下载文档原格式
Unit 1 Understanding Academic EnglishObjectives:- Learn the purpose of this course- Get to understand different voices that people often use in their communication - Understand features of academic English- Build your learning ability via the Internet- Meet your teacher and new classmatesContents-Teacher’s introduction-Reading and discussion: How ’s your voice?- Language focus: word choice, and structural complexity-Writing practice: understanding different styles- Rewriting practice: consolidating academic English writing skills- Classroom extension: Internet survey on features of academic English1. Reading Activity1.1 Pre-reading TaskDo you know how to write a paper with an academic voice? Most Chinese students use only the casual voice for their daily life purposes, which does not fit the academic writing style. When you can learn to use an academic voice and a formal writing style, you will gain authority and respect for yourself as a researcher as well as a research writer.Read the following three texts with different kinds of voice and tell what they differ in.1.2 Reading PassageHOW’S YOUR VOICE?Casual VoiceHey, dude, no way you can sit here!Huzzah! We won! We beat ‘em! Ha! Blue Vampires. They think they’re so grea t. We showed‘em. Go Aardvarks!Yuck! I hate broccoli with those nasty, stinkin’mush- rooms. Why do we gotta have these things again,man?!www, we gotta cancel theConsultative VoiceYou’re not allowedto sit in this area,because it’s asafety concern.I’m so glad for ourteam,the greatFighting Aardvarks,and now together wecelebrate this victory.I’d prefer not to havethis particularvegetable again, if it’s possible.Does anyone really enjoy this combination of mushrooms and broccoli? It’s possible that our party might have to be postponed or canceled because of the Academic VoiceThis area must be kept clear for foot traffic.The Fighting Aardvarks claimed victory over the Blue Vampires in the final round tonight. Both teams competed well and the fans are enthusiastic.Very few people enjoy this broccoli and mushroom dish. Therefore, it will not be served again within this calendar year, or the servers will be killed.Due to the inclement weather, the Annual Tattoo Party will notparty‘cause it’s totally raining like crazy!Sweeeet! I love those Indiana Jones movies! They ’re awesome with the whip and the bugs and stuff. Everyone loves those flicks!bad weather that ’s threaten- ing our location.Indiana Jones films are really very popular with your age group. Critics can’t decide why such an old character is so appealing.take place this Thursdayat Finster Park. The planning committee willreschedule the event and release information as soon as possible.Hollywood is perplexed at the reasons that Indi- ana Jones is so favored by such youngaudiences. The answer remains a mystery.1.3 Reading Comprehension1.3.1 Do you know in which situation these voices are appropriately used? And why?For what purposesConsultativeAcademic1.3.2 Read the passage carefully again and decide the differences among them. Casual voice Consultative voice Academic voiceVoiceCasual2 Language Focus2.1 Word ChoiceAcademic voice can be well expressed by choosing words. Here are some words to acquire:Here are some words to avoid.2.1.1 Can you match the formal and informal words and phrases?justsuchfrankly, truly,fortunately, provocativestriking objection discoursedisapprovepoignant, compelling, proposal, insight,investigate, look into getvery,turn down,go,VerifyTry to find out ExamineLook at carefullyDemonstrate Make sure something is true Intend ShowInvestigate Get rid ofSurvive, penetrate Get through itDiscover MeanEliminate Look intoConclusion A lot ofNumerous, myriad End2.2 Structural complexity‘Syntax’is the technical word that is used to describe sentence structure. It is extremely important that well-arranged sentences carry an academic voice, whereas choppy, simple sentences sound oral and colloquial. Sentences that are too short and poorly connected can be irritating to read. Conversely, sentences that are too long and rambling are difficult to follow and are likely to be confusing. Use a sentence length that allows your thoughts to flow clearly. Rewrite the following sentences into a text with well-ordered sentences and structural complexity.A conjunction connects words, phrases, or clauses. It indicates the relationship between the elements. These elements connect. We oftenfind thefollowing thing. In only one single sentence a conjunction contains one or more ideas. These ideas may be equal or unequal in importance. Ideas are equal, and we call them coordinate ideas. For example, John studies electronics. Helen studies Computing. These two sentences can become a compound sentence. It shows the relationship between the two ideas. We want to maintain the equality of the ideas. We call the clauses in the new sentence coordinate clauses.3. Writing Practice3.1 Understanding different stylesRead the following texts and decide where they come from.1At AT & Bell Laboratories infrared lasers are being used to capture live microbes. Working like optical tweezers, the pressure of the laser light traps minute objects in itsfocus point. Researchers are using the device to move around viruses bacteria, and other cells they are study under the microscope. After several hours, however, the focus light will heat up the microbes to a boiling point.____________________________________________________________________2All we ask is that you spend two hours of your time attending a Barratt Sales presentation. There, you’ll discover the benefits of timeshare. At Barratt we call it Holiday Ownership because that’s why it really is. You’ll be under no obligation to purchase, but we think you may be tempted._____________________________________________________________________3There were only two Americans stopping at the hotel. They did not know any of the people they passed on the stairs on their way to and from their room. Their room was on the second floor facing the sea. It also faced the public garden and the war monument. There were big palms and green benches in the public garden. In the good weather there was always an artist with his easel. Artists liked the way the palms grew and the bright colors of the hotels facing the gardens and the sea.4Although many studies have already been done, more studies are needed to determine the effects of microcomputer-assisted instruction in various teaching situations.____________________________________________________________________5The parents of a seven-year-old Australian boy woke to find a giant python crushing and trying to swallow him. The incident occurred in Cairns, Queensland and the boy’s mother, Mrs. Dryden said:“it was like a horror movie. It was a hot night. He suddenly started screaming. We rushed to the bedroom to find a huge snake trying tostrangle him. ”Mrs. Dryden and her husband, Peter, tried to stab the creature with knives, but the python bit the boy several times before escaping.____________________________________________________________________3.2. Choosing appropriate stylesNow you are going to write an essay in class for your teacher’s assignments. Which of the following sentences you would like to use for your writing?1. He couldn’t finish his work in the time given.2. The first set of results were compiled and presented by the other group of students.3. I would like to focus on the following areas of research: …4. They argued that this methodology was unreliable.5. In addition, the data was used to focus on the following hypothesis.6. I enjoyed my English class with you and am having a good experience this semester.7. At about twelve pm on August 21, 1984, she told us, I came out of the kitchen to toss out some water.8. We, at any rate, will continue to keep an open mind.9. Is the menu at that the French restaurant giving you trouble? Then you might need the Voice, a hand-held computer that translates spoken English into French, Spanish, German or Italian.10. There is an emerging consensus that a concerted effort on a national level will be required to capture the glittering prizes that a new technology offers.No. Y/N Reason(s) for your decision 123456789103.3. Rewriting PracticeRewrite the following passage into an academic one.Why are there so many jams on the roads these days? One thing is that public transportation like trains, buses, etc., is so dear. A long time ago cars cost a lot but now, unfortunately, they’ve got a lot cheaper. Another thing is that driving is a lot nicer than waiting for a bus. The trouble is that if everyone buys a car the roads get packed.4 Writing ProjectThe following is a checklist for writing in academic English. It is not complete. Use the Internet, books, textbooks and lecturers' expertise to find out what other conventions could be applied to using academic English. And make a list of these conventions and keep this for future reference.Writing academic English● Use academic voic e● Write with structural complexity● Avoid casual style● Distinguish formal and informal words and phrase s● …5. Final Checklist1. Know when to use I/we/us and when to use one/readers.2. Use complex sentences. Do not be afraid of semi-colons!3.Do not use contractions(don’t,can’t,isn’t,aren’t,doesn’t).4. Know your diction! Be careful about using the thesaurus on yourcomputer. Do not use a word unless you know what it means. It is agreat tool when used well.5. Do not end a sentence with a preposition; often you can simplyrework the word order.。
硕士学术英文写作作文下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!I really love doing research. It's so interesting to explore new things and discover answers.Sometimes I get stuck, but then I find a way through.It can be frustrating, but also rewarding.Going to the library is fun. I can find so many useful resources there.Presenting my work is nerve-wracking, but it's also a great chance to share what I've learned.Collaborating with others is awesome. We can learn from each other and come up with better ideas.。
