questions 31 to 35 are based on the passage.（分数：7.50）(1).What has caused the chronic organ shortage? （分数：1.50）A.a decrease in donation ratesB.inefficient governmental policyC.illegal trade in human organsD.news media's indifference(2).The expression “pussyfooting around”(Line 3, Paragraph 1) might mean ______________ . （分数：1.50）A.unfairB.hesitantC.secretD.strict(3).The moral shortsightedness is revealed in the fact that ___________ .（分数：1.50）A.the government has stopped the experiment on human tissueB.the donation consent forms are difficult to understandC.the Human Tissues Act is an obstacle to important medical researchD.embryonic research shows disregard for human life(4).To which of the following is the author most likely to agree? （分数：1.50）A.The rich and the poor are equal in the face of death.B.More scientists are needed for the medical advancement.C.There is a double standard in medical ethics.D.The dead deserve the same attention as the living.(5).The author is most critical of ______ . （分数：1.50）A.the mediaB.doctorsC.U. S. LegislatorsD.the British governmentPassage 4 When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it. Oftentimes, success is achieved, as medical science is able to isolate the parasite, germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases, in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination, so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread. The process of vaccination allows the patient's body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can ward it off naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment, so that his body's immune system can leam to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the disease's defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient's immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell. This makes sure that, should the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it, having already done so before. There are dangers inherent in the process, however. On occasion, even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune system succumbing, and, therefore, the patient's death. Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine, designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers. Approximately 1 in 10,000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus, if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today, 3000 Americans would be left dead. Fortunately, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970s, ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America. In the event of a reintroduction of the disease, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process, which is truly a mixed blessing, may indeed hide some hidden curses. Questions 36 to 40 are based on the passage.（分数：7.50）(1).The best title for the text may be ____________ . （分数：1.50）A."Vaccinations: A Blessing or A Curse"B."Principles of Vaccinations"C."Vaccines: Methods and Implications"D."A Miracle Cure under Attack"(2).What does the example of the Smallpox Vaccine illustrate? （分数：1.50）A.The passible negative outcome of administering vaccines.B.The practical use of a vaccine to control an epidemic disease.C.The effectiveness of vaccines in eradicating certain disease.D.The method by which vaccines are employed against the disease.(3).The phrase "ward it off naturally" (Paragraph 2) most probably means ______________ . （分数：1.50）A.dispose of it naturally.B.fight it off with case.C.see to it reluctantly.D.split it up properly.(4).Which of the following is true according to the text? （分数：1.50）A.Saving the majority would necessarily justify the death of the minority.B.The immune system can be trained to fight weaker versions of a disease.C.Mandatory vaccinations are indispensable to the survival of the populace.D.The process of vaccination remains a mystery to be further resolved.(5).The purpose of the author in writing this passage is ____________ . （分数：1.50）A.to comment and criticizeB.to demonstrate and argueC.to interest and entertainD.to explain and inform四、Part III Vocabulary (总题数：20，分数：10.00)11.This restaurant is frequently ______ by tourists because of its famous cooking. （分数：0.50）A.patronizedB.servicedC.attendedD.utilized12.The miser will not donate any money to charity because he is ______________ . （分数：0.50）A.greedyB.thriftyC.stingyD.careful13.Childhood memoirs often gain their poignancy through a sense of displacement: each lesson is accompanied by a loss of ______. （分数：0.50）A.perspectiveB.innocenceC.permissionD.veracity14.The rain ________ our spirits because we were planning to go for a picnic. （分数：0.50）A.decreasedB.dampenedC.moistenedD.hampered15.Their view that women are the natural ______ of morality is not my view. （分数：0.50）A.guardiansB.guardsC.guidesD.soldiers16.Scientists have acknowledged that to interpret an animal’s thought processes in a sound manner requires a heavy dose of ______ from our own mental patterns, which we access introspectively. （分数：0.50）A.estimationB.calculationC.skepticismD.inference17.The colonialists managed to wipe out the entire ____________ population. （分数：0.50）A.aboriginalB.originalrgeD.regional18.As has always been the case when tragedy has struck our community, the people of our town feel the obligation, and rightly so, to ____ in support of the victim and his family. （分数：0.50）A.entrenchB.rallyC.disseminateD.apologize19.Mr. Smith became very _________ when it was suggested that he had made a mistake. （分数：0.50）A.ingeniousB.empiricalC.objectiveD.indignant20.It can not be denied that the existing resources on earth will be depleted, but scientists are ______ to concede the inevitability of that day, realizing that new energies can be found in the near future. （分数：0.50）A.boundB.unpreparedC.hesitantD.likely21.Perfect certainty belongs only to the gods; the rest of us have to make do with science and its ______. （分数：0.50）A.imperfectionsB.conclusionsC.methodologiesD.hyperbole22.This was a five-digit national coding system to ____________ each postal delivery section. （分数：0.50）A.testifyB.countC.clarifyD.identify23.His physical and emotional ___________ to Oxford and to Mississippi, to the land and to the people that shaped him, was at the core of his being. （分数：0.50）A.personalityB.characterC.fidelityD.morality24.Most people choose a lawyer on the basis of such _____________ consideration as his cost, his field of expertise, and the fees he charges. （分数：0.50）A.humanisticB.irrelevantC.personalD.pragmatic25.Though sometimes __________, all too often technology is seen as a panacea for the great economic, social,and political challenges facing the nation as it embarks on the path of modernization. （分数：0.50）A.expensiveB.effectiveC.ignoredD.calamitous26.Among all the changes resulting from the ___________ entry of women into the work force, the transformation that has occurred in the women themselves is not the least important. （分数：0.50）A.massiveB.quantitativeC.surplusD.formidable27.There is much I enjoy about the changing seasons, but my favorite time is the _________ from fall to winter. （分数：0.50）A.transmissionB.transformationC.transitionD.transfer28.The development of these gene technologies may be far in the future, but the moral and social issues raised by them should be discussed ______, for once a technology has been invented, it may be difficult to stop or control. （分数：0.50）A.presentlyB.summarilyC.seriouslyD.hesitantly29.The local government has __________ the landowners to fish these waters. （分数：0.50）A.transformedB.transferredC.licensedD.allocated30.The plan for the new office tower went ahead ____________ of local opposition. （分数：0.50）A.on