2011年高考上海卷考试手册-英语科
一、考试性质和对象
上海市英语科高考是为高校招生而进行的选拔考试。它的指导思想是有助于高等学校选拔新生，有助于中学实施素质教育和对学生语言综合运用能力的培养。
考试对象为2011年考生。
二、考试目标
英语科高考旨在测试考生的英语基础知识和运用语言的能力。其中，着重语言运用能力的考核。
英语基础知识包括语音、语法、词汇和语言功能。
语言运用能力指获取、理解信息的能力(听、读)，按情景或要求表达思想、传递信息的能力（写）。
语言基础知识和听、读、写的具体测试目标为：
语言基础知识
主要测试考生对语言基础知识的掌握和运用能力,具体目标为：
1．能在具体语境中正确识别和理解不同语音、语调所表达的意义。
2．能在具体语境中正确识别、理解和运用语法结构。
3．能在具体语境中正确理解和运用词汇。
4．能在具体语境中正确理解和运用语言功能。
听
主要测试考生理解口头英语并完成相关任务的能力，具体目标为：
1.能获取重要的事实信息；
2.能根据事实信息进行简单的推断；
3.能理解话语中隐含的意思；
4.能归纳话语的主旨大意。
阅读
主要测试考生理解书面英语并完成相关任务的能力，具体目标为：
1.能理解文章的基本内容；
2.能根据上下文正确理解词语和句子；
3.能归纳文章的主旨大意；
4.能推测文章中的隐含意思；
5.能运用阅读技能完成不同文体的阅读任务。
写
主要测试考生的书面表达能力，具体的目标为：
1.能运用所学的语言知识译出正确通顺的句子；
2.能根据题意正确、连贯、贴切地进行书面表达。
三、试卷结构
英语科高考采用笔试的方式，其中口试只要求报考英语专业和其他相关专业的考生参加，并提前单独进行（口试要求见《2011年上海市高考英语口语考试手册》）。笔试试卷结构如下：
卷号大题结构测试题型题量计分时间
第Ⅰ卷
听力
短对话多项选择10题
24题
10
30 20分钟
短文多项选择6题12
长对话填空8题8
语法和
词汇
语法多项选择16题25题16 25
100分钟词汇选词填空9题9
阅读理
解仔细阅读
完形填空15题
35题
15
50
多项选择11题22
简短回答4题8
快速阅读配对5题 5
第Ⅱ卷翻译单句表达中译英5题5题20 20
写作篇章表达指导性写作1题1题25 25
合计90题150 120分钟
四、答题要求
笔试分为第Ⅰ卷和第Ⅱ卷两部分，要求考生在120分钟内完成。第Ⅰ卷第1～16小题、第25～80小题采用多项选择题的形式，答案必须涂写在答题卡上，写在试卷上无效。第Ⅰ卷第17～24小题、第81～84小题的答案和第Ⅱ卷答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷上无效。
五、考试内容和要求
根据《上海市中小学英语课程标准（征求意见稿）》，确定考试内容和要求如下：
1.词汇
基本参照2012年上海市教育考试院的《高考英语词汇手册》。
2.语法
Ⅰ.词法
（1）名词名词复数的构成、专有名词、不可数名词、名词所有格
（2）代词人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词、反身代词、it的用法
（3）数词基数词和序数词
（4）介词常用介词和介词短语
（5）形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成及基本用法、同级比较
（6）冠词定冠词和不定冠词
（7）连词并列连词和从属连词
（8）动词
①动词时态
一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时、一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在完成进行时、将来进行时（只作理解要求）
②动词语态
主动语态
被动语态（一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时、带情态动词的被动语态）
③动词语气陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气（只作理解要求）
非谓语动词分词（否定式、完成式、被动式；作定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语）
动名词（否定式、完成式、被动式、复合结构；作主语、宾语、表语、定语）
不定式（否定式、进行式、(2011年没有此项)完成式、被动式、与疑问词连用；作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语）
④情态动词和助动词
Ⅱ.句法
（1）句子种类陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句
（2）句子类型简单句、并列句、复合句（状语从句、定语从句、宾语从句、主语从句、同位语从句、表语从句）
（3）倒装句
（4）强调结构
3.语言功能
（1）Greetings 问候
A.Hello/Hi!
Good morning/afternoon/evening!
How are you?
B.Hello/Hi!
Good morning/afternoon/evening!
Fine, thanks. And you?
Very well, thank you. And you? （2011年没有此句。）
Please give my regards /best wishes/love to ……
Please remember me to……
（2）Introductions 介绍
A.This is Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms……
B.How do you do?
Nice /Glad/ Pleased to meet you.
C.How do you do?
Nice /Glad/ Pleased to see/meet you, too
My name is ……
I’m a student/doctor/ etc.
(3) Farewells 告别
Goodbye/Bye-Bye/Bye!
See you later /tomorrow/see you.
Good night !
Well, I must be off now .
I really must be going now.
(4) Thanks 感谢
A. Thank you (very much ).
Thanks a lot
Many thanks.
Thanks for…
That’s very kind of you.
B. Not at all.
You’ re welcome.
It’s a pleasure .
Don’t mention it .
(5) Invitation 邀请
A. I’d like to invite you to ……
Will you come to ……?
Would you like to ……?
How about ……? (2011年为：How about to…?)
B. Yes, I’d love to /like to
Yes, it’s very kind /nice of you to…
Thank you. I’d be glad to.
C. I’d like to,but ……
I’m sorry,but ……
(6) Good wishes and congratulations 祝愿和祝贺
A. Good luck ！
Best wishes to you !
Wish you a pleasant journey.
Have a good time.
Congratulations !
Congratulations on your success!
Happy birthday to you!
Merry Christmas!
Happy New Year!
B. Thank you.
Thank you. The same to you.
Merry Christmas!
Happy new year!
(7 )Attracting attention 提醒, 引起注意
Excuse me, …
(8) Requesting clarification 澄清
Pardon?
Please say that again.
What do you mean by…… ?
I’m sorry I can’t follow you
I’m sorry I didn’t catch you
(9) Identifying 辨别
This/That is……
These / Those are ……
This/That is…… mine /yours.
These / Those ……are mine /yours.
This /That boy is my brother.
These / Those girls are my classmates.
(10) Reporting (including describing and narrating )报告
They did /had /were ……
He said/told me that they had done /were doing/would do……
(11)Correcting改正
No...
He/She has no...
He/She has not any..
There is/are no...
There is/are not any...
He/She has never done/been..
You/They(2011年为You/She) do not...
He/She does not..
There is nothing...
(He/She is/dose not…, is/does he/she?
Yes, he/she is/does.
No, he/she isn't/doesn't.)
(12) Asking for information 询问
Ask/Do you/they...?
Is he/she/that...?
When/Where/Why/Which/What do you...?
What's the... like...?
What day (date) is it today?
Who/How...?
Can/Could you tell me...?
(13) Likes and dislikes 喜好和厌恶
A.I like/love...(very much/best)
B.I don't like...
I hate...
(14) Preferences 偏爱
I like... better than...
I'd prefer...(to...)
(15) Intention, want and desire 意愿和欲望
A. I'm going to...
I'd like to...
I will...
I want/hope/intend/plan/wish...
B. Are you going to...?
Would you like to...?
Do you want to...?
Will you...?
(16) Agreement and disagreement 同意和反对
A. Yes, please.
All right/O.K.
Sure/Certainly/Of course.
Yes, I think so.
I agree with you.
B. No, I don't think so.
I'm afraid not.
