Renaissance,literally “rebirth,” the period in European civilization immediately following the Middle Ages and conventionally held to have been characterized by a surge of interest in Classical learning and values. The Renaissance also witnessed the discovery and exploration of new continents, the substitution of the Copernican for the Ptolemaic system of astronomy, the decline of the feudal system and the growth of commerce, and the invention or application of such potentially powerful innovations as paper, printing, the mariner’s compass, and gunpowder. To the scholars and thinkers of the day, however, it was primarily a time of the revival of Classical learning and wisdom after a long period of cultural decline and stagnation.
Origins and rise of humanism
The term Middle Ages was coined by scholars in the 15th century to designate the interval between the downfall of the Classical world of Greece and Rome and its rediscovery at the beginning of their own century, a revival in which they felt they were participating. Indeed, the notion of a long period of cultural darkness had been expressed by Petrarch even earlier. Events at the end of the Middle Ages, particularly beginning in the 12th century, set in motion a series of social, political, and intellectual transformations that culminated in the Renaissance. These included the increasing failure of the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire to provide a stable and unifying framework for the organization of spiritual and material life, the rise in importance of city-states and national monarchies, the development of national languages, and the breakup of the old feudal structures. While the spirit of the Renaissance ultimately took many forms, it was expressed earliest by the intellectual movement called humanism. Humanism was initiated by secular men of letters rather than by the scholar-clerics who had dominated medieval intellectual life and had developed the Scholastic philosophy. Humanism began and achieved fruition first in Italy. Its predecessors were men like Dante and Petrarch, and its chief protagonists included Gianozzo Manetti, Leonardo Bruni, Marsilio
Ficino, Pico della Mirandola, Lorenzo Valla, and Coluccio Salutati. The fall of Constantinople in 1453 provided humanism with a major boost, for many eastern scholars fled to Italy, bringing with them important books and manuscripts and a tradition of Greek scholarship.
Humanism had several significant features. First, it took human nature in all of its various manifestations and achievements as its subject. Second, it stressed the unity and compatibility of the truth found in all philosophical and theological schools and systems, a doctrine known as syncretism. Third, it emphasized the dignity of man. In place of the medieval ideal of a life of penance as the highest and noblest form of human activity, the humanists looked to the struggle of creation and the attempt to exert mastery over nature. Finally, humanism looked forward to a rebirth of a lost human spirit and wisdom. In the course of striving to recover it, however, the humanists assisted in the consolidation of a new spiritual and intellectual outlook and in the development of a new body of knowledge. The effect of humanism was to help men break free from the mental strictures imposed by religious orthodoxy, to inspire free inquiry and criticism, and to inspire a new confidence in the possibilities of human thought and creations.
From Italy the new humanist spirit and the Renaissance it engendered spread north to all parts of Europe, aided by the invention of printing, which allowed literacy and the availability of Classical texts to grow explosively. Foremost among northern humanists was Desiderius Erasmus, whose Praise of Folly(1509) epitomized the moral essence of humanism in its insistence on heartfelt goodness as opposed to formalistic piety. The intellectual stimulation provided by humanists helped spark the Reformation, from which, however, many humanists, including Erasmus, recoiled. By the end of the 16th century the battle of Reformation and Counter-Reformation had commanded much of Europe’s energy and attention, while the intellectual life was poised on the brink of the Enlightenment.
In Italy the Renaissance proper was preceded by an important “proto-renaissance” in the late 13th and early 14th centuries, which drew inspiration from Franciscan radicalism. St. Francis had rejected the formal Scholasticism of the prevailing Christian theology and gone out among the poor praising the beauties and spiritual value of nature. His example inspired Italian artists and poets to take pleasure in the world around them. The work of the most famous artist of the proto-renaissance period, Giotto(1266/67 or 1276–1337), reveals a new pictorial style that depends on clear, simple structure and great psychological penetration rather than on the
flat, linear decorativeness and hierarchical compositions of his predecessors and contemporaries, such as the Florentine painter Cimabue and the Siennese painters Duccio and Simone Martini. The great poet Dante lived at about the same time as Giotto, and his poetry shows a similar concern with inward experience and the subtle shades and variations of human nature. Although his Divine Comedy belongs to the Middle Ages in its plan and ideas, its subjective spirit and power of expression look forward to the Renaissance. Petrarch and Boccaccio also belong to this proto-renaissance period, both through their extensive studies of Latin literature and through their writings in the vernacular. Unfortunately, the terrible plague of 1348 and subsequent civil wars submerged both the revival of humanistic studies and the growing interest in individualism and naturalism revealed in the works of Giotto and Dante. The spirit of the Renaissance did not surface again until the 15th century. In 1401 a competition was held at Florence to award the commission for bronze doors to be placed on the baptistery of San Giovanni. Defeated by the goldsmith and painter Lorenzo Ghiberti, Filippo Brunelleschi and Donatello left for Rome, where they immersed themselves in the study of ancient architecture and sculpture. When they returned to Florence and began to put their knowledge into practice, the rationalized art of the ancient world was reborn. The founder of Renaissance painting was Masaccio (1401–28). The intellectuality of his conceptions, the monumentality of his compositions, and the high degree of naturalism in his works mark Masaccio as a pivotal figure in Renaissance painting. The succeeding generation of artists—Piero della Francesca, Pollaiuolo, and Verrochio—pressed forward with researches into linear and aerial perspective and anatomy, developing a style of scientific naturalism.
The situation in Florence was uniquely favourable to the arts. The civic pride of Florentines found expression in statues of the patron saints commissioned from Ghiberti and Donatello for niches in the grain-market guildhall known as Or San Michele, and in the largest dome built since antiquity, placed by Brunelleschi on the Florence cathedral. The cost of construction and decoration of palaces, churches, and monasteries was underwritten by wealthy merchant families, chief among whom were the Medici family.
