动名词用法
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动名词
特征
动名词也是动词的一种非限定形式,由动词原形加“-ing”构成,与现在分词同形。动名词兼有动词和名词的特征和作用,其动词特征表现为可以带宾语、状语或表语。
The manager impressed on hisoffice staff theimportance of keeping accurate records.(带宾语)
Workingin theseconditionsis notapleasure buta suffer.(带状语)
Censure isthe tax a man paysto the public for being eminent.责难是一个人因为出名而向公众交的税。(带表语)
此外,动名词的动词特征还表现在它的语态和时态变化上。例如:
There is more pleasure in loving than in being loved.(一般被动式)
I knownothing about hishaving served inthe army.(完成式)
成分
(一)作主语
1) 动名词作主语往往表示一种概念、习惯或经验
Talking mendsno holes. Promising is theeve of giving.
Talking to him is talking to a wall.
2)有时先用it作形式主语。把-ing形式置于句尾it isno use/good/useless/ a waste of…/fun/pleasure doing sth
it is no use complainingIt'snice seeing youagain. lt is fun playing w ith children.
3) “There is+ no 后可以用动名词作主语,表示“没法……”
Therewas no telling when this mighthappen again.
Thereisno hidingofevil but to doit .
比较:Thereis no sense/point/use(in)doingsth
(二) 作表语动名词作表语也表示一种概念、习惯或经验。
Seeingisbelieving.眼见为实。Myjob is teaching senior students English.
(三) 做定语表示所修饰名词的用途。这时,可以改写成由for作定语的短语。
a new swimming suit(=suit forswimming).a walking stick
aswimmingpool游泳池 a walking stick拐杖 a reading room a bathing cap
a changingroom更衣室a waitingroom等候室,候诊室
a wateringcan喷壶 a guessing game猜字游戏anironing boardacollec ting tin募捐盒
a hidingplace藏身处 a racing bicycle赛车
(四)作宾语常跟动名词作宾语的动词或短语有
admit承认advise建议allow允许avoid避免cannot help禁不住can'tstand经受不住consider考虑delay推迟enjoy喜欢finish完成give up放弃imagine想象include包括keep保持keep on持续:mind介意miss错过put off推迟permit允许practise 练习resist抵抗suggest建议
<避免错过少延期avoid, miss, put off, postpone 建议完成多练习suggest,finish, practice 喜欢想象经不住enjoy,imagine, can't help 承认否定与妒忌admit,deny,envy 逃避冒险莫原谅escape, risk, excuse,忍受保持不介意stand, keep, mind>
Avoidovereating I advised takinga differentapproach.
2) 许多短语动词也可以用动名词作宾语She keptonworking although shewas tired.
在(be)worth后也可跟动名词作宾语: New York is a cityworth visiting
3) 有些动词后可以用动名词作宾语,也可用不定式作宾语。有时两者意思不同, 这类动词有: forget, remember ,forget,mean, try, goon
I'11 never forget hearing Chaliapin singing in thatopera.He forgetsto pay
me I couldn't helpfeeling jealous when hewaspromoted overmy head.
4) 有时两种结构只有细微的差别,例如在like,love,prefer,hate,dread等动词之后,动名词多表示一般情况。不定式多表示即将发生的事, 它们如果用在would后面,只能接不定式形式
I prefer walking alone.We preferred to walk there.我们宁愿步行到那里。
He hated thinking/to think about it .
She loves having/to have lots ofyoung menround her.