I'm afraid I don't/can't agree with you.
(17) Ability and inability 能够和不能够
I can...
I can't...
I'm able to...
I'm not able/unable to...
(18) Certainty and uncertainty 肯定和不肯定
A. I'm sure(of that).
I'm sure(that)...
B. I'm not sure(of that.)
I'm not sure whether/if...
I doubt if...
I can't be certain...
C. Perhaps...
Maybe...
(19) Obligations 职责
I/We/You/He/They must...
I/We/You/He/They have to...
I/We/You/He/They should/ought to...
It is necessary to.../that...
(20) Asking for permission 请求同意及应答
A. May I...?
Can/Could I...?
I wonder if I could.../if it is possible to...
Would/Do you mind...?
B. Yes/O.K.
Sure/Certainly/Of course.
That's all right. Please go ahead.
Not at all.
Certainly not.
C. I'm afraid...
I'm sorry...
You'd better not...
I don't think that's possible.
（21）Apologies致歉及答应
A. I’m (very) sorry.(Sorry)
I’m sorry for/about…..
Excuse me (for…)
I apologize for…
B. That’s all right ./That’s O.K.
It doesn’t matter.
That’s nothing.
Don’t worry.
It’s nothing.
Neve r mind about that…
(22)Appreciation赏识
It’s very good/nice.
That’s good idea.
(23)Surprise惊奇
Really?
Oh dear!
Is that so?
(24)Pleasure喜悦
I’m glad/pleased to…
That’s nice/great/wonderful…
(25)Concerns关心
What’s worry (with you)?
What’s the matter (with yo u)?
Is there anything wrong/the matter?
(26)Regret and sympathy遗憾和同情
A. What a shame!
What a pity!
It’s a pity that…
B. I’m sorry to…
I’m sorry for/about…
(27)Requests恳求及答应
A. Can/Could/Will/Would you…?
Please…
Don’t…, please.
No…, please.
B. O.K
Sure/Certainly/Of course
I’d be glad/happy to.
C. I’m afraid…
I’m sorry…
(28)Offers 提供帮助及报答
A. Can/Could/Shall I help you?
What can I do for you?
Let me…for you
Do you want me to…
Would you like (to)…?
Would you like me to…for you?
Is there anything (else) I can do for you?
Would you like some…?
B. Yes, please.
Thanks. That would be nice/fine.
C. No, thanks/thank you (all/just the same) That’s very kind of you, but…
(29) Advice and suggestions劝告和建议
A. You’d better…
You should/ought to…
You need (to)…
I suggest that…
B. Shall we…?
Let’s…
Let’s…, shall we?
What/How about…?
(30) Warnings and prohibition 警告和禁止
A. Look out!
Be careful!
If you…,you’ll…
B. Don’t…
You can’t/mustn’t…
(31) Judgement and opinion 判断和意见
A. It certainly is.
I find it very interesting/enjoyable/exciting/amusing.
That’s great/wonderful/too bad.
B. In my opinion,…
It seems…
So far as I know,…
(32)Complaint抱怨
Could you…?
Why can’t you…?
I’m sorry to have said that, but…
I wish you wouldn’t have…
(33) Satisfaction and dissatisfaction 满意和不满意
It couldn’t be better.
It was a wonderful /marvelous /great ……
What a great success!
What a disappointment!
4.话题
具体内容见《上海市中小学英语课程标准（征求意见稿）》中“基本素材”。
5.体载
具体内容见《上海市中小学英语课程标准（征求意见稿）》中“呈现形式”。
六．题型示例
第Ⅰ卷
I. Listening Comprehension
Section A
Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.
1. A. At a studio. B. Near a railway station.
C. At the airport.
D. Near a movie theatre.
2. A. He doesn't like tea. B. He doesn't want coffee.
C. He prefers milk and sugar.
D. He's sorry for causing trouble.
Section B
Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.
1. A. Some engineers. B. The landlord of the pub.
C. The former employees.
D. Some customers of the company.
2. A. Three years. B. Five years ago.
C. Last year.
D. This year.
3. A. Why a company lost its customers.
B. Why a company went out of business.
C. How a company went from bad to worse.
D. How a company got out of its difficult situation.
Section C
Directions: In Section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have hear. Write your answers on your answer sheet.
(A)
Complete the message. Write ONE WORD for each answer.
TELEPHONE MESSAGE
For: Sale 1
From: Name: Sarah 2
Company: Family Shopping Center
Tel No: 3
Message:
Could you demonstrate the new 4 at the Shopping Centre next week?
(B)
Complete the Form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
What happened to schools in England in the
1970s?
Many schools became 1 .
Why do girls do better at single-sex schools? They learn to be 2 and less worried
about their appearance.
Why do boys' parents prefer to send their kids to mixed schools? They think girls will be 3 on boys.
In what aspect do girls perform better than
boys?
In 4 .
听力材料及参考答案：
Section A
1. M: Did you get the tickets?
W: Yes, I did. Let's go in. The movie is about to start.
Q: Where does the conversation probably take place? (D)
本题考核目标为能根据事实信息进行简单的推断。（2011年为：是获取重要的事实信息的能
力。）
2. W: How do you take your coffee? Milk? Sugar?
M: Actually, I would prefer tea, if it is not too much trouble.
Q: What does the man mean? (B )
本题考查目标为能理解话语中隐含的意思。
Section B
Five years ago I had to make a big decision. At the time I was working for a small engineering company. However, things were not going very well for the company and it was losing money. One day the boss told us that the company was out of business. We were all unemployed.
That lunch-time we went to the pub as usual. We were all very depressed. Well, of course we talked about the problem.Then the landlord of the pub heard the news. He said: "Why don't you buy the company? " At first we all laughed, but then we started to discuss it properly. We knew the problems. The company had lost a lot of customers because it hadn't developed new products. But finally we decided to go for it.
So we bought the company. The first few years were very difficult. But we worked hard and we had a bit of luck. We began to improve three years ago. Since then we have done pretty well. Last year we took on four new people and so far this year we have taken on another ten.
1. Who bought the company that was out of business? (C )
本题考核目标为获取话语中的事实信息。（2011年为：重要的事实信息的能力。）
2. When did the company start to employ new people? (C )
本题考核目标为能获取话语中的事实信息。（2011年为：获取重要的事实信息的能力。）3. What did the story mainly tell us? (D)
本题考核目标为归纳话语的主旨大意。
Section C
(A)
W: Good morning. Could I speak to the Sales Manager please?
M: I'm sorry. He's not in this morning. Who's speaking, please?
W: Sarah Jones of the Family Shopping Centre. Have you got any idea when he'll be back?
M: I'm afraid he probably won't be back until tomorrow. Can I give him a message?
W: Yes, please.
M: Would you mind spelling your name, please?
W: Sarah Jones, that's J-O-N-E-S.
M: And your telephone number?
W: He can reach me most easily on 574430.
M: And what's the message?
W: Well, I was wondering if he could give a demonstration of your company's new radios in the Family Shopping Centre––any time next week that's convenient for him.
M: OK, I'll tell him that as soon as he comes in tomorrow.
1. Manager
本题考查目标为能获取话语中的事实信息。（2011年为：获取重要的事实信息的能力。）2. Jones
本题考查目标为能获取话语中的事实信息。（2011年为：获取重要的事实信息的能力。）3. 574430
本题考查目标为能获取话语中的事实信息。（2011年为：获取重要的事实信息的能力。）4. radios
本题考查目标为能获取话语中的事实信息。（2011年为：获取重要的事实信息的能力。）
(B)
M: In England today are schools mixed or single sex?