The Medici traded in all of the major cities in Europe, and one of the most famous masterpieces of Northern Renaissance art, The Portinari Altarpiece,by Hugo van der Goes(c.1476; Uffizi, Florence), was commissioned by their agent, Tommaso Portinari. Instead of being painted with the customary tempera of the period, the work is painted with translucent oil glazes that produce brilliant jewel-like colour and a glossy
surface. Early Northern Renaissance painters were more concerned with the detailed reproduction of objects and their symbolic meaning than with the study of scientific perspective and anatomy even after these achievements became widely known. On the other hand, central Italian painters began to adopt the oil medium soon after The Portinari Altarpiece was brought to Florence in 1476.
Artistic developments and the emergence of Florence
It was in art that the spirit of the Renaissance achieved its sharpest formulation. Art came to be seen as a branch of knowledge, valuable in its own right and capable of providing man with images of God and his creations as well as with insights into man’s position in the universe. In the hands of men like Leonardo da Vinci it was even a science, a means for exploring nature and a record of discoveries. Art was to be based on the observation of the visible world and practiced according to mathematical principles of balance, harmony, and perspective, which were developed at this time. In the works of painters such as Masaccio, the brothers Lorenzetti, Fra Angelico, Botticelli, Perugino, Piero della Francesca, Raphael, and Titian; sculptors such as Pisano, Donatello, Verrocchio, Ghiberti, and Michelangelo; and architects such as Alberti, Brunelleschi, Palladio, Michelozzo, and Filarete, the dignity of man found expression in the arts.
The High Renaissance
High Renaissance art, which flourished for about 35 years, from the early 1490s to 1527, when Rome was sacked by imperial troops, revolved around three towering figures: Leonardo da Vinci(1452–1519), Michelangelo(1475–1564), and Raphael(1483–1520). Each of the three embodied an important aspect of the period: Leonardo was the ultimate Renaissance man, a solitary genius to whom no branch of study was foreign; Michelangelo emanated creative power, conceiving vast projects that drew for inspiration on the human body as the ultimate vehicle for emotional expression; Raphael created works that perfectly expressed the Classical spirit—harmonious, beautiful, and serene.
Although Leonardo was recognized in his own time as a great artist, his restless researches into anatomy, the nature of flight, and the structure of plant and animal
life left him little time to paint. His fame rests on a few completed works; among them are the Mona Lisa(1503–05; Louvre), The Virgin of the Rocks(c.1485; Louvre), and the sadly deteriorated fresco The Last Supper(1495–98; Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan).
Michelangelo’s early sculpture, such as the Pietà(1499; St. Peter’s, Vatican City) and the David (1501–04; Accademia, Florence), reveals a breathtaking technical ability in concert with a disposition to bend rules of anatomy and proportion in the service of greater expressive power. Although Michelangelo thought of himself first as a sculptor, his best-known work is the giant ceiling fresco of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. It was completed in four years, from 1508 to 1512, and presents an incredibly complex but philosophically unified composition that fuses traditional Christian theology with Neoplatonic thought.
Raphael’s greatest work, The School of Athens(1508–11), was painted in the Vatican at the same time that Michelangelo was working on the Sistine Chapel. In this large fresco Raphael brought together representatives of the Aristotelian and Platonic schools of thought. Instead of the densely packed, turbulent surface of Michelangelo’s masterpiece, Raphael placed his groups of calmly conversing philosophers and artists in a vast court with vaults receding into the distance. Raphael was initially influenced by Leonardo, and he incorporated the pyramidal composition and beautifully modelled faces of The Virgin of the Rocks into many of his own paintings of the Madonna. He differed from Leonardo, however, in his prodigious output, his even temperament, and his preference for Classical harmony and clarity.
The creator of High Renaissance architecture was Donato Bramante(1444–1514), who came to Rome in 1499, when he was 55. His first Roman masterpiece, the Tempietto (1502) at San Pietro in Montorio, is a centralized dome structure that recalls Classical temple architecture. Pope Julius II (reigned 1503–13) chose Bramante to be papal architect, and together they devised a plan to replace the 4th-century Old St. Peter’s with a new church of gigantic dimensions. The project was not completed, however, until long after Bramante’s death.
Humanistic studies continued under the powerful popes of the High Renaissance, Julius II and Leo X, as did the development of polyphonic music. The Sistine Choir, which performed at services when the pope officiated, drew musicians and singers from all of Italy and northern Europe. Among the most famous composers who became members were Josquin des Prez (1445–1521) and Palestrina (1525–84).
Competition from Mannerism
The Renaissance as a unified historical period ended with the fall of Rome in 1527. The strains between Christian faith and Classical humanism led to Mannerism in the latter part of the 16th century. Great works of art animated by the Renaissance spirit, however, continued to be made in northern Italy and in northern Europe. Seemingly unaffected by the Mannerist crisis, northern Italian painters such as Correggio(1494–1534) and Titian(1488/90–1576) continued to celebrate both Venus and the Virgin Mary without apparent conflict. The oil medium, introduced to northern Italy by Antonello da Messina and quickly adopted by Venetian painters who could not use fresco because of the damp climate, seemed particularly adapted to the sanguine, pleasure-loving culture of Venice. A succession of brilliant painters—Giovanni Bellini, Giorgione, Titian, Tintoretto, and Veronese—developed the lyrical Venetian painting style that combined pagan subject matter, sensuous handling of colour and paint surface, and a love of extravagant settings. Closer in spirit to the more intellectual Florentines of the Quattrocento was the German painter Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528), who experimented with optics, studied nature assiduously, and disseminated his powerful synthesis of Renaissance and Northern Gothic styles through the Western world by means of his engravings and woodcuts.