accountB.in the light ofC.outD.regardless五、Part IV Cloze (10 po(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Many years ago people thought the earth was flat. They believed that the sky __61__ a big upside-down bowl and that the sun, moon, and stars were lamps hanging from the top of the bowl. Later, people __62__ better. They found out that the earth __63__ round. We call the study of the skies and the planets astronomy, __64__ we call the watchers of the skies astronomer. Early astronomers thought the earth was the center of __65__. They thought the heavens spun __66__ theearth. Later, they changed their __67__. They knew the earth was not the center. They believed that the earth and the __68__ planets spin around the sun. Today we know this is true. Ancient scientists studied the skies __69__ simple instruments. The first person __70__ a telescope was named Galileo. In 1610 __71__ four moons around the planet Jupiter. Today __72__ use more complex equipment. Some of these measure the brightness of light. __73__ break lights up into different colors. Radio telescopes make stars and planets __74__ far closer than Galileo's telescope could. Early astronomers __75__ five planets in the sky. Besides Earth, they knew about mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. In 1781 a seventh one was discovered and named Uranus. Years later, astronomers found another planet and called it Neptune. The ninth planet to be found is called Pluto. It was not __76__ until 1930. Today scientists can __77__ almost anywhere. They have reached the heavens with their spacecraft, in 1959, a spacecraft __78__ took pictures of the dark side of the moon. Ten years later a spacecraft landed two Americans on the moon. Other important journeys into space __79__. Who knows? Maybe __80__ human beings will live on another planet. Maybe you will be one of them.（分数：10.00）A.isB.wasC.had beenD.wereA.spokeB.toldC.knewD.swanA.wasB.had beenC.isD.wereA.andB.butC.yetD.stilA.anythingB.nothingC.somethingD.everythingA.aroundB.roundC.aboutD.alongA.jobsB.mindsC.suggestionD.adviceA.otherB.anotherC.restD.remainedA.byB.onC.withD.withinA.to useedesD.of usingA.inventedB.createdC.sawD.discoveredA.musiciansB.carpentersC.astronomersD.scholarsA.The othersB.OthersC.AnotherD.The otherA.lookB.lookingC.to lookD.looksA.could have seenB.could seeC.had seenD.sawA.trappedB.servedC.discoveredD.settledA.runB.exploreC.playD.relaxA.firstB.firstlyC.for the firstD.first of allA.followedB.had followedC.were followingD.FollowA.somedayB.some dayC.some daysD.somedays六、Part V Translation ((总题数：1，分数：15.00)Scholars and students have always been great travelers. 81. The official case for “academic mobility” is now often stated in impressive terms as a fundamental necessity for economic and social progress in the world, and debated in the corridors of Europe, but it is certainly nothingnew. Serious students were always ready to go abroad in search of the most stimulating teachers and the most famous academies; in search of the purest philosophy, the most effective medicine, the likeliest road to gold. Mobility of this kind meant also mobility of ideas, their transference across frontiers, their simultaneous impact upon many groups of people. 82. The point of learning is to share it, whether with students or with colleagues; one presumes that only eccentrics have no interest in being credited with a startling discovery, or a new technique. It must also have been reassuring to know that other people in other parts of the world were about to make the same discovery or were thinking along the same lines, and that one was not quite alone, confronted by inquisition, ridicule or neglect. In the twentieth century, and particularly in the last 20 years, the old footpaths of the wandering scholars have become vast highways. 83. The vehicle which has made this possible has of course been the aeroplane, making contact between scholars even in the most distant places immediately feasible, and providing for the very rapid transmission of knowledge. Apart from the vehicle itself, it is fairly easy to identify the main factors which have brought about the recent explosion in academic movement. 84. Some of these are purely quantitative and require no further mention: there are far more centers of learning, and a far greater number of scholars and students. 85. In addition one must recognize the very considerable multiplication of disciplines, particularly in the sciences, which by widening the total area of advanced studies has produced an enormous number of specialists whose particular interests are precisely defined. These people would work in some isolation if they were not able to keep in touch with similar isolated groups in other countries.（分数：15.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________七、Part VI Writing (15 (总题数：1，分数：15.00)31.Directions: Have you ever attempted to question academic authority in your learning and research process? What do you think are the appropriate attitudes towards academic authority? Write an essay of no less than 150 words to explain your opinions on this issue. Write your answer on ANSWER SHEET 2.（分数：15.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。
2006年北京航空航天大学考博英语试题Part I Listening Comprehension(略)Part II Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the passages carefully and decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage 1Some psychologists maintain that mental acts such as thinking are not performed in the brain alone, but that one's muscles also participate. It may be said that we think with our muscles in somewhat the same way that we listen to music with our bodies.You surely are not surprised to be told that you usually listen to music not only with your ears but with your whole body. Few people can listen to music that is more or less familiar without moving their body or, more specifically, some part of their body. Often when one listens to a symphonic concert on the radio, he is tempted in direct the orchestra even though he knows there is a competent conductor on the job.Strange as this behavior may be, there is a very good reason for it. One cannot derive all possible enjoyment from music unless he participates, so to speak, in its performance. The listener "feels" himself into the music with more or less pronounced motions of his body.The muscles of the body actually participate in the mental process of thinking in the same way, but this participation is less obvious because it is less pronounced.21. Some psychologists maintain that thinking is______.A. not a mental processB. more of a physical process than a mental actionC. a process that involves your entire bodyD. a process that involves the muscles as well as the brain22. Few people are able to listen to familiar music without ______.A. moving some part of their bodyB. stopping what they are doing to listenC. directing the orchestra playing itD. wishing that they could conduct music properly23. Body movements are necessary in order for the listener to ______.A. hear the musicB. appreciate the musicC. enjoy the music fullyD. completely understand the music24. According to the selection, muscle participation in the process of thinking is ______.A. deliberateB. obviousC. not readily apparentD. very pronounced25. The best title for this selection is ______.A. An Ear for MusicB. Music AppreciationC. How Muscles Participate in Mental ActsD. A Psychological Definition of the Thinking ProcessPassage 2Laziness is a sin----everybody knows that. We have probably all had lectures pointing out that laziness is immoral, that it is wasteful, and that