W: Well, there are both. Fifty years ago all schools used to be single sex, I mean girls only or boys only. Then in the 1970s, many schools changed and became mixed.
M: Do parents still prefer mixed schools?
W: No, things have changed. Today many parents, especially parents of girls, think that their children get a better education in single-sex schools.
M: Why do girls do better at single-sex schools?
W: Because girls learn to be more self-confident and less worried about their appearance.
M: What about boys?
W: Well, today, many parents of boys want to send them to mixed schools. They think that the girls will be a positive influence on boys.
M: So, generally speaking, who does better at mixed schools?
W: Oh, the girls. They get better exam results than boys.
1. mixed
本题考查目标为能获取话语中的事实信息。（2011年为：获取重要的事实信息的能力。）2. more self-confident
本题考查目标为能获取话语中的事实信息。（2011年为：获取重要的事实信息的能力。）3. a positive influence
本题考查目标为能获取话语中的事实信息。（2011年为：获取重要的事实信息的能力。）4. exams
本题考查目标为能根据事实信息进行简单的推断。（2011年为：获取重要的事实信息进行简单的推断。）
II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.
1. —Did you tidy your room?
—No, I was going to tidy my room but I visitors.
A. had
B. have
C. have had
D. will have
答案为A，本题考查时态。
2. The Town Hall in the 1800's was the most distinguished building at that time.
A. to be completed
B. having been completed
C. completed
D. being completed
答案为C，本题考查非谓语动词。
Section B
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. honoured
B. set
C. historic
D. secretly
E. citizen
F. granted
G. route
H. briefly
I. restoration
J. leading
Frederick Douglass was an escaped slave in the movement that fought to end slavery in the United States. He became a 1 voice in the years before the Civil War.
A few weeks ago, the National Park Service (NPS) 2 Douglass's birth and Black History Month with the reopening of his home at Cedar Hill, a 3 site in Washington, D.C. The two-story house, which contains many of Douglass's personal possessions, had undergone a three-year 4 . (Thanks to the NPS website, however, you don't have to live in the nation's capital to visit it. Take a tour online.)
He was born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey to a slave mother and a white father he never knew. Douglass grew up to become the first black 5 to hold a government office--as US minister and consul general (总领事) to Haiti.
As a youth, he never went to school. Educating slaves was illegal in the South, so he 6 taught himself to read and write. At 21 years old, he escaped from his slave owner to Massachusetts and changed his last name to Douglass, to hide his identity.
In the 1850s, Douglass was involved with the Underground Railroad, the system 7 up by antislavery groups to bring runaway slaves to the North and Canada. His home in Rochester, N.Y. was near the Canadian border. It became an important station on the 8 , housing as many as 11 runaway slaves at a time.
He died in 1895. In his lifetime, Douglass witnessed the end of slavery in 1865 and the adoption of the 15th Amendment to the US Constitution (美国宪法修正案), which 9 African-Americans the right to vote.
参考答案: 1. J 2. A 3. C 4. I 5. E 6. D 7. B 8. G 9. F 本大题考查词汇知识及能在具体语境中正确理解和运用词汇。（2011年为：根据语篇意义和句子结构运用词汇的能力。）
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Everyone in business has been told that success is all about attracting and retaining (留住) customers. It sounds simple and achievable. But, 1 . words of wisdom are soon forgotten. Once companies have attracted customers they often 2 the second half of the story. In the excitement of beating off the competition, negotiating prices, securing orders, and delivering the product, managers tend to become carried away. They forget what they regard as the boring side of business— 3 that the customer remains a customer.
4 to concentrate on retaining as well as attracting customers costs businesses huge amounts of money annually. It has been estimated that the average company loses between 10 and 30 per cent of its customers every year. In constantly changing
5 . this is not surprising. What is surprising is the fact that few companies have any idea how many customers they have lost.
Only now are organizations beginning to wake up to these lost opportunities and calculate the 6 implications. Cutting down the number of customers a company loses can make a big 7 in its performance. Research in the US found that a five per cent decrease in the number of defecting (流失的) customers led to 8 increases of between 25 and 85 per cent.
In the US, Domino's Pizza estimates that a regular customer is worth more than $5,000 over ten years. A customer who receives a poor quality product or service on their first visit and 9 never returns, is losing the company thousands of dollars in 10 profits (more if you consider how many people they are likely to tell about their bad experience).
The logic behind cultivating customer 11 is impossible to deny. "In practice most companies' marketing effort is focused on getting customers, with little attention paid to 12 them", says Adrian Payne of Cornfield University's School of Management. "Research suggests that there is a close relationship between retaining customers and making profits. 13 customers .tend to buy more, are predictable and usually cost less to service than new customers. Furthermore, they tend to be less price 14 . and may provide free word-of-mouth advertising. Retaining customers also makes it 15 for competitors to enter a market or increase their share of a market."
1. A. in particular B. in reality C. at least D. first of all
2. A. emphasize B. doubt C. overlook D. believe
3. A. denying B. ensuring C. arguing D. proving
4. A. Moving B. Hoping C. Starting D. Failing
5. A. markets B. tastes C. prices D. expenses
6. A. cultural B. social C. financial D. economical
7. A. promise B. plan C. mistake D. difference
8. A. cost B. opportunity C. profit D. budget
9. A. as a result B. on the whole
C. in conclusion
D. on the contrary
10. A. huge B. potential C. extra D. reasonable
11. A. beliefs B. loyalty C. habits D. interest
12. A. altering B. understanding
C. keeping
D. attracting
13. A. Assumed B. Respected C. Established D. Unexpected
14. A. agreeable B. flexible C. friendly D. sensitive
15. A. unfair B. difficult C. essential D. convenient
参考答案：l. B 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. A 6. C 7.D 8. C
9. A 10. B 11. B 12. C 13. C 14. D 15.B
本大题考查根据上下文，理解语篇意义的能力。
Section B
Directions: Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
The "Bystander Apathy Effect" was first studied by researchers in New York after neighbours ignored---and in some cases turned up the volume on their TVs---the cries of a woman as she was
murdered (over a half-hour period) . With regard to helping those in difficulty generally, they found that:
(1) women are helped more than men;
(2) men help more than women;
(3) attractive women are helped more than unattractive women.
Other factors relate to the number of people in the area, whether the person is thought to be in trouble through their own fault, and whether a person sees himself as being able to help.
According to Adrian Furnham, Professor of University College, London, there are three reasons why we tend to stand by doing nothing:
(1) "Shifting of responsibility"- the more people there are, the less likely help is to be given. Each person excuses himself by thinking someone else will help, so that the more "other people" there are, the greater the total shifting of responsibility.
(2) "Fear of making a mistake"- situations are often not clear. People think that those involved in an incident may know each other or it may be a joke, so a fear of embarrassment makes them keep themselves to themselves.
(3) " Fear of the consequences if attention is turned on you, and the person is violent."
Laurie Taylor, Professor of Sociology at London University, says: "In the experiments I've seen on intervention (介入) , much depends on the neighborhood or setting. There is a silence on public transport which is hard to break. We are embarrassed to draw attention to something that is happening, while in a football match, people get involved, and a fight would easily follow."
Psychotherapist Alan Dupuy identifies the importance of the individual: "The British as a whole have some difficulty intervening, but there are exceptional individuals in every group who are prepared to intervene, regardless of their own safety. These would be people with a strong moral code or religious ideals."
1. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
A. Pretty women are more likely to be helped.
B. People on a bus are more likely to stop a crime.
C. Religious people are more likely to look on.
D. Criminals are more likely to harm women.
2. Which factor is NOT related with intervention according to the passage?
A. Sex.
B. Nationality.
C. Profession.
D. Setting.
3. Which phenomenon can be described as the "Bystander Apathy Effect" ?
A. When one is in trouble, people think it's his own fault.
B. In a football match, people get involved in a fight.
C. Seeing a murder, people feel sorry that it should have happened.
D. On hearing a cry for help, people keep themselves to themselves.
4. The author wrote this article .
A. to explain why bystanders behave as they do
B. to urge people to stand out when in need
C. to criticize the selfishness of bystanders
D. to analyze the weakness of human nature
参考答案：
1．答案为A。
本题考查目标为理解文章的基本内容。
2． 答案为C 。
本题考查目标为理解文章的基本内容。 3． 答案为D 。
本题考查推测文章中的隐含意思。 4． 答案为A 。
本题考查归纳文章的主旨大意。
(B)
Products: mail order
Buy 3-piece luggage set for only ￡69.99
Pack with confidence, Travel in Style…. Arrive Intact
This elegant luggage is manufactured in a new hard-wearing plastic
which is strong and very light in weight.
·Light but hard-wearing ·3 locks (2 key and 1 combination lock )for total security ·Supplied with initials for personalization MD 9572 ￡69.99
Plan your journey the easy way
This portable Traveler will give you directions from A to B anywhere in England, Scotland and Wales. Just enter the start and the end of your journey and the Traveler will work out the quickest route. The Traveler can also estimate the journey time, average speed and fuel consumption. Need to change your journey at any stage? The Traveler will give you a new set of directions. Other features include auto shut-off and a built-in light for night-time use. Powered by 4AA batteries (not supplied).
MD 7437 Traveler ￡69.99 How much do you know?
Everyone, young and old, enjoys and challenge of quizzers. Our electronic Quizmaster contains 5,400 questions and answers in 6 classifications —general knowledge, sport, science, geography, art and history. Each of these is further divided into 3 skill levels (easy, medium and difficult)so younger children can fairly compete against teenagers and adults. PLUS! Every Quizmaster includes: ·8 Games of Hangman ·Fortune Teller Games ·10-digit calculator ·long life cell batteries included
MD 9569 Quizmaster was ￡19.99 now ￡14.99
1. In advertisement 2, the Traveler enables us to learn__________. A. the road conditions from London to Oxfords B. all the garages along the chosen route
C. the time and speed of the journey in Britain
D. the directions from London to Paris.
2. In advertisement 3, the Quizmaster_________.
ALL ORDERS DELIVERED FREE TO YOUR DOOR
A. Maintain a Balanced Diet.
B. Keep a Healthy Self-image.
C. Difficulty in Curing Eating Disorders
D. Best Prevention of Eating Disorders
E. What Factors Bring about an Eating Disorder?
F. How Does One Develop an Eating Disorder?
A. contains nothing but 5400 questions
B. can only answer challenging questions
C. can be purchased in many shops
D. can be used by people of all 3. These advertisements are presented to those_________.
A. who like to order goods at home
B. who are going to travel abroad
C. who do market researches
D. who are interested in intelligence tests 参考答案： 1． 答案为C 。
本题考查理解文章的基本内容。 （2011为：细节内容。） 2． 答案为D 。
本题考查理解文章的基本内容。 （2011为：细节内容。） 3． 答案为A 。
本题考查归纳文章的主旨大意。 Section C
Directions: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A-F for each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need.
1.
The causes of eating disorders are not clear. There may be genetic or biochemical factors in some cases. There may be psychological problems from early childhood or the present (such as
school or family conflicts) that trigger the problem. Often, there is the double pressure to enjoy life through food and yet remain ultra-slim. Society all around us encourages eating and drinking as main ways to enjoy life. To be popular, you are supposed to eat, eat, eat. 2.
But in real life most people, if they keep consuming like that, just keep pulling on more and more weight They then find themselves in conflict with another dominant pressure in society — to stay slim and trim. Models in ads, even those shown eating fairy foods, are usually physically lit and quite thin. All of these pressures put teens in a terrible situation. The "solution" that some teens choose is to deny themselves all the time so as to keep temptation away. Bui soon, hunger and food boredom lead to overeating. Over time they develop anorexia or bulimia. 3.
Once an eating disorder has become firmly established, there is no easy cure. Someone who's never suffered anorexia and never known an anorexic might be tempted to think. "It's simple — just tell them to eat more!" Unfortunately, it's not that simple. Even when anorexics have been brought into the hospital and arc receiving physical care, nutritional therapy, and psychiatric care, many don't improve much.
4.
Our society's obsession with thinness, together with a constant emphasis on the theme that
rich food means pleasure, puts many teens in a difficult situation. Being drawn to overeating on the one hand and self-denial on the other can bring about anorexia or bulimia — or both. Anorexics seem to feel that no matter how much weight they lose, they are still too fat Therefore, it is important for each person in our society to try to maintain a healthy and realistic self-image. Don't compare yourself with the models and actors in the media Set your sights more realistically by comparing yourself with family and friends, if anyone. 5.
Self-denial is the typical first step toward an caring disorder. Eventually, desires for what you've denied yourself become unbearable, and you react with either a binge or overly fierce self-control. The answer is not of course, to eat all the snacks and treats you fancy. But 10 avoid that first step that leads to overeating, strive for a good and healthy diet Such a diet is based primarily on grain products, fruits, and vegetables, with moderate amounts of meat and dairy products and with small amounts of snacks and desserts. Research demonstrates that this kind of diet leaves you more alert and energetic.
参考答案：1. E 2. F 3. C 4. B 5. A 本大题考查通过快速阅读归纳段落的主旨大意。
Section D
Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.
Sociologists have long recognised that organisations of less than 200 individuals can operate through the free flow of information among the members. Once their size goes beyond this figure, the organisations are getting less flexible. So it seems necessary to prevent total disorder resulting from failures of communication.
One solution to this problem would, of course, be to structure large organisations into smaller units of a size that can act as a group. By allowing these groups to build reliance on each other, larger organisations can be built up. However, merely having groups of, say, 150 will never of itself be a complete solution to the problems of the organisation. Something else is needed: the people involved must be able to build direct personal relationships. To allow free flow of information, they have to be able to communicate with each other in a casual way. Maintaining too formal a structure of relationships inevitably prevents the way a system works.
The importance of this was drawn to my attention two years ago by the case of a TV station. Whether by chance or by design, it so happened that there were almost exactly 150 people in the station. The whole process worworked very smoothly as an organisation for many years until they were moved into purpose-built accommodation. Then, for no apparent reason, the work seemed to be more difficult to do, not to say less satisfying.
It was some time before they worked out what the problem was. It turned out that, when the architects were designing the new building, they decided that the coffee room where everyone ate their sandwiches at lunch times was an unnecessary luxury and so did away with it. And with that, they accidentally destroyed the close social networks that strengthened the whole organisation. What had apparently been happening was that, as people gathered informally over their
sandwiches in the coffee room, useful information was casually being exchanged.
(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN EIGHT WORDS.)
1. What size of an organisation may lead to communication failures?
2. What are the two solutions to the communication problem within a large organisation?
3. After the TV station moved into new accommodation, its operation .
4. From the case of the TV station, we can conclude it is that make(s) an organisation more successful.
参考答案：
1. An organisation of more than 200 individuals.
本题考查目标位能理解文章的基本内容。
2. Smaller organizations and direct personal relationships.
本题考查目标位能理解文章的基本内容。
3. seemed to be more difficult / less satisfying.