西方服装史-文艺复兴早期欧洲各地服装对比文艺复兴是指对古希腊、古罗马艺术的复兴，借以像中世纪的神学挑战。文艺复兴，无论其 性质是不是对古典文化的复 兴，它都是继承希腊、罗马 之后欧洲文化艺术的又一高 峰。在文艺复兴早期的服装， 就是在公元14世纪的服装 风格上发展起来的，甚至可 以说，15世纪初的发展，基 本上沿用着14世纪的服装 款式。但随着时间的流逝， 西方不同地区服装也在原有 的款式上发生了改变，有着不一样的表现方式。 一．首服的比较
意大利人对首服的要求不太 严格，除了官员那种绣满精细图 案，漂亮典雅的头冠和年轻时髦 人歪戴着小型高筒帽，再插上几 根羽毛以外，一般人对首服持有 保守态度。而这一时期，意大利 众多贵族妇女戴着大而圆的头 罩，也正是因为这一头罩使其和 宽松的长衣一起取得了和谐的 效果。和意大利妇女的头冠相 比，法国贵妇头冠样式奇特且 多种多样，并成为了法国女服 中最引人注目的特点。她们的 头冠给人以新奇独特的印象， 甚至可以说是达到了古怪的程 度。她们最普通的头饰是发网， 并且通过发网质料和装饰的不 同可以区分出着装者的身份和富有程度。勃艮第公国的男性一般在塔糖帽上插上两根羽毛，而勃艮第和佛兰德的两地的女性沿用传统的长方形头巾或大面纱。她们习惯将头巾或面巾经水洗后做成褶皱，装饰在头部。英国妇女将着装热情较大的倾向于头饰，心形的，洞穴式的，各种头饰
应有尽有，其中最有特色的是鬓发球。可见在文艺复兴早期不同地区的首服既有相同点也有不同点，妇女们的首服相比男性更加复杂，更加注重装饰。 二．主服的比较 意大利是文艺复兴的发祥地，意大利的服装和意大利的美术一样出众，成为文艺复兴时期的艺术代表。意大利在服装面料上取得了巨大的成就。可以保证大批量色泽 鲜丽的上等服装面料——天鹅 绒和锦缎的供应。在文艺复兴早 起，意大利人主要穿着宽松系带 外衣，是一种长及小腿肚的服 饰，袖口肥大，袖筒像个袋子， 衣领略低。但到了15世纪中叶 以后，衣身和衣袖不再那么宽松 肥大，袖子也有了缩短的趋势。 但在15世纪末叶的意大利，传统紧身衣又一度流行。而意大利得女 服并没有像男服那样缩短，相反越 来越长。 受意大利服饰的影响，在法国， 宽松系带的长衣流行了将近50年。 但在服装的发展中，法国的衣袖从 腰部开始就已形成，然后逐渐收
英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考） 第一部分：英国文学 第一章文艺复兴时期 文艺复兴标志着一个过渡时期,即中世纪的结束和现代社会的开始。一般来说,文艺复兴时期是从十四世纪到十七世纪中叶。它从意大利兴起,伴随着绘画、雕塑和文学领域的百花齐放,而后文艺复兴浪潮席卷了整个欧洲。文艺复兴,顾名思义即重生、复苏,是由一系列历史事件激发推动的,其中包括对古希腊罗马文化的重新发现。地理天文领域的新发现,宗教改革及经济发展。因此,文艺复兴从本质上是欧洲人文主义者竭力摒弃中世纪欧洲的封建主义,推行代表新兴城市资产阶级利益的新思想,并恢复早期宗教的纯洁性,远离腐败的罗马天主教廷的一场运动。 文艺复兴浪潮影响到英国的速度比较慢,不仅因为英国远离欧洲大陆,而且还因为其国内的动荡不安。乔叟去世后的一个半世纪是英国历史上最动荡不安的时期。好战的贵族篡取了王位,使英国走上自我毁灭之路。著名的玫瑰之战就是极好的例子。后来理查三世的恐怖统治标志着内战的结束,在都铎王朝的统治下英国的民族情感又成长起来。然而直到亨利八世统治期间(1509-1547),文艺复兴的春风才吹入英国。在亨利八世的鼓励下,牛津的改革派学者和人文主义者们将古典文学引入英国。基于古典文学作品及《圣经》的教育重获生机,而十五世纪就被广泛传阅的文学作品则更加流行了。自此,英国的文艺复兴开始了。英国,尤其是英国文学进入了黄金时代。这个时期涌现出莎士比亚、斯宾塞、约翰逊、锡德尼、马洛、培根及邓恩等一大批文学巨匠。但英国的文艺复兴并未使新文学与旧时代彻底决裂,带有十四、十五世纪特点的创作态度与情感依然贯穿在人文主义与改革时代。 人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。它源于努力恢复中世纪产生的对古希腊罗马文化的尊崇。人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以"人"为中心,人是万物之灵。通过这些对古代文化崭新的研究,人文主义者不仅看到了光彩夺目的艺术启明星,还在那古典作品中寻求到了人的价值。在中世纪的社会中,个人完全隶属于封建统治,没有独立和自由可言;在中世纪的神学理论中,人与周围世界的关系仅仅是人消极适应或消极遁世,不允许追求快乐,以备死后灵魂得以超脱。然而人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到了充足的论据,来赞美人性,并开始注意到人类是光荣的生命,人自己可以不断发展,至善至美,而且人们生存的世界是属于他们的,供他们怀疑、探索以及享受。由此,人文主义者通过强调人类的尊严、强调今生今世的重要性,喊出了他们的信仰,即人类不仅有权利在今生今世美好生活,而且还有能力完善自我,创造奇迹。人文主义遍布英国思想领域的。标志是荷兰学者伊拉斯谟先后到牛津大学与剑桥大学讲授古典文化研究。托马斯·漠尔、克利斯朵夫·马洛和威廉·莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
文艺复兴早期艺术之 ——佛罗伦萨欧洲文艺复兴在13世纪徐徐拉开了序幕，并从14世纪正式开始上演。意大利的佛罗伦萨是它的发源地，在这场声势浩大的运动中扮演这极为重要的角色，直至15世纪上半叶，佛罗伦萨始终是欧洲艺术文化中心，这个阶段被我们称为文艺复兴初期。15世纪下半叶开始，佛罗伦萨渐渐失去了至高无上的地位，由于经济上出现了没落的倾向和政治上的动荡，艺术的光芒也随之暗淡，大量艺术家离开这里，转而到罗马及其他城市去了。佛罗伦萨的艺术光辉也借此机会辐射了意大利的其他地区，进而产生了诸多地方画派，如罗马、米兰、威尼斯、安不利亚等等。因此，佛罗伦萨是意大利文艺复兴早期的艺术中心。此次论文就让我们来一起了解一下文艺复兴的发源地——佛罗伦萨。 每年世界各地的游人蜂拥而至，并不是因为它的现代，而是为了追随另一个佛罗伦萨，作为托斯卡纳的核心城市，也是文艺复兴的兴盛之地，无论是完好保存的历史建筑，还是无处不在的艺术品，以及艺术家的气息，都堪称完美，其魅力是无可置疑的。一座光阴流转间的古都，这里曾是思想汇聚之地，而那些学说以后产生了深远的影响，至今我们仍然可以感受到它们的冲击和洗礼，古迹随处可见，以至于它似乎成了现代的一部分，现代也因此有了很多经典的参照，