lazy people will never amount to anything in life. But laziness can be moreharmful than that, and it is often caused by more harmful than that, and it is often caused by more complex reasons than simple wish to avoid work. Some people who appear to be lazy are suffering from much more serious problems. They may be so distrustful of their fellow workers that they are unable to join in any group task for fear of ridicule or fear of having their ideas stolen. These people who seem lazy may be paralyzed by a fear of failure that prevents fruitful work. Or other sorts of fantasies may prevent work; some people are so busy planning, sometimes panning great deals or fantastic achievements that they are unable to deal with whatever "lesser" work is on hand. Still other people are not avoiding work; strictly speaking, they are merely procrastinating-rescheduling their day.Laziness can actually be helpful. Like procrastinators, some people may look lazy when they are really thinking, planning, contemplating, researching. We should all remember that some great scientific discoveries occurred by chance or while someone was "goofing off". Newton wasn't working in the orchard when the apple hit him and he devised the theory of gravity. All of us would like to have someone "lazy" to build the car to stove we buy, particularly if that "laziness" were cause by the worker's taking time to check each step or his work and to do his job right. And sometimes, being "lazy"----- that is, taking time off for a rest is good for the overworked student or executive. Taking a rest can be particularly helpful to the athlete who is trying too hard or the doctor who's simply working himself overtime too many evenings at the clinic. So be careful when you're tempted to call someone lazy. That person may be thinking, resting, or planning his or her next book.26. The main idea of this passage is that ______.A. laziness is a moral sinB. there are advantages and disadvantages in being lazyC. laziness is the sign of deep-seated emotional problemsD. lazy people do more careful work27. The passage states that ______.A. laziness is a diseaseB. some people appear lazy because they are insecureC. laziness is more beneficial than harmfulD. a good definition of laziness is emotional illness28. Which of the following conclusion does the passage support? ______A. The word laziness is sometimes applied incorrectly.B. Most of the time laziness is a virtue.C. Most assembly line workers are lazy.D. Most insecure people are lazy.29. The final paragraph is ______.a. gloomy B. humorous C. serious D. ironical30. "Goofing off" as used in paragraph 2 probably means ______.A. wasting timeB. sleepingC. workingD. chatting with friendsPassage 3The idea of humanoid robots is not new. They have been part of the imaginative landscape ever since Karl Capek, a Czech writer, first dreamed them up for his 1921 play "Rossum's Universal Robots". (The word "robot" comes from the Czeeh word for drudgery, robota.) Since then, Hollywood has produced countless variations on the theme, from the sultry False Maria in Fritz Lang's silent masterpiece "metropolis" to the withering C-3PO in "Star Wars" and the ruthless assassin of "Terminator". Humanoid robots have walked into our collective subconscious, coloring our views of the future.But now Japan's industrial giants are spending billions of yen to make such robots a reality. Their new humanoids represent impressive feats of engineering: when Honda introduced Asimo, a four-foot robot that had been in development for some 15 years, it walked so fluidly that its white, articulated exterior seemed toconceal a human. Honda continues to make the machine faster, friendlier and more agile. Last October, when Asimo was inducted into the Robot Hall of Fame in Pittsburgh, it walked on the stage and accepted its own plaque.At two and a half feet tall, Sony’s QRIO is smaller and more toy-like than Asimo. It walks, understands a small number of voice commands, and can navigate on its own. It is falls over, it gets up and resumes where it left off. It can even connect wirelessly to the internet and broadcast what its camera eyes can see. In 2003, Sony demonstrated an upgraded QRIO that could run. Honda responded last December with a version of Asimo that runs at twice the speed.In 2004, Toyota joined the fray with its own family of robots, called Partner, one of which is a four-foot humanoid that plays the trumpet. Its fingers work the instrument’s valves, and it has mechanical lungs and artificial lips. Toyota hopes to offer a commercial version of the robot by 2010. This month, 50 Partner robots will act as guides at Expo 2005 in Aichi, Japan.Despite their sudden proliferation, however, humanoids are still a mechanical minority. Most of the world's robots are faceless, footless and mute. They are bolted to the floors of factories, stamping out car parts or welding pieces of metal, making more machines. According to the United Nations, business orders for industrial robots jumped 18% in the first half of 2004. They may soon be outnumbered by domestic robots, such as self-navigating vacuum cleaners, lawn mowers, and window-washers, which are selling fast. But neither industrial nor domestic robots are humanoid.31. In paragraph 1 the author introduces this topic by relating ______.A. the idea of humanoid robotsB. Karl Capek's creation of robotsC. Hollywood's production of robot filmsD. the origin of and popular movies about robots32. According to the author's description, Asimo ______.A. is a four-legged robotB. seems more like a human being than a machine in actionC. seems more like a machine than a human being in actionD. is in a sort of animal form33. Sony’s QRIO could perform all the following tasks EXCEPT ______.A. walking everywhere freelyB. understanding some words uttered by peopleC. finding its wayD. continuing walking after it stumbles34. From the passage we may infer that Toyota’s Partner ______.A. is much better than any other robotsB. is no more than a mechanic deviceC. may be put into mass productionD. may speak like man35. Judging from the context, this passage is probably written ______.A. in 2004B. in 2005C. between 2003~2004D. between 2004~2005Passage 4Ocean water plays an indispensable role in supporting life. The great ocean basins hold bout 300 million cubic miles of water. From this vast amount, bout 80,000 cubic miles of water are sucking into the atmosphere each year by evaporation and returned by precipitation and drainage to the ocean. More than 24,000 cubic miles of rain descend annually upon the continents. This vast amount is required to replenish the lakes and streams, springs and water tables on which all flora and fauna are dependent. Thus, the hydrosphere permitsorganic existence.The hydrosphere has strange characteristics because water has properties unlike those of any other liquid. One anomaly is that water upon freezing expands by about 9 percent, whereas most liquids contract on cooling. For this reason, ice floats on water bodies instead of sinking to the bottom. If the ice sank, the hydrosphere would soon be frozen solidly, except for a thin layer of surface melt water during the summer season. Thus, all aquatic life would be destroyed and the interchange of warm and cold currents, which moderates climate, would be notably absent.Another outstanding characteristic of water is that it has a heat capacity which is the highest of all liquids and solids except ammonia. This characteristic enables the oceans to absorb and sore vast quantities of heat, thereby often preventing climate extremes. In addition, water dissolves