本题考查目标位能理解文章的基本内容。
4. casual communication / close social networks / free flow of information
本题考查目标为能归纳文章的主旨大意。
2011年为：
1. complaints about frequent rate increases
本题考查理解文章的细节内容。
2. By using 2-or-3-cent stamps.
本题考查理解文章的细节内容。
3. It will keep its (first-class) mailing value forever.
本题考查推测文章中的隐含意思。
4. be even used by your great-grandchildren
本题考查根据上下文正确理解词语和句子。
第Ⅱ卷
I. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the word or phrase given in the brackets.
1．我希望尽快收到你的照片。(hope)
2．不在房间的时候别让灯开着。(when)
3．这款手机式样新颖、携带方便，深受年轻人的欢迎。(popular)
参考答案：
1. I hope (that) I can/will receive your photo (s) as soon as possible.
本题考查动词搭配。
2. Don't leave the light on when you are not in the room.
本题考查句子结构。
3. The mobile phone is fashionable/modern in style and convenient to carry, so it is very popular with youngsters/young people/the young.
本题考查句子结构和活用。
II. Guided Writing
(A)
Directions: Write an English composition in 120 - 150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
某海外学校举办英语夏令营，开设了如下课程：园艺（gardening）、烹饪（cooking）、防身术（self-defence）、护理（nursing）。假如你是王跃华（不可以用自己的真实姓名），写一封申请信，报名参加其中一门课程的学习。信的内容必须包括：
●你感兴趣的课程
●你期望从这门课程中学到什么
●为什么想学这些内容
参考答案：
Dear Sir / Madam,
It is said that a summer camp is to be held by your school and a few courses are available to choose from. I am interested in gardening, for I believe it features my character and gives me much pleasure. So I apply to take the course of gardening.
During the learning period, I expect to gain some useful knowledge. I'd like to know how to tell different species of plants and flowers apart. A little knowledge concerning the proper cutting time and the reasonable planting positions is also something I want to learn.
The main reason why I choose to learn these things in gardening is that I want to help my parents with their work in the domestic garden. Besides, by attending the course, I will have a meaningful summer vacation, which may add a brilliant touch to my life.
Your s sincerely,
Wa ng Y uehua
(B)
Directions: Write an English composition in 120—150 words according to the chart and instructions given below in Chinese.
根据所给图表，简要简述某城市近年每百人手机(mobile phone)用户增长情况，并试分析其增长原因。
参考答案：
People use mobile phones everywhere in the street, in a shop and in the underground. As is in the chart, back in 1995, only one out of 100 people had a mobile phone, while in 2001, it is fifty. It's almost 50 times that of 5 years ago. It is still developing at a surprising speed.
The mobile phone provides us with a lot of conveniences. It can be carried wherever we go,
这是考试范围，第一道大题选十个单词或词组，第二道答题选十个缩写词，第三道答题选六段翻译1.写出下列单词或词组的中文。 multimeter 万用表insulation 绝缘transistor 晶体管，三极管envelope 包络线spectrum 频谱 binary 二进制 antenna 天线harmonics 谐波attenuation 衰减capacitance 电容differential 微分bandwidth 带宽propagation 传播transmission 传输optical fiber 光纤 channel 信道 multiplex 多路复用 modulation 调制telecommunication 电信impairment 减损 sampling 抽样，取样 quantizing 量化 carrier 载波 encryption 加密 scheme 方案？计划？设计？系统？trade off 综合考虑？权衡？协调？state of art 技术发展水平performance 性能，效率 ULSI Very Large Scale Integration超大规模集成电路 fier Foundation for Instrumentation Education and Research 使用仪器教育和研究基金会 2.写出下列缩写的全称 DSBFC double-sideband full carrier双边带全载波调制 ITU International Telecommunications Union国际电信联盟 FFT Fast Fourier Transform 快速傅立叶变换 IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform 逆快速傅立叶变换 LAN local area network 局域网 MAN Metropolitan Area Network 城域网 WAN Wide Area Network 广域网 WWW world wide web 全球网、万维网 HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol 超文本传输协议 GPRS General Packet Radio Service 通用无线分组业务 ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange美国信息交换标准码 ISDN integrated services digital network 综合业务数字网 ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line非对称数字用户环路 IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 电气与电子工程师协会 ISO International Standardization Organization国际标准化组织 FET field-effect transistor 场效应管 USB Universal Serial Bus 通用串行总线 GSM global system for mobile communication 全球移动通信系统 CPU CentralProcessingUnit 中央处理器 LCD Liquid Crystal Display 液晶显示器 CDMA Code Division Multiple Accessing 码分多址技术 3. 将下列句子译成中文。 ㈠The ratio of the capacitance with some material other than air between the plates, to the capacitance of the same capacitor with air insulation,is called the dielectric constant of that particular material.