Unit 1 Understanding Academic English Objectives:- Learn the purpose of this course- Get to understand different voices that people often use in their communication - Understand features of academic English- Build your learning ability via the Internet- Meet your teacher and new classmatesContents- Teacher’s introduction- Reading and discussion: How’s your voice?- Language focus: word choice, and structural complexity- Writing practice: understanding different styles- Rewriting practice: consolidating academic English writing skills- Classroom extension: Internet survey on features of academic English1.Reading Activity1.1 Pre-reading TaskDo you know how to write a paper with an academic voice? Most Chinese students use only the casual voice for their daily life purposes, which does not fit the academic writing style. When you can learn to use an academic voice and a formal writing style, you will gain authority and respect for yourself as a researcher as well as a research writer.Read the following three texts with different kinds of voice and tell what they differ in.1.2 Reading PassageHOW’S YOUR VOICE?Casual VoiceHey, dude, no way you can sit here!Huzzah! We won! We beat ‘em! Ha! Blue Vampires. They think they’re so great. We showed ‘em. Go Aardvarks!Yuck! I hate broccoli with those nasty, stinkin’ mush-rooms. Why do we gotta have these things again, man?!www, we gotta cancel the Consultative VoiceYou’re not allowed to sit inthis area, because it’s asafety concern.I’m so glad for our team, thegreat Fighting Aardvarks,and now together wecelebrate this victory.I’d prefer not to have thisparticular vegetable again, ifit’s possible. Does anyonereally enjoy this combinationof mushrooms and broccoli?It’s possible that our partymight have to be postponedor canceled because of theAcademic VoiceThis area must be keptclear for foot traffic.The Fighting Aardvarksclaimed victory over theBlue Vampires in thefinal round tonight. Bothteams competed well andthe fans are enthusiastic.Very few people enjoythis broccoli andmushroom dish.Therefore, it will not beserved again within thiscalendar year, or theservers will be killed.Due to the inclementweather, the AnnualTattoo Party will notparty ‘cause it’s totally raining like crazy! Sweeeet! I love those Indiana Jones movies! They’re awesome with the whip and the bugs and stuff. Everyone loves those flicks!bad weather that’s threaten-ing our location.Indiana Jones films arereally very popular withyour age group. Critics can’tdecide why such an oldcharacter is so appealing.take place this Thursdayat Finster Park. Theplanning committee willreschedule the event andrelease information assoon as possible.Hollywood is perplexedat the reasons that Indi-ana Jones is so favoredby such youngaudiences. The answerremains a mystery.1.3Reading Comprehension1.3.1 Do you know in which situation these voices are appropriately used? And why?1.3.2 Read the passage carefully again and decide the differences among them.2Language Focus2.1 Word ChoiceAcademic voice can be well expressed by choosing words. Here are some words to acquire:Here are some words to avoid.2.1.1 Can you match the formal and informal words and phrases?2.2 Structural complexity‘Syntax’ is the technical word that is used to describe sentence structure. It is extremely important that well-arranged sentences carry an academic voice, whereas choppy, simple sentences sound oral and colloquial. Sentences that are too short and poorly connected can be irritating to read. Conversely, sentences that are too long and rambling are difficult to follow and are likely to be confusing. Use a sentence length that allows your thoughts to flow clearly. Rewrite the following sentences into a text with well-ordered sentences and structural complexity.A conjunction connects words, phrases, or clauses. It indicates the relationship between the elements. These elements connect. We often find the following thing. In only one single sentence a conjunction contains one or more ideas. These ideas may be equal or unequal in importance. Ideas are equal, and we call them coordinate ideas. For example, John studies electronics. Helen studies Computing. These two sentences can become a compound sentence. It shows the relationship between the two ideas. We want to maintain the equality of the ideas. We call the clauses in the new sentence coordinate clauses.3.Writing Practice3.1Understanding different stylesRead the following texts and decide where they come from.1At AT & Bell Laboratories infrared lasers are being used to capture live microbes. Working like optical tweezers, the pressure of the laser light traps minute objects in itsfocus point. Researchers are using the device to move around viruses bacteria, and other cells they are study under the microscope. After several hours, however, the focus light will heat up the microbes to a boiling point.____________________________________________________________________ 2All we ask is that you spend two hours of your time attending a Barratt Sales presentation. There, you’ll discover the ben efits of timeshare. At Barratt we call it Holiday Ownership because that’s why it really is. You’ll be under no obligation to purchase, but we think you may be tempted._____________________________________________________________________ 3There were only two Americans stopping at the hotel. They did not know any of the people they passed on the stairs on their way to and from their room. Their room was on the second floor facing the sea. It also faced the public garden and the war monument. There were big palms and green benches in the public garden. In the good weather there was always an artist with his easel. Artists liked the way the palms grew and the bright colors of the hotels facing the gardens and the sea.4Although many studies have already been done, more studies are needed to determine the effects of microcomputer-assisted instruction in various teaching situations.____________________________________________________________________ 5The parents of a seven-year-old Australian boy woke to find a giant python crushing and trying to swallow him. The incident occurred in Cairns, Queensland and the boy’s mother, Mrs. Dryden said: “it was like a horror movie. It was a hot night. He suddenly started screaming. We rushed to the bedroom to find a huge snake trying to strangle him. ” Mrs. Dryden and her husband, Peter, tried to stab the creature with knives, but the python bit the boy several times before escaping.____________________________________________________________________3.2. Choosing appropriate stylesNow you are going to write an essay in class for your teacher’s assignments. Which of the following sentences you would like to use for your writing?1. He couldn’t finish his work in the time given.2. The first set of results were compiled and presented by the other group of students.3. I would like to focus on the following areas of research: …4. They argued that this methodology was unreliable.5. In addition, the data was used to focus on the following hypothesis.6. I enjoyed my English class with you and am having a good experience this semester.7. At about twelve pm on August 21, 1984, she told us, I came out of the kitchen to toss out some water.8. We, at any rate, will continue to keep an open mind.9. Is the menu at that the French restaurant giving you trouble? Then you might need the V oice, a hand-held computer that translates spoken English into French, Spanish, German or Italian.10. There is an emerging consensus that a concerted effort on a national level will be required to capture the glittering prizes that a new technology offers.3.3. Rewriting PracticeRewrite the following passage into an academic one.Why are there so many jams on the roads these days? One thing is that public transportation like trains, buses, etc., is so dear. A long time ago cars cost a lot but now, unfortunately, they’ve got a lot cheaper. Another thing is that driving is a lot nicer than waiting for a bus. The trouble is that if everyone buys a car the roads get packed.4Writing ProjectThe following is a checklist for writing in academic English. It is not complete. Use the Internet, books, textbooks and lecturers' expertise to find out what other conventions could be applied to using academic English. And make a list of these conventions and keep this for future reference.Writing academic English● Use academic voice● Write with structural complexity● Avoid casual style● Distinguish formal and informal words and phrases●…5. Final Checklist。
学术英语 Unit 1 知识点：Step by Step Thinking学术英语是大多数学术研究和交流的主要语言。
对于学术写作来说，正确使用学术英语的关键之一是理解和运用逻辑推理和逐步思考。
本文将从逐步思考的角度介绍学术英语 Unit 1 的知识点。
第一个知识点是逐步说明。
在学术写作中，逐步说明是一种清晰和有条理地表达思想的方法。
逐步说明可以通过以下几个步骤来实现。
首先，你需要明确你要表达的中心思想或观点。
然后，在正文中，你可以逐步展开这个观点，并提供相关的证据和例子来支持你的论点。
最后，通过总结段落或结论，你可以再次强调你的中心思想。
第二个知识点是逐步解释。
在学术写作中，逐步解释是解释一个复杂的概念或理论的有效方法。
逐步解释可以通过以下步骤来实现。
首先，你需要明确你要解释的概念或理论，并提供一个简短的定义或描述。
然后，在接下来的段落中，你可以逐步展开并解释这个概念或理论的各个方面。
你可以使用实例、研究结果或其他支持材料来进一步说明你的解释。
最后，通过总结段落或结论，你可以再次强调你对这个概念或理论的解释。
第三个知识点是逐步分析。
在学术写作中，逐步分析是分析一个问题或主题的不同方面和细节的重要方法。
逐步分析可以通过以下步骤来实现。
首先，你需要明确你要分析的问题或主题，并提供一个简短的描述。
然后，在接下来的段落中，你可以逐步列举并分析这个问题或主题的各个方面和细节。
你可以使用数据、统计信息或其他支持材料来支持你的分析。
最后，通过总结段落或结论，你可以再次强调你对这个问题或主题的分析。
第四个知识点是逐步比较。
在学术写作中，逐步比较是比较两个或多个事物的相似之处和差异之处的有效方法。
逐步比较可以通过以下步骤来实现。
首先，你需要明确你要比较的事物，并提供一个简短的描述。
然后，在接下来的段落中，你可以逐步列举并比较这些事物的相似之处和差异之处。
你可以使用实例、研究结果或其他支持材料来支持你的比较。
最后，通过总结段落或结论，你可以再次强调你对这些事物的比较。
学术综合英语作文研究生As graduate students, we are constantly exposed to academic research and are expected to produce high-quality papers. Writing in English poses an additional challenge for non-native speakers. Therefore, it is crucial for us to continuously improve our academic writing skills in order to communicate effectively and succeed in our studies.One important aspect of academic writing is clarity. It is essential to present our ideas in a clear and concise manner. This involves organizing our thoughts logically and using appropriate language. Sentences should be well-structured and free from grammatical errors. By using appropriate language, we can enhance the readability of our papers and better convey our message to the readers.Moreover, it is vital to support our arguments with reliable evidence. Citing relevant sources and acknowledging the work of others is a fundamental part of academic integrity. Referencing allows readers to verify the information presented and builds credibility for our writing. By demonstrating a thorough understanding of the topic through the use of reputable sources, we can strengthen our arguments and contribute to the existing bodyof knowledge.In addition to clarity and supporting evidence, critical thinking is another important aspect of academic writing. As graduate students, we are expected to analyze, evaluate, and synthesize existing research to provide meaningful insights. This requires us to critically examine the strengths and weaknesses of variousarguments and to form our own opinions based on sound reasoning. By engaging in critical thinking, we can make valuable contributions to our respective fields of study and push the boundaries of knowledge.Furthermore, it is essential to properly structure our papers. A clear introduction that leads to a well-developed body and a concise conclusion is crucial for effective communication. The introduction should provide background information and clearly state the purpose of our research. The body should present a coherent and organized flow of ideas, supported by evidence. Finally, the conclusion should summarize our findings and highlight the implications of our research.Lastly, revising and proofreading are essential steps in the writing process. We should carefully review our papers to identify and correct any errors or inconsistencies. Revising allows us to refine our arguments and improve the overall flow of our writing. Proofreading helps to ensure that our papers are error-free and maintain their professionalism.In conclusion, as graduate students, it is imperative that we continuously strive to improve our academic writing skills. By focusing on clarity, supporting arguments with evidence, engaging in critical thinking, structuring our papers effectively, and thoroughly revising and proofreading our work, we can produce high-quality papers that demonstrate our expertise and contributeto the academic community.。