more substances than any other liquid. It is this characteristic which helps make oceans a great storehouse for minerals which have been washed down from the continents. In several areas of the world these minerals are being commercially exploited. Solar evaporation of salt is widely practiced, potash is extracted from the Dead Sea, and Magnesium is produced from seawater along the American Gulf Coast.36. A characteristic of water NOT mentioned in this passage is that water ______.A. expands on freezingB. is a great solventC. is like ammoniaD. has a very high heat capacity37. From this passage, we may conclude that ______.A. ocean and land masses are equalB. ocean masses are smaller than land massesC. it is difficult to get fresh water from the oceanD. none of the above is correct38. By “hydrosphere” the author means ______.A. the moisture in the airB. the part of the earth covered by waterC. the Milky WayD. the frozen waters of the earth39. Fish can survive in the oceans because ______.A. there are currents in the oceanB. ice floatsC. evaporation and condensation create a water cycleD. water absorbs heat40. “Anomaly”, as used in the second paragraph, means ______.A. state of being anonymousB. abnormalityC. characteristicD. propertyPart III Vocabulary (10 points)Directions: In this part, there are 20 sentences with four choices below each sentence. Choose the best one from the 4 choices. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.41. Early exponents of science fiction such as Jules Verne and H.G. Wells explored with zest the future possibilities opened up to the optimistic imagination by modern technology.A. inspirationB. enthusiasmC. fantasyD. endeavor42. Except for coarse earthen-wares, which can be made from clay as it is found in the earth, pottery is made from special clays plus other materials mixed to achieve the desired results.A. conventionalB. uniqueC. genuineD. crude43. When the fire broke out in the building, the people lost their heads and ran into the elevator.A. pouredB. dismayed C panicked D. trembled44. The English language contains a(n) ______ of words which are comparatively seldom used in ordinaryconversation.A. altitudeB. latitudeC. multitudeD. attitude45. The wealth of a country should be measured ______ the health and happiness of people as well as the material goods it can produce.A. in line withB. in terms ofC. in regard withD. by means of46. Radar is used to extend the ______ of man's senses for observing his environment, especially the sense of vision.A. validityB. liabilityC. capacityD. intensity47. We are writing to the manager ______ the repairs recently carried out at the above address.A. with the exception ofB. with the purpose ofC. with reference toD. with a view to48. They made detailed investigations to ______ themselves with the needs of the rural marketA. adhereB. acknowledgeC. acquaintD. activate49. Probably there's a good reason for her absence, as she doesn't usually stay away from work.A. ConspicuouslyB. ProspectivelyC. incidentallyD. Presumably50. I was ______ in my reading, and didn't at first hear the doorbell ring.A. immuredB. immersedC. busyD. infatuated51. Ten minutes later, the police came and ______ the crowd.A. dismayedB. dispersedC. dismountedD. distressed52. There are ______ differences between theory and practice.A. legibleB. ladenC. radicalD. medieval53. Will you ______ my article to find out whether I've made any mistakes?A. look afterB. look throughC. look upD. look into54. When he lived in that remote place, radio was the only means he had to keep ______ of current events in the country.A. accountB. traceC. recordD. track55. The flashing red light served as a ______ of danger ahead.A. predictorB. cautionC. precautionD. prevention56. According to the weather forecast, which is usually ______, it will snow this afternoon.A. accurateB. dullC. awkwardD. tedious57. If his father could not keep up the payments on the mortgage, his uncle might ______ it for him.A. redeemB. amendC. resembleD. appeal58. His writing depicts this changing world and the increasing cultural diversity of the United States.A. conflictB. refinementC. varietyD. movement59. She was artful and could always get round her parents in the end.A. playB. deceiveC. confuseD. annoy60. He became aware that he had lost his audience since he had not been able to talk coherently.A. honestlyB. appropriatelyC. intelligiblyD. flexiblyPart IV Cloze (10 points)Directions: Decide which of the choices given below could correctly complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Who won the World Cup 2004 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play? (61) ______ an event takes place, newspapers are on the street (62) ______ the details whenever anything happens in the world, reporters are on the spot to (63) ______ the news.Newspapers have one basic (64) ______, to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to (65) ______ it. Radio, television, and (66) ______ inventions broughtcompetition for newspapers. So did the development of magazines and other means of communication (67) ______, this competition merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the (68) ______ and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are (69) ______ and read than ever before. Competition also led newspapers to branch out into many other fields. Besides keeping readers (70) ______ of the latest news, today's newspapers (71)______ and influence readers about politics and other important and serious matters. Newspapers influence readers’ economic choices (72) ______ advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very (73) ______, Newspapers are sold at a price that (74) ______ even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main (75) ______ of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The (76)___ in selling advertising depends on newspaper's value to advertisers. This (77)_____ in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends (78) ______ on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment (79) ______ in a newspaper's pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspaper’s value to readers as a source of information (80) ______ the community, city, county, nation and world ---- and even outer space.61. A. Just when B. While C. Soon after D. Before62. A. to give B. giving C. given D. being given63. A. gather B. spread C. carry D. bring64. A. reason B. cause C. problem D. purpose65. A. make B. publish C. know D. write66. A. another B. other C. one another D. the other67. A. However B. And C. Therefore D. So68. A. value B. ratio C. rate D. speed69. A. spread B. passed C. printed D. completed70. A. inform B. be informed C. to be informed D. informed71. A. entertain B. encourage C. educate D. edit72. A. on B. through C. with D. of73. A. forms B. existence C. contents D. purpose74. A. tries to cover B. manages to cover C. fails to cover D. succeeds in75. A. source B. origin C. course D. finance76. A. way B. means C. chance D. success77. A. measures B. measured C. is measured D. was measured78. A. somewhat B. little C. much D. something79. A. offering B. offered C. which offered D. to be offered80. A. by B. with C. at D. aboutPart V Translation (15 points)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate it into Chinese. Writing the translation on the ANSWER SHEET (2).Artificial intelligence and virtual reality are tow computer-related technologies that may cast large shadow on education. Much of school planning may be done not by human agents but by programs created by human agents; and much of what was once accomplished by textbooks and occasional field trips will now be performed in virtual reality. One can ask: what is the truth value of the materials prepared entirely by non-human entities?In a turnabout from previous trends, the acquisition of credentials may become less important. Individuals will be able to educate themselves (largely if not wholly) and to exhibit their mastery in a simulated setting. Why pay $120,000 to go to law school, if one can "read law" as in early times and then demonstrate one's legal skills via computer simulation? Or learn to fly a plane by similar means, for that matter?Technology has revolutionized the world in which schools operate. Now it's time for education to catch upto change.Part VI Writing (15points)Directions: Write a composition of no less than 200 words on the following topic on the ANSWER SHEET (2).Space Research2006年参考答案21-25 DACCC26-30 BBACA31-35 DBACB36-40 CCBCB41-45 BDCBD46-50 DCCDB51-55 BCDDB56-60 AACBC61-65 CBADC66-70 BADCD71-75 CBBCA76-80 DCABDPart V Translation人工智能和虚拟现实是两种与电脑有关的技术，他们可能对教育产生重大影响。