I’d like tohave awordwithyou
(五)作介词的宾语
高中阶段常见带介词的to短语归纳
be/get/become used to习惯于begiven to喜欢;癖好berelatedto 与…有关系beaddictedto沉溺于;对…上瘾be opposed to反对devote oneselfto献身于;专心于
be devotedto致力于;忠诚于be admitted to 被…录取;准进入be reducedto 沦为reduce…to…使…沦为be attachedto附属于;喜欢;依恋be adjusted to 适应
beknown to 为…所知be married to和…结婚be sentenced to被判处beconnected to 和…连在一起be exposed to暴露于;遭受be comparedto 被比喻成compare… to…把…比作…be/become/get accustomedto//accustomed to 惯于;有…习惯be engaged to与…订婚getdown to着手做lead to导致
object to反对;不喜欢;不赞成putone’s mindto全神贯注于give riseto引起
look forward to盼望payattentionto 注意stick to坚持
attendto 专心;注意;照料;see to 负责;注意contribute to对…作贡献;有助于make contributions to对…作贡献apply oneself to致力于come close to几乎;
将近
reply to回答add to 增加add upto加起来in addition to除…之外
turn to转向;求助于feel up to 能胜任于look up to尊敬admit to承认
belong to 属于taketo喜爱;开始cling to 附着fallto 开始respond to 回答;对…作出回应accustomoneself to 使自己习惯于amountto等于
setan example to给…树立榜样refer to 谈到;参考;查阅
agree tosth. 同意某事(比较:agree to dosth. 同意做某事)prefer… to…更喜欢take/make a trip to到…地方去join…to…把…和…连接起来turn a blind eye to对…视而不见turn a deaf earto对…充耳不闻show honour to向…表示敬意
put anend to(bring… to an end) 结束drink(atoast)to 为……干杯
propose atoastto 提议……set fire to 放火烧……occurtosb.想起;想到total up to总计达beclose to几乎;将近hold to 坚持;抓住help oneselfto 随便用……hold onto 抓住;固守do harmto 对……有害处
do wrong to 冤枉某人date back to 追溯到cometo来到;达到;结果为
(比较:come to do sth逐渐做某事)when it comesto…谈到……时giveaneye to着眼于
have aneye to doing打算describe to向……描述treat sb.tosth.请某人吃……trust sth.to sb.把某物委托给某人pay a visitto参观……the key to……的答案access to进入;取得的方法onone’s way to在去某处的路上;在达成某事的过程中
be a strangerto 不习惯;对……陌生be kind to 对……和善beimportant to对……重要be seniorto年龄长于……be junior to年龄小于……be equal to 和……相等
be particularto ……所特有的(比较:be particularabout对……过于讲究;挑剔)
besubject to服从;隶属;易遭\受\患be familiar to为……熟悉
besimilarto和……相似be opento 对……开放be loyal to对……忠诚
be helpful to对……有益处be useful to对……有用begood tosb对某人好
(比较:be good for对……有益处)bebadto 对……不好bebad for(比较:对……有害处)
be new to 对……不习惯;对……陌生next to(否定词前)几乎;nextto……的旁边
due to 由于;归因于……be dueto do sth.预定要做某事owingto 由于;因……的缘故
thanks to 多亏了;由于as to 关于;至于in/with regardto 关于
in/with relation to关于;就……而论according to根据subject to 在……条件下;依照
专项练习:
1. The engineof the plane was out of order and the thunderstorm ______the helples
snessof the pilot in the sky.
A. added toB. made up C. ledto D.took over
2.–-What a large and bright room!Isita classroom?
---No. It _____ the students’ reading—room. A.refers to B. stands for C.is meant for D.makes up of
3. Itwas foolish of him to_______his notes during thatimportant test, and as a r
esult,hegotpunished.
A.stick toB.refer to C.keepto D. point to
4. Eating too much fat can _______ heart disease andcause high bloodpressure.
A. result from B. devote to C.attendto D. contribute to
动名词的复合结构
动名词的逻辑主语多用一个物主代词或名词所有格表示。带有逻辑主语的动名词形式称为动名词的复合结构。当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词所有格,这便构成了动名词的复合结构。
1)名词所有格形式其中物主代词(名词所有格)是逻辑上的主语,动名词是逻辑上的谓语。动名词复合结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、状语等,分别相当于一个主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、状语从句。
John's havingseen herdidnot makeherworried.