研究生英语写作教程A Graduate English Writing TutorialIntroductionWriting is an essential skill for graduate students, as it is an integral part of the research and academic process. However, many graduate students struggle with English writing, especially if English is not their first language. This tutorial aims to provide guidance and strategies for graduate students to improve their English writing skills.OutlineI. Understanding the Writing ProcessA. Pre-writingB. DraftingC. RevisingD. Editing and ProofreadingII. Developing Writing StrategiesA. ReadingB. Analyzing Academic PapersC. Vocabulary EnhancementD. Sentence Structure and GrammarIII. Choosing the Appropriate Tone and LanguageA. Formality and ObjectivityB. Avoiding Jargon and AmbiguityC. Consistency and CohesionIV. Organizing Ideas EffectivelyA. Outlining and PlanningB. Introduction and Thesis StatementC. Body ParagraphsD. Conclusion and Closing RemarksV. Citations and ReferencesA. Understanding Academic IntegrityB. Using Citation Styles (APA, MLA, etc.)C. Citing Sources ProperlyUnderstanding the Writing ProcessBefore starting to write, it is crucial to go through the different phases of the writing process. Pre-writing involves brainstorming ideas, conducting research, and outlining the structure of the paper. Drafting is the initial stage of putting thoughts into words, followed by revising, which involvesreorganizing and refining the content. Lastly, editing and proofreading focus on correcting grammar and spelling errors.Developing Writing StrategiesChoosing the Appropriate Tone and LanguageOrganizing Ideas EffectivelyOrganizing ideas in a well-structured manner is crucial for effective writing. Outlining and planning the paper before writing will help map out the main points and arguments. The introduction should have a strong thesis statement that provides a clear overview of the paper's purpose. Body paragraphs should support and expand on the thesis statement, while the conclusion should summarize the main points and provide closing remarks.Citations and ReferencesGraduate writing requires proper citation and referencing to maintain academic integrity. Understanding the appropriate useof citation styles, such as APA or MLA, is essential. Students should familiarize themselves with the specific rules of each style and understand how to cite sources correctly within the text and in the reference list.ConclusionImproving English writing skills is an ongoing process for graduate students. By understanding the writing process, developing practical strategies, choosing appropriate languageand tone, organizing ideas effectively, and mastering citation and referencing, students can enhance their writing abilities and excel in their academic and research endeavors. Remember - practice makes perfect, so consistent writing practice is key to success.。
Unit 1Keys for 1.3.1, 1.3.2Developing an Academic Voice:Most inexperienced writers use only the voices within their experience. When there is narrow experience, there may be the use of inappropriate voice. Writers may resort to their casual voice, which is inappropriate for academic writing. Developing an appropriate voice in academic writing establishes authority and respect for the writer. An academic voice can be developed through understanding categories of voice, recognizing your writing voice, and learning voice changing strategies.Categories of Voice:-Formal voice is an informative voice used in analysis and critique.-Consultative voice is reserved for opinion, reaction, position, and persuasion papers. -Casual voice allows you to share personal knowledge and experience. This style is not appropriate for an academic paper unless expressly allowed by your professor (as in a personal narrative).Strategies for Changing your Voice:- Eliminate casual fillersEliminate words that are associated with casual style and are generally found in conversation. You can ensure you are using an academic voice by avoiding colloquial speech patterns in your writing.Example: “You know,” “well,” “now”- PersonCheck for the appropriate person for each style of paper. First and second person pronouns are sometimes applicable to the consultative voice, but not the formal. Be sure you are consistent with your usage throughout the paper.- Wordiness and Word ChoiceExpress ideas clearly and concisely by removing extraneous words that only provide confusion. Also, remove ambiguous words such as “very” or “great” and select words that provide specific definition.Keys for 2.1.1Key for 2.2A conjunction connects words, phrases, or clauses and can also indicate the relationship between the elements it connects. In only one single sentence we often find that it contains one or more ideas which may be equal or unequal in importance. When the ideas are equal, they are called coordinate ideas. These sentences may be joined into a compound sentence that shows the relationship between the two ideas. When this is done in such a way that the equality of the ideas is maintained, we call the clauses in the new sentence coordinate clauses.Keys for 3.11.Science magazine2.advertisement3.Hemingway’s short story: cat in the rain4. a research paper5. a newspaperKeys for 3.2Key for 3.3There appear to be two principal reasons for the growing traffic congestion. Firstly, public transportation has become increasingly expensive in relation to the falling cost of driving. In addition, car ownership is more convenient than using public transportation, together these factors result in higher vehicle density.。
Unit 8 Writing AbstractObjectives- Learn the purpose of writing an academic abstract- Get to understand different types of abstracts and the abstract elements- Understand features of academic English in writing an abstract- Learn how to write an academic abstract- Learn how to write key wordsContents- Teacher’s introduction- Reading and discussion:What is an academic abstract?What are the elements of an abstract?- Language focus: commonly used verbs and tenses; sentence patterns- Rewriting practice: understand different styles of academic abstracts- Rewriting practice: understand the elements of an academic abstract- Writing practice: write an abstract and key words based on the given material1.Reading Activity1.1 Pre-reading TaskAbstract is an important part of academic assignments, most often, reports and research papers. The abstract is the last item that you write, but the first thing people read when they want to have a quick overview of the whole paper. We suggest that you leave abstract writing to the end, because you will have a clearer picture of all your findings and conclusions.Before you learn the detailed steps to write an abstract, please discuss the following questions:What is the purpose of writing an abstract?What are the basic elements for an academic abstract?What language problems may you have in abstract writing? (For example: the wording problem, the tense problem and the voice problem, etc.)1.2Reading PassageSample Abstract 1This dissertation examines the impacts of social movements through a multi-layered study of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement from its peak in the early 1960s through the early 1980s. By examining this historically important case, the writer clarifies the process by which movements transform social structures and the constraints when they try to do so. The time period studied includes the expansion of voting rights and gains in black political power, the desegregation of public schools and the emergence of white-flight academies, and the rise and fall of federal anti-poverty programs. Two major research strategies were used: (1) a quantitative analysis of county-level data and (2) three case studies. Data have been collected from archives, interviews, newspapers, and published reports. This dissertation challenges the argument that movements are inconsequential. Some view federal agencies, courts, political parties, or economic elites as the agents driving institutional change, but typically these groups acted in response to the leverage brought to bear by the civil rights movement. The Mississippi movement attempted to forge independent structures for sustaining challenges to local inequities and injustices. By propelling change in an array of local institutions, movement infrastructures had an enduring legacy in Mississippi.(Kenneth Tait Andrews, “‘Freedom is a constant struggle’: The dynamics and consequences of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement, 1960-1984″ Ph.D. State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1997 DAI-A 59/02, p. 620, Aug 1998)1.3 Reading Comprehension1.3.1 What does the abstract talk about?1.3.2Decide how many elements this sample includes and how they function.2Language Focus2.1 Commonly used verbs and tenses in abstractsRead the following sample abstract and pay attention to the verbs used in it. Sample abstract 2Cybercrime –crime on the Internet –is of growing concern in the business community. Despite UK Government initiatives (such as BS7799) and growing sales in software solutions (e.g. anti-virus software), cyber attacks are on the increase. This dissertation focuses on ways to assess the effectiveness of current preventative measures to cybercrime and to understand why organizations continue to be vulnerable to cybercrime. This dissertation met these twin research aims through an extensive study of relevant literature and the implementation of practical research. The latter was carried out through a Case Study with Company XXX using semi-structured interviews with key I.T. security personnel. This research produced a number of key findings: recent surveys confirm a significant increase in the incidences of cybercrime and their impact on the business community but also the types of cybercrime (viruses, hacking, spam, identity theft, fraud, privacy issues, web vandalism, etc.); organizations lacked the security expertise to deal with cybercrime and so depended too much on readily available technical ways to combat cybercrime (and failing); organizations were not aware of Government recommendations on how to address Internet-based security issues; and Governments and law enforcement agencies tended to localize cybercrime, allocating scant resources to contributing to a global solution. The main conclusions drawn from this research were that current approaches to fighting cybercrime are deficient because they fail to embrace a holistic approach, instead opting for a narrow local software-based focus, and that a lack of communication between major stakeholders at local, national and international level has hindered security development. This research argues for a multi-pronged model to reduce incidences of cybercrime. It takes into account Risk-Assessment models, local management of company policies, implementation issues (including proper resourcing and review policies), the need for global support infrastructures, and a means of fostering communication networks.