Unit 2 Searching for Information
I. Teaching Objectives
In this unit, you will learn how to:
1.search for reliable and better source materials for your research
2.find your information by scanning and skimming
3.identify topic sentences for a general idea in the paragraph
4.guess word meaning through context clues and affixes
5.read fast by following the organization of the text
6.be a critical reader
7.take notes effectively
8.write a summary for what you have read
9.enhance language skills with the help of the reading and listening materials presented in this unit II. Teaching Procedures
1 Finding reliable and better sources
Task 1
Answers may vary.
Task 2
Answers may vary.
Task 3
Answers may vary.
2 Scanning and skimming
Task 1
1 Artificial intelligence.
2 The article may argue for/against the idea that artificial intelligence will replace human jobs in the future.
3 The story tells that computerization threatens to replace many white-collar jobs.
4 The author is optimistic and may not agree that machines will replace human jobs.
5 The specter of automation unemploying us all may have finally arrived.
6 But the mass job shrinkage that these observers all expected did not come.
7 Yet Americans as a whole were not automated out of work. (Para.8, L1)
Yet, through all that, more new jobs appeared. (Para.11, L2)
8 Man will not lose jobs because there will always be demands of a new economy.
9 The neighbor would prefer to order the shoes from machine-handling factories.
10 Saving will lead to spending which in turn will create newer, perhaps better jobs tomorrow.
3 Identifying topic sentences for information
Task 1
1 Pieced together, the topic sentences form a short, coherent paragraph or essay.
2 a) Paragraph 2
b) Paragraph 11
Task 2
1 Game theory is the science of strategy.（Para.1）
2 Games are fundamentally different from decisions made in a neutral environment.（Para.3）
3 The essence of a game is the interdependence of player strategies.（Para.4）
4 A general principle for a player in a sequential-move game is to look ahead and reason back. （Para.5）
5 In contrast to the linear chain of reasoning for sequential games, a game with simultaneous moves involves a logical circle.（Para.7）
6 Another way to make threats credible is to employ the adventuresome strategy of brinkmanship—deliberately creating a risk that if other players fail to act as one would like them to, the outcome will be bad for everyone.（Para.17）
Task 3
1 Paragraph 1
2 Paragraph 5 to 10
3 Paragraph 12 to 19
4 Guessing word meaning
Task 1
2 immutable (Para.4, L2): 不变的
Context clues: who realized that space is not an immutable stage on which events play out
3 trampoline (Para.4, L4): 蹦床，弹床
Context clues: responding much as a trampoline does to a jumping child
4 malleable (Para.4, L5): 有弹性和延伸性的
Context clues: In fact, so malleable is space that, according to the math, the size of the universe necessarily change over time.
5 stay put (Para.4, L7): 不动的
Context clues: The fabric of space must expand or contact—it can’t stay put.
6 flew in the face (Para.5, L4): 敢于违抗
Context clues: It flew in the face of the prevailing wisdom.
7 stalemate (Para.6, L2): 僵局
Context clues: A static situation, like a stalemate in a tug of war
8 repulsive (Para.6, L5): 排斥的
Context clues: a counterbalancing force would need to provide a repulsive push
9 antigravity (Para.7, L2): 排斥力
Context clues: antigravity—a gravitational force that pushes instead of pulls
10 exodus (Para.8, L3): 大批离开
Context clues: And the best explanation for this cosmic exodus came directly.
11 supernovae (Para.11, L2): 由于爆炸而突然变亮的星
Context clues: distant supernovae—exploding stars so brilliant they can be seen clear across
cosmos
12 garner (Para.13, L5): 获得、得到
Context clues: would have garnered him another Nobel Prize
13 perplexing (Para.14, L5): 令人不解的
Context clues: Perhaps most perplexing of all is a question of quantitative detail.
Task 2
2 unprecedented (Para.1, L1): un-precedented 史无前例的
3 self-replicating (Para.1, L6): self-replicating 自我复制的
4 diameter (Para.3, L2): dia-meter 直径
5 assembler (Para.10, L1): assembl-er 装配器
6 contaminant (Para.13, L3): con-taminant 污染物
7 non-renewable (Para.13, L6): non-renewable 不可再用的
8 foreseeable (Para.14, L2): foresee-able 可预见到的
9 exotic (Para.14, L2): exot-ic 非本地，奇异的
10 dissipate (Para.14, L6): dis-sipate 消失
Task 3
Derivatives Affixes or roots Meaning More Words
1 multidiscipline multi- many or several Multicolor multisteps
multiform multipurpose
2 nanotechnology nano-one of a thousand
million nanorobot nanomachine nanoscopic nanostructure
3 convergence verg
con-incline to
join
divergence verge
concordconcourse conferate
4 construct struct build or make structure reconstruct
destruct obstruct
substructure
5 manufacture man-,
manu-
fact by hand
make
manuscript manual
manage manipulate
factory facture
6 interdisciplinary inter-between or among a
group of things or people interplay interweave interdependent interaction
7 insulator insul-protect sth. from insulate insular insularity
unpleasant knowledge peninsula
8 semiconductor semi-
duct- partly but not completely
lead
semiconscious semiofficial
semitropical conduct
induct
9 microprocessors micro-extremely small microwave
microcomputer
microscope micrometer 10 simultaneouosly simul-in common simulator simulation
simultaneity simulate
11 reverse vers,
vert turn obversion inverse
subversion convert
12 automatical auto Work by oneself;
relating to oneself automate autonomous automobile autobiography
5 Using the organization of the text
Task 1
organization paragraphs Introduction Para.1
What The definition of
nanotechnology nanotechnology Para.2 nanometer Para.3 nanoscale Para.4
How The way
nanotechnology works
Paras.5-11
How The applications of
nanotechnology
medical industry Para.12
environment Para.13
other fields Para.14 conclusion Para.15
Task 2
1 The writer develops his main ideas about global warming mainly through the structure of cause-and-effect.
2 The writer illustrates the effects of global warming through the structure of classification.
3 The effects are arranged from the most obvious to least obvious, and signal words include: the
most prominent effect of global warming; another area affected by global warming; a third type of evidence of global warming.
4 Four types. They are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and chlorofluocarbons.
5 Paragraph 11 follows the pattern of problem-and-solution. The signal words are “a common problem that arises is”, “needs to take action now”.
6 Reading critically
Task 1
The tone of one’s writing indicates their feelings and attitude toward the topic being discussed. It reveals whether they are being playful or serious, humorous or somber, whether they are angry or tranquil, bitter or confident. Through tone, their attitude toward what they are writing about and their relationship to their readers become clear.
Controlling tone is largely a matter of selecting words and sentences, and choosing details so as to serve the purpose of writing well. Now let’s consider the following sentences which you write to tell two facts:
The sales of vitamin E have doubled in the past five years. The increase in sales has been helped by the statements from health food enthusiasts and doctors.
1 Combined into a single one, sentence 1 is impartial in tone because it doesn’t reveal your attitude. Impartial and toneless sentences are what you want to write if you either have no opinion or want to seem factual and objective, rather than personal and subjective.
2 Strong in tone and clear in attitude: sentence 2 reflects your belief that vitamin E sales have surged because of a deceptive and misleading advertisement campaign. If you feel the sentence is too strong, too opinionated, perhaps even biased, you may suggest your feelings instead of stating them directly.
3 By using the words—freaks and quack, this version can make your reader sense not only your reservation about the worth of the vitamin but also your contempt of those who promote it. But the tone is so strong that your reader may consider it exaggerated and may even question its truth.
4 This version is more suggestive and less explicit, though your attitude is still negative because “faddists” (unlike enthusiasts) are a word with unfavorable associations and because claims “(unlike statements)” encourage the reader to doubt their truth.
5 By inserting the detail that only a few doctors make claims for vitamin, the version seems biased as the tone is stronger.
6 The phrase “some doctors” implies that there is another group of doctors who have made no claims for the vitamin and who may perhaps reject such claims.
7 Th e word “even” suggests your surprise that doctors, who should know better, have made such foolish claims, thus further weakens the support of the doctors without making your statement seem exaggerated or biased.
8, 9 Tone not only can be controlled by the choice of words and details but also by the choice of structures. Sentence 8 and 9 make the implied criticism more forceful as the negative words or phrases have been moved to their beginning or end position, the position which is more emphatic for one’s opinion.
10, 11, 12 The three sentences are not critical but favorable in tone toward the increased sales of
vitamin E, because “experts” seem more trustworthy than “enthusiasts” and both “reports” and “testimony” carry more weight than mere “statements”.