Her comingtohelpencouraged allofus.
2)普通格形式
①逻辑主语是有生命的名词时,用名词或代词所有格,作主语时,其逻辑主语只用所有格,若作宾语,逻辑主语也可用普通格)。
Mary's being madehermother upset.
Wouldyou mind my(me)using yourtelescope?
②逻辑主语是无生命的名词或抽象概念名词时,只用普通格。
He is inthe beliefofmoneybeingeverything.
③逻辑主语是以s结尾的名词或是以一个以上名词构成的词组,只用普通格。
I'm astonishedat Maryand Henry getting married.
④逻辑主语是数词、指示代词或不定代词this,that,somebody,someone, nobody,none,anybod y,anyone时,一般用普通格。
Thiscannot besaid withoutsomeone gettingangry.
注意:
①现在分词作宾语补足语时,其逻辑主语只能用物主代词或名词(即普通格),不能用其所有格
I dislike hiscomingwithout a ringin advance.我讨厌他不打个电话就来
②动名词的逻辑主语用作介词with的宾语时,应该用普通格。例如:
Itwasa cosy roomwith a fan spinning overhead.这是一间舒适的房间,风扇在上空旋转着。
1)许多合成词由“动名词+名词”构成在这个合成词中,动名词表示一种特殊的目的。
a swimmingpool游泳池 a walking stick拐杖 a readingroom阅览室abathing
cap浴帽
a changing room更衣室awaiting room等候室,候诊室 a wateringcan喷壶 a guessing game猜字游戏an ironing board熨衣板acollectingtin募捐盒 a hiding place藏身处aracing bicycle赛车
2)还有一类合成词由“形容词(名词)+动名词”构成
deep-ploughing深耕close-planting密植physicaltraining体育(锻炼) job-hunting找工作
weightlifting举重(运动)sightseeing观光window-shopping浏览商店橱窗tap dancing 踢踏舞
有些动名词已成为名词,有些为不可数名词:
boating划船bowling打保龄球yachting乘坐游艇surfing冲浪dancing跳舞mo untaineering登山
有些为可数名词:
painting画sa)ring俗话warning警告meaning意思ending结局feeling 感觉
有些甚至经常以复数形式出现:
findings调查结果savings积蓄surroundings环境sufferings苦难earnings挣的钱belongings财物
动名词的形式
(一)动名词的形式及意义
动名词的时态意义Doing---havingdone
与动词不定式一样,动名词也没有独立的绝对的时态意义,它的时态意义从属于句中谓语动词的时态。动名词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时或在其后发生,或表示一般情况;动名词完成式所表示的动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。
Going tobed early and risingearlyis a good habit.早睡早起是好习惯。
Doctors advisegiving up smoking.医生建议戒烟。
l don’t rememberever meeting you somewhere
Thankyou for having given us so much helpyesterday.
(二)动名词的被动形式being done--- having beendone
He hatesbeinginterrupted.l appreciate beinggiven this opportunity.I objectto being treated like this.