(/Dissertation_Abstract.htm)2.2 More verbs and sentences patterns2.2 Verb tenses in abstractsRead the abstract above again and check the tenses in the abstract.3Writing Practice3.1 Abstract writing practice3.1.1 Why do we care about the problem and the results? If the problem is not obviously "interesting", it might be better to put motivation first; but if your work is incremental progress on a problem that is widely recognized as important, then it is probably better to put the problem statement first to indicate which piece of the larger problem you are breaking off to work on. This section should include the importance of your work, the difficulty of the area, and the impact it might have if successful. Read the following paragraph and write down the Motivation in the blank.A review of groundwater remediation in use today shows that new techniques are required to solve the problems of pump and treat, containment and in-situ treatment. One such technique is the method that involves the use of permeable treatment walls. These methods use a reactive medium such as iron to remediate contaminated groundwater.3.1.2 What problem are you trying to solve? What is the scope of your work (a generalized approach, or for a specific situation)? Be careful not to use too much jargon. In some cases it is appropriate to put the problem statement before the motivation, but usually this only works if most readers already understand why the problem is important. Read the following paragraph and write the problem (aim) in the blank.Several methods of implementing this remediation strategy have been described. These methods include injection and trenching. The use of a funnel and gate system via a trench has been examined in detail using a groundwater modeling option of the FLAC program.3.1.3 How did you go about solving or making progress on the problem? Did you use simulation, analytic models, prototype construction, or analysis of field data for an actual product? What was the extent of your work (did you look at one application program or a hundred programs in twenty different programming languages?) What important variables did you control, ignore, or measure? Read the following paragraph and write the approach in the blank.The use of a funnel and gate system via a trench has been examined in detail using a groundwater modeling option of the FLAC program. The modeling involved an analysis of the effect of changing the lengths of the walls and gate, varying the permeability, and varying the number of gates.3.1.4 What is the answer? Specifically, most good computer architecture papers conclude that something is so many percent faster, cheaper, smaller, or otherwise better than something else. Put the result there, in numbers. Avoid vague, hand-waving results such as "very", "small", or "significant." If you must be vague, you are only given license to do so when you can talk about orders-of-magnitude improvement. There is a tension here in that you should not provide numbers that can be easily misinterpreted, but on the other hand, you do not have room for all the caveats. Read the following paragraph and write the result in the blank.The results showed that increasing the wall length, gate length and permeability increases the size of the plume captured. An important factor in designing the walls is the residence time of the water in the gate or the contact time of the contaminant with the reactive media.3.1.5 What are the implications of your answer? Is it going to change the world (unlikely), be a significant "win", be a nice hack, or simply serve as a road sign indicating that this path is a waste of time (all of the previous results are useful). Are your results general, potentially generalizable, or specific to a particular case? Read the following and write the conclusion in the blank:A sensitivity analysis has been conducted that shows that increasing the size of the capture zone decreases the residence time which will limit the design. The results of the modeling and sensitivity analysis are presented so that they can be used as an aid to the design of permeable treatment walls.3.2 The following is a structured abstract from a report examining the network legitimacy in China telecommunication market (Low, Johnston, and Wang 97). Read it and transfer it into an informative abstract.Abstract structurePurpose – The purpose of this paper is to establish the importance and approaches in securing an organization’s legitimacy from the network community of customers, suppliers and manufacturers, including private investors and state-owned institutions when marketing their products.Design/methodology/approach –The paper presents an inductive interpretative approach complemented by action-based research founded on inquiry and testing.Findings –The paper finds that the key to legitimacy success involves using legitimacy orientations to demonstrate commitment to the interests of constituents, acquiring legitimacy from them, but concurrently considering the central government’s influence on a firm’s legitimacy performance.Research limitations/implications –The multiple interactions proposed in this paper remain untested and might have to be modified pending further empirical testing and analysis.Practical implications –In China’s telecommunication market, a company’s legitimacy emanates first and foremost from the development and commercialization of innovative and creative technological solutions. This requires good, creative management of technological resource and activity links, connecting the company’s technology to network constituents which include local manufacturers, carriers, software developers, investors.Originality/value – This is the first published paper that examines the proposed interactions among legitimacy orientations, alignments, and performances from a “market-as-network” perspective in a dynamic, transitional Chinese telecommunication market.3.3Writing keywordsKeywords often stand alone after the Abstract. In choosing the key words, a wide choice of keywords increases the probability that a paper will be retrieved and read, thereby potentially improving citation counts and journal impacts. To ensure that your paper can be found and cited by as many readers as possible, as suggested by James Hartley, it might be worth considering selecting keywords from a series of categories such as Discipline (e.g. economic, chemistry, biomedical), Methods (e.g. experiment, case study, questionnaire, grounded theory), Data source (e.g. primary, secondary, tertiary students, senior citizens), Location (e.g. country, city, town, institution), Topic (e.g. air pollution, super-virus, earthquake). Such a selection of keywords allows the search engine, such as Google Advanced Scholar, to list your paper in the results no matter which of the above keywords the reader types in.The researchers sometimes have to trade-off between the keywords, particularly when they write for the journals that bound the number of keywords in the limit of 3~5. In this situation, choose the keywords from recent or often-cited titles close to your contribution. If you pick your keywords in this way, the searches that retrieve these articles will also retrieve yours. Consequently, the chances of your paper being read will increase. Read the above sample abstracts and write down the key words:4. Writing project4.1 Get prepared for writing an abstractBefore you write the Abstract section of your research paper, you need to make everything ready for your writing. The following steps may be helpful for your preparation.1) Identify the major objectives and conclusions.2) Identify phrases with keywords in the methods section.3) Identify the major results from the discussion or results section.4) Assemble the above information into a single paragraph.5) State your hypothesis or method used in the first sentence.6) Omit background information, literature review, and detailed description ofmethods.7) Remove extra words and phrases.8) Revise the paragraph so that the abstract conveys only the essential information.9) Check to see if it meets the guidelines of the targeted journal.10) Give the abstract to a colleague (preferably one who is not familiar with yourwork) and ask him/her whether it makes sense.Work in groups and discuss what other preparations you can make for writing an abstract section of your research paper.4.2 Outline an abstractWhen we outline an abstract, there are usually five major aliments to follow. The following sample paper is finished without the abstract and key words. Read the paper, find the statements concerned and fill in the blank after it.Sample paperGLOBAL MEGACITIES AND LOW CARBON: FROM CONCEPT PLANNING TO INTEGRATED MODELLINGPhil Jones, Simon Lannon, Robbert van Nouhuys, Hendrik RosenthalMega citiesIn 1950, 30% of the world’s population lived in cities. In 2000, it was 47%. By 2010 more than half of the world’s population will be living in cities. The total may even reach 60% by 2030 and possibly 85% by the middle of this century. Such rapidly increasing urbanization, particularly in developing countries, creates many opportunities and challenges.We are living in a globalized and changing world whereby increasingly we require wise use of human and natural resources. At the same time, we need to reduce the risk urbanization poses and enhance the quality of life for all those who live in, or are impacted by Megacities. Megacities are more than just large cities with populations of 10 million inhabitants or more. They are critical to national economies. Their scalecreates new dynamics, new complexity and new simultaneity of events and processes –physical, social and economic. They host highly efficient economic activities utilizing intense and complex interactions between different demographic, social, political, economic and ecological processes.Nations undergoing economic progress often generate rapid urbanization linked with considerable opportunities, as well as strong pressures for change accompanied by environmental degradation. In current times in the developing world, Megacities grow faster than ever before and much faster than their infrastructure can support. Traditionally this results in uncontrolled urban sprawl, high traffic volumes and congested transport systems, high concentrations of industrial production, ecological overload, unregulated and disparate land and property markets, insufficient housing development, excessive waste generation, loss of productivity, general economic constipation, degradation and decline.Over the past decades traditional Megacities have been suffering from inadequate representative governance, inhibiting spatial planning, building control, delivery of services (such as water supply, sewage disposal and energy distribution), and the establishment of general order (including security and disaster prevention). Existing administrations and their organizational structures may have been outgrown by the rapidly expanding city and may simply be unable to cope with the huge scale of their new responsibilities. On the other hand, megacities contain a rich mix of coexisting people and support systems when properly planned and managed. Groups with their own distinctive ethnic, community, cultural roots, lifestyles and social surroundings have opportunity to thrive and develop. Differences in economic development, social polarization, quality of infrastructure and governance are recognized and taken into account. The scale and dynamism of Megacities, coupled with complex interacting processes and the