13, 14 The two sentences have a positive tone because the phrase “a number of doctors” sounds more impressive than “a few” or “some doctors”. And “a number of leading doctors” are supposed to be more reliable, though not as reliable as “leading medical authorities”.
15, 16, 17 The three sentences are less formal and more personal than the previous sentences as the first-person view “I” is adopted to personalize their tone.
18, 19 The two sentences are more informal as the closer relationship between yourself and the reader is established by asking questions.
20, 21 By addressing the reader as “you”, the sentences are more informal and personal.
22 The informality of your writing will be increased by contractions, slang, and short, simple words instead of longer, more complex ones.
Task 2
1 Text 9 addresses readers with some knowledge of global warming, because the author argues with strong evidence and reasons, quoting experts more frequently and trying to be impartial and impersonal by choosing more exact wording. On the contrary Text 10 talks to general readers, evidenced by using more definitions and easier language such as figurative speech. It is an essay charged with strong emotion.
2 Text 10.
3 No. Text 9 illustrates the effects of global warming with strong evidence and reasons, showing that the author tries to be objective and impersonal.
4 No. These words lack preciseness. Text 9 tries to be more objective, quoting experts more frequently and avoiding showing strong personal emotion.
5 Text 9 quotes Roger Revelle, an oceanographer, Jacques Chirac, French president, Al Gore, Vice president of USA, Ross Gelbspan, an author of a book about Earth’s climate change from global warming, Schneider, from the National Center of Atmospheric Research, and Elmer Robinson, the director of Mauna Loa Observatory. The quotation of those experts and authorities make the arguments more convincing.
6 The criticism of Text 9 avoids being subjective and personal and resorts to more authorities and cold reasoning, hence it is more objective.
7 Text 9. The use of the first-person view and figurative speech is often considered informal and less serious.
8 Text 9, because the author uses more quotations from experts and authorities and less emotional words than Text 10.
7 Taking notes
Task
Title: Global Warming and Its Effects
Author(s): Nicolas Dalleva
Source: https://www.doczj.com/doc/7e6020590.html,
Main ideas: The essay mainly talks about the effects and causes of global warming.
Main findings or ideas: Global warming have negative effects on climate changes, survival of animals, development of plants, people’s health and global economy. There are two major causes for global warming: burning of fossil fuels and greenhouse gases.
8 Writing a summary
Task 1
The source material uses a story of identical twins to illustrate the idea that apart from the important role the genes play in the development of an individual, their environmental experience also affects their traits greatly. The summary grasps the idea without details of the story.
Task 2
2 History has demonstrated that technology affects education profoundly. Considering the definition of technology broadly, one may say that prehistoric people used primitive technologies to teach skills to their young.
3 Psychology can be divided into several important theories. Behaviourists emphasize the role of environment in shaping one’s behavior, while cognitivists explain behavior by analyzing mental processes. Freudians and humanists are more concerned with exploring behavior through the personality whereas social constructivists connect individual behavior to its social-historic context.
Task 3
Title: Global Warming and Its Effects
Author(s): Nicolas Dalleva
Source: https://www.doczj.com/doc/7e6020590.html,
Summary: According to Nicolas Dalleva, global warming has become a great challenge to human beings, for it not only affects the climate change and leads to the decrease of the number of animals per species, but also affects the agricultural growth. Dalleva believes that the burning of
fossil fuels is the culprit of global warming because it releases greenhouse gases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The other gases like methane, nitrous oxide and chlorofluocarbons are also the causes of the greenhouse effect. In Dalleva’s opinion, despite the worldwide efforts, people do not take the issue seriously and do not realize that global warming will also exerts a negative effect on economy and health. He calls for, therefore, a stronger joint effort to prevent global warming. (134 words)
Task 4
Lecture 6
Since the industrial revolution, people’s private sphere have been separated from their working places. Institutions like offices, factories and schools impose isolation on people who are blocked to their privacy sphere at work or at school. Now people try to break the isolation and seek intimacy with high-tech communication tools like facebook, skype, cell phones and emails. The tools enable people to gain comfort and warmth from close friends or families. (72 words) Lecture 7
The Kepler Mission is to search for planets by measuring the starlight, through which we can learn about how stars and planets interact to form their eco-system and whether there exist life in other planets or whether they are suitable for life living. In over two years of its operations, over 1,200 potential new planetary systems have been found around other stars. Apart from that, the Kapler also tries to find the size of a planet and how the distance from its parent star. It also observes the effects of our sun’s magnetic activity. (94 words)
Lecture 8
Traditionally, doctors treat cancers by attacking individual cells. By identifying separate forms cancer cells without molecule test or gene sequencing, however, we can’t understand how the whole cancer system works. Thus the effect of this method is very limited. After exchanging thoughts with Danny, the speaker came up with a new strategy. That is the combination of atypical drugs, computer modeling and protein analysis. It may become one of the most effective ways to treat cancers. (76 words)
Lecture 9
Mammography is the most common way to detect breast cancer. However, with the increase of breast density, it would be harder to find cancer through X-ray. Dr. Deborah Rhodes has developed a new tool for tumor detection, which is three times as effective as traditional mammograms. What’s more, it is cheaper than other technology. But her research was rejected for by jo urnals, because it is so cheap that the producers of traditional mammograms won’t be happy to see it. Furthermore, there are also some political forces keeping it from the market. (91 words)
Task 5
Answers may vary.
9 Enhancing your academic language
Reading: Text 5
1 Match the words with their definitions.
1 e
2 h
3 a
4 g
5 c
6 b
7 j
8 f
9 d 10 i
2 Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary.
1 automation
2 occupational
3 immigrant
4 uplift
5 displacement
6 hand-crafted
7 ranched
8 nutritious
9 involved 10 assembly 11 yield 12 incredible 13 optimism 14 mob 15 professional 16 labeled 17 analyst 18 surplus 19 harbor 20 columnist 21 virtual 22 revolutionary 23 lace 24 undercut 25 barter
26 litigable 27 specter 28 sift 29 pot
3 Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold.
Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentences patterns listed above.
increasingly important role （越来越重要的作用）
tasks humans prefer not to do, or are unable to do（那些人类不愿做或不能做的事）
and the like（以及诸如此类的事）
settle man’s anxieties（解决人类的担忧）
Some questions are raised（问题提了出来）
4 Translate the following sentences from Text
5 into Chinese.
1 最近在《纽约时报》上刊登的一篇文章谈到了一种新计算机软件，该软件瞬间就能筛选数以千计的法律文件并寻找到那些可诉讼的条款，为律师们节省了花费在阅读文件上的数百小时。
2 他们主要靠耕种来养活自己，多种的部分用以物品交易或卖出。
3 从事农业和畜牧业者的绝对数量大约在1910年达到顶峰（约有1100-1200万）,在此之后人数便急剧下降。
4 这个故事总结了美国几个世纪以来的工作经历，从失业工人的层面上讲是悲剧，但从全国劳动力的层面上讲是件好事。
5 人工智能是一种新的自动化技术吗？是一种削弱了曾经是20 世纪末就业标志的脑力工作的技术吗？是一种只会消除更好的工作机会的技术吗？
Reading: Text 6
1 Match the words with their definitions.
1 d
2 f
3 i
4 b
5 h
6 c
7 a
8 e
9 j 10 g
2 Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary.
1 problematic
2 presumptions
3 brinkmanship
4 dictum
5 monopoly
6 conceal
7 share
8 lawsuit
9 deter 10 mutual
11 commitment 12 reveal 13 purposive 14 fare 15 interdependence 16 demoralized 17 collectively 18 stipulated 19 warranty 20 outweighed
21 induce 22 uniformly 23 optimal 24 confess 25 perish
26 move 27 dilemma 28 neutral 29 intolerable 30 dominant
31 square 32 outcome 33 bluff 34 linear
3 Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold.
Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentences patterns listed above.
secure the best outcomes for himself（为自己得到最好的结果）
To illustrate the point（为了说明这一点）
attempts to use（尝试运用）
a process that leads to（这个过程就导致了）
Such an example also arises（这种例子还出现）
4 Translate the following sentences from Text 6 into Chinese.
1 就前者来说，玩家按照顺序移动，每个人都了解其他玩家之前的动作。就后者而言，玩家同时做出动作，不了解其他玩家的动作。
2 当思考别人会如何反应的时候，必须站在别人的角度，用别人的思考方式进行思考，而不能将自己的推理强加在别人的身上。
3 尽管各位玩家同时做出动作，不知道其他玩家当前的动作，然而，每个玩家都必须明白其他玩家也和自己一样有同样的想法。
4 事实上，有众所周知不好的例子，如：“囚徒困境”，在这个游戏中如果每个人追求自我的最佳利益，那么所有玩家都会卷入一个糟糕的结局。
5 这种合作行为可通过反复玩这个游戏实现，因为这种由作弊暂时获得的利益会被由于合作破裂引起的长期损失所压倒。
Reading: Text 7
1 Match the words with their definitions.
1 g
2 d
3 i
4 b
5 f
6 j
7 a
8 c
9 e 10 h
2 Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary.