一个文艺复兴时期的人，并不知道自己所处的时代，但是他肯定清楚，艺术及艺术家们在市民及宗教生活中扮演着相当重要的角色。 如果要给意大利文艺复兴划定一个开端的话，很多人会想到这些洗礼堂铜门上精美的浮雕镶板，在厚度不足3英尺的铜板上进行的创作，而这些门可能是世界上最负盛名的了，历经了几个世纪的风吹雨淋，两幅门上的34块嵌板细致而生动的描述了圣经中的故事，他们的作者正是——洛伦佐·吉贝尔蒂。 1401年初，吉贝尔蒂参加佛罗伦萨洗礼堂大门浮雕创作比赛，也就是历史上著名的“铜门之争”，压倒了对手布鲁内莱斯基而获得第一名，因此接手了大门浮雕的创作工作，据说当时并耗时21年完成了洗礼堂的第二座大门的浮雕创作。1425年，他开始创作洗礼堂的第三座大门浮雕，共用了27年才告完成，这就是《天堂之门》。大门共有两扇，虽然表现的内容仍然是宗教故事，但却具有完全不同于过去的新的艺术语言。在浮雕作品中，吉贝尔蒂成功地借鉴了绘画的艺术手法，利用高低不同的凸起，细腻地塑造了一个个人物形象，利用透视的手段来再现人物的位置、空间的环境和深度，近处的人物最大，远处的较小，直到最远方融入背景，造成了很强的景深感。镀金的表面则使整个浮雕洋溢着一种黄金色的空气和轻雾的感觉。正是在100年后，文艺复兴时
第二讲英国“文艺复兴”文学 2.1 文艺复兴 “文艺复兴”作为一场席卷欧洲的文化运动标志着欧洲从中世纪走向现代的转折。始于14世纪的意大利，以美术、雕塑、文学艺术等的繁荣为标志，经由中欧、法国，最后传到不列颠。“复兴”在这里指对欧洲古典即古希腊古罗马时期的艺术的重新挖掘和张扬，是指欧洲的文艺经过漫长中世纪基督教神学一统天下的黑暗时代后又重新恢复了古典时代的辉煌。在英国，“文艺复兴”运动主要表现为都铎王朝时期文学的繁荣。代表人物莎士比亚。 欧洲文艺复兴运动的历史背景包括政治、经济、宗教、科技、文化等诸多方面，这些因素互相推动，它们根植于中世纪，却又共同从成了一种与中世纪决裂的历史局面。 首先是对古希腊古罗马文化的重新发现。 地理和科学的新发现。哥伦布达伽马 16世纪德意志神学家马丁路德发起宗教改革 文艺复兴主要体现在2个方面：人文主义的张扬；基督教神学的改革。 2.2 英国文艺复兴 根据文坛和文学创作所呈现出的不同特点，英国文艺复兴可以分为3个主要阶段: 第一，15世纪末---16世纪前半叶，复兴初期，研究古希腊罗马哲学，印刷术传入英国推动了人文主义文化的传播。 代表：托马斯莫尔《乌托邦》 第二，伊丽莎白时代，英国文艺复兴的鼎盛时代。 代表：莎士比亚的戏剧和斯宾塞的诗歌 第三，从莎士比亚去世到17世纪中期。英国文艺复兴的晚期，运动逐渐走向低落。 代表：哲学家及散文家弗兰西斯培根 文艺复兴时期英国文学的主要特征是诗歌和戏剧成为英国文坛的主流。 2.3代表作家及作品 2.3.1 托马斯莫尔（Thomas More） 出生于中产阶级家庭，其父为皇家法官。希望其成为律师 1504，26岁成为下院议员。反对亨利七世，退出政坛。 15.9，亨利八世即位，恢复政治生涯，次年被委派位伦敦助理行政官，官至财政部长，下议院议长和帝国大法官。 因反对亨利八世与教会对抗被斩首。
历史 3 1.3 文艺复兴 教学目标 1．知识要求：了解或掌握：古典文化、资本主义与文艺复兴的关系；人文主义的基本内涵；文艺复兴的主要文学、艺术和社会科学成就；文艺复兴与近代自然科学的兴起和发展。 2．能力方面：(1)培养再认、再现历史知识的能力。(2) 运用历史唯物主义关于社会存在和社会意识辩证关系原理分析文艺复兴的前因后果。(3) 分析、比较和评价文艺复兴中的历史过程、历史人物、思想和作品。(4) 鉴赏文艺复兴中的重要作品。 3．情感目标：(1)通过对文艺复兴中的科学探索的认识和宗教在历史上的作用的认识，培养学生的理性主义精神和科学精神，反对宗教迷信。(2)通过对人文主义的认识，使学生充分认识人的价值，培养热爱生活和积极进取的精神。(3)通过对优秀文艺作品的介绍，培养学生发现美、鉴赏美的情趣和态度。 课时安排 2课时 重点、难点分析 1．重点分析：(1)文艺复兴产生的原因。这一问题是理解文艺复兴的关键，只有认识了此问题，才能对文艺复兴作出恰当的历史定位和正确地理解文艺复兴运动。 (2)人文主义的基本概念。人文主义是贯穿文艺复兴的基本思想，是理解文艺复兴各个领域和各项成就的基本依据，也是文艺复兴反封建性的基本体现，在资本主义发展史上有极其重要的地位。 2．难点分析：人文主义。人文主义强调人的价值和地位究竟因何而发，在讲解时可以适当补充背景材料，说明中世纪时期教会对人和对于现世生活的贬低。要全面地理解人文主义，就要辩证地分析人文主义的积极意义和历史局限性。人文主义的局限性，简单地说，就是以普遍的人性掩盖阶级社会中人的阶级性。 课堂教学设计 课前准备
布置在美术、文学方面有专长、有爱好的学生利用课余时间准备关于《最后的晚餐》和莎士比亚的某一剧作(建议从《威尼斯商人》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》、《哈姆雷特》中选择一部)中的情节、思想和艺术特点的分析。 教学过程 师：(板书课题)有谁曾经阅读、欣赏过文艺复兴时期的文学、艺术作品，或者听说过哪些文艺复兴时期的文艺作品或者科学成就？ 生：(若干学生分别说出) 一、意大利的文艺复兴 1、意大利文艺复兴产生的社会背景 师：文艺复兴时期是一个天才辈出的时代，他们创造了大量的精神文化财富。为什么会在这一时期即14～16世纪出现这种精神文化创造旺盛的局面呢？我们先请同学来概括一下。 生：(依据教材概括出要点) 师：(板书整理学生回答的内容并进一步阐述)第一，文艺复兴在14世纪出现于意大利，这与资本主义14世纪首先在意大利萌发是密切相关的。可以从两个方面去理解：一是新兴的资产阶级为了求得自身的发展，就必须从长期禁锢人们思想，并且维护封建统治的宗教神学的桎梏下解放出来，这属于破除旧的文化意识对新的社会因素成长阻碍的方面；再则，新兴的资本主义因素需要能够为自己的生存和发展服务的意识形态、社会理论、文学艺术和科学技术，这属于营造有利于新的社会因素的文化氛围。请同学们阅读这一段论述。 ［资产阶级］为了扩大经济实力，就极需要改良生产技术、改革生产工具、通晓经济理论和实验科学、开辟市场、改进运输，于是对现实社会提出许多疑问和对自然科学提出更为现实的课题。为此，他们需要延聘经理工、商、银行企业的熟练人才，为他们服务；那些市民出身的学者、文学家、诗人、音乐家、建筑师、画家、雕刻家、医生、教师和法学家像雨后春笋般地涌现出来，热衷于发挥自己的才华，创作出适合本人和资产阶级的新文化。 引自陈小川等《文艺复兴史纲》 生：(阅读并理解)
文艺复兴时期英国文学概述 文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期-17世纪初） 相对于欧洲其他国家来说，英国的文艺复兴起始较晚，通常认为是在15世纪末。文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义，它主张以人为本，反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观，提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More， 1478-1535）是英国最主要的早期人文主义者，他的《乌托邦》（Utopia）批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会，设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、人们和谐相处的理想国。Utopia现已成为空想主义的代名词，但乌托邦是作者对当时社会状况进行严肃思考的结果。