sheer concentration of human capital make them incubators of huge growth and innovation. Megacities are the focal points of globalization as well as the driving forces for development; they harbor a wide spectrum of human skill and potential, creativity, social interaction and cultural diversity.For Hanoi to develop within a rapid urbanization scenario it must look far ahead –not 20 years, not 50 years but 100 years –into the 22nd Century. The use of conventional planning and economic development guidelines have proven to be outdated, resulting in the risk of harboring pronounced poverty, social inequality, and aggravating rapid environmental degradation. Population density, if not managed, increases vulnerability to natural and man-made hazards. Thus, Megacities are both victims and producers of risk, if unmanaged and exposed to the global environmental, socio-economic and political changes to which they contribute.Megacities will be essential and efficient drivers of a nation’s gross domestic product, processes and activities. Megacities will be ideal places to drive activities and innovation to solve social, environmental, medical, socio-economic and political issues. For these reasons, Megacities are necessary and have potential to substantially contribute towards global justice and peace – and thereby prosperity.Low Carbon and Energy ModelingAspects of sustainable master planning that impact carbon and energy implications need to be understood to help inform concepts at the earliest stage of the design process. For example, the full benefits of reducing operating energy demand of buildings can only be realized if the energy supply can respond to the reduced demand, which includes the additional benefits of reducing the energy supply infrastructure, which in turn reduces its embodied energy. Likewise, if a low (or zero) carbon energy supply is to be used, for example, renewable energy, this is easier to achieve if first the energy demand is reduced. Also, as the operating energy performance of buildings is improved the carbon dioxide emissions associated with the operation of the building, for heating, cooling, lighting, etc., becomes of the same order as the embodied energy used in construction and fit-out of the building and its infra-structure. So a balanced approach across energy demand and supply infrastructure, operating energy and embodied energy, is needed to achieve optimum performance.This paper describes how the aspects of low carbon planning and design (i.e. operating energy use, embodied energy associated with buildings, energy supply infrastructures, and other infrastructures such as transport, waste, water, sewage, etc.) can be assessed using urban scale modeling, namely EEP-Urban, at a whole city and building plot level. In particular, it explores how the reduction in energy supply infrastructure together with reduced energy demand can lead to reductions in carbon dioxide emissions associated with both operating and embodied energy. The concept of the Megacity in the context of Hanoi in 2110 is used to illustrate the model.The Concept of Metabolic Super ClustersHanoi in 2110 will feature super tall skyscrapers, elevated connectors and railways, nodal communication networks, as well as electrical and energy corridors. Vertical neighborhoods, where people live, shop, relax and work, are built on and above this surface. Built structures are not just individual towers standing independent from another but instead are interlinked and inter-dependent to form an urban spatial organization that allows for vertical connectivity.The urban model proposes 1 million people on a 1 square kilometer floor plate, hence called a Super Cluster. Under current suburban density standards a similar population would require in the order of 100 square kilometers. Thus, this vision for Hanoi in 2110 saves 99% of land for other uses, most notably conservation of ecological functions and provides food, leisure, material and energy support systems for the city thereby localizing the ecological footprint of the city.Another distinct aspect of Hanoi in 2110 is that it does not have static building functions. Instead, land use layers, building envelopes and orientations change over time – hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly – to optimize performance efficiencies, therefore becoming a Metabolic Super Cluster. It is envisaged that Hanoi by the end of this century will consist of 30 metabolic super clusters in addition to its traditional urban city centre.Concentrated compact development will enhance the quality of life for urban dwellers because all infrastructures, environmentally damaging and other undesirablesurface activities are located underground or integrated into the vertical structure, thereby significantly improving the quality of living space at the ground, open-air level. Underground space may also provide a safer environment for some public and commercial activities as well as providing shelter from inclement weather conditions. This may prove to be essential for infrastructure in particular, given the predicted impacts associated with climate change. Elevated multi-level connectors between building clusters are converted into common corridors with public amenities, farms and open space.Quality of life depends on individual perceptions, attitudes, aspirations and value systems. These differ with age, ethnicity, culture and religion, as well as lifestyles, education and cultural background. An individual’s priorities and attitudes to life depend heavily upon socio-economic background and cultural environment. Historic places, cultural sites or public spaces may give Megacities a certain unique identity, heritage, and authenticity. As a result, such spatial capital contributes to social cohesion and makes people feel at home.Nevertheless, the general opinion may be that the quality of life for many residents in Megacities would be low – for rich and poor alike. Air, water and soil pollution, water and energy supply shortages, traffic congestion, environmental health problems, limited green spaces, poverty and malnutrition, social security and public safety problems place many burdens and restrictions on people.The Megacity of the future has adapted to greater diversity in socio-cultural circumstances by including and enhancing the often widespread and dynamic informal activities that enrich such communities. Further development of new visions and innovative management tools are now urgently needed in order to enhance quality of life and create cohesive communities.Urban governance and management is one of the key success factors of any global Megacity. As society and aspirations evolve over time, the city has to be designed to adapt to change. Utopian cities built around fixed ideologies have never worked. Megacities need to be versatile in order to adapt.The main challenges for a Megacity in terms of urban governance are: dealing with the speed of change with intelligent urban infrastructure systems; eradicating social exclusion; and introducing proper forms of urban governance.Way ForwardWhether or not 1 million people are appropriate for a 1 km2 super cluster remains to be seen. The optimum density for sustainability, land use and quality of life may be less and will vary with global location. The above approach is essential to inform the design of high rise high density Megacities if they are to realize their full potential for providing sustainable healthy zero carbon cities of the future that can co-exist in a sustainable way with their neighboring rural areas.4.3 According to the above table, draft an abstract and keywords for the sample paper. Abstract:Key words:5.Final Checklistbackground, purpose, findings, conclusions, recommendations and follow strictly the chronology of the report/papers.∙Avoid excessive use of jargon, and exaggerative language∙Keep within the specified word limit. Most institutions will have their own "house rules" as to the length of the abstract. The abstract should stand alone and be able to be understood without reference to citations,∙Ensure the abstract contains all your key words (for the searchable databases). ∙Add no new information but simply summarize the report/papers. Be intelligible to a wide audience。
Unit 2 Initiating ResearchObjectives- Understand what a research is- Become aware of two language features of academic writing- Initiate your researchContents- Reading and discussion: What is a research?- Language focus: personal pronoun and nominalization- Writing practice: topic selection; focus formulating; a working title; outlining- Research practice: start the research1.Reading ActivityThis unit aims to describe what a research is, bring you an awareness of two language features of academic writing, and finally help you initiate a research of your own.1.1 Pre-reading TaskBefore you learn the detailed steps to initiate a research, please discuss the following questions:What is the purpose of initiating a research?How do you select the topic?What kind of topic can be studied?Do you often encounter first personal pronoun in academic writing? And why or why not?1.2 Reading PassageWhat is a research?A research is a systematic investigative process employed to increase or revise current knowledge by discovering new facts. It is divided into two general categories: (1) basic research is inquiry aimed at increasing scientific knowledge, and (2) applied research is effort aimed at using basic research for solving problems or developing new processes, products, or techniques. You may use "PPP" to describe the whole process of researching, which stands for Purpose (questions), Process (a systemic approach) and Product (answers) in the following figure.Purpose Process Product(Questions) (Systemic approach) (Answers)You can initiate a research in the following steps.Step1: Selecting a TopicSelect a topic that interests you.Selecting a topic is possibly the most difficult part of doing research. Is it too big? Is it too narrow? Will you be able to find enough on it? Start by choosing a topic that you like or are curious about. You are going to be working on it for quite a while, so try and find one that is interesting and that you can reasonably cover in the time and space available.Focus on a broad research topic.If you have a topic in mind, you still have to fine-tune your selection and narrow the focus. For example, by selecting the subject "Medical Care," you will discover reports relating to dozens of more narrow subjects, such as "Managed Care," "Medical Malpractice," and "Medical Mistakes." You will have to limit your topic, so that the research questions can be significant, original and answerable.Step 2: Formulating a thesis statementWrite your topic as a thesis statement, which may be the answer to your research question and/or a way to clearly state the purpose of your research. Your thesis statement will usually be one or two sentences that state precisely what is to be answered, proven, or what you will promise to your audience about the scope, purpose, and direction of your paper. It i s generally located near the end of the introduction; sometimes, in a long paper, the thesis will be expressed in several