Sheopenly talked ofhaving been let down谈到被人涮了。
(三)动名词有时需要完成形式,可作动词的宾语或介词的宾语
Hedeniedhaving been there.他否认到过那里。
He reported having met only a cyclist.他报告说只碰到一个骑车的人。
He accused me ofhavingbrokenmy word.他指责我不守信用。
动名词和不定式在用法方面的一些比较
1)可以接动词不定式或动名词的动词或短语动词
常见的有:love,like,hate,prefer,dislike,intend,attempt,propose,want.need,remember,forget,regret,neglect,try,deserve,omit,dread,decline,scorn,delay,loathe,can't bear,can'tendure等。某些这类词的两种接续在意义上几乎没有区别。
2)动名词和动词不定式在表示动作和时间等方面的差别
一般来说,动名词表示一般习惯,抽象概念,泛指已成为过去的动作,时间概念不强,不是某一次动作。而动词不定式所表示的动作则往往是具体的或特定的动作,或是现在或将来的动作。
I like going ballooning.(泛指)我喜欢乘气球。
They liketogo ballooning atweekends.(特指)他们周末喜欢乘气球玩。
Ipreferto keep clear of town during therush-hour.(特指)我不愿意在交通拥挤的时间去市区。Iprefer staying indoorswhentheweather is cold.(泛指)天冷时我喜欢呆在屋内。
3)在begin,start,continue,cease等词后用动名词还是用动词不定式
在动词begin,start,continue,cease,intend,bother,omit等后面跟动名词或是动词不定式,含义并无大的差别;但如果表示有意识地“开始或停止做某事”,多用动名词,而不定式则表示情况发生变化。
The daysstart to lengthen in March.三月份白昼开始变长。
Weneed tostart discussing practicalities.我们需要着手讨论实际问题。
Let's begin doing thejobfromnow on.我们从现在开始来做这项工作吧。
4)动词不定式和动名词的逻辑主语
动词不定式的逻辑主语常是句子主语或句中的某个词;而动名词的逻辑主语可能是句子主语或句子中的某个词,也可能是泛指一般人,在句子里是找不到的。
I hateto gothere alone.我不愿自己一个人去那里。(自己去)
I hate splitting in the streets.我不喜欢随地吐痰。(可以指自己,也可能指别人)
5)有些动词或短语后面跟动词不定式和跟动名词所表示的意义完全不同,有时甚至相反.
这类动词如stop,quit,leaveoff,remember,forget,regret,try,want,can't help,mean,cease,scorn,deserve,learn,go on,chance等。
Itry tosetaside a fewminuteseach day to do some exercises.
6)动名词和动词不定式作逻辑宾语
动名词和动词不定式可以作逻辑宾语,用it充当形式宾语。不定式作逻辑宾语极为晋遍。例如:
Ifindit difficultto finishthe jobbefore 5.我觉得五点之前完成工作有点困难。
She considers it impossible to master aforeign languagein a month
但动名词作逻辑宾语只限于少数句型,一般用在useless,worthwhile,senseless,fun, no use no goo d, any good,a wasteof time等后。其中,worthwhile后用动名词或不定式作逻辑宾语均可。
He founditno good saying thatagain and again.
She thinks worthwhile helpingthoseinneed、
She thinks itworthwhile to helpin need.
高中非谓语动词易错题型练习?1(1) I regret ____ you that your mother is absentin Beijing.⑵Idon’t regret____ her whatI thought evenif it might have upset her. A. to tell B. to telling C. having toldD.tell?2.⑴We don’t all ow _____inthe reading room.⑵We don’t allow them_____ in the reading room. ?A. to smokeB.smoking C. smokeD. smoked ?3.(1)___hard and you’ll make rapid progress in your English learn ing.⑵___hard,you’ll makerapid progress in your English learning. A. Working
B.Towork C.Work D.Worked?4.⑴_____, wewent for a swimin the river.
⑵_____, so wewent foraswim in theriver.
A. Being hotB. It being hot C.Asit hot D.It was hot ?5.⑴I can’t help ____ whenI hear that terrible noise. A.laughing
B. laughed C.laughD. being la ughed
(2)Ican’t help____ the room,for I am very busy now. A. cleanB. cleaningC.have clean D. cleaned ?6.⑴_____from the tower,Dalian looksmorebeautiful.⑵_____ from the tower, we can see our beautiful city .? A.Seeing B.Seen C. To see D. Having seen
7.⑴The sport meet______ nextweek isofgreatimportance. ⑵The sportsmeet ______nowis very important
⑶The sportsmeet ____ lastweek is ofgreat importance. ?A. holding B. being held C. to beheld D. held?8.⑴He raised his voicein orderto makeus ___ him. ⑵He raisedhis voice inorder to make himself_____.
A.heard B.hearing C.hear D. tobeheard
9.(1)He stood there withhis eyes_________ his mother. (2)He stood there,_______his mothe r.