2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试上海历史试卷考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分。 一、选择题(共75分) 以下每小题2分，共60分。每题只有一个正确选项。 1．在古代世界的文明成果中，被视为王权象征和灵魂安息之所的建筑是 A．长城 B．二里头宫殿 C．金字塔 D．帕特农神庙 2．《左传》日：“桀有昏德，鼎迁于商，载祀六百。商纣暴虐，鼎迁于周。”下列成语中的“鼎”与材料中的“鼎”含义相同的是 A．人声鼎沸 B．鼎鼎有名 C．三足鼎立 D．问鼎中原 3．对于研究古代特洛伊战争具有第一手史料价值的作品是 A．《希腊史》(格罗特著) B．影片《特洛伊》 C．油画《帕里斯的裁判》 D．《荷马史诗》 4．公元前217年，某商人在宛(今河南南阳)交易时使用蚁鼻钱(楚国货币)，被当地官府依据《金布律》处罚。这表明 A．秦半两钱过重使用不便 B．蚁鼻钱比秦半两钱值钱 C．蚁鼻钱非当时颁定货币 D．秦半两钱未在楚地流通 5．①在公元前44年的罗马牧神节上，执政官安东尼两次把王冠戴在恺撒的头上，都遭到了人群的抗议。②于是恺撒取下王冠，把它存放在朱庇特神庙。③在那一天，他没有获得皇帝称号。④事实上自公元前49年起，恺撒己成为罗马的最高统治者，共和制名存实亡。以上文字中属于历史解释的是 A．① B．②C．③ D．④ 6．有一位历史学家这样描述道：“这座城市位于博斯普鲁斯海峡南端陡峭的岬角上，……这座城市由两扇海上大门保护着，可以禁止无论从爱琴海还是从黑海来的敌船的通行。”“这座城市”是A．君士坦丁堡 B．雅典 C．威尼斯 D．麦加 7．“诏迁洛之民，死葬河南，不得还北。于是代人南迁者，悉为河南洛阳人。”文中提到的诏书
2012年上海高考历史试卷 一、选择题(共75分) 以下每小题2分，共60分。每题只有一个正确选项。 1．在古代世界的文明成果中，被视为王权象征和灵魂安息之所的建筑是 A．长城 B．二里头宫殿 C．金字塔 D．帕特农神庙 2．《左传》日：“桀有昏德，鼎迁于商，载祀六百。商纣暴虐，鼎迁于周。”下列成语中的“鼎”与材料中的“鼎”含义相同的是 A．人声鼎沸 B．鼎鼎有名 C．三足鼎立 D．问鼎中原 3．对于研究古代特洛伊战争具有第一手史料价值的作品是 A．《希腊史》(格罗特著) B．影片《特洛伊》 C．油画《帕里斯的裁判》 D．《荷马史诗》 4．公元前217年，某商人在宛(今河南南阳)交易时使用蚁鼻钱(楚国货币)，被当地官府依据《金布律》处罚。这表明 A．秦半两钱过重使用不便 B．蚁鼻钱比秦半两钱值钱 C．蚁鼻钱非当时颁定货币 D．秦半两钱未在楚地流通 5．①在公元前44年的罗马牧神节上，执政官安东尼两次把王冠戴在恺撒的头上，都遭到了人群的抗议。②于是恺撒取下王冠，把它存放在朱庇特神庙。③在那一天，他没有获得皇帝称号。④事实上自公元前49年起，恺撒己成为罗马的最高统治者，共和制名存实亡。以上文字中属于历史解释的是 A．① B．② C．③ D．④ 6．有一位历史学家这样描述道：“这座城市位于博斯普鲁斯海峡南端陡峭的岬角上，……这座城市由两扇海上大门保护着，可以禁止无论从爱琴海还是从黑海来的敌船的通行。”“这座城市”是 A．君士坦丁堡 B．雅典 C．威尼斯 D．麦加 7．“诏迁洛之民，死葬河南，不得还北。于是代人南迁者，悉为河南洛阳人。”文中提到的诏书出自 A．东周平王 B．东汉光武帝 C．曹魏文帝 D．北魏孝文帝 8．下图为初建于中世纪后期的意大利佛罗伦萨市政厅，它是 A．市民通过行会组成的政治中心 B．市民与教会共同施政的中心 C．市民与庄园主共同施政的中心 D．市民与骑士联合执政的中心 9．元朝时右丞相铁木迭儿掌管宣政院，他的儿子也为宣政院使。《元史·奸臣传》记载了时人的批评，称其“无功于国，尽居贵显。”宣政院的“贵显”在于 A．向各省宣达政令 B．负责中央官员选拔 C．管理佛教事务和吐蕃地区 D．掌管蒙古兵马征发 10．右图中的斜线部分是中国古代某王 朝的直接统治区域。该王朝是
2012年上海高考数学(理科)试卷 一、填空题(本大题共有14题，满分56分) 1.计算：i i +-13= (i 为虚数单位). 2.若集合}012|{>+=x x A ，}21|{<-=x x B ，则B A = . 3.函数1 sin cos 2)(-= x x x f 的值域是 . 4.若)1,2(-=是直线l 的一个法向量，则l 的倾斜角的大小为 (结果用反三角 函数值表示). 5.在6 )2(x x - 的二项展开式中，常数项等于 . 6.有一列正方体，棱长组成以1为首项，21 为公比的等比数列，体积分别记为V 1,V 2,…,V n ,…，则=+++∞ →)(lim 21n n V V V . 7.已知函数||)(a x e x f -=(a 为常数).若)(x f 在区间[1,+∞)上是增函数，则a 的取值范围是 . 8.若一个圆锥的侧面展开图是面积为2π的半圆面，则该圆锥的体积为 . 9.已知2 )(x x f y +=是奇函数，且1)1(=f .若2)()(+=x f x g ，则=-)1(g . 10.如图，在极坐标系中，过点)0,2(M 的直线l 与极轴的夹角6 π α= .若将l 的极坐标方程写成)(θρf =的形式，则 =)(θf . 11.三位同学参加跳高、跳远、铅球项目的比赛.若每人都选择其中两个项目，则有且仅有两人选择的项目完全相同的概率是 (结果用最简分数表示). 12.在平行四边形ABCD 中，∠A=3π , 边AB 、AD 的长分别为2、1. 若M 、N 分别是边BC 、CD | |||CD CN BC BM = ，则AN AM ?的取值范围是 . 13.已知函数)(x f y =的图像是折线段ABC ，若中A (0,0)，B ( 2 1,5)，C (1,0).函数 )10()(≤≤=x x xf y 的图像与x 轴围成的图形的面积为 .
2019年上海市浦东新区高考历史一模试卷 一、选择题（共20题，每题2分．每题只有一个正确答案，请将代表该答案的选项字母做在答题纸上，做在试卷上没有分数．） 1．（2分）“在孔子之前，中国历史文化当已有2500年以上的积累，而孔子集其大成。”从空间看，孔子所集的文化，主要集中于（） A．西北B．中原C．江南D．东北 2．（2分）把中国推向大一统时代，奠定中国两千余年政治制度基本格局的是（） A．夏启B．商汤C．周武王D．秦始皇 3．（2分）图是东魏墓葬出土的东罗马帝国发行的金币。以此作为史料，它可以佐证东魏时（） A．东西方有官方交往B．东西方有商旅往来 D ．佛教与基督教并立C．东正教已传入中国4．（2分）作为中国古代的对外贸易机关，见证了宋元明初海上贸易繁荣的是（） A．市舶司B．宣政院C．巡检司D．江海关 5．（2分）郑和下西洋比新航路开辟早了半个多世纪。据此推测，郑和下西洋应在（）A．13世纪下半期B．14世纪上半期 D．16世纪下半期．C15世纪上半期 6．（2分）因下列事件而导致宋朝迁都和重建的是（） A．陈桥兵变B．澶渊之盟C．靖康之变D．绍兴和议 7．（2分）刚独立的美国就派遣“中国皇后号”来华，开启了两国的首次通商。此船应驶靠（）A．大都B．广州C．上海D．泉州 8．（2分）张学良在台参观某祠堂时曾赋诗“逆子孤臣一稚儒，填膺大义抗强胡；丰功岂在尊明朔，确保台湾在版图”。他赞的是（） ．林则徐D ．郑成功C ．岳飞B ．张骞A． 9．（2分）1803年，英国所使用的棉花中，来自本土的不到8%，其余的全部来自新世界。这里的“新世界”是指（） A．亚洲B．非洲C．美洲D．大洋洲 10．（2分）1859年，洪仁玕在《资政新篇》中写道：“日本邦近与花旗邦通商，得有各项技艺以为法则”。文中的“花旗邦”是指（） A．美国B．英国C．法国D．荷兰 11．（2分）盲目的批判孔子的时代过去了，盲目的尊崇孔子的时代也过去了，科学的研究孔子的时代到来了。”其中，“盲目批孔”的时代是（） A．鸦片战争时期B．洋务运动时期 D ．新文化运动时期C．辛亥革命时期12．（2分）在经济史上第一个采用机器生产的部门是（）