sentences or in an entire paragraph. And remember, the development of a thesis assumes that there is sufficient evidence to support the thesis statement.A thesis statement is supposed to be specific. Here is an example of a too broad statement:The Catholic Church’s influence on the formation of labor unions in the nineteenth century was extremely significant.Revision:The Catholic Church, by means of the pulpit and the purse, greatly influenced the labor movement in the United States during the final decades of the nineteenth century. Step 3: Writing a titleA good title is defined as the fewest possible words that adequately describe the contents of the paper. All words in the title should be chosen with great care, and their association with one another must be carefully managed.The title of your paper may not be exactly the same as your research question or your thesis statement, but the title should clearly convey the focus, purpose and meaning of your research.In terms of the structure of a title, it is mainly a noun phrase, gerund phrase, or a prepositional phrase. Sometimes, it can be a complete sentence. But for beginners, sentences are not recommended. The followings are some acceptable titles.Juvenile delinquency as the result of televisionDeath penalty – is it beneficial or unfavorable?The TV impact on the modern societyThe controversial character of Napoleon BonaparteFrank Lloyd Wright: Key Principles of Design For the Modern HomeAbnormal muscular tension caused by paspertin: report of 12 casesStep 4: OutliningUsing an outline can help you organize your material and can also help you discover connections between pieces of information.A Working Outline might be only an informal list of topics and subtopics which you are thinking of covering in your paper. Sometimes, however, an instructor might require that a working outline be submitted at the beginning of your work; then your instructor might suggest ways in which the work needs to be further developed or cut back. The working outline can be revised as you discover new material and get new ideas that ought to go into your paper.A Final Outline enhances the organization and coherence of your research paper. The outline organization should suit well to your purposes. Are you attempting to show the chronology of some historical development, cause-and-effect relationship, comparison and contrast between one phenomenon and another, the process by which something is accomplished, or the logic of some position?A final outline can be written as a topic outline, in which you use only short phrases to suggest ideas, or as a sentence outline, in which you use full sentences (even very brief paragraphs) to show the development of ideas more fully. The following is a template outline of research, which may not reflect all of the research you will be including in your final paper, but it should show that you have done enough research that you know the main topics and subtopics that you will be using.∙Title∙Complete the sentence "The Purpose of this Paper is . . ."Introductiono Describe the problemo Why is this analysis appropriate?o Importance of the problemo The scope of the reviewo Gaps in the previous studyo How the results of the review will be applied.o Identify the research questions you hope to answerMethodologyo Identify the method used to identify and locate sources;o Explain the rationale used for selecting the sources to analyze;o Explain the procedures to be used for analyzing the sources;o Identify the criteria for evaluating the information found.Analysis and Discussion (General points to consider)o Evidence and ideas are presented from sourceso Concepts are organized by sub-topicso Sources are grouped by concepts instead of individual entitieso Grouping may be related to research questions.o Validity of sources is stated to support your ultimate answers to yourquestions.o Each of your statements is cited by placing the number(s) identifyingthe reference(s) which support your statement.Conclusions and Recommendationso Identify and synthesize findingso Systematically answer your research questionso Provide recommendations for▪Future research▪Classroom applications▪Educational policies and procedures,▪Program revisions, or▪Other warranted situationsReferenceso L ist each of your references using APA format (or as close to it as youcan get.)o N umber each of your references so you can cite your evidence in theAnalysis and Discussion section1.3 Reading Comprehension1.3.1 Summarize the procedure of initiating a research based on the text in a few key words and fill in the following table.1.3.2 Read the following topics and please decide what the theme is and in what way the topic is limited for each proposal based on Step 1.nguage Focus2.1Person PronounsFirst person pronounsYou can usually strengthen your impersonal tone by removing first person pronouns.Second person pronounsWhen considering an audience, you establish credibility by avoiding secondperson pronouns to decrease closeness and informality.2.1.1 Turn the following sentences into academic ones by avoiding first and second personal pronouns.1. I think that doctors should be required to complete communication skill courses.2. When you read Hamlet, you should notice clear foreshadowing of events to transpire.3. I chose this method because it was less complex.4. My reading has shown that there are several reasons why plants are dispersed by ants.5. The one I have found the most agreement for is that ant nests are nutrient enriched sites and therefore it may be advantageous for seeds to germinate from within ant nests .6. I also found that the results of this study concurred with Berg's (1975) hypothesis that seeds are protected from fire through their burial in ants nests.2.1.2 Check for the appropriate person for the following text. First and second person pronouns are sometimes applicable to the consultative voice, but not in the formal one. Be sure that you are consistent with your usage throughout the paper.For our project we decided to check out the impact of two simple actions aimed at getting more female employees to use the stairs at a five floor worksite. The first thing we did was that we put up a health sign that linked stair use to health and fitness. And the second thing was an E-mail which we asked the worksite doctor to send out. We asked him to point out how regular stair use could be really good for general fitness. We did the research by checking things out in four states: a baseline week, the week after the sign, the week after the E-mail and then 3 weeks after that.We were really pleased that stair use went up a lot in the week after the sign, from a baseline of 69% to 77%, and then up again to 89% after the E-mail. Unfortunately, 4 weeks after the E-mail was sent out, stair use had gone down to 67% and we were very disappointed about that, we had expected these simple actions to lead to more stair use but we didn’t think the positive effect would’ve vanished after amonth. So it’s really difficult to make any recommendations based on our evidence. 2.2 NominalizationIn the text, we read:“A Final Outline enhances the organization and coherence of your research paper. The outline organization should suit well to your purposes.”Do you find anything particular about structural features of these two sentences above? If yes, why do we use the structure?Nominalization: The word nominalization defines itself, since it is itself an example of a nominalization. When you turn a verb into a noun, you nominalize it, creating a nominalization. Nominalization types differ according to the level of organization at which the nominalization takes place Three types of nominalizations can be distinguished: nominalizations at the level of word (e.g. reject, rejection), nominalizations which nominalize a structure that lies in between a verb and a full clause (e.g. Sa m’s rejection of the budget) and, finally, nominalizations consisting of full clauses (e.g. Failure could result in rejection of the budget.)2.2.1 Try to write the nominal forms of the following words.Verb NominalizationDiscoverImpairAllowRefuseStudyProposeIndicateRemoveAssumeIntendLiableNegligentExtensiveLegalCarelessProficient2.2.2 The following sentences do not sound academic. Rewrite them with nominalization.1. We walked for charity. We raised money for the Leukemia Foundation.2. Crime was increasing rapidly and the police were becoming concerned.3. Germany invaded Poland in 1939. This was the immediate cause of the Second World War breaking out.4. We need to know which parts of our library are being used most extensively so that we can project what resources are most needed.5. I know English well. I worked for three years in a factory in Shanghai. I think I am good enough for your job.2.2.3 The following text sounds colloquial. Rewrite it into an academic passage with nominalization.Because only a few people have most of the money and power in Australia, I conclude that it is not an equal society. Society has an Upper, Middle and Lower class and I think that most people, when they are born into one class, end up staying in that class for their whole lives. When all three classes are looked at more closely, other things such as the differences between the sexes and people's racial backgrounds also add to the unequal nature of Australian society. Women earn less than men and own less than men. Why is this so?3. Writing Practice3.1 Topic SelectionThe following is a list of topics that you may be interested in. Choose three topics and discuss their possibilities as subjects for research with your teammates. If you find none of the following interesting, you can propose your own.3.2 Focus FormulationPlease formulate focus for the three topics that you are most interested in chosenfrom 3.1 by limiting them to some aspects, e.g., a certain population, theory, or methodology.1.___________________________________________________________________.2.___________________________________________________________________.3.