北京航空航天大学考博英语真题2014年(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)Ⅰ. Reading ComprehensionDirections:In this section, there are four texts. After each text, there are five questions marked A, B, C and D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Text OneA controversy erupted in the **munity in early 1998 over the use of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) fingerprinting in criminalinvestigations. DNA fingerprinting was introduced in 1987 as a method to identify individuals based on a pattern seen in their DNA, the molecule of which genes are made. DNA is present in every cell of the body except red blood cells. DNA fingerprinting has been used successfully in various ways, such as to determine paternity where it is not clear who the father of a particular child is. However, it isin the area of criminal investigations that DNA fingerprinting has potentially powerful and controversial uses.DNA fingerprinting and other DNA analysis techniques have revolutionized criminal investigations by giving investigators powerful new tools in the attempt to prove guilt, not just establish innocence. When used in criminal investigations, a DNA fingerprint pattern from a suspect is compared with a DNA fingerprint pattern obtained from such material as hairs or blood found at the scene of a crime. A match between the two DNA samples can be used as evidence to convict a suspect.The controversy in 1998 stemmed from a report published in December 1991 by population geneticists Richard C. Lewontin of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass., and Daniel L. Hartl called into question the methods to calculate how likely it is that a match between two DNA fingerprints might occur by chance alone. In particular, they argued that the current method cannot properly determine the likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they came from the same individual rather than simply from two different individuals who are members of the same ethnic group. Lewontin and Hartl called for better surveys of DNA patterns methods are adequate. In response to their criticisms, population geneticists Ranajit Chakraborty of the University of Texas in Dallas and Kenneth K. Kidd of Yale University in New Haven, Conn., argued that enough data are already available to show that the methods currently being used are adequate. In January 1998, however, the Federal Bureau ofInvestigation and laboratories that conduct DNA tests announced that they would collect additional DNA samples from various ethnic groupsin an attempt to resolve some of these questions. And, in April, aNational Academy of Sciences called for strict standards and system of accreditation for DNA testing laboratories.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.Before DNA fingerprinting is used, suspects ______.A would have to leave their fingerprints for further investigationsB would have to submit evidence for their innocenceC could easily escape conviction of guiltD could be convicted of guilt as well该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1.5答案:C[解析] 本题为推理题。
北京航空航天大学考博英语真题及解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)Ⅰ Reading ComprehensionTest One(总题数：1，分数：7.50)Sixty days walking over ice and snow in temperature as low as -45℃, with nothing to keep you company except the occasional polar "bear". This is no small achievement. Only a few people have ever walked to the North Pole unassisted, and if Christina Franco succeeds, she will have earned a place in the history books and met one of the few remaining challenges of exploration left to women.Her 480-mile journey will begin in northern Canada, dragging a sledge that weighs as much as she does. At the end of each day's walking or skiing, she will pitch her tent in subzero temperatures, get into a sleeping bag filled with ice, and attempt to sleep to the unsettling background sounds of howling wind and cracking ice, which may or may not signal the approach of one of those polar bears. "I'll carry a pistol to scare any bears away," says Franco, 42. "The bears that far north won't have had contact with humans, fortunately, so they won't associate me with food, but they will be curious and that's dangerous. If it uses a paw to see what you are, it could damage your tent—or your arm. I imagine I'll have quite a few sleepless nights."Many of the early polar explorers suffered from disease and injuries, and while modem technology (lightweight materials, satellite phones, places on stand-by to carry out rescue missions) has lessened the dangers, it can never make such an inhospitable landscape anything approaching safe. It can take just five minutes for any uncovered skin to become frostbittenand, once the sun has risen, Franco will only be able to remove her sunglasses inside her tent, otherwise the intensity of the sunlight reflecting off the snow would cause snow blindness. Just to heighten the danger, the cold will slow down her brain functions, so it will be more difficult to make split-second decisions in the event of a sudden crisis.She will use about 8,000 calories a day, losing nearly half a kilogram every 24 hours. "The problem is that the human body can only take on about 5,500 calories a day," she says. "So you have to fatten up before you set off or you'll run out of energy." Franco is currently trying to put on 19 kilos. She may complain about not fitting into any of her dresses, but when Franco weighs herself in front of me and finds she's lost one kilo rather than gained two, as she'd expected, she's very upset. "I hope my scales are wrong because, if not, I've lost weight," she says, reaching for one of many bars of chocolate lying around her kitchen.1. What does the writer say about the history of exploration? ______（分数：7.50）A.Walking to the North Pole used to be considered easier than other journeys.B.No woman has ever completed the journey to the geographic North Pole.C.Female explorers have already done most of the world's difficult journeys. √D.Franco is already an important historical figure for her previous journeys.解析：根据第一段中的“Only a few people have ever walked to the North Pole unassisted, and if Christina Franco succeeds, she will have earned a place in the history books and met one of the few remaining challenges of exploration left to women.”可知，只有少数人曾独自走到北极，如果克里斯蒂娜·佛朗哥成功了，她将在史书中占有一席之地，完成为女性留下的尚未完成的为数不多的探险挑战之一。
2008年概率论考博试题填空题：(每题5分，共10小题)1.袋中装有2个伍分、3个贰分，5个壹分的硬币。
任取其中5个，求总值不少于壹角的概率。
2.甲、乙两艘轮船驶向一个不能同时停泊两艘轮船的码头停泊，它们在一昼夜内到达的时刻是等可能的。
如果甲船停泊的时间是3h,乙船停泊的时间为2h,求它们中的任何一艘都不需等待码头空出的概率？3.将5本不同的数学书，3本不同的物理书，2本不同的英语书随意地摆放在书架的同一层，求恰有3本数学书放在一起的概率。