2012年上海高考语文试卷 一阅读80分 (一) 阅读下文，完成第1—6题。(16分) 应该认真对待文献综述熊易寒 ①在很长一段时间里，国内学术界都不太重视文献综述。近年来随着学术规范的逐步建立，这种情况有所转变，不过大多数综述都是罗列式的，报幕似的把相关研究一个一个列出来，丝毫感觉不到这些文献之间存在任何内在的关联，甚至也感觉不到这些文献与作者本人的研究有何相干。这样的综述机械、突兀，有生拼硬凑之嫌，称之为“伪综述”亦不为过。 ②阅读国际上的顶级学术刊物，有这么几个发现：一、书评以外的论文〔〕有比较翔实的文献综述；二、专门的文献综述性文章〔〕是由该领域的一流学者撰写的；三、对相关著作的征引〔〕采取间接引用的形式，很少直接引用。这与国内的情形很不一样，值得我们思考。 ③为什么必须有文献综述?一篇优秀的文献综述其实就是一幅学术谱系图。写文献综述不仅是为了陈述以往的相关研究，也不仅仅是为了表示对前辈、同行或知识产权的尊重，更是为了“认祖归宗”，对自己的研究进行定位。有时候只有把一篇文献放到学术史的脉络中去，放到学术传统中去，我们才能真正理解这个文本：作者为什么要做这项研究?他的问题是什么?他试图与谁对话?我们在开始一项研究时也同样要有问题意识和对话意识，不能自说自话。对话的前提自然是倾听，如果连别 的过程中，我们发现了“问题”，才需要与对方进人说了什么都不知道，如何进行对话?正是在倾听 ．． 行讨论，否则便无话可说。通过综述的写作，我们就会知道：别人贡献了什么?我打算或者能够贡献什么?我是否在重复劳动?从这个意义上讲，撰写文献综述首先是为了尊重并真正进入一个学术传统，其次才是利他主义功能——为他人提供文献检索的路线图。 ④为什么专门的文献综述性文章多由大家执笔?这类文献综述看似简单，其实是一项高难度的工作。首先，必须熟悉该领域的重要文献，了解最新的研究进展。在“知识大爆炸”的今天，要做到这一点，非有积年之功不可。其次，面对汗牛充栋的文献，必须具备高超的理解能力和概括能力，从宏观上把握总的研究状况，否则就不是你在驾驭文献，而是文献在驾驭你。我们(特别是初学者)在阅读文献的时候，常常淹没在浩如烟海的文献之中，茫然不知所措，有时甚至感觉被人牵着鼻子走，面对不同观点的学术论争，觉得“公说公有理，婆说婆有理”，不免犯糊涂，此乃“段位”不够所致。最后，这类文献综述往往具有一定的导向性和前瞻性，除了要总结现有研究，还需要高屋建瓴，指出现状的不足及其根源所在，为这一领域甚至整个学科的发展方向提出建设性意见。如此看来，专门的文献综述性文章由德高望重、造诣深厚的学术权威撰写也就在情理之中了。 ⑤为什么要尽可能间接引用?间接引用就是作者用自己的语言表述引文的核心观点。这样做至少有两个好处：一是重新表述需要我们先将对方的观点吃透，然后围绕自己的核心问题和行文思路，重新加以组织，这样可以使论述更加紧凑有力。在这个过程中，我们要尽可能找出不同文本之间的内在关联，它们的分歧是什么，共识是什么，然后将众多的观点进行整合、归类。二是间接引用突破了原文的限制，可以用简洁的语言进行概括，有效节省篇幅。 ⑥规范的文献综述，要求学者有严谨、认真的治学态度，也需要学术刊物的大力倡导和支持。因为有了文献综述，论文的篇幅势必扩大，有限的版面会更加紧张，但论文质量将更有保障。因版面限制而砍去综述，实在是削足适履的不智之举。
Environmental quality 环境质量Acid rain酸雨 Sulfur dioxide二氧化硫Nitrogen oxide 氧化氮Automobile exhausts汽车尾气Infectious diseases传染病Waterborne diseases通过水传播的疾病 Carbon dioxide二氧化碳Environmental disturbance环境破坏 Aquatic life 水生物 Detection limits 检出限Qualitative 定性的Quantitative定量的Characterization 表征性能描写Unpleasant odors 难闻的气味Trace l level 痕量微量Carbon oxide碳化物 Carbon monoxide 一氧化碳Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Sulfur oxide 硫化物 Sulfur dioxide二氧化硫 Sulfur trioxide 三氧化硫Nitrogen oxide 氮化物 Nitrous oxide一氧化二氮 Nitric oxide一氧化氮 Nitrogen dioxide 二氧化氮Ethane 乙烷 Propane 丙烷Photochemical oxidants 光氧化剂 Ozone臭氧 Aldehydes 乙醛 Sulfate salts硫酸盐 Hydrogen sulfide 硫化氢Ammonia氨气 Sulfur acids 硫酸 Nitric acid 硝酸 Primary air pollutant一次污染物Second air pollutant二次污染物Biofiltration生物过滤 Volatile organic compounds挥发性化合物Trickling filter滴滤器 Municipal sewage treatment plant市政污水处理厂 Wastewater treatment plant污水 处理厂 Rendering plant 炼油厂 Ethanol 乙醇 Biodegradation 生物降解 Bioremediation 生物治理 Suspended solid（SS）悬浮颗粒 物 Volatile suspended solid(VSS) 挥 发性悬浮颗粒物 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)生化需氧量 Heavy mental重金属 Domestic sewage 生活废水 Chemical oxygen demand (COD) 化学需氧量 Sewage 污水、废水 Microorganism微生物 Microbe微生物 Bacteria(复数) Bacterium(单数)细菌 Oxidizer氧化剂 Oxidant氧化剂 Dissolved oxygen溶解氧 Residence time 停留时间 Eutrophic lake富营养化的湖泊 Sanitary sewage 生活污水 Aeration tank 曝气池 Sedimentation tank 沉淀池 Eutrophication 富营养化 Adsorption 吸附 Activated carbon 活性炭 Activated sludge活性污泥 Coagulation 絮凝、凝固 Flocculation 混凝 Sedimentation 沉淀、沉积 Hydrophilic 亲水的、吸水的 Oxidizing agent 氧化剂 Reverse osmosis 反向渗透 Membrane膜 Groundwater地下水 Surface water 地表水 Aluminum sulfate 硫酸铝 Screening （用拦污栅）隔离 Turbidity 浊度，浑浊性 Colloidal胶体 Chlorine dioxide 二氧化氯 Ultraviolet light 紫外线 Limestone 石灰石 Incinerator 焚烧炉 Hazardous waste 危险废物 Refuse垃圾、废物 Environmental protection agency 环保部 Hydrogen sulfide 硫化物 Decontamination 净化，消 除……的污染 Aerobic 需氧的 Anaerobic 厌氧的 Decibel meter 分贝仪 Subsonic 亚声速的 Supersonic 超声速的 Muffler消声器 Ecological disruptions 生态破坏 Aquatic ecosystem 水环境系统 Environmental impact assessments环境影响评价 Kinetics 动力学 Steady-state 稳态的 Point source discharge点源排放 Receiving water收纳水体 Nitrogen oxide 氮氧化物 Photochemical oxidant 光化学氧 化剂 Carbon monoxide一氧化碳 Coliform bacteria 大肠杆菌