___________________________________________________________________.3.3 Establishing a Working TitleA working title is a title which you initially think of in order to establish a focus for your research and writing. As you read and become more involved in the subject of your project, your viewpoint may change. This isa partof the process of developing your ideas, and thus a part of fine-tuning your research skills. You may decide to go back and change your plan, and your final title may differ somewhat from your working title.The following are James' working title, and the process of refinement.Please write down three acceptable titles for the three topics that you have narrowed down in the previous task 3.2.1._______________________________________________________________2._______________________________________________________________3._______________________________________________________________3.4 OutliningThe following passage is an abstract of a research paper. Please write an outline and a title for this passage.ABSTRACT: Hunger during school may prevent children in developing countries from benefiting from education. Although many countries have implemented school feeding programs, few programs have been rigorously evaluated. We conducted a randomized, controlled trial of giving breakfast to undernourished and adequately nourished children. The undernourished group comprised 407 children in grades 2–5 in 16 rural Jamaican schools (weights-for-age 21 SD of the National Center for Health Statistics references) and the adequately nourished group comprised 407 children matched for school and class (weights-for-age >21 SD). Both groups were stratified by class and school, and then randomly assigned to breakfast or control groups. After the initial measurements, breakfast was provided every school day for 1 school year. Children in the control group were given one-quarter of an orange and the same amount of attention as children in the breakfast group. All children had their heights and weights measured and were given the Wide Range Achievement Test before and after the intervention. School attendance was taken from the schools’ registers. Compared with the control group, height, weight, and attendance improved significantly in thebreakfast group. Both groups made poor progress in Wide Range Achievement Test scores. Younger children in the breakfast group improved in arithmetic. There was no effect of the nutritional group on the response to breakfast. In conclusion, the provision of a school breakfast produced small benefits in children’s nutri tional status, school attendance, and achievement. Greater improvements may occur in more undernourished populations; however, the massive problem of poor achievement levels requires integrated programs including health and educational inputs as well as school meals. （Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:873–9.）4. Writing Project4.1 You have decided on a topic for research in this semester. Please write it down.4.2 Please narrow down your topic to one or more research questions.4.3 Please write down your thesis statement and list the key words that best describe your topic.4.4 Please make an outline of your research, and exchange your outlines within your team for peer correction mainly in inner logic and coherence.5. Final ChecklistHere is a checklist for you to initiate a research. Please make sure that your potential project meets the criteria for a good research.。
学术英语第一单元主题有关的作文Unit 1 BACBC ttfft fftff daddaunit 2 dbaba abcbc bdbab unit 3 bacaa cdcbd ccbbaunit 4 tftff Cdccdc future, player, do, teacher, musician, game, dream, same, study, unit 5 ttftf there were four people in the family. It rained heavily at that time. The car stopped near a park by the side of the road.It couldn't have not. She was not in the car. Jim was warm and sunny in the daytime, but cool and humid at night in Hainan.Yes, he has been to Asia Long wan, Lu hu it ou, Tian ya hai jiao, etc. yes, I think Sun it e No.7 is Tom, Emma, Mike, Nick, Peter, Sara, unit 4, No.8, cocoa beans, knowledge, interest, some things, reading, trying, ways, always, better unit 9 picture picture 4 T t f ff start, end, get, get, leave, have, find, go, camera yes, they were in the statue of liberty in New York City. They stayed there for two weeks.They visited the statue of liberty, the Empire State Building, the Metropolitan Museum, the Bronx Zoo and the long island team cbacd dabcd ccbdunit bacfmed abadc no, they can't prepare for class in the dorm dining room.。
Unit 2 Initiating a ResearchKey (only for reference)：1.3.1Steps Key wordsStep 1Selecting a topic: interest, narrow down a broad topicStep 2Formulating a thesis statement: answer to research questions; specific Step 3Writing a title: concise; focus, purpose and meaning; phraseStep 4 Outlining: coherence; suitable for the purpose1.3.2Topic Theme Limit the Topic1.Are graduate students of Southeast University satisfied with their campus life? Students'satisfaction .Population;environment2.Job prospect of graduates of Master ofScience of SEU.Job prospect population3.The marital status of graduate students of SEU. The maritalstatuspopulation4.Are scholarship and allowance enough for the graduates? Income and expenditurepopulation5. Anxiety among the graduates. PsychologicalconditionPopulation and atheory6. How many English words should graduatesacquire?Word learning population7. Is personal success of SEU teaching staff correlated with bilingualism? Correlationbetweenpersonalsuccess and bilingualism.population2.1.11. Doctors should be required to complete communication skill courses.2. Clear foreshadowing of events to transpire should be noticed in Hamlet.3. This method was chosen because of its simplicity.4. According to the literature reviewed, there are several reasons why plants are dispersed by ants.5. There is the consensus that ant nests are nutrient enriched sites and therefore it may be advantageous for seeds to germinate from within ant nests .6.The results of this study concurred with Berg's (1975) hypothesis that seeds are protected from fire through their burial in ants’ nests.2.1.2The present study is to investigate the impact of two simple actions aimed at getting more female employees to use the stairs at a five floor worksite. The first step was that a health sign was put up that linked stair use to health and fitness. And the second step was that the worksite doctor sent out an E-mail and pointed out the positive effects on general fitness. The study was followed up in four states: a baseline week, the week after the sign, the week after the E-mail and then 3 weeks after that.Results showed that stair use went up dramatically in a week after the sign, from a baseline of 69% to 77%, and then up again to 89% after the E-mail. Unfortunately, 4 weeks after the E-mail was sent out, stair use declined to 67% . These simple actions were supposed to lead to more stair use, but the positive effect vanished after a month. So it is really difficult to make any recommendations based on the evidence.2.2.1Verb/adj.NominalizationDiscover discoveryImpair impairmentAllow allowanceRefuse refusalStudy researchPropose proposalIndicate indicationRemove removalAssume assumptionIntend intensionLiable liabilityNegligent negligenceExtensive extensionLegal legalityCareless carelessnessProficient proficiency2.2.21. The charity work raised money for the Leukemia Foundation.2. The police were becoming concerned about rapid increase of crimes . Or the rapid increase in crime was causing concern among the police.3. Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939 was the immediate cause of the outbreak of the Second World War.4. We need to know which parts of our library are in most extensive use so that we can project what resources are most in need.5. Both my English proficiency and my three-year working experience in a factory in Shanghai qualify me to be an ideal candidate for the job.2.2.3The inequity in the distribution of wealth in Australia is yet another indicator of Australia's lack of egalitarianism. In1985, 20% of the Australian population owned 72.2% of the wealth with the top 50% owning 92.1% (Raskall, 1988: 287 ). Such a significant skew in the distribution of wealth indicates that, at least in terms of economics, there is an established class system in Australia. McGregor (1988) argues that Australian society can be categorised into three levels: the Upper; Middle and Working classes. In addition, it has been shown that most Australians continue to remain in the class into which they were born (McGregor, 1988:156) despitearguments about the ease of social mobility in Australian society (Fitzpatrick, 1994). The issue of class and its inherent inequity, however, is further compounded by factors such as race and gender within and across these class divisions.The relative disadvantage of women with regard to their earnings and levels of asset ownership indicates that within classes there is further economic inequity based on gender.3.1 -4.4Open-ended.。
Unit 1Excuse NotesWord Bankanthology: n.a collection of artistic works which have a similar form or subject, often those considered to be the best 诗选/文选attest :v.to show sth.or to say or prove that sth.is true 证明choke: v.to stop breathing 窒息, 哽住devilment : n.behavior that causes trouble but is usually intended to be playful or amusing 恶作剧distribute: v.to give sth.out to several people, or to spread or supply sth.分发, 发送epiphany: n.understanding 理解forge: v.to make an illegal copy of sth.in order to deceive 伪造, 铸造gem: n.sb.or sth.that is very good, pleasing or useful 精品, 非常有用的人genuine: adj.sth.genuine is what it seems to be; real 真的lucid: adj.clearly expressed and easy to understand or (of a person) thinking or speaking clearly 易懂的, 明白的, 清醒的omit: v.to fail to include or do sth.省略, 疏忽plight: n.an unpleasant condition, especially a serious, sad or difficult one 处境, 状态seduction: n.the attractive quality of sth.诱惑superintendent: n.people who is in charge of work done in a particular department, office, etc.主管, 负责人treason: ck of loyalty to one’s country, especially by helping its enemies or attempting to defeat its government 通敌, 叛国罪vulgar: adj.rude and likely to upset or anger people 无理的，粗俗的Phrases and Expressionsbe evicted from: to be forced to leave somewhere 驱逐, 赶走be worth of: deserving respect, admiration or support 值得的glance at: to give a quick short look 一瞥turn into: to change into 进入, （使）变成Reading ComprehensionChoose the best for each of the following.1.According to the passage, the teacher ____D____.A.is angry with his students.B.does not like his students forging excuse notes.C.blames the parents.D.teaches a successful writing class.2.Mikey missed school ____D____.A.because his grandmother fell down from the stairsB.because he did not like his teacherC.because his parents wanted him to be homeD.because he did not want to go to school3.When the students forged the excuse notes, they were ____A____.A.very smart and imaginativeB.boredC.indifferentD.excited4.The principal of the school ____B____.A.blamed the teacher for what he had done in class.B.praised the teacher for what he had done in class.C.was disappointed with the teacher.D.fired the teacher.5.Which of the following statements is NOT true? ( D )A.The students enjoyed the teacher’s writing class very much.B.The students were very creative in forging excuse notes.C.The teacher enjoyed teaching writing.D.The students did not enjoy the teacher’s writing class.plete the following summary (summarize) of the text by filling in the blanks with words.The initial letter of each word has been given to you.His methods anything but conventional, Mr.McCourt created a lasting impact on his students through imaginative assignments in his (1)creative writing.He found that some of his students (2) forged excuse notes in the name of their parents.He does not angry with what the students had done; instead, he divided those notes into two (3)piles, one for the (4)genuine ones written by parents, the other for forgeries.The students were so smart that they could create a variety of (5)excuses.So the teacher decided to dig up their (6)talent in writing by asking them to write excuse notes.The students were so (7)absorbed in the writing that they almost forgot to have (8)lunch.At last the principal (9)praised the teacher for this successful teaching method.Both the teache and the students were happy about the writing class.And the teacher realized everyone (10)needed an excuse.Understanding is essential to the teacher and the students.VocabularyI.Choose the answer that best completes each sentence.1.A number of __D___ works of art have been sold as genuine.A.falseB.beautifulC.famousD.forged2.To ___B__ one’s power is to commit a crime and eventually end up in jail.A.accuseB.abuseC.deduceD.excuse3.Seeing the speeding car, the policeman __B__ the driver to pull up at the curb.A.reckonedB.beckonedC.softenedD.stiffened4.Unfortunately, he hit a traffic jam and missed the train __B___ a few minutes.A.withB.byC.beforeD.for5.She gave a clear and __A___ account of her plans for the company's future.A.lucidB.dullC.unclearD.ambiguous6.Isn't it rather __C___ to talk about how much money you earn?A.politeB.boringC.vulgarD.pleasant7.The books will be __D___ free to local schools.A.contributedB.tributeC.attributedD.distributed8.The editor required him to __A___ some details of the article.A.omitB.permitC.summitD.illuminate9.Few of us can be unmoved by the __C___ of the Romanian orphans.A.lightB.mightC.plightD.moonlight10.I have to __B___ my reputation.A.detectB.protectC.intactD.preventII.Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below.Change the form where necessary. superintendent choke attest forge gemgenuine lucid omit turn into excuseglance at evicted disguise worthy imagination1.In the US.a school is superintendent in charge of the schools in a particular area.2.Thousands of people came out onto the streets to attest their support for the democratic opposition party.3.The expensive purse is made of genuine leather.4.Can you turn this article into English?5.She took a glance at her watch.6.I know why this happened.You don't have to find any excuse.7.He was evicted from the pub for drunken and violent behavior.8.This emperor is said to have paid many personal visits to various counties disguise as an ordinary citizen.9.Every year she makes a large donation to a worthy cause.10.Children often have very vivid imagination.TranslationPut the following paragraphs into Chinese.1.Most parental-excuse notes I received back in those days were penned by my students.They'd been forging excuse notes since they learned to write, and if I were to confront each forger I'd be busy 24 hours a day.2.My heart sank as the principal entered, along with the superintendent of schools.Neither acknowledged me.They walked up and down, peering at papers.The superintendent picked one up, showed it to the principal.3.Sooner or later, I figured, everyone needed an excuse.Also, if we sang today we could sing tomorrow, and why not? You don’t need an excuse for singing.参考译文: 1.我每天收到以父母名义写的请假条, 很多是学生自己写的。
Unit 1 Understanding Academic EnglishObjectives:- Learn the purpose of this course- Get to understand different voices that people often use in their communication - Understand features of academic English- Build your learning ability via the Internet- Meet your teacher and new classmatesContents- Teacher’s introduction- Reading and discussion: How’s your voice?- Language focus: word choice, and structural complexity- Writing practice: understanding different styles- Rewriting practice: consolidating academic English writing skills- Classroom extension: Internet survey on features of academic English1.Reading Activity1.1 Pre-reading TaskDo you know how to write a paper with an academic voice? Most Chinese students use only the casual voice for their daily life purposes, which does not fit the academic writing style. When you can learn to use an academic voice and a formal writing style, you will gain authority and respect for yourself as a researcher as well as a research writer.Read the following three texts with different kinds of voice and tell what they differ in.1.2 Reading PassageHOW’S YOUR VOICE?Casual VoiceHey, dude, no way you can sit here!Huzzah! We won! We beat ‘em! Ha! Blue Vampires. They think they’re so great. We showed ‘em. Go Aardvarks!Yuck! I hate broccoli with those nasty, stinkin’ mush-rooms. Why do we gotta have these things again, man?!www, we gotta cancel the Consultative VoiceYou’re not allowed to sit inthis area, because it’s asafety concern.I’m so glad for our team, thegreat Fighting Aardvarks,and now together wecelebrate this victory.I’d prefer not to have thisparticular vegetable again, ifit’s possible. Does anyonereally enjoy this combinationof mushrooms and broccoli?It’s possible that our partymight have to be postponedor canceled because of theAcademic VoiceThis area must be keptclear for foot traffic.The Fighting Aardvarksclaimed victory over theBlue Vampires in thefinal round tonight. Bothteams competed well andthe fans are enthusiastic.Very few people enjoythis broccoli andmushroom dish.Therefore, it will not beserved again within thiscalendar year, or theservers will be killed.Due to the inclementweather, the AnnualTattoo Party will notparty ‘cause it’s totally raining like crazy! Sweeeet! I love those Indiana Jones movies! They’re awesome with the whip and the bugs and stuff. Everyone loves those flicks!bad weather that’s threaten-ing our location.Indiana Jones films arereally very popular withyour age group. Critics can’tdecide why such an oldcharacter is so appealing.take place this Thursdayat Finster Park. Theplanning committee willreschedule the event andrelease information assoon as possible.Hollywood is perplexedat the reasons that Indi-ana Jones is so favoredby such youngaudiences. The answerremains a mystery.1.3Reading Comprehension1.3.1 Do you know in which situation these voices are appropriately used? And why?1.3.2 Read the passage carefully again and decide the differences among them.2Language Focus2.1 Word ChoiceAcademic voice can be well expressed by choosing words. Here are some words to acquire:Here are some words to avoid.2.1.1 Can you match the formal and informal words and phrases?2.2 Structural complexity‘Syntax’ is the technical word that is used to describe sentence structure. It is extremely important that well-arranged sentences carry an academic voice, whereas choppy, simple sentences sound oral and colloquial. Sentences that are too short and poorly connected can be irritating to read. Conversely, sentences that are too long and rambling are difficult to follow and are likely to be confusing. Use a sentence length that allows your thoughts to flow clearly. Rewrite the following sentences into a text with well-ordered sentences and structural complexity.A conjunction connects words, phrases, or clauses. It indicates the relationship between the elements. These elements connect. We often find the following thing. In only one single sentence a conjunction contains one or more ideas. These ideas may be equal or unequal in importance. Ideas are equal, and we call them coordinate ideas. For example, John studies electronics. Helen studies Computing. These two sentences can become a compound sentence. It shows the relationship between the two ideas. We want to maintain the equality of the ideas. We call the clauses in the new sentence coordinate clauses.3.Writing Practice3.1Understanding different stylesRead the following texts and decide where they come from.1At AT & Bell Laboratories infrared lasers are being used to capture live microbes. Working like optical tweezers, the pressure of the laser light traps minute objects in itsfocus point. Researchers are using the device to move around viruses bacteria, and other cells they are study under the microscope. After several hours, however, the focus light will heat up the microbes to a boiling point.____________________________________________________________________ 2All we ask is that you spend two hours of your time attending a Barratt Sales presentation. There, you’ll discover the ben efits of timeshare. At Barratt we call it Holiday Ownership because that’s why it really is. You’ll be under no obligation to purchase, but we think you may be tempted._____________________________________________________________________ 3There were only two Americans stopping at the hotel. They did not know any of the people they passed on the stairs on their way to and from their room. Their room was on the second floor facing the sea. It also faced the public garden and the war monument. There were big palms and green benches in the public garden. In the good weather there was always an artist with his easel. Artists liked the way the palms grew and the bright colors of the hotels facing the gardens and the sea.4Although many studies have already been done, more studies are needed to determine the effects of microcomputer-assisted instruction in various teaching situations.____________________________________________________________________ 5The parents of a seven-year-old Australian boy woke to find a giant python crushing and trying to swallow him. The incident occurred in Cairns, Queensland and the boy’s mother, Mrs. Dryden said: “it was like a horror movie. It was a hot night. He suddenly started screaming. We rushed to the bedroom to find a huge snake trying to strangle him. ” Mrs. Dryden and her husband, Peter, tried to stab the creature with knives, but the python bit the boy several times before escaping.____________________________________________________________________3.2. Choosing appropriate stylesNow you are going to write an essay in class for your teacher’s assignments. Which of the following sentences you would like to use for your writing?1. He couldn’t finish his work in the time given.2. The first set of results were compiled and presented by the other group of students.3. I would like to focus on the following areas of research: …4. They argued that this methodology was unreliable.5. In addition, the data was used to focus on the following hypothesis.6. I enjoyed my English class with you and am having a good experience this semester.7. At about twelve pm on August 21, 1984, she told us, I came out of the kitchen to toss out some water.8. We, at any rate, will continue to keep an open mind.9. Is the menu at that the French restaurant giving you trouble? Then you might need the V oice, a hand-held computer that translates spoken English into French, Spanish, German or Italian.10. There is an emerging consensus that a concerted effort on a national level will be required to capture the glittering prizes that a new technology offers.3.3. Rewriting PracticeRewrite the following passage into an academic one.Why are there so many jams on the roads these days? One thing is that public transportation like trains, buses, etc., is so dear. A long time ago cars cost a lot but now, unfortunately, they’ve got a lot cheaper. Another thing is that driving is a lot nicer than waiting for a bus. The trouble is that if everyone buys a car the roads get packed.4Writing ProjectThe following is a checklist for writing in academic English. It is not complete. Use the Internet, books, textbooks and lecturers' expertise to find out what other conventions could be applied to using academic English. And make a list of these conventions and keep this for future reference.Writing academic English● Use academic voice● Write with structural complexity● Avoid casual style● Distinguish formal and informal words and phrases●…5. Final Checklist。