《乌托邦》开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河，这一传统从培根的《新大西岛》（The New Atlantis）、斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》（Gulliver's Travels）、勃特勒的《埃瑞璜》（Erewhon）一直延续到20世纪的科幻小说。文艺复兴时期诗歌创作繁荣，埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser， 1552-1599）的长诗《仙后》（The Faerie Queene）歌颂女王，宣扬人文主义思想。他创造的"斯宾塞诗体"每节诗有九行，韵律复杂，具有柔和动听、萦绕耳际的音乐性。弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon， 1561-1626）是这一时期最重要的散文家，他对文学的主要贡献是《论说文集》（Essays），共58篇。这些文章题材广泛，内容涉及哲学、宗教、政治制度以及婚姻、爱情、友谊、园艺、读书等，文笔典雅，略带古风而又明白畅达。英国戏剧起源于中世纪教堂的宗教仪式，取材于圣经故事的神秘剧和奇迹剧在14、15世纪英国舞台上占有主导地位，随后出现了以抽象概念作为剧中人物的道德剧。到了16世纪末，戏剧进入全盛时期。克里斯托弗·马洛（Christopher Marlowe， 1564-1593）冲破旧的戏剧形式的束缚，创作了一种新戏剧。《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine）、《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus）、《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta）等剧作反映了文艺复兴时期那种永无止境的探索精神和极端的个人主义精神。马洛将戏剧情节集中于一个主要角色的做法、他对人物性格的分析以及他的素体诗戏剧对白，对英国戏剧的发展做出了不可磨灭的贡献。 英国文艺复兴时期最杰出的作家是威廉·莎士比亚（William Shakespeare， 1564-1616），他的全部作品包括两首长诗，154首十四行诗和38部（一说39部）戏剧。莎士比亚的主要剧作有喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》（A Midsummer Night's Dream）、《威尼斯商人》（The Merchant of Venice），悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）、《哈
Chapter I The Renaissance Period (一) 文艺复兴时期概述 1. 识记：（1）文艺复兴时期的界定 （2）历史文化背景 2. 领会: （1）文艺复兴运动的意义与影响 （2）文艺复兴时期的文学特点 （3）人文主义的主张及对文学的影响 3. 应用：文艺复兴，人文主义及玄学诗等名词的解释 I. 应用 Definitions of the Literary Terms: 1. The Renaissance: The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14th & 17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture & literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. The Renaissance, which means "rebirth" or "revival," is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the re-discovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography & astrology, the religious reformation & the economic expansion. The Renaissance, therefore, in essence is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers & scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, & to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church. 2. Humanism: Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the ancient authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things. Through the new learning, humanists not only saw the arts of splendor and enlightenment, but the human values represented in the works. Renaissance humanists came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfections, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy. Thus, by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. 3. Spenserian stanza: Spenserian stanza was invented by Edmund Spenser. It is a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter & the last line in iambic hexameter, rhyming ababbcbcc. ？ 4. Metaphysical poetry: The term "metaphysical poetry" is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery in drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet's beloved, with God, or with himself. 5. The Renaissance hero: A Renaissance hero refers to one created by Christopher Marlowe in his drama. Such a hero is always individualistic and full of ambition, facing bravely the challenge from both gods and men. He embodies Marlowe's humanistic ideas of human dignity and capacity. Different from the tragic hero in medieval plays, who seeks the way to heaven through salvation and god's will,