1 astronomer
2 contract
3 dedication
4 evolution
5 trace
6 conception
7 diffuse
8 erroneous
9 embedded 10 prediction
11 quantitative 12 expand 13 precisely 14 degrade 15 repulsive
16 transit 17 insight 18 capture 19 sufficient 20 gulf
21 capacity 22 static 23 licked 24 decay 25 primitive 26 entails 27 refined 28 spectacular 29 unbreakable 30 theoretical
31 barrier 32 cancel 33 horizon 34 mismatched 35 blatantly 36 witness 37 literally 38 vital
3 Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold.
Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentences patterns listed above.
So significant is the discovery（这个发现是如此的意义深远）
much as（就如……一样）
what if（如果……会怎样）
his discovery would have likely garnered him another Nobel Prize（他的发现很可能为他获得一个诺贝尔奖）
It will open new paths to（将打开新的通道）
4 Translate the following sentences from Text 7 into Chinese.
1 在过去的十年里，对古老星光的观测让人对宇宙的过去有了深刻的了解。令人惊讶的是，他们也让人对未来的本质有了深刻的洞察，而这些数据所显示的未来令人非常不安——因为某种被称之为暗能量的东西。
2 像地球或太阳一样的普通物质只能生成引力，但数学演算却显示，一种更外在的能源——一种就像是填充桑拿浴的蒸汽一样的能量均匀地充满着整个空间，只不过这种能量是无法看到的——会产生与引力相斥的力量。
3 快速推进到二十世纪九十年代，那时两队天文学家对遥远的超新星——由天体爆发所产生
的非常耀眼的星星，能够穿过宇宙而被看得很清楚——进行着艰辛而精确的观测，用以确定外太空间的膨胀速度在宇宙的历史进程中是怎样改变的。
4 在测算充满宇宙的暗能量总量的最为精确的尝试中，遗漏了一个测定值，一个巨大的因数10123（即一个1 后面跟着123 个0），这是在科学历史中理论和观测最为严重的一次误差。
5 距今一千亿年后, 任何没有与我们比邻的星系都将会被不断膨胀的空间横扫出去，它飞驰而去的速度将会比光速还快。
Reading: Text 8
1 Match the words with their definitions.
1 d
2 f
3 a
4 b
5 g
6 h
7 c
8 i
9 j 10 e
2 Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary.
1 aspects
2 replicate
3 simultaneously
4 expectancy
5 Journal
6 mechanic
7 practically
8 automatically
9 precise 10 specific
11 erratically 12 exclusive 13 conventional 14 elements 15 semiconductor
16 molecular 17 vast 18 appearance 19 potential 20 property 21 manipulate
22 fabricate 23 foresee 24 substance 25 individual 26 reverse 27 theoretical
3 Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold.
Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentences patterns listed above.
has played an ever-important role in（起着非常重要的作用）
is impacting the medical industry（对医学界正在产生很大影响）
smaller than a pill（比药丸还小）
This could vastly reduce the pain（这可极大的减轻疼痛）
It is not until we experience such benefits（知道我们体验到这种好处）
4 Translate the following sentences from Text 8 into Chinese.
1 一纳米是一米的十亿分之一，比可见光的波长还要短，其宽度是人类头发的十万分之一。
2 诺贝尔奖获得者霍斯特·施特默说纳米尺度比原子尺度更有趣，因为纳米尺度是我们可
以将东西安装在一起的起始点，我们只有将原子拼凑在一起这个东西才有使用价值。
3 只有在那时，他说，我们才能有效地教授纳米科学，因为没有牢固的多学科背景就无法理解纳米科技。
4 物质是绝缘体，就意味着他们不能带电荷，然而，在分散形式下缩微到纳米尺度时物质可以变为半导体。
5有些人担心纳米科技最终会成为虚拟的现实——换句话说，在纳米领域的局限性众所周知之前有关纳米科技的炒作仍会继续，但之后兴趣（和资金）会很快消失。
Reading: Text 9
1 Match the words with their definitions.
1 c
2 f
3 d
4 h
5 j
6 i
7 a
8 e
9 b 10 g
2 Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary.
1 magnitude
2 significantly
3 atmosphere
4 intensity
5 evidence
6 migrating
7 specifically
8 amplify
9 occurrence 10 destiny
11 motivation 12 annual 13 released 14 vicious 15 environmentally 16 alternate 17 prominent 18 reaction 19 drastically 20 regulation
21 minimal 22 exposure 23 retain 24 compound 25 eventually 26 decline 27 creature
3 Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold.
Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentences patterns listed above.
are unaware or uninformed of the causes（没有意识到）
have a large impact in the atmosphere（对大气造成很大影响）
man’s environment and health are at risk（人类的环境和健康处于危险之中）
the issue is not of their daily concern（不是一般人所关心的日常问题）
get all people involved in（使人们参加到）
4 Translate the following sentences from Text 9 into Chinese.
1他将气候变暖称为“伟大的地球物理实验”。他说：“这个实验就是大气中增加尽可能多的二氧化碳，再增加少许其他有害气体，然后看看会发生什么。”
2 在减少温室气体排放，特别是因燃烧化石燃料而产生的二氧化碳的排放方面人类所做的努力微不足道，这增加了全球变暖的速度和强度。
3 大气中的二氧化碳可以使植物的光合作用速度加快，使得过敏原数量增加。
4 它是地球上除了水蒸汽外最丰富的热能吸收气体，但它并不被认为是一种温室气体，因为它通过下雨不断地循环回到地球上。
5 《沸点》是一部关于全球变暖导致地球气候变化的著作，该书的作者罗斯﹒格尔布斯潘在2004年公开谈及他的这本书时说：“气候问题最终会撕开全球经济的裂口。”
Reading: Text 10
1 Match the words with their definitions.
1 d
2 c
3 j
4 a
5 i
6 f
7 h
8 e
9 g 10 b
2 Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary.
1 undergo
2 massive
3 unprecedented
4 runaway
5 consensus
6 hinder
7 output
8 concentration span
9 bleak 10 make a dent 11 constantly 12 outcome 13 play down 14 variation 15 absolutely 16 denigrate 17 mess with 18 herald 19 overwhelming 20 savage
21 resolve 22 gigantic 23 output 24 dramatically 25 sex-selective
3 Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold.
Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentences patterns listed above.
The dispute lies in whether or not （争论的焦点在于是否）
the overwhelming consensus is（压倒性的一致看法是）
there is absolutely no question（这绝对是没有问题的）
may arise from（或许是来自于）
has never been anything other than a polluting effect on our environment（除了给我们环境带来破坏作用，没有带来其他任何东西）
4 Translate the following sentences from Text 10 into Chinese.
1 这一争论的焦点在于：我们正在经历的变暖仅仅反映了最近全球气温变化趋势的自然转变，还是工业革命开始以来人类活动造成污染影响的结果。
2 一种反对人为变暖的观点是，这世界曾在1946到1975年间经历过一次明显的降温，证明了温室气体排放水平升高势必会导致全球变暖这一想法是错误的。
3 试图对全球气温在过去一千多年中真正的变化下定论是很难办到的，尤其近几百年前的记录并不可靠。
4 反对减轻全球变暖提案的既得利益集团已经确定，虽然《京都议定书》现已正式生效，但它远未实现其到2008 年12月全球温室气体排放减少 5.2%（低于1990年水平）的目标。
5 如果真的要在日益攀升的大气温室气体浓度中按要求减少60%的温室气体排放，前景的确堪忧。
III. Lecture Listening
Listening: Lecture 6
1 The institutions like factories, offices and schools.
2 It finds out that eighty percent of the calls are limited only to four people.
3 Many people get a chance to be close to family members or friends by high-tech like facebook, skype and emails.
4 There is no privacy sphere as soon as you walk into the working place.
5 The Internet and Intimacy.
Lecture 6 How the Internet enables intimacy?
