APA Style: CITATIONS and REFERENCES
PLAGIARISM
? when you borrow wordings, opinions, facts, lines of reasoning,
explanation from someone else and do not give credit for it
? YOU MUST GIVE CREDIT – SHOW TO WHOM THE INFORMATION BELONGS TO
COMMON QUESTIONS
? If you are unsure whether or not you have give credit, DO IT ANYWAY to
be on the safe side.
? Are there enough of your own ideas? Remember the sources are there
just to add authorization or information. It should be YOU who has
something important to say.
HOW TO DO CITATIONS
A. DIRECT QUOTATIONS – copy/pasting the exact words of the author
Steps: 1. Put quotation marks around the entire borrowed material. 2. Type the author ’s FAMILY NAME and YEAR OF PUBLICATION and PAGE NUMBER IN PARENTHESES at
the end of the material.
Example:
“Children are naturally creative and will find ways to express their creativity even in adverse environments ” .
B. INDIRECT QUOTATIONS – expressing the author’s idea in your own words
Steps: 1. Rewrite the author’s idea in your own words . (No quotation marks) 2. Type the original author and year of publication IN PARENTHESES at the end of the
material. Example:
The creative talents of
children will express themselves under almost any
conditions (Belcraft, 1998).
MORE EXAMPLES
“Ricky is a bright, athletic boy who suffers from a shyness so paralyzing he doesn’t have any friends” (Alvear, 1996, p. 12).
OR
Ricky is a smart, sporty boy but he has no friends because his shyness prevents him from making one (Alvear, 1996).
(No Author Name)
“The increase of eating disorders among men suggests that men are also worried about their looks.” (“Masculine Envy”, 2005, p. 27).
OR
The fact that more men are having eating disorders means that they are also conscious of their appearance (“Masculine Envy”, 2005).
(Two Authors)
“Every aspect of our thinking is strongly affected by the fact that each of us sees experience from our own point of vi ew” (Dornan & Dees, 2008, p. 7).
OR
Every part of our thinking is influenced by our own point of view (Dornan & Dees, 2008).
HOW TO CREATE A REFERENCE LIST
got them
?Should INCLUDE ALL SOURCES CITED in the essay’s text
?Should NOT INCLUDE SOURCES YOU DID NOT CITE
?List all items in the Reference list ALPHABETICALLY by the author’s
last name or the article name, if there is no author name.
A. BOOK
Examples:
Allan, R.(2006).Getting control of your anger: A clinically proven, three-step plan for getting at the root of the problem and resolving it. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Greer, D.(1994). The history of British economics.London: Random House.
Dornan, E. A. & Robert Dees (2008).Four in one: r hetoric, reader, research guide, and handbook (4th ed.).New York: Pearson, Inc.
Things to Note:
1.Family Name first, then comma, then initial.
2.Put parentheses ( ) around the year of publication.
3.Italicize the title.
4.Capitalize only the first letter of the title; everything else should
be in small caps unless it’s a proper noun.
B. DICTIONARY ENTRY
Example:
Pearsall, J. & Trumbull, T. (Eds.). (2002). Internet. The Oxford English reference dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
C. NEWSPAPER
Examples:
Tizon, T.A.(2006, February 10). The sky is falling in Alaska. Los Angeles Times, p. A1.
Guo, A.(2008, September 30). Astronauts receive heroes’ welco me on Beijing return. South China Morning Post, p. A5.
Things to Note:
1.Year, Month, and Day must be included and surrounded by parentheses.
2.DO NOT ITALICIZE THE ARTICLE TITLE. Leave it unformatted.
3.Capitalize only the first letter of the article title; everything else
should be in small caps unless it’s a proper noun.
4.ITALICIZE THE NEWSPAPER TITLE. Capitalize everything.
5.Always include the newspaper page.
D. PERIODICALS (Magazines, Journals, etc.)
Examples:
(Magazine)
Grossman, W. (2006, July). Who pays? Scientific American, 295, 26.
(Journal)
Foeh, F.H. (2003). Jury nullification. Journal of Criminal Justice, 28 (3), 234-238.
Things to Note:
1.Do not italicize the article title. Capitalize only the first letter.
2.Italicize and capitalize the periodical title, volume number, and
issue number.
3.Include page numbers.
E. INTERNET RESOURCES
General Internet Resource:
Dictionary Entry:
Electronic commerce. (2004). https://www.doczj.com/doc/736644758.html,. Retrieved March 14, 2004 from https://www.doczj.com/doc/736644758.html,
Material Retrieved from a Searchable Database of Journals:
Hansen, R.W. (2004). Violence in television commercials. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 332-336. Retrieved January 10, 2006, from PsycARTICLES database.
Material from an Online Periodical (Newspaper or Magazines):
Johnson, K. (2003, May 25). Tide of humanity alters Long Island Sound. New York Times. Retrieved May 28, 2005, from
https://www.doczj.com/doc/736644758.html,/article/29484.html
A Online Document from a University or Academic Department:
Ashcroft, H.N. (2004). Shakespeare for students: A bibliography. Retrieved May 22, 2003, from Jefferson State University Web site. Literature
Department: https://www.doczj.com/doc/736644758.html,/litclas/biblio/shak/html.
Government Report:
U.S. General Accounting Office. (2002, December). Counterfeit U.S. currency abroad. Retrieved February 22, 2006, from
https://www.doczj.com/doc/736644758.html,/su_docs/aces/aces/160.shtml.
Exercise.
1. Book
-From page 56 of a book entitled Technology in Reverse by Robert Samuelson, published in New York in 2003 by Viking Press.
2. Dictionary Entry
- from page 124 of The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and
Literary Theory edited by J. Cuddon, published in 1998 in London by Penguin Books.
3. Journal from Searchable Database Online
- from page 284 of journal article “You Say You Want a Revolution?” by George Parnell, published in Postmodern Culture, Volume 3, pages 283-286 in 1991, and taken from the MUSE database on October 5, 2004.
4. Online Government Report
- from the article “Patterns of Global Terrorism” reported by the United States’ Department of State updated in November, 1994, retrieved on June 2, 2006, from https://www.doczj.com/doc/736644758.html,/nationaltrade/patterns.html
5. Academic Online Source
-from Traveling in the Breakdown Lane written by Stuart Moulthrop from the University of Baltimore Web site, English Department,
updated in 2001 and retrieved on July 7, 2008 from
https://www.doczj.com/doc/736644758.html,/www/ygcla/sam/essays/breakdown.html
6. Online Dictionary
- from the entry Law from https://www.doczj.com/doc/736644758.html, updated in 2009, and
retrieved on January 12, 2009 from https://www.doczj.com/doc/736644758.html,
7. Article from Online Periodical
-from the online article “Of Headless Mice…and Men” by Charles Krauthammer, published on January 18, 1998 in TIME Magazine,
taken on May 12, 2005 from
https://www.doczj.com/doc/736644758.html,/time/magazine/article/0,9171,987687,00.html
WORKSHEET. In the essay, the................ are your own ideas. The ______________ is for you to put the citation for borrowed material.