文艺复兴时期的美术 1. 概述文艺复兴时期美术： A．文艺复兴是复活复兴，意指"在古典规范的影响下，艺术与文学的复兴 B．时间是14世纪至16世纪，这时期资产阶级出现，旧的封建社会基础，价值观遭到更大的动摇，现实生活得到积极肯定。 C．出现了与神权截然不同的思潮---人文主义，肯定人是生活得创造者和主人；要求文学艺术表现人的思想和感情，科学为人生谋福利，教育发展人的个性；要求把思想感情智慧都从神学的束缚中解放出来，提倡人权反对神权，提倡个性自由反对人身依附 D．当时人文主义处在宗教大背景下，教会仍然势力很大，但是随着社会日益世俗化也随之变得世俗化 一．意大利文艺复兴 意大利文艺复兴早期美术（15世纪） 1．意大利文艺复兴早期艺术中心是弗罗伦萨 2．出现三位大师：布鲁内利斯基，多纳泰罗，马萨乔标致早期文艺复兴开始 3．乔托： A．佛罗伦萨画派的创始人 B．其艺术是中世纪与文艺复兴艺术的分水岭，他不仅表现出卓越的绘画技巧同时也奠定文艺复兴艺术的现实主义基础 C．创作主要形式是壁画，内容多为圣经故事，人的形象渗透着崇高的道德内容。（逃往埃及）D．为了表现真实的生活场景，开始探索写实技巧，第一次按照自然的法则拉开人物之间和人物与背景之间的距离。他竭力用线条透视原则结构起一个确切的三度空间。 E．乔托笔下开始出现具有体积感的圆形人物，描绘的每一个人均贯穿着充分真实重量感。（哀悼基督） F．他所创立的现实主义原则超越了一般技法范畴，而作为一种全新艺术概念对文艺复兴的发展产生了巨大作用 4.佛罗伦萨大教堂 A．布鲁内莱斯基设计 B．采用拜占庭教堂集中形制，穹顶呈八角形，是当时欧洲最大的穹顶，采用双层骨架券C．在建筑立面结构上采用壁柱柱式，是文艺复兴时代城市邸府中柱式的最早运用。 D．是第一座文艺复兴建筑 5.多纳泰罗 十五世纪意大利雕塑家，他的作品彻底摆脱了哥特式风格的痕迹，复兴了希腊罗马的古典样式（《加塔梅拉塔骑马像》首次出现了完全世俗性质的形象） 6.马萨乔 A．他的艺术成就标志着意大利文艺复兴时期绘画的繁荣时期的道来 B．继承和发展了乔托的艺术传统，将解剖学，透视学的知识运用到绘画。《出乐园》《纳税钱》 C．在塑造人物形象迈出了重要的一步，人物开始脱离宗教说教的因素，进一步体现了一种入世的态度，他努力使人物处于结构真实的三度空间中，风景在画面中的出现也使画面范围得以扩大，具有辽阔的空间感。 D．他是那个时代现实主义艺术的奠基者 代表作：
英美文学选读选择题 1. _______, a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A. The Canterbury Tales B. Exodus C. Beowulf D. The Legend of Good Women 2. The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely ______________. A．William Langlan d’ s Piers Plowman B．Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales C．John Gower’s Confession Amantis D．Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 3. With classical culture and the（）humanistic ideas coming into England, the English Renaissance began flourishing. A. French B. German C. Italian D. Greek 4. During the reign of_______, England started its Religious Reformation and broke away from Rome. A. Henry VII B. Henry VIII C. Edward VI D. Queen Elizabeth 5. The Protestant movement, which was seen as a means to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption and superstition of the Middle Ages, was initiated by _______. A. Francis Bacon B. Martin Luther C. Thomas More Utopia D. William Shakespeare 6．The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events EXCEPT_________. A．the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture B．the vast expansion of British colonies in North America C．the new discoveries in geography and astrology D．the religious reformation and the economic expansion 7. In Renaissance, the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to do the following EXCEPT ______. A. getting rid of those old feudalist ideas B. getting control of the parliament and government C. introducing new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie D. recovering the purity of the early church, from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church 8. Which of the following is NOT regarded as one of the characteristics of Renaissance humanism? A. Cultivation of the art of this world and this life.