I believe that there are new, hidden tensions that are actually happening between people and
institutions—institutions that are the institutions that people inhabit in their daily life: schools, hospitals, workplaces, factories, offices, etc. And something that I see happening is something that I would like to call a sort of “democratization of intimacy”. And what do I mean by that? I mean that what people are doing is, in fact, they are sort of, with their communication channels, they are breaking an imposed isolation that these institutions are imposing on them. How are they doing this? They’re doing it in a very simple way, by calling their mom from work, by IMing from their office to their frien ds, by texting under the desk. The pictures that you’re seeing behind me are people that I visited in the last few months. And I asked them to come along with the person they communicate with most. And somebody brought a boyfriend, somebody a father. One young woman brought her grandfather. For 20 years, I’ve been looking at how people use channels such as email, the mobile phone, texting, etc. What your’re right here going to see is that, fundamentally, people are communicating on a regular basis with five, six, seven of their most intimate sphere. Now, let’s take some data. Facebook. Recently some sociologists from Facebook—Facebook is I mean the channel that you would expect is the most enlargening of all channels. And an average user, said Cameron Marlow, from Facebook, has about 120 friends. But he actually talks to, has two-way exchanges with, about four to six people on a regular base, depending on his gender. Academic research on instant messaging also shows 100 people on buddy lists, but fundamentally people chat with two, three, four—anyway, less than five. My own research on cellphones and voice calls shows that 80 percent of the calls are actually made to four people. Eighty percent. And when you go to Skype, it’s down to two people. A lot of sociologists actually are quite disappointed. I mean, I’ve been a bit disappointed sometimes when I saw this data, you know all this deployment, just for five people. And some sociologists actually feel that it’s a closure, it’s a cocooning, that we’re disengaging from the public. And I would actually, I would like to show you that if we actually look at who is doing it, and from where they’re doing it, actually there is an incredible social transformation. There are three stories that I th ink are good examples. The first gentleman, he’s a baker. And so he starts working every morning at four o’clock in the morning. And around eight o’clock he sort of sneaks away from his oven, cleans his hands from the flour and calls his wife. He just wants to wish her a good day, because that’s the start of her day. And I’ve heard this story a number of times. A young factory worker who works night shifts, who manages to sneak away from the factory floor, where there is CCTV by the way, and find a corner, where at 11 o’clock at night he can call his girlfriend and just say goodnight. Or a mother who, at four o’clock, you know suddenly manages to find a corner in the toilet to check that her children are safely home. Then there is another couple, there is a Brazilian couple. They’ve lived in Italy for a number of years. They Skype with their families a few times a week. But once a fortnight, they actually put the computer on their dining table, pull out the webcam and actually have dinner with their family in Sao Paulo. They have a big event of it. And I heard this story the first time a couple of years ago from a very modest family of immigrants from Kosovo in Switzerland. They had set up a big screen in their living room, and every morning they had breakfast with their grandmother. But Danny Miller, who is a very good anthropologist who is working on Filipino migrant women who leave their children back in the Philippines, was telling me about how much parenting is going on through Skype, and how much these mothers are engaged with their children through Skype. And then there is the third couple. They are two friends. They chat to each other every day, a number a few times a day actually. And finally, finally, they’ve managed to put instant messaging on their computers at work.
And now, obviously, they have it open. Whenever they have a moment they chat to each other. And this is exactly what we’ve been seeing with teenagers and kids doing it in school, under the table, and texting under the table to their friends. So, none of these cases are unique. I mean, I could tell you hundreds of them. But what is really exceptional is the setting. So, think of the three settings I’ve talked to you about: factory, migration, office. But it could be in a school, it c ould be an administration, it could be a hospital. Three settings that, if we just step back 15 years, if you just think back 15 years, when you clocked in, when you clocked in to an office, when you clocked in to a factory, there was no contact for the whole duration of the time, there was no contact with your private sphere. I mean if you were lucky there was a public phone hanging in the corridor or somewhere. If you were in management, oh, that was a different story. Maybe you had a direct line. If you were not, you maybe had to go through an operator. But basically, when you walked into those buildings, the private sphere was left behind you. And this has become such a norm of our professional lives, such a norm and such an expectation. And it had nothing to do with technical capability. The phones were there. But the expectation was once you moved in there your commitment was fully to the task at hand, fully to the people around you. That was where the focus had to be. And this has become such a cultural norm that we actually school our children for them to be capable to do this cleavage. If you think nursery, kindergarten, first years of school are just dedicated to take away the children, to make them used to staying long hours away from their family. And then the school enacts perfectly well. It mimics perfectly all the rituals that we will find in offices: rituals of entry, rituals of exit, the schedules, the uniforms in this country, things that identify you, team-building activities, team building that will allow you to basically be with a random group of kids, or a random group of people that you will have to be for a number of time. And of course, the major thing: Learn to pay attention, to concentrate and focus your attention. This only started about 150 years ago. It only started with the birth of modern bureaucracy, and of industrial revolution, when people basically had to go somewhere else to work and carry out the work. And when with modern bureaucracy there was a very rational approach, where there was a clear distinction between the private sphere and the public sphere. So, until then, basically people were living on top of their trades. They were living on top of the land they were laboring. They were living on top of the workshops where they were working. And if you think, it’s permeated our whole culture, even our cities. If you think of medieval cities, medieval cities the boroughs all have the names of the guilds and professions that lived there. Now we have sprawling residential suburbias that are well distinct from production areas and commercial areas. And actually, over these 150 years, there has been a very clear class system that also has emerged. So the lower the status of the job and of the person carrying out, the more removed he would be from his personal sphere. People have taken this amazing possibility of actually being in contact all through the day or in all types of situations. And they are doing it massively. The Pew Institute, which produces good data on a regular basis on, for instance, in the States, says that—and I think that this number is conservative—50 percent of anybody with email access at work is actually doing private email from his office. I really think that the number is conservative. In my own resea rch, we saw that the peak for private email is actually 11 o’clock in the morning, whatever the country. Seventy-five percent of people admit doing private conversations from work on their mobile phones. A hundred percent are using text. The point is that this re-appropriation of the personal sphere is not terribly successful with all institutions. I’m always surprised the U.S. Army sociologists are discussing of the impact for instance, of soldiers
in Iraq having daily contact with their families. But there are many institutions that are actually blocking this access. And every day, every single day, I read news that makes me cringe, like $15 fine to kids in Texas, for using, every time they take out their mobile phone in school. Immediate dismissal to bus drivers in New York, if seen with a mobile phone in a hand. Companies blocking access to IM or to Facebook. Behind issues of security and safety, which have always been the arguments for social control, in fact what is going on is that these institutions are trying to decide who, in fact, has a right to self determine their attention, to decide, whether they should, or not, be isolated. And how you know they are actually trying to block, in a certain sense, this movement of a greater possibility of intimacy.
Listening: Lecture 7
1 We can learn about how stars and planets interact to form their eco-system and make habitats that are amenable to life.