A.staring at B.staredon C. fixing upon D. fixed upon ?10.⑴Mostofus went to see her,____some girls.⑵Mostof us wentto seeher, some girls ____.?A.incl ude B. including C. includedD. toinclude
11.⑴Hewas surprised to see somevillagers ____there.⑵To hissurprise, he saw somevillagers _____ themselves.
A. seat B.seated C.seatingD.to seat
12.⑴The man_____ Zhaosan used to live here. ⑵The man____ himself Zhaosanused to livedhere.
A. called
B.callingC. tocall D.call ?13.⑴He had no choicebut________ at the bus-stop in the rain. ⑵He hadnothing to do but ________atthebus-stop in the rain.
A. to wait
B.waiting
C. wait D.should wait.?14.(1) I’mnot free this eveningbecause I have a lot of things______. (2) He was so lazy that he had all of his washing ______. A. todo B. to be done C.doingD. done?
15.(1)Heoften see them _______football onthe playground. ⑵Themissing boys were lastseen _____ near the river.
A.playing B. played C. play D. to play
16.(1)We areconsidering ___up anew factoryherein this town. (2)We areconsiderin ghow__ up a new factory herein thistown. (3) The boy is considered ____a good example tohis classmates. ?A.setting B.to set C.to have set D.having set
17.(1)Mr Liissaid ______abroad? butIdon’t know which country he studied in.?(2)Mr Li is said ______ abroad? but I don’tknow which country he is studying in.
(3) Mr Liis said ______ abroad? but I don’tknowwhich country hewill studyin.
A.tostudy
B. tohavestudied C.to be studyingD. having studied ?
18. (1)I insistthatyou______me my money back.(2)I insisted on your_____me my mon ey back.?A.give B. togiveC.giving D. wouldgive?(3)Theold man insisted that I ______ his wallet.A.has taken B.tookC. should takeD.had taken
19. (1)I don't enjoy _____ fun of others. (2)I don't enjoy_____ fun of by others.?A.to make B. to be madeC.making D.being made?
20.(1)If time_____,I'll gotos ee my friends tomorrow. (2)Time _____, I'll go to see my friendstomorrow.
A.permittedB. permits C. permitting D. permit
21.(1)He had nochoicebut ____ aloud the text in the classroom..(2)Hedid nothing bu t_____ aloud the text in the classroom.. ?A. reading B. to readC. read D.tobereading 22. (1)_____ a good writer, hehas a lot of thingsto learn. (2) ______a goodwriter,he w rotea numberof articles.
A. To beB.Being C. HavingD.Done
23.(1) _____his wallet,he became very worried. (2)______inthought, he almost ran int othecar in front of him.
A.toloseB. losing C. lost D.havingbeen lost
24.(1) Havingfinished homework,______.(2) Havingbeen finished, _______.
A. the homework was handed in B.the teacherpraised him
C.he wenthome with his classmates
D.and he went home quickly
25.Finding hercar stolen,____.?A. a policeman was askedtohelpB. the area was searched thoroughly
C.itwas looked for everyone D. She hurriedto a policeman forhelp?26.(1) The teachercamein,____ the Ss. (2)Theteacher came in,____ bythe Ss.
A. following B.followedC.havingfollowed D. being followed
27.(1)_____more attention, the tree couldhave grownbetter.(2)_____ a hand to the poor,he felt veryhappy.
A.give B. given C. to give D. giving?
28.(1)Look around when ____ the street.(2) Look around before you____ the street
A.cross B. crossing C. becrossing D.tobecrossing
29.(1)I wouldlike to _____ theholiday with you,so Iam sure I will come.?(2)I would like to____ the holiday withyou, butI was really busy lastweek.
A. spend
B. spending
C. have spent D.having spent?30. (1)Thegirl ____ in acolorful skirtlooks beautiful. (2)The mother ___herson must be late for thework.
A. dressed
B. dressingC. dressed D. dress