2009年概率论考博试题一、填空题，每题4分，共11小题1.有n个白球和n个黑球混合组成的一组球，现将其随机地分成两组，然后从这两组球中随机地各抽取一只球，问取到两个相同颜色球的概率是多少？_______2•无线电通讯中，又有随机干扰，当发出信号为“•”时，收到信号为“ •”、“不清”和“一”的概率分别为0.7, 0.2，0.1.当发出信号为“一”时，收到信号为“一”、“不清”和“.”的概率分别为0.9，0.1和0.如果发报过程中“.”和“一”出现的概率分别是0.6和0.4，当收到信号“不清”时，原发信号是“.”的概率是多少？____________3.已知Y(t) =X sin(7 R, X ~ N (45454 -1,3),二~ U(0,2二)「为已知常数，问E[Y(tJY(t2)]二_____________n二、已知Y n =7 X i，P{X i =0} =2/3,P{X j =1} =1/3, X i 之间相互独立。
(10 分，大概)1.求Y n的分布律；22.求E(Y n)，D(Y n)，E(Y n )3.求E(Y n* Y n l)三、已知连续型随机变量X的分布函数：0 x兰0F x(X)=i 0 vx £兀5丿1 X "求Y = sinX的概率密度f Y(y)。
(10分，大概)已知X i ~ N(0,J，问2(X」X2)2(X4 X5 X6) 的分布是什么？方差是多少?四、选择题，每题5分(大概，也许是4分)，共5题(具体内容一个也记不清了) 只记得一个题的题干：f W x—"x4, x"五、X的概率密度函数f(X) , X i_X n为一已知样本。
北京航空航天大学2023级博士研究生招生入学考试《固体物理学》科目考试范围一、晶体结构（掌握）1、晶体中原子的周期性列阵2、点阵的基本类型3、晶列和晶面指数4、简朴晶体结构二、晶体衍射（掌握）1、倒易点阵2、周期函数的付里叶分析3、劳厄衍射条件4、基元的几何结构因子及原子形状因子5、X射线衍射的实验方法三、晶体结合（掌握）1、晶体结合的基本形式2、分子晶体与离子晶体，范德瓦尔斯互作用，马德隆常数四、声子（晶体振动及热学性质）（掌握）1、一维原子链的振动单元子链双原子链声学支光学支2、格波简正坐标格波能量量子化声子3、长波近似4、固体热容爱因斯坦模型德拜模型5、非简谐效应热膨胀热传导6、中子的非弹性散射测声子能谱五、晶体缺陷（了解）1、晶体缺陷线缺陷面缺陷点缺陷2、热缺陷及其运动3、扩散及微观机理4、杂质在外力作用下的扩散5、位错的物理特性六、固体电子论基础（掌握）1、金属自由电子的物理模型2、金属自由电子的热容3、金属的电导4、电子在外加电磁场中的运动漂移速度方程霍耳效应5、金属热导率七、能带理论（掌握）1、布洛赫定理2、布里渊区3、近自由电子模型4、平面波法紧束缚近似法赝势法5、电子的准经典运动6、金属半导体和绝缘体空穴的概念7、费密面及费密面结构八、专题（了解）金属与合金半导体固体磁性固体的光学性质铁电体超导电性非晶态物质固体的表面与界面低维固体与纳米结构《现代光学》科目考试范围一、光的传播和基本性质1、光的电磁波理论（平面波和球面波）2、惠更斯原理3、费马原理4、光传播的几何光学定律，折射率与光速和波长关系5、光的电磁波基本性质及其证明6、光度学基本概念（发光强度、亮度、朗伯余弦定律和光照度）二、几何光学成像1、近轴成像2、抱负系统成像理论（1）光学系统基点基面，光焦度（2）物像关系作图法（3）运用牛顿公式和高斯公式计算物像关系3、光学成像仪器及其原理4、像差基础（像差的种类、产生原理、校正的方法）三、波动光学1、光波前函数的指数和复振幅描述2、光的干涉（1）干涉的充要条件（2）衬比度（3）分波前干涉（杨氏干涉，其它干涉装置）（4）光场的空间相干性（5）分振幅干涉（等厚和等倾干涉，迈克尔逊干涉仪及应用）（6）光的时间相干性（7）多光束干涉3、光的衍射（1）惠更斯-菲涅尔原理，基尔霍夫衍射公式（2）近场菲涅尔衍射，半波带法与菲涅尔透镜（波带片）（3）远场夫琅禾费衍射光学系统的分辨率（圆孔衍射与爱里斑、瑞利判据、光学仪器分辨本领）（4）光栅及其特性四、偏振1、光的偏振态种类及其表征、偏振片和马吕斯定律2、光在电介质表面的反射和折射（1）反射光的半波损失和偏振特性（2）斯托克斯倒逆关系（3）隐逝波、近场光学显微镜3、双折射（1）双折射现象、基本规律和双折射的电磁理论（2）光在晶体中传播的惠更斯作图法（3）晶体光学器件（线偏振器、波片）（4）圆偏振光和椭圆偏振光的获得与检查（5）偏振光的干涉五、光的吸取，色散和散射1、光的吸取规律2、光的色散（正常和反常色散，相速度和群速度）3、光的散射原理（瑞利散射、米氏散射和拉曼散射）六、傅里叶光学基础1、余弦光栅及其特性2、屏函数的傅里叶变换3、阿贝成像和空间滤波4、全息成像原理七、光的量子性和激光1、光的量子特性（光子：能量、动量、与波动的关系）2、光子的发射和吸取（玻尔频率条件，爱因斯坦受激辐射理论）3、激光原理（粒子数反转、增益和阈值、选频、激光光束特性）《原子核物理》科目考试范围一、原子核的基本性质了解原子核的基本性质；熟悉原子质量、核半径的测量原理，熟悉原子核自旋、磁矩、电四极矩及其基本测量方法；掌握原子质量、质量数、核半径计算。
北京航空航天大学博士研究生入学考试英语模拟试题一PART 1 Listening Comprehension (20 points) (略)PART II Reading Comprehension(30 points)Directions:There are four passages in the part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the passages carefully and decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage 1Unless we spend money to spot and prevent asteroids(小行星) now, one might crash into Earth and destroy life as we know it, say some scientists.Asteroids are bigger versions of the meteoroids(流星) that race across the night sky. Most orbit the sun far from Earth and don't threaten us. But there are also thousands whose orbits put them on a collision course with Earth.Buy $ 40 million worth of new telescopes right now. Then spend $ 10 million a year for the next 25 years to locate most of the space rocks. By the time we spot a fatal one, the scientists say, we'll have a way to change its course.Some scientists favor pushing asteroids off course with nuclear weapons. But the cost wouldn't be cheap.Is it worth it? Two things experts consider when judging any risk are: 1) How likely the event is; and 2) How bad the consequences if the event occurs. Experts think an asteroid big enough to destroy lots of life might strike Earth once every 400, 000 years. Sounds pretty rare-but if one did fall, it would be the end of the world. "If we don't take care of these big asteroids, they'll take care of us," says one scientist. "It's that simple."The cure, though, might be worse than the disease. Do we really want fleets of nuclear weapons sitting around on Earth? "The world has less to fear from doomsday (毁灭性的) rocks than from a great nuclear fleet set against them," said a New Y ork Times article.21. What does the passage say about asteroids and meteoroids?A. They are heavenly bodies different in composition.B. They are heavenly bodies similar in nature.C. There are more asteroids than meteoroids.D. Asteroids are more mysterious than meteoroids.22. What do scientists say about the collision of an asteroid with Earth?A. It is very unlikely but the danger exists.B. Such a collision might occur once every 25 years.C. Collisions of smaller asteroids with Earth occur more often than expected.D. It's still too early to say whether such a collision might occur.23. What do people think of the suggestion of using nuclear weapons to alter the course of asteroids?A. It sounds practical but it may not solve the problem.B. It may create more problems than it might solve.C. It is a waste of money because a collision of asteroids with Earth is very unlikely.D. Further research should be done before it is proved applicable.24. We can conclude from the passage that _.A. while pushing asteroids off course nuclear weapons would destroy the worldB. asteroids racing across the night sky are likely to hit Earth in the near futureC. the worry about asteroids can be left to future generations since it is unlikely to happen in our lifetimeD. workable solutions still have to be found to prevent a collision of asteroids with Earth.25. Which of the following best describes the author's tone in this pass age?A. Optimistic.B. Critical.C. Objective.D. Arbitrary.Passage 2Believe it or not,optical illusion (错觉) can cut highway crashes.Japan is a case in point. It has reduced automobile crashes on some roads by nearly 75 percent using a simple optical illusion. Bent stripes, called chevrons (人字形)painted on the roads make drivers think that they are driving faster than they really are, and thus drivers slow down.Now the American Association Foundation for Traffic Safety in Washington D. C. is planning to repeat Japan's success. Starting next year, the foundation will paint chevrons and other patterns of stripes on selected roads around the country to test how well the patterns reduce highway crashes.Excessive speed plays a major role in as much as one fifth of all fatal traffic accidents, according to the foundation. To help reduce those accidents, the foundation will conduct its tests in areas where speed-related hazards are the greatest-curves, exit slopes, traffic circles, and bridges. Some studies suggest that straight, horizontal bars painted across roads can initially cut the average speed of drivers in half. However, traffic often returns to full speed within months as drivers become used to seeing the painted bar.Chevrons, scientists say，not only give drivers the impress ion that they are driving faster than they really are but also make a lane appear to be narrower. The result is a longer lasting reduction in highway speed and the number of traffic accidents.26. The passage mainly discusses .A. a new way of highway speed controlB. a new pattern for painting highwaysC. a new approach to training driversD. a new type of optical illusion27. On roads painted with chevrons drivers tend to feel that .A. they should avoid speed-related hazardsB. they are driving in the wrong laneC. they should slow down their speedD. they are approaching the speed limit28. The advantage of chevrons over straight, horizontal bars is that the former .A. can keep drivers awakeB. can cut road accidents in halfC. will have a longer effect on driversD. will look more attractive29. The American Association Foundation for Traffic Safety plans to .A. try out the Japanese method in certain areasB. change the road signs across the countryC. replace straight horizontal bars with chevronsD. repeat the