2 One thousand and two hundred potential new planetary system; about 400.
3 It illustrates the importance of the distance between the planet and its parent star.
4 We can see the dramatic effects of sun’s magnetic activity.
5 The distance between stars and planets, which is the key to life in the universe.
Lecture 7 Planetary system outside
Planetary system outside our own are like distant cities whose lights we can see twinkling, but whose streets we cannot walk. By studying those twinkling lights though we can learn about how stars and planets interact to form their own ecosystem and make habitats that are amenable to life. In this image of the Tokyo skyline, I’ve hidden data from the newest planet hunting space telescope on the block, the Kepler Mission. Can you see it? There you go, this is just a tiny part of the sky the Kepler stares at where it searches for planets by measuring the light from over 150,000 stars, all at once, every half hour, and very precisely. And what we’re looking for is the tiny dimming of light that is caused by a planet passing in front of one of these stars, and blocking some of that starlight from getting to us. In just over two years of operations, we found over 1,200 potential new planetary systems around other stars. To give you some perspective, in the previous two decades of searching, we had only known about 400 prior to Kepler. When we see these little dips in the light, we can determine a number of things. For one thing we can determine that there is a planet there, but also how big that planet is, and how far it is away from its parent star. That distance is really important, because it tells us how much light the planet receives overall. And that distance and knowing that amount of light is important because it’s a little like you or I sitting around a campfire, you want to be close enough to the campfire so that you are warm, but not so close that you are too toasty and you get burnt. However, there’s more to know about your parent star than just how much light you receive overall. And I will tell you why. This is our star, this is our sun, it’s shown here in visible light, that’s the light you can see with your own human eyes, you’ll notice that it looks pretty much like the iconic yellow ball, that sun that we all draw when we’re children. But you’ll notice something else, and that’s, that the face of the sun has freckles. These freckles are called sunspots, and they are just one of the manifestations of the sun’s magnetic field. They also cause the light from the star to vary, and we can measure this very very precisely with Kepler and trace their effects. However, these are just the tip of the iceberg, if we had UV eyes or X-ray eyes, we would really see the dynamic and dramatic effects of our
sun’s magnetic activity, the kind of thing that happens on other stars as well. Just think, even when i t’s cloudy outside, these kind of events are happening in the sky above you all the time. So when we want to learn whether a planet is habitable, whether it might be amenable to life, we want to know not only how much total light it receives and how warm it is, but we want to know about its space weather, this high-energy radiation the UV and the X-rays that are created by its star, and that bathe it in this bath of high energy radiation. And so, we cannot really look at planets around other stars in the sa me kind of detail that we can look at planets in our own solar system. I’m showing here Venus, Earth and Mars, three planets in our own solar system that are roughly the same size, but only one of which is really a good place to live. But what we can do in the meantime is measure the light from our stars, and learn about this relationship between the planets and their parent stars to suss out clues about which planets might be good places to look for life in the universe. Kepler won’t find a planet around e very single star it looks at, but really, every measurement it makes is precious. Because it’s teaching us about the relationship between stars and planets and how it’s really the starlight that sets the stage for the formation of life in the universe. Whi le it’s Kepler, this telescope, this instrument that stares, it’s we, life, who are searching.
Listening: Lecture 8
1 We diagnose cancer with pattern recognition or identify the form of the cancerous cells without molecule test or gene sequencing, etc.
2 Cancer doctors have strived to understand cancer rather than to control it.
3 It disrupts the complex cancer system and reduces its reoccurrence.
4 If we change the environment or the system of the cancer, we can control cancer.
5 It’s collaborat ion that physicists, mathematicians are brought in to think about cancer.
Lecture 8 A new strategy in the war on cancer
I’m a cancer doctor, and I walked out of my office and walked by the pharmacy in the hospital three or four years ago, and this was the cover of Fortune magazine sitting in the window of the pharmacy.
And so, as a cancer doctor, you look at this, and you get a little bit downhearted. But when
you start to read the article by Cliff, who himself is a cancer survivor, who was saved by a clinical trial where his parents drove him from New York City to upstate New York to get an experimental therapy for—at the time—Hodgkin’s disease, which saved his life, he makes remarkable points here. And the point of the article was that we have gotten reductionist in our view of biology, in our view of cancer. For the last 50 years, we have focused on treating the individual gene in understanding cancer, not in controlling cancer.
So, this is an astounding table. And this is something that sobers us in our field every day. In that, obviously, we’ve made remarkable impacts on cardiovascular disease, but look at cancer. The death rate in cancer in over 50 years hasn’t changed. We’ve made small wins in diseases like chronic myelogenous leukemia, where we have a pill that can put 100 percent of people in remission. But in general, we haven’t made an impact at all in the war on cancer.
So, what I’m going to tell you today is a little bit of why I think that’s the case, and then go out of my comf ort zone and tell you where I think it’s going, where a new approach—that we hope to push forward in terms of treating cancer. Because this is wrong.
So, what is cancer, first of all? Well, if one has a mass or an abnormal blood value, you go to
a doctor, they stick a needle in. The way we make the diagnosis today is by pattern recognition: Does it look normal? Does it look abnormal?
So, that pathologist is just like looking at this plastic bottle. This is a normal cell. This is a cancer cell. That is the state-of-the-art today in diagnosing cancer. There’s no molecular test, there’s no sequencing of genes that was referred to yesterday, there’s no fancy looking at the chromosomes. This is the state-of-the-art and how we do it.
You know, I k now very well, as a cancer doctor, I can’t treat advanced cancer. So, as an aside, I firmly believe in the field of trying to identify cancer early. It is the only way you can start to fight cancer, is by catching it early. We can prevent most cancers. You know, the previous talk alluded to preventing heart disease. We could do the same in cancer. I co-founded a company called Navigenics, where, if you spit into a tube—and we can look look at 35 or 40 genetic markers for disease, all of which are delayable in many of the cancers—you start to identify what you could get, and then we can start to work to prevent them. ’Cause the problem is, when you have advanced cancer, we can’t do that much today about it, as the statistics allude to.
So, the thing ab out cancer is that it’s a disease of the aged. Why is it a disease of the aged? Because evolution doesn’t care about us after we had our children. See, evolution protected us during our childbearing years and then, after age 35 or 40 or 45, it said “It doesn’t matter anymore, because they’ve had their progeny. “So if you look at cancers, it is very rare—extremely rare—to have cancer in a child, on the order of thousands of cases a year. As one gets older? Very, very common.
Why is it hard to treat? Bec ause it’s heterogeneous, and that’s the perfect substrate for evolution within the cancer. It starts to select out for those bad, aggressive cells, what we call clonal selection. But, if we start to understand that cancer isn’t just a molecul ar defect, it’s something more, then we’ll get to new ways of treating it, as I’ll show you. So, one of the fundamental problems we have in cancer is that, right now, we describe it by a number of adjectives, symptoms: “I’m tired, I’m bloated, I have pain, etc.” You then have some anatomic descriptions, you get that CAT scan: “There’s a three centimeter mass in the liver.” You then have some body part descriptions: “It’s in the liver, in the breast, in the prostate.” And that’s about it. So, our dictionary for describing cancer is very, very poor. It’s basically symptoms. It’s manifestations of a disease.
What’s exciting is that over the last two or three years, the government has spent 400 million dollars, and they’ve allocated another billion dollars, to we call the Cancer Genome Atlas Project. So, it is the idea of sequencing all of the genes in the cancer, and giving us a new lexicon, a new dictionary to describe it. You know, in the mid-1850s in France, they started to describe cancer by body part. That hasn’t changed in over 150 years. It is absolutely archaic that we call cancer by prostate, by breast, by muscle. It makes no sense, if you think about it.
So, obviously, the technology is here today, and, over the next several years, that will change. You will no longer go to a breast cancer clinic. You will go to a HER2 amplified clinic, or an EGFR activated clinic, and they will go to some of the pathogenic lesions that were involved in causing this individual cancer. So, hopefully, we will go from being the art of medicine more to the science of medicine, and be able to do what they do in infectious disease, which is look at that organism, that bacteria, and then say, “This antibiotic makes sense, because you have a particular bacteria that will respond to it.” When one is exposed to H1N1, you take Tamiflu, and you can remarkably decrease the severity of symptoms and prevent many of the manifestations to the
disease. Why? Because we know what you have, and we know how to treat it—although we can’t make vaccine in this country, but that’s a different story.
The Cancer Genome Atlas is coming out now. The first cancer was done, which was brain cancer. In the next month, the end of December, you’ll see ovarian cancer, and th en lung cancer will come several months after. There’s also a field of proteomics that I’ll talk about in a few minutes, which I think is going to be the next level in terms of understanding and classifying disease. But remember, I’m not pushi ng genomics, proteomics, to be a reductionist. I’m doing it so we can identify what we’re up against. And there’s a very important distinction there that we’ll get to.
In health care today, we spend most of the dollars—in terms of treating disease—most of the dollars in the last two years of a person’s life. We spend very little, if any, dollars in terms of identifying what we’re up against. If you could start to move that, to identify what you’re up against, you’re gonna to do things a hell of a lot better. If we could even take it one step further and prevent disease, we can take it enormously the other direction, and obviously, that’s where we need to go, going forward.
So, this is the website of the National Cancer Institute. And I’m here to tell you, it’s wrong. So, the website of the National Cancer Institute says that cancer is a genetic disease. The website says, “If you look, there’s an individual mutation, and maybe a second, and maybe a third, and that is cancer.” But, as a cancer doc, this is what I see. This isn’t a genetic disease. So, there you see, it’s a liver with colon cancer in it, and you see into the microscope a lymph node where cancer has invaded. You see a CAT scan where cancer is in the liver. Cancer is an interaction of a cell that no longer is under growth control with the environment. It’s not in the abstract; it’s the interaction with the environment. It’s what we call a system.
The goal of me as a cancer doctor is not to understand cancer. And I think that’s been the fundamental problem over the last five decades, is that we have strived to understand cancer. The goal is to control cancer. And that is a very different optimization scheme, a very different strategy for all of us.