文艺复兴时期英国文学 1. What is Renaissance? How and why did it come about? 2. What is the development of drama? What were the original forms and content and practice of drama? 3. Why did drama flourish in Elizabethan age? Who are the major playwrights of the time? 4. Who is Marlowe? What contributions did he make to English drama? 5. Who is Shakespeare? What famous and great plays (history, comedy, tragedy)? What features? 6. What did Ben Jonson write about? What representative work? 7. Prepare the excerpt from Hamlet (31-32). What is it mainly about? What humanist idea can you find in the soliloquy? 8. What was the most important translation of the time? Reference questions on Shakespeare and Hamlet 1. Why is Shakespeare an eternal subject of study? Where lies his greatness? 2. What are the themes of Hamlet? 3. What is the significance of Hamlet as a character? 4. What is blank verse? 5. What is soliloquy? Text study 1 Hamlet’s soliloquy “To be or not to be” 1. What is the main idea of Hamlet’s soliloquy? Summarize in one or two sentences the main idea of the soliloquy? 2. How does the soliloquy reflect the spirit of the time or the idea of humanism? 3. How do you analyze Hamlet’s argument in terms of structure? Text study 2 The Merchant of Venice / The Trial Scene Pre-reading The most interesting character in this play is Shylock. Some people think him as a cruel miser, deserving his punishment while others consider him a victim of discrimination. From what you know of the play, what do you think of this character? To what extent does this character deserves our sympathy? Discuss with your classmates. Discussion 1. After reading the “trial scene”, have you changed your idea about Shylock? Refer to the questions in Pre-reading, and try to defend your position with evidence from the text. 2. Portia gives an eloquent speech on mercy when she tries to persuade Shylock to give up his bond. Consider the punishment received by Shylock, do you think the Christians are being merciful to Shylock?
文艺复兴是指13世纪末在意大利各城市兴起，以后扩展到西欧各国，于16世纪在欧洲盛行的一场思想文化运动，带来一段科学与艺术革命时期，揭开了近代欧洲历史的序幕，被认为是中古时代和近代的分界。马克思主义史学家认为是封建主义时代和资本主义时代的分界。13世纪末期，在意大利商业发达的城市，新兴的资产阶级中的一些先进的知识分子借助研究古希腊、古罗马艺术文化，通过文艺创作，宣传人文精神。 英语：the Renaissance性质：是一场资产阶级在思想文化领域领导的反封建文化运动。核心：人文主义精神，人文主义精神的核心是提倡人性，反对神性，主张人生的目的是追求现世的幸福，倡导个性解放，反对愚昧迷信的神学思想。产生的根本原因：生产力的发展，资本主义萌芽的出现。本质：正在形成中的资产阶级在复兴希腊罗马古典文化的名义下发起的弘扬资产阶级思想和文化的运动。 产生于意大利的原因： ①中世纪的欧洲，贸易中心集中在地中海沿岸，意大利最早产生资本主义的萌芽，资产阶级希望冲破教会神学的束缚。②意大利保有大量古希腊、罗马文化典籍。③14-17世纪（文艺复兴时期）意大利人才济济，汇集一处。④意大利处于丝绸之路的重要路段，较早接受了东方文化。