Japanese road patterns30. What does the author say about straight, horizontal bars painted across roads?A. They are falling out of use in the United States.B. They tend to be ignored by drivers in a short period of time.C. They are applicable only on broad roads.D. They cannot be applied successfully to traffic circles.Passage 3There are a number of formats for reporting research, such as articles to appear in journals, reports addressed to funding agencies, theses or dissertations as part of the requirements for university degrees, and papers to be presented at conferences. These formats differ from one another mostly in their purposes and the audiences whom they address. We will now briefly describe them.The journal article is a way of reporting research for professional journals or edited collections. The research is reporting in a brief, yet informative way, focusing mostly on the main features of the research such as the purpose, review of the literature ( often referred to as "background" ), procedures used for carrying out the research accompanied by tables, charts, and graphs, and interpretations of the results ( often referred to as discussion).The content and emphasis of the journal article will vary according to the intended readers (research or practitioners) and it is important for the researcher to be aware of the background and interest of the readers of the journal. Articles intended to be read by practitioners will emphasize the practical implications and recommendations of the research, while articles intended to be read by researchers will describe in detail the method used to collect data, the construction of data collection procedures, and the techniques used for analyzing the data. It is important for the novice researcher to be aware of the fact that articles submitted to journals go through a process of evaluation by experts who make a judgment and recommend whether they should be published or not.The thesis or dissertation is a format for reporting research which graduate students write as part of fulfilling the requirements for an advanced academic degree. The student is expected to describe in great detail all the phases of the research so it can be examined and evaluated carefully by the reader. Thus the thesis or dissertation includes the purpose and significance of the study, the rationale, a thorough review of the literature, detailed information as to the research tools and the procedures involved in their development, a description of data analysis and the results, and an interpretation of the results in the form of conclusions, implications, and recommendation. Thisdetailed description of the process of the research is needed to provide the professors with an indication of the student's ability to carry out research.The conference paper is a way of reporting research at conferences, seminars and colloquia. At such meetings research papers are usually presented orally. They are similar to the research 'article since research is reported in a concise, yet informative way, focusing on the most essential elements of the research. Handouts and transparencies can also accompany the presentations. As with the research article, here too, the content and emphasis of the oral report will depend to a large extent on the type of audience present at the meeting .and whether they are researchers or practitioners.31. The best title for this passage could beA. Types of Research ReportsB. Types of Journal ArticlesC. Writing of research ReportsD. Writing of Different Artic les32. The common aspect for the journal articles, theses and conference papers lies in thatA. they are all for the practitionersB. they are all to be read by researchersC. they are all for being publishedD. they are all forms of reporting research33. We can distinguish those research reports from each other mainly throughA. their writing style and lengthB. their aims and possible audiencesC. their presented places and timeD. their content and purposes34. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in this passage?A. Both journal articles and conference papers are reported in a brief and informative way.B. All the theses or dissertations and conference papers are reported in spoken languages.C. Both the journal articles and conference papers are influenced greatly by the intended receivers.D. The various formats of research reports may be presented in different ways.35. How can a professor evaluate a student's capability of implementing the research?A. By concentrating on the main factors like the purpose, background, procedures and discussion.B. By emphasizing the practical implications and recommendations of the research.C. By focusing on the detailed description of the process of the research such as the tools, procedures, the process of data analysis, the results, conclusions, etc.D. By noticing the detailed method used to collect the data, the construction of the data collection procedures, the techniques for analyzing the date and results, etc.Passage 4In recent years, many Americans of both sexes and various ages have become interested in improving their bodies. They have become devoted to physical fitness. The need to exercise has almost become compulsive with many persons who have a strong desire to be more physically fit.By nature, Americans are enthusiastic and energetic about their hobbies and pastimes. They apply this enthusiasm, and energy to jogging/running. As a result, there are running clubs to join andmany books and magazines to read about running.The desire to be physically fit is explained by a "passion" for good health. The high rate of heart attacks in the 1960s caused an increase on the part of the public in improving the human body.Middle-aged men especially suffer from heart attacks. Thus, they are one group strongly interested in more physical exercise. In fact, many doctors encourage their patients to become more physically active, especially those who have sedentary jobs. It is interesting to note that the rate of heart attacks began to decrease in the 1970s and it is still decreasing.Physical fitness currently enjoys a favored role in the United States. It is a new "love" that many Americans have cherished. Will it last long? Only time will tell or until another "new passion" comes along.36. In recent years, many Americans have become interested in improving their bodies becauseA. they are enthusiastic about their hobbies and pastimesB. they have a strong desire to be more physically fitC. there are many running clubs to joinD. there are many books and magazines to read about running37. The passage implies that is a great favorite of many Americans, men and women, old and young.A. jogging/runningB. joining running clubsC. reading books and magazines about runningD. going in for all kinds of sports38. Middle-aged men suffering from heart attacksA. are compulsive joggersB. are encouraged by their doctors to go in for jogging/runningC. are interested in taking more physical exerciseD. are enthusiastic and energetic about hobbies and pastimes39. In the sentence "In fact, many doctors encourage their patients to become more physically active, especially those who have sedentary jobs", the word "sedentary" meansA. involving physical workB. needing much sittingC. energy-consumingD. sleep-producing40. According to the passage, will the love for physical exercise last long for Americans?A. Y es.B. No.C. Somebody can tell.D. It is hard to tell.PART III Vocabulary (10 points)Directions: In this part, there are 20 sentences with four choices below each sentence. Choose the best one from the 4 choices. Then