I got up at the American Association of Cancer Research, one of the big cancer research meetings, with 20,000 people there, and I said, “We’ve made a mistake. We have all made a mistake, myself included, by focusing down, by being a reductionist. We need to take a step back.” And, believe it or not, there were hisses in the audience. People got upset, but this is the only way we’re going to go forward.
You know, I was very fortunate to meet Danny Hillis a few years ago. We were pushed together, and neither one of us really wanted to meet the other. I said, “Do I really want to meet a guy from Disney, who designed computers?” And he was saying, “Does he really want to meet another doctor?” But people prevailed on us, and we got together, and it’s been transformative in what I do, absolutely transformative. We have designed, and we have worked on the modeling—and much of these ideas came from Danny and from his team—the modeling of cancer in the body as a complex system. And I’ll show you some data there where I really thin k it can make a difference and a new way to approach it.
The key is, when you look at these variables and you look at this data, you have to understand the data inputs. You know, if I measured your temperature over 30 days, and I asked, “What was the av erage temperature?” and it came back at 98.7, I would say, “Great.” But if during one of those days your temperature spiked to 102 for six hours, and you took Tylenol and got better, etc., I
would totally miss it. So, one of the problems, the fundamental problems in medicine is that you and I, and all of us, we go to our doctor once a year. We have discrete data elements; we don’t have a time function on them.
You know earlier it was referred to this direct life device. You know, I’ve been using it for two and a half months. It’s a staggering device, not because it tells me how many kilocalories I do every day, but because it looks, over 24 hours, what I’ve done in a day. And I didn’t realize that for three hours I’m sitting at my desk, and I’m not movin g at all. And a lot of the functions in the data that we have as input systems here are really different than we understand them, because we’re not measuring them dynamically.
And so, if you think of cancer as a system, there’s an input and an output an d a state in the middle. So, the states, are equivalent classes of history, and the cancer patient, the input, is the environment, the diet, the treatment, the genetic mutations. The output are our symptoms: Do we have pain? Is the cancer growing? Do we feel bloated, etc.? Most of that state is hidden. So what we do in our field is we change the input, we give aggressive chemotherapy, and we say, “Did that output get better? Did that pain improve, etc.?”
And so, the problem is that it’s not just one system, it’s multiple systems on multiple scales. It’s a system of systems. And so, when you start to look at emergent systems, you can look at a neuron under a microscope. A neuron under the microscope is very elegant with little things sticking out and little things over here, but when you start to put them together in a complex system, and you start to see that it becomes a brain, and that brain can create intelligence, what we’re talking about in the body, and cancer is starting to model it like a com plex system. Well, the bad news is that these robust—and robust is a key word—emergent systems are very hard to understand in detail. The good news is you can manipulate them. You can try to control them without that fundamental understanding of every component.
One of the most fundamental clinical trials in cancer came out in February in the New England Journal of Medicine, where they took women who were pre-menopausal with breast cancer. So, about the worst kind of breast cancer you can get. They had gotten their chemotherapy, and then they randomized them, where half got placebo, and half got a drug called Zoledronic acid that builds bone. It’s used to treat osteoporosis, and they got that twice a year. They looked and, in these 1,800 women, given twice a year a drug that builds bone, you reduce the recurrence of cancer by 35 percent. Reduce occurrence of cancer by a drug that doesn’t even touch the cancer. So the notion, you change the soil, the seed doesn’t grow as well. You change that s ystem, and you could have a marked effect on the cancer.
Nobody has ever shown—and this will be shocking—nobody has ever shown that most chemotherapy actually touches a cancer cell. It’s never been shown. There’s all these elegant work in the tissue culture dishes, that if you give this cancer drug, you can do this effect to the cell, but the doses in those dishes are nowhere near the doses that happen in the body.
If I give a woman with breast cancer a drug called Taxol every three weeks, which is the standard, about 40 percent of women with metastatic cancer have a great response to that drug. And a response is 50 percent shrinkage. Well, remember that’s not even an order of magnitude, but that’s a different story. They then recur, I give them that same drug every week. Another 30 percent will respond. They then recur, I give them that same drug over 96 hours by continuous infusion, another 20 or 30 percent will respond. So, you can’t tell me it’s working by the same mechanism in all three size. It’s not. We have no idea the mechanism. So the idea that
Unit Two Task1Familiarizing Yourself with Classif ication 1.Skim the f ollowing passage f or the answ ers to the questions below. 1) Man-made or anthropogenic causes, and natural causes. 2) Pollution (burning fossil fuels, mining coal and oil, etc.), the production of CO( the increase of population, the demolition of trees, etc.) 3) COis a greenhouse gas that traps heat in the Earth’s atmosphere. 4) Classif ication helps us to determine and understand the relationship of the parts of a subject which is studied by us. Classification is made on the basis of a clear definition. 5) In order to make a clear and logic classification, one needs to follow a principle of classification and go on with a system consistently. For example, the categories of classification should be mutually exclusive and no overlapping is allowed. Reading1Causes for Global Warming Task2Understanding Lectures through Classification Listening1 1.Listening to the lectur e and write down wha tev er y ou believ e is impor tant, especially the classif ica tions of key terms. Unconscious motivation, unconscious conflict, the id, the ego, the superego, etc. https://www.doczj.com/doc/7e6020590.html,e y our notes.Decide if the sta tements below ar e true(T)or false(F).Then justify y our answ ers,in the space pr ovided,b y giving evidence fr om the talk. 1) T 2) F 3) F 4) F 5) T 6) F 7) T 8) F 3.Listen again,paying a ttention to the f ollowing classif ica tions and then complete the tables below. Idea One: The existence of an unconscious motivation Idea Two: The notion of unconscious dynamics or conflict 4.Listen again and piece y our notes together into a shor t summar y.Then r etell the lectur e to y our par tner.
第一单元? 如何发表演说 斯蒂芬·卢卡斯? ???? 在人类创造的万物中，语言可能是最卓越的一项创造。通过语言，我们可以分享经验、阐明价值观念、交流思想、传播知识、传承文化。确实，语言对于思想本身至关重要。和流行的信仰不同的是：语言并不是简单地反映事实，而是通过对事件意义的思考来帮助人们感悟现实。? ???? 优秀的演说者尊重语言并懂得如何驾驭语言。语言是演说者展示才能的工具，对于他们来说，如同其他职业的工具一样,语言也有特殊的功用。作为一名演说者，你应该意识到话语的意义，并懂得如何准确无误地使用语言，使其表达清楚，趣味横生，恰如其分。? 如同数字对于会计的重要性一样，准确地使用语言对于演说者至关重要。在没有确切知道一个词语的意思之前，千万不要盲目使用。碰到没有把握的词语，一定要查词典追根究底。当你准备演讲之前，一定要不断地问自己：“我究竟想说些什么？我究竟想表达什么样的意思？”因此，对于一篇演讲稿的用词来说，必须准确无误。? 如果语言表达清楚无误，听众就能很快抓住你的意思。鉴于此，演说者应该使用那些对于大多数人来说非常熟悉的词语，这些词语不需要任何专业背景就能够理解；演说者应该使用那些表达具体而不是相对抽象的词语；并且千万不要乱堆砌辞藻，哗众取宠。? 准确生动地使用语言能够使你的演说贴近生活。有一种方法可以使你的语言更加生动形象，那就是通过展开联想或创造语言图示。通过使用表达具体的词语、明喻或者暗喻等手法可以展开想像。明喻是对事物不同之处的比较，不过有些是相同的：它们总是包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。暗喻是一种隐性的比喻，它能够把两个形式不同但是有一些相通之处的事物联系在一起，暗喻不包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。? 另一种让你的演说生动形象的方法是注重语言的节奏感。有四种修辞格可以让你的语言富有节奏感：排比、重复、头韵和对比。排比是将一组或一系列具有相似结构的词语、短语或者句子排列在一起；重复是在一系列短句或者长句的开头或者结尾使用相同的一句话或者一组词语；头韵是指邻近或者相邻的几个句子中的首个词语的辅音字母相同；对比是将一些意思相反的词语或者句子并列在一起，通常使用排比结构。 恰当地使用语言是指语言的运用要符合特定的场合、特定的观众和特定的主题。同时，恰当地使用语言还意味着演说者要有自己的语言风格，而不是模仿他人的口吻。如果演说者的语言在各个方面都能够做到恰如其分，那么这篇演说成功的机率就会大大提高。??????? 优秀的演说并不是空穴来风、缺乏论据的决断。演说者必须找到强有力的论据来支持其观点。实际上，熟练地使用论据经常是区别一篇优秀演说词和一篇空洞演说词的关键所在。一般来说，通常有三种论据材料：事例、统计数据和证词。? ???????在演说过程中，你可以使用一些简明扼要的例子——比如过去发生的一个很具体的事件——有时候，你可以罗列好几个简明的例子，借此增强听众的印象。扩展性的例子——描述、叙述或者奇闻轶事——通常长一些，但更具体。夸张性的例子描述想像中的情形，这种例子能够将相关的想法有效地传达给听众。这三种例子都能够帮助演说者理清思绪、加强印象或者使演说更加娓娓动听。为了使表达更加富有效果，例子应该生动活泼，丰富多彩。 只要演说者对于统计数据用之得当并且加以解释，这些数据将有助于有效地传达信息，听众也能从统计数据中获益匪浅。最重要的是：演说者应该对统计数据了如指掌，并且运用得恰如其分。由于数据很容易操纵和捏造，因此，对于演说者来说，一定要确保图表没有张冠李戴，并且要确保统计方法正确，数据来源可靠。?