（造纸术，印刷术 意大利与其代表人物意大利佛罗伦萨作为文艺复兴的发祥地，在诗歌、绘画、雕刻、建筑、音乐各方面均取得了突出的成就。佛罗伦萨著名的美弟奇家族是当时最重要的艺术赞助人。西班牙与其代表人物16世纪后半叶和17世纪初西班牙文艺复兴进入“黄金时期”，在小说和戏剧方面成绩显著。代表人物：作家塞万提斯、戏剧家洛卜·德·维加德国与其代表人物 德国：主要成就则表现在宗教改革、农民战争、讽刺文学以及科学技术发明等方面。代表人物：马丁·路德、丢勒等。 法国与其代表人物在法国：自由思想和怀疑思想相当发达。代表人物：散文家：蒙田、小说家：拉伯雷等。 英国与其代表人物在英国：诗歌和戏剧空前的繁荣。代表人物：作家莎士比亚等。哲学家：托马斯·莫尔 莎士比亚、但丁、达芬奇，被称为“文艺复兴三巨人”。 意大利是人文主义文学的发源地，但丁、彼特拉克、薄伽丘是文艺复兴的先驱者，被称为“文艺复兴三颗巨星”，也称为“文坛三杰”(文艺复兴前三杰）。文艺复兴时期的美术作品另外，16世纪意大利文艺复兴时期绘画艺术臻于成熟，其代表画家有被誉为“艺术三杰”（文艺复兴后三杰），他们分别是：列奥纳多·达·芬奇、米开朗基罗和拉斐尔 文坛三杰及代表作： 1、但丁《神曲》 2、彼特拉克意大利诗人他优秀的十四行体抒情诗集《歌集》问世，获得了“桂冠诗人”的称号被称为“人文主义之父” 3、乔万尼·薄伽丘《十日谈》 艺术三杰及代表作： 1、列奥纳多·达·芬奇被称为“文艺复兴时期最完美的代表人物”他生于佛罗伦萨郊区的芬奇镇，卒于法国。壁画《最后的晚餐》、祭坛画《岩间圣母》和肖像画《蒙娜丽莎》是他一生的三大杰作。 2、拉斐尔·桑西意大利画家一系列圣母画像，和中世纪画家所画的同类题材不同，都以母性的温情和青春健美而体现了人文主义思想。其中最有名的是《带金莺的圣母》（藏佛罗伦
常见的十种建筑风格 NO.1 地中海建筑风格（Mediterranean Style） 闲适、浪漫却不乏宁静是地中海风格建筑所蕴含生活方式的精髓所在。 地中海风格建筑，原来是特指沿欧洲地中海北岸沿线的建筑，特别是西班牙、葡萄牙、法国、意大利、希腊这些国家南部沿海地区的住宅。这些地中海沿岸的建筑和当地乡村风格的建筑相结合，产生了诸如法国普罗旺斯、意大利托斯卡纳等地区的经典建筑风格。后来这种建筑风格融入欧洲其他地区的建筑特点后，逐渐演变成一种豪宅的符号。闲适、浪漫却不乏宁静的地中海风格建筑所蕴含的生活方式的精髓所在。 长长的廊道，延伸至尽头然后垂直拐弯；半圆形高大的拱门，或数个连接或垂直交接；墙面通过穿凿或半穿凿形成镂空的景致。这是地中海建筑中最常见的三个元素。 地中海风格的建筑舍弃浮华的石材，用红瓦白墙营造出与自然合一的朴实质感。建筑外墙的涂料经过工匠们一层层、一遍遍的粉刷，颜色就渐渐的沉淀下来；岁月愈久，颜色愈白，味道愈浓，体现了一种传统的手艺精神。 地中海风格从建筑的形态上看，经常出现很多不对称的设计，尤其是西班牙风格的建筑，采用了很多圆弧形结构，包括墙体、护栏、门窗框架，乃至屋顶上使用的筒瓦。外立面颜色温润而醇和、材料粗朴而富有质感、建筑中包含众多的回廊、构架和观景平台。 地中海风格在细节的处理上特别细腻精巧，在西班牙建筑中，经常广泛运用螺旋形结构配件，包括阳台、窗间柱子等多用螺旋形铸铁花饰。此外，在地中海建筑中往往采用建筑圆角，让外立面更富动感，并配合以落地大窗和防锈锻铁为装饰的小窗，外墙局部用文化石河特别的涂料；露台上采用弧形栏杆等；而装饰性用的烟囱，则带有传统的英国风味。
9年级历史--文艺复兴知识点 1、背景：14世纪前后，意大利兴起了手工工场，开始产生新生的资产阶级，他们不满教会对精神世界（由于中世纪，教会是西欧封建制度的精神支柱，在精神和文化领域，神权凌驾一切，以至使古希腊、罗马的文化辉煌黯然失色乃至湮没，封建教会对人的思想禁锢，使欧洲文化发展陷于停顿）的控制，要求（人文主义）以人为中心，而不是以神为中心；提倡发扬人的个性，追求人在现实中的幸福。 2、指导思想（核心思想）：人文主义 3、含义：新兴资产阶级通过弘扬古代希腊、罗马文化的方式，反对教会宣扬的陈腐说教，发起了一场崭新的、促使人们思想解放的文化运动。人们把这场运动称为文艺复兴。 4、实质：资产阶级文化革命（运动）的兴起 5、时间与范围：14世纪首先兴起于意大利；15至16世纪扩展到欧洲其他地方。 6、作用：解放了人们两方面的思想，一是对人自身的认识，二是对自然界的认识。 7、代表人物及作品： （1）但丁：意大利诗人，文艺复兴早期代表，是文艺复兴的先驱，被誉为旧时代的最后一位诗人，同时又是新时代的最初的一位诗人。他创作的《神曲》，明确表达了自己对天主教会的厌恶，率先对教会提出批评。 （2）达.芬奇：意大利伟大的艺术大师，文艺复兴早期代表。他的代表作品是《蒙娜丽莎》、《最后的晚餐》。他的艺术创作和科学探索结合起来，创作了许多完美生动的人物形象，充分体现了人文主义精神。
（3）莎士比亚：英国文艺复兴时期的文学巨匠，文艺复兴晚期代表，代表作有《罗密欧和朱丽叶》、《哈姆雷特》等。他一生创作了三十多部剧本和许多脍炙人口的诗篇，这些作品深刻批判了封建道德伦理观念和社会陋习，集中体现了人文主义精神。 8、文艺复兴历史意义：文艺复兴推动了欧洲文化思想领域的繁荣，为欧洲资本主义社会的产生奠定了思想文化基础。 9、对文艺复兴运动的认识： 是人类文化史上的一次创新运动而不是复古，14--16世纪，欧洲许多艺术家、科学家、思想家充分发掘和继承古希腊、罗马的文化传统，追求个性解放和思想自由，代表了新兴资产阶级反对封建统治、要求自由的愿望。它使人们认识到，必须打破中世纪以来的封建统治和教会神学对人们思想的束缚，才能充分发挥人的作用，文艺复兴是资产阶级叩响近代社会大门的思想解放运动，为资本主义的建立和发展起到了推动作用，解放了人们的思想，促进了科学文化的发展，促进了各国资产阶级革命和工业革命的发展。 10、文艺复兴首先发生意大利的原因：（1）意大利最早产生了资本主义萌芽（早期资产阶级）。（2）意大利是古代罗马、希腊文化的中心地带。（3）东罗马帝国灭亡后许多学者纷纷逃到意大利，带来了大量古希腊、罗马的文化典籍。