mark the corresponding letter oil the ANSWER SHEET witha single line through the center.41. Not until the game had begun __ at the sports ground.A. should he have arrivedB. had he arrivedC. did he arriveD. would he had arrived42. Neither at this meeting nor at the previous one _ the proposal.A. they did not discussB. did they discussC. do they discussD. would they discuss43. The molecules of gases move more freely than __A. do liquids and solidsB. liquids and solids doC. do those of liquids and solidsD. those do of liquids and solids44. The taller the container, _________ at the bottom.A. the greater will the water pressure beB. the water pressure will be greaterC. the greater will be the water pressureD. greater the water pressure will be45. from the tenth floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him.A. Jumped down the burglarB. Down the burglar jumpedC. The burglar jumped downD. Down jumped the burglar46. To the north of the city __ a small island.A. lainB. liesC. was thereD. there lays47. she first heard of the man referred to as a specialist.A. That was from StephenB. It was Stephen whomC. It was from Stephen thatD. It was Stephen that48. Was it __ the professor regarded with such contempt?A. them whoB. them whomC. he whoD. those49. __ the Europeans began to learn how to use the compass on their ships.A. It was not until the 12th century whenB. Hardly it was the 12th century thanC. No sooner it was the 12th century whenD. It was not until the 12th century that50. When I try to understand _ _ that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes.A. why it doesB. what it doesC. what it isD. why it is51. More often it is the President, and not the members of his cabinet, __ the populace.A. who appeal toB. to whom appeal toC. whom appeals toD. who appeals to52. On the large board in the main hall of the airport .you can easily find the different Destinations __which airlines can take you.A. inB. ofC. toD. by53. Not until actually faced with water scarcity __ appreciate the value of water to a region.A. one canB. one can notC. can oneD. can not one54. Most people don't think of a stamp as a receipt, but that is __ it really is a proof of just how much money you have paid in advance for mail delivery.A. whatB. whyC. howD. who55. Without water from the Nile River, Egypt __ a farming country and become a desert.A. will cease to beB. would cease to beC. will cease beingD. would cease being56. Although he refused to act on my suggestion, he had to admit that what I said.A. it was something inB. there was something asC. it was something asD. there was something in57. There is little, __, farming in that area and all you can see is miles of wild countryside.A. if soB. if suchC. if notD. if any58. In his lecture, the education expert emphasized the fact that nowadays children are exposed to many influences that of their families.A. rather thanB. other thanC. except forD. but for59. The singer on the stage has a young __ face and a voice of an __A. boy...angelB. boy's…angelC. boy…ang el'sD. boy's…angel's60. A new material __, we have good reason to be optimistic.A. developedB. being developedC. was being developedD. was developed PART IV Cloze (10 points)Directions: In this part, there are incomplete sentences in the following passage. For each sentence there arefour choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.What attracts customers? Obviously the quality of a product does, but visual images 61a great deal. It is not only the image provided by the packaging that 62 but the whole corporate63 of the company. There are now many products and services on the market which are similar in content 64 produced by different companies. It is vital, therefore, for a company to 65 itself from its competitors by having a strong company image which is immediately 66 Logos are part of this image. They are 67 which often include a name or initials to identify a company. The logo establishes a 68 identity for the company, just as different groups of young people express their identity through hairstyles and clothes. All groups from all cultures and 69 the ages have used colors and symbols to show their identity. In different cultures, different colors 70 different meanings. Some colors may be connected with coldness in one culture and with 71 in another:some colors represent 72 in one culture but death in another. International companies have, 73 , to make sure that their logos will not be misunderstood or misinterpreted in different countries.Many companies have, over the years, 74 their logos to fit in with contemporary design and to present more powerful images. Company logos can be emotive and can 75 loyalty by 76 the instinct. Some logos 77 an idea of the product, and a case in point is the steering wheel in the Mercedes logo. Logos are used on letterheads, packaging and 78 as well as on the product itself. They may also appear in newspapers or on television as part of an advertising 79 .Companies need to have a strong corporate identity. The logo helps to promote this image andto fix it in the minds of the 80 . Logos, therefore, need to be original and to have impact and style.61. A. attribute B. contribute C. devote D. attract62. A. concerns B. involves C. counts D. means63. A. features B. quality C. identity D. status64. A. instead B. and C. though D. as65. A. exist B. isolate C. hold D. distinguish66. A. observable B. differentiable C. recognizable D. accountable67. A. symbols B. signs C. signals D. indications68. A. visible B. visual C. brief D. explicit69. A. in B. throughout C. for D. between70. A. contain B. carry C. predominate D. convey71. A. mildness B. consolation C. affection D. warmth72. A. life B. love C. live D. alive73. A. otherwise B. still C. therefore D. additionally74. A. continued B. kept C. changed D. refreshed75. A. promote B. inspire C. prompt D. stir76. A. regarding B. impressing C. influencing D. effecting77. A. combine B. collaborate C. incorporate D. blend78. A. covers B. brochures C. contents D. volumes79. A. movement B. plan C. campaign D. function80. A. consumers B. employers C. reporters D. manufacturersPART V T ranslation (15 points)Directions:Read the following passage carefully and then translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET (2).The fact known to us is that war, different from what many people believe it to be, is not completely an outcome of" humanity". Otherwise，war and violence among people would exist in all the human history or ahnost all societies. However, this is not the truth. Archaeologists' investigation results seem to suggest that men lived quite a peaceful life long ago. For example, among ancient French cave drawings which were earlier than 10, 000 B. C., there were no pictures describing people fighting with each other. This indicates that, in that early period of mankind, fight among people was comparatively rare.In a certain way, this discovery is not surprising at all:in the world of animals, it's rare for one to prey on another of its own species. They do kill other kinds of animals, but not their own. Like most animals, the proportion of inner violence among early human beings was relatively small. Therefore, war is not the inherent outcome of humanity but that of certain social and cultural conditions.PART VI Writing(15 points)Directions:A. Study the following graph carefully and write an essay in 200 words.B. Your essay should meet the requirements below.Outline:1. Interpret the graph.2. Suggest counter-measures.3. Give advice for jobseekers.参考答案及解析21．B 依据文章第二段第1行可以判断出两者性质相似只是体积不同，排除A项；文中并无两者数量上的比较，排除C项；也没有涉及D项的内容。