Unit 1 C 1.The younger generation should continue to sustain and develop our fine traditions and long-standing culture. 2.In the course of preparing one’s speech, one should be clearly aware of how one could make effective use of statistics and examples to bolster one’s point of view. 3.An impromptu speech is one of the speaking skills that college students should learn and develop through practice. 4.By using simile and metaphor, you can make your language more vivid and more attractive to your audience. 5.The proper examples you cite might help reinforce the impression on your listeners and make your viewpoints more convincing. 6.When you are speaking, you should choose common and easy words and at the same time avoid clutter in your speech.
Unit 1 Language building-up Task 1/Specialized vocabulary 1.饲料经销商；饲料批发商 2.为他自己的收益而工作 3.技能与劳动力 4.制造塑料 5.私人交易 6.包装并定价 7.无形之手 1.priced https://www.doczj.com/doc/7e6020590.html,bor 3.transactions 4.gain https://www.doczj.com/doc/7e6020590.html,bor; manufactured 6.invisible hand 7.distributor Task 2/Signpost language 1.Today, in millions of homes across the nation, God will be thanked for many gifts, for the feast on the table and the company of loved ones, for health and good fortune in the year gone by, for peace privilege of having been born, or having become — American(Line 2, Para.1). 2. And yet, isn't there something wondrous,—something almost inexplicable in the way your Thanksgiving weekend is made possible by the skill and labor of vast numbers of total strangers? (Line 1, Para. 4) 3. ...Thanksgiving Turkey, there would be one,—or more likely, a few dozen—waiting. (Line 3, Para.6) Task 3/Formal English 1. very many 3. a large group of 5. understand 2. buying or selling 4. more huge 6. troubled Unit 2 Language building Task 1: Part 1: 1)无形之手； 2）自由企业制度 3）股东 4）经济体制 5）开发产品和服务 6）市场力量；市场调节作用
Task 2 A contrary to implicit assertion look up adapted Sustain unbiased In the course of metaphor clutter B bolster credible impromptu sparingly anecdote Credentials testimony hypothetical paraphrase juxtaposition Task 3 Translation B.发言提纲是有效发言的基础。通过写发言提纲，你可以确保你的思想是相关联的，你的思路从一点谈到另一点，你的讲话结构是连贯的。通常，准备讲演你可以采用两种提纲方式：详细准备提纲和简单发言提纲。 在准备发言提纲中，应该写出你的特定目的及中心思想，并以连贯的方式确定主要观点和次要观点，发言提纲应该由简要的提要组成，这些提要在你讲话时能够给予你一些帮助。发言提纲还应该包括帮助你记忆的重点词或重点短语。在写发言提纲时，可采用准备提纲的模式，尽可能使你的发言提纲简要，同时，要确保提纲清晰，易于辨认。 C. 1. The younger generation should continue to sustain and develop our fine traditions and long-standing culture. 2. In the course of preparing one’s speech, one should be clearly aware of how one could make effective use of statistics and examples to bolster one’s point of view. 3. An impromptu speech is one of the speaking skills that college students should learn and develop through practice. 4. By using simile and metaphor, you can make your language more vivid and more attractive to your audience. 5. The proper examples you cite might help reinforce the impression on your listeners and make your viewpoints more convincing. 6. When you are speaking, you should choose common and easy words and at the same time avoid clutter in you speech. 7. When you write a paper, citing the views from some experts is a good way to make your ideas more credible. 8. A good method of delivering a speech will improve its quality and will help convey the speakers’ ideas clearly and interestingly. 9. You should mot blindly use a word that you are not sure about, and if you are not sure, look up the word in a dictionary. 10. Your language should adapt to the particular occasion and audience. If your language is appropriate in all respects, your speech is successful. D. Before you deliver an academic speech, you should, first of all, get well prepared for it. Then, you should make your major points clear in your speech, and your speech should be well organized. When speaking, you should not speak too fast, and your language should be exp licit. Don’t always read the notes you prepared beforehand. From time to time, you should look at your audience. On one hand, you can show your respect to your audience, and on the other hand, you will be able to go on with your speech more smoothly.
Unit 1 Lan guage build in g-up TaSk 1/SpeCiaIiZed VoCabUlary 1. 饲料经销商；饲料批发商 2. 为他自己的收益而工作 3. 技能与劳动力 4. 制造塑料 5. 私人交易 6. 包装并定价 7. 无形之手 1. PriCed 2. labor 3. tran SaCt ions 4. gai n 5. labor; manu factured 6. in ViSibIe hand 7. distributor TaSk 2/Sig npost Ia nguage 1. Today ,in milli OnS of homes across the n ati on, God will be tha nked for many gifts, for the feast On the table and the compa ny Of IoVed On es, for health and good fortune in the year gone by, for PeaCe PriViIege of havi ng bee n born, Or hav ing become —— AmeriCa n(Line 2, Para.1). 2. And yet, isn't there SOmeth ing won drous, —SOmethi ng almost in explicable in the Way your Than ksgivi ng Weeke nd is made POSSibIe by the skill and labor of VaSt nu mbers of total Stra ngers? (Li ne 1, Para. 4) 3. ...Tha nksgivi ng Turkey, there would be one, —or more likely, a few doze n —Wait ing. (Line 3, Para.6) TaSk 3/FormaI En glish 1. Very many 2. buying or selli ng 3. a large group of 4. more huge 5. Un dersta nd 6. troubled Unit 2 Lan guage build ing TaSk 1: Part 1: 1) 无形之手； 2) 自由企业制度 3) 股东 4) 经济体制
Presenting a speech （做演讲） Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through 在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。我们用语言 language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit 来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识， knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself. 传承文化。事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。[Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events]. 和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在 具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。 ——语序的调整。 Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately. 好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。词语是演讲者演讲的重要“武器”，具有特殊的用途，这和任何其他的工作技艺没什么两样。作为演讲者，必须知道词语的具体含义，也要懂得如何做到用词准确、清晰、生动、适当。 Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately to a accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in the dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?”Choose words that are precise and accurate. 演讲者准确地使用语言和会计准确使用数字是一样重要的。确定词意后再措词。如果不确定，请先查词典。当你在准备演讲的时候，要不断地问自己：“我到底要说什么？我到底想表达什么意思？”用词一定要精准。 Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure this [by using familiar words （that are known to the average person and require no specialized background）; by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter]. 用词清晰可以让听众迅速理解你的意思（抓到你的点）。要做到这一点，就要尽量使用一般人都熟悉的不需要专业知识就能懂的词语；多用具象词汇少用抽象词汇；还有要减少口误。 Using language vividly helps bring your speech to life. One way (to make your speech vivid)|is through imagery，or the creation of word pictures. You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things （that are essentially different yet have something in common）; it always contains the words “like”or “as”. Metaphor is an implicit
Contents Unit 1 – Astronomy (2) Part I: Pre-listening (2) Part II: While Listening (2) Text A: Fun Facts about Astronomy (2) Text B: Shenzhou-10 Mission (3) Part III: After Listening (3) Part IV: Homework (3) Unit 2 – Biology (4) Part I: Pre-listening (4) Part II: While Listening (4) Text A: Secret of Life (4) Text B: Animal Intelligence (5) Part III: After Listening (5) Part IV: Homework (5) Unit 3 – Psychology (6) Part I: Pre-listening (6) Part II: While Listening (6) Text A: Discovering Psychology (6) Text B: Liespotting (7) Part III: After Listening (7) Part IV: Homework (7) Unit 4 – Geography (8) Part I: Pre-listening (8) Part II: While Listening (8) Text A: What Is Geography? (8) Text B: Mount Kailash – Axis of the World (9) Part III: After Listening (9) Part IV: Homework (9) Unit 5 – Economy (sic) (10) Part I: Pre-listening (10) Part II: While Listening (10) Text A: The Blue Economy (10) Text B: A Monkey Economy as Irrational as Ours (11) Part III: After Listening (11) Part IV: Homework (11) Unit 6 – Physics (12) Part I: Pre-listening (12) Part II: While Listening (12) Text A: What Is Physics? (12) Text B: Science of Figure Skating (13) Part III: After Listening (13) Part IV: Homework (13) Unit 7 – Computer Science (14) Part I: Pre-listening (14) Part II: While Listening (14) Text A: Computer Software (14) Text B: Computer Science Advice for Students (15) Part III: After Listening (15) Part IV: Homework (15) Unit 8 – Chemistry (16) Part I: Pre-listening (16) Part II: While Listening (16) Text A: The History of Discovering Elements (16) Text B: The Periodic Table of Elements (17) Part III: After Listening (17) Part IV: Homework (17)
Reading: Text 1 1.Match the words with their definitions. 1g 2a 3e 4b 5c 6d 7j 8f 9h 10i 2. Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary. 1 symbolic 2distributed 3site 4complex 5identify 6fairly 7straightforward 8capability 9target 10attempt 11process 12parameter 13interpretation 14technical 15range 16exploit 17networking 18involve 19 instance 20specification 21accompany 22predictable 23profile 3. Read the sentences in the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold. Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentence patterns listed above. ranging from（从……到） arise from some misunderstandings（来自于对……误解） leaves a lot of problems unsolved（留下很多问题没有得到解决） opens a path for（打开了通道） requires a different frame of mind（需要有新的思想） 4.Translate the following sentences from Text 1 into Chinese. 1) 有些人声称黑客是那些超越知识疆界而不造成危害的好人（或即使造成危害，但并非故意而为），而“骇客”才是真正的坏人。 2) 这可以指获取计算机系统的存储内容，获得一个系统的处理能力，或捕获系统之间正在交流的信息。 3) 那些系统开发者或操作者所忽视的不为人知的漏洞很可能是由于糟糕的设计造成的，也可能是为了让系统具备一些必要的功能而导致计划外的结果。 4) 另一种是预先设定好程序对特定易受攻击对象进行攻击，然而，这种攻击是以鸟枪式的方式发出的，没有任何具体目标，目的是攻击到尽可能多的潜在目标。 5) 另外，考虑安装一个硬件防火墙并将从互联网中流入和流出的数据限定在几个真正需要的端口，如电子邮件和网站流量。 Reading: Text 2 1.Match the words with their definitions. 1d 2f 3h 4i 5a 6e 7b 8j 9g 10c https://www.doczj.com/doc/7e6020590.html,plete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary. 1 compromised 2notoriety 3 interchangeably 4malfunctioned 5squeeze 6 ingenious 7 emergence 8 humble 9 Cunning 10 vulnerability 11criminal 12patches 13 sinister 14daunting 15replicate 16malicious 17 spirals 18secure 19blur 20 stem 21 disrepute 22 sophisticated 23harness 24 recipient 25convert
Unit1 1、Some factors that may lead to the complaint: ·Neuron overload ·Patients* high expectations ·Mistrust and misunderstanding between the patient and the doctor 2、Mrs. Osorio’s condition: ·A 56-year-old woman ·Somewhat overweight ·Reasonably well-controlled diabetes and hypertension ·Cholesterol on the high side without any medications for it ·Not enough exercises she should take ·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan 3、Good things: ·Blood tests done ·Glucose a little better ·Her blood pressure a little better but not so great Bad things: ·Cholesterol not so great ·Her weight a little up ·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan 4 4、The situation: ·The author was in a moderate state of panic: juggling so many thoughts about Mrs. Osorio’s conditions and trying to resolve them all before the clock ran down. ·Mrs. Osorio made a trivial request, not so important as compared to her conditions. ·Mrs. Osorio seemed to care only about her “innocent —and completely justified —request”：the form signed by her doctor. ·The doctor tried to or at least pretended to pay attention to the patient while completing documentation.
Unit 1 C 1. The younger generation should COntinue to SuStain and develop Our fine traditions and long-standing culture. 2. In the COUrSe of PreParing one' S speech, one should be clearly aware of how one could make effective USe of StatiStiCS and examples to bolster one ' S point of view. 3. An impromptu SPeeCh is one of the SPeaking skills that college StUdentS should learn and develop through practice. 4. By USing SimiIe and metaphor, you Can make your IangUage more ViVid and more attractive to your audience. 5. The PrOPer examples you Cite might help reinforce the impression on your IiStenerS and makeyour VieWPOintS more convincing. 6. When you are SPeaking, you should choose common and easy words and at the Same time avoid CIUtter in your speech. 7. When you Write a paper, Citing the VieWS from SOme experts is a good Way to make your ideas more credible. 8. A good method of delivering a SPeeCh will improve its quality and will help COnVey the SPeaker ' S ideas
学术英语理工 教师手册
Unit 1 Choosing a Topic I Teaching Objectives In this unit , you will learn how to: 1.choose a particular topic for your research 2.formulate a research question 3.write a working title for your research essay 4.enhance your language skills related with reading and listening materials presented in this unit II. Teaching Procedures 1.Deciding on a topic Task 1 Answers may vary. Task 2 1 No, because they all seem like a subject rather than a topic, a subject which cannot be addressed even by a whole book, let alone by a1500-wordessay. 2Each of them can be broken down into various and more specific aspects. For example, cancer can be classified into breast cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer and so on. Breast cancer can have such specific topics for research as causes for breast cancer, effects of breast cancer and prevention or diagnosis of breast cancer. 3 Actually the topics of each field are endless. Take breast cancer for example, we can have the topics like: Why Women Suffer from Breast Cancer More Than Men? A New Way to Find Breast Tumors Some Risks of Getting Breast Cancer in Daily Life Breast Cancer and Its Direct Biological Impact Breast Cancer—the Symptoms & Diagnosis Breastfeeding and Breast Cancer Task 3 1 Text 1 illustrates how hackers or unauthorized users use one way or another to get inside a computer, while Text 2 describes the various electronic threats a computer may face. 2 Both focus on the vulnerability of a computer.
Unit 1 1.年青一代需要继续传承和发扬我们优良的传统和悠久的文化。（sustain） The young generation should continue to sustain and develop our fine traditions and long-standing culture. 2.在准备讲演的过程中，讲演者应该清楚地知道如何有效地利用数据和实例来支持其观点。（in the course of,be aware of,statistic,bolster） In the course of preparing one’s speech ,one should be clearly aware of how one could make effective use of statistics and examples to bolster one’s point of view. 3.即席发言是大学生应该通过实践学习和掌握的一种必要的讲话技能。(impromptu,speech) An impromptu speech is a necessary skill that collage students should get though practice. 4.通过使用明喻和暗喻的方法你可以使你的语言更加生动形象，更能够吸引你的听众。（simile,metaphor,vivid,attractive） By using simile and metaphor ,you can make your language more vivid and attractive to your audience. 5.你所采用的适宜例子能够加深听众的印象，使你的观点更具有说服力。（proper,reinforce,convincing） The proper examples you cite might help reinforce the impression on your listeners and make your view points more convincing. 6.在演讲时应该尽量使用那些通俗易懂的词汇，同时要避免你的演讲杂乱无章。（clutter）When delivering a speech, you should use common and easy words and at the same time avoid clutter in your speech. 7.在写论文时，引用一些权威的观点对于加强你观点的可信度来说是一种好办法。（cite,credible） When you are waiting your paper ,citing the views from experts is a good way to make your ideas more credible. 8.良好的演说方式会提升演讲的质量，而且它能够帮助演讲者清晰地表达思想，使演讲妙趣横生。（deliver,convey,ideas） A good method of delivering a speech will improve it’s quality and will help convey the speaker’s ideas more credible. 9.不要盲目的使用你无把握的词语，如果你没有把握，一定要查一下字典。（blindly,be sure about,look up） Don’t use a word blindly that you are not about,if you are not sure ,look it up in a dictionary. 10.你的语言要符合特定的场合和特定的听众，如果你的语言在各个方面都是适宜的话，你的演说就是成功的。（adapt to,particular,appropriate,successful） Your language should adapt to the particular occassion and audience,if your language is appropriate in all respects your speech is successful.