2012年上海市高考数学试卷（理科） 一、填空题（56分）： 1．（2012?上海）计算：=_________（i为虚数单位）． 2．（2012?上海）若集合A={x|2x+1＞0}，B={x||x﹣1|＜2}，则A∩B=_________．3．（2012?上海）函数f（x）=的值域是_________． 4．（2012?上海）若=（﹣2，1）是直线l的一个法向量，则l的倾斜角的大小为_________（结果用反三角函数值表示）． 5．（2012?上海）在的二项展开式中，常数项等于_________． 6．（2012?上海）有一列正方体，棱长组成以1为首项、为公比的等比数列，体积分别记为V1，V2，…，V n，…，则（V1+V2+…+V n）═_________． 7．（2012?上海）已知函数f（x）=e|x﹣a|（a为常数）．若f（x）在区间[1，+∞）上是增函数，则a的取值范围是_________． 8．（2012?上海）若一个圆锥的侧面展开图是面积为2π的半圆面，则该圆锥的体积为_________． 9．（2012?上海）已知y=f（x）+x2是奇函数，且f（1）=1，若g（x）=f（x）+2，则g （﹣1）=_________． 10．（2012?上海）如图，在极坐标系中，过点M（2，0）的直线l与极轴的夹角a=，若将l的极坐标方程写成ρ=f（θ）的形式，则f（θ）=_________．
11．（2012?上海）三位同学参加跳高、跳远、铅球项目的比赛，若每人都选择其中两个 项目，则有且仅有两人选择的项目完全相同的概率是_________（结果用最简分数表示）．12．（2012?上海）在平行四边形ABCD中，∠A=，边AB、AD的长分别为2、1，若 M、N分别是边BC、CD上的点，且满足=，则的取值范围是_________． 13．（2012?上海）已知函数y=f（x）的图象是折线段ABC，其中A（0，0）、B（，5）、 C（1，0），函数y=xf（x）（0≤x≤1）的图象与x轴围成的图形的面积为_________． 14．（2012?上海）如图，AD与BC是四面体ABCD中互相垂直的棱，BC=2，若AD=2c， 且AB+BD=AC+CD=2a，其中a、c为常数，则四面体ABCD的体积的最大值是_________． 二、选择题（20分）： 15．（2012?上海）若1+i是关于x的实系数方程x2+bx+c=0的一个复数根，则（）A ． b=2，c=3B ． b=﹣2，c=3C ． b=﹣2，c=﹣1D ． b=2，c=﹣1 16．（2012?上海）在△ABC中，若sin2A+sin2B＜sin2C，则△ABC的形状是（）A锐角三角形B直角三角形C钝角三角形D不能确定
2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试上海历史试卷 考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分。 一、选择题(共75分) 以下每小题2分，共60分。每题只有一个正确选项。 1．在古代世界的文明成果中，被视为王权象征和灵魂安息之所的建筑是 A．长城 B．二里头宫殿 C．金字塔 D．帕特农神庙 2．《左传》日：“桀有昏德，鼎迁于商，载祀六百。商纣暴虐，鼎迁于周。”下列成语中的“鼎”与材料中的“鼎”含义相同的是 A．人声鼎沸 B．鼎鼎有名 C．三足鼎立 D．问鼎中原 3．对于研究古代特洛伊战争具有第一手史料价值的作品是 A．《希腊史》(格罗特著) B．影片《特洛伊》 C．油画《帕里斯的裁判》 D．《荷马史诗》 4．公元前217年，某商人在宛(今河南南阳)交易时使用蚁鼻钱(楚国货币)，被当地官府依据《金布律》处罚。这表明 A．秦半两钱过重使用不便 B．蚁鼻钱比秦半两钱值钱 C．蚁鼻钱非当时颁定货币 D．秦半两钱未在楚地流通 5．①在公元前44年的罗马牧神节上，执政官安东尼两次把王冠戴在恺撒的头上，都遭到了人群的抗议。②于是恺撒取下王冠，把它存放在朱庇特神庙。③在那一天，他没有获得皇帝称号。④事实上自公元前49年起，恺撒己成为罗马的最高统治者，共和制名存实亡。以上文字中属于历史解释的是 A．① B．② C．③ D．④ 6．有一位历史学家这样描述道：“这座城市位于博斯普鲁斯海峡南端陡峭的岬角上，…… 这座城市由两扇海上大门保护着，可以禁止无论从爱琴海还是从黑海来的敌船的通行。” “这座城市”是 A．君士坦丁堡 B．雅典 C．威尼斯 D．麦加7．“诏迁洛之民，死葬河南，不得还北。于是代人南迁者，悉为河南洛阳人。”文中提到的诏书出自 A．东周平王 B．东汉光武帝 C．曹魏文帝 D．北魏孝文帝 8．下图为初建于中世纪后期的意大利佛罗伦萨市政厅， 它是 A．市民通过行会组成的政治中心 B．市民与教会共同施政的中心 C．市民与庄园主共同施政的中心 D．市民与骑士联合执政的中心
2012年上海市高考数学试卷（文科） 一、填空题（本大题共有14题，满分56分） 1．（4分）（2012?上海）计算：=1﹣2i（i为虚数单位）． 【分析】由题意，可对复数代数式分子与分母都乘以1﹣i，再由进行计算即可得到答案 【解答】解： 故答案为1﹣2i 2．（4分）（2012?上海）若集合A={x|2x﹣1＞0}，B={x||x|＜1}，则A∩B=（，1）． 【分析】由题意，可先化简两个集合A，B，再求两个集合的交集得到答案 【解答】解：由题意A={x|2x﹣1＞0}={x|x＞}，B={x|﹣1＜x＜1}， ∴A∩B=（，1） 故答案为（，1） 3．（4分）（2012?上海）函数的最小正周期是π． 【分析】先根据二阶行列式的公式求出函数的解析式，然后利用二倍角公式进行化简，最后根据正弦函数的周期公式进行求解即可． 【解答】解：=sinxcosx+2=sin2x+2 ∴T==π ∴函数的最小正周期是π 故答案为：π 4．（4分）（2012?上海）若，是直线l的一个方向向量，则l的倾斜角的大小为arctan（结果用反三角函数值表示） 【分析】根据直线的方向向量的坐标一般为（1，k）可得直线的斜率，根据tanα=k，最后利用反三角可求出倾斜角．
【解答】解：∵，是直线l的一个方向向量 ∴直线l的斜率为即tanα= 则l的倾斜角的大小为arctan 故答案为：arctan 5．（4分）（2012?上海）一个高为2的圆柱，底面周长为2π，该圆柱的表面积为6π． 【分析】求出圆柱的底面半径，然后直接求出圆柱的表面积即可． 【解答】解：因为一个高为2的圆柱，底面周长为2π， 所以它的底面半径为：1， 所以圆柱的表面积为S=2S 底+S 侧 =2×12×π+2π×2=6π． 故答案为：6π． 6．（4分）（2012?上海）方程4x﹣2x+1﹣3=0的解是x=log23． 【分析】根据指数幂的运算性质可将方程4x﹣2x+1﹣3=0变形为（2x）2﹣2×2x﹣3=0然后将2x看做整体解关于2x的一元二次方程即可． 【解答】解：∵4x﹣2x+1﹣3=0 ∴（2x）2﹣2×2x﹣3=0 ∴（2x﹣3）（2x+1）=0 ∵2x＞0 ∴2x﹣3=0 ∴x=log23 故答案为x=log23 7．（4分）（2012?上海）有一列正方体，棱长组成以1为首项、为公比的等比数列，体积分别记为V1，V2，…，V n，…，则（V1+V2+…+V n）═．【分析】由题意可得，正方体的体积=是以1为首项，以为公比的等比数，由等不数列的求和公式可求 【解答】解：由题意可得，正方体的棱长满足的通项记为a n 则
测绘工程专业英语考试重点Geomatic测绘学 Geosciences地球科学 Geodesy大地测量学 Cadastral surveying地籍测量Geodetic surveying 大地测量Marine survey 海洋测量Geological survey 地质测量Control survey 控制测量Horizontal survey 水平测量Vertical survey 高程测量Topographic survey 地形测量Tacheometry 视距测量 Contour等高线 Chart图表 Fieldwork外业 Officework内业 Elevation高程 Basic point 基准点 Benchmark 水准基点 Stations 测站 Geoid 水准面 Vertical垂直 Theodolite经纬仪Monumentation埋石 Latitude纬度 Longitude经度 Prime meridian 本初子午线Gravity field 重力场 Curvature 曲率 Fixed error 固定误差Proportionnal error 比例误差Multiplication constant 乘常数Angle 角度 Zenith distance 天顶距 Circle 度盘 Azimuth方位角 Triangulation 三角测量Traversing 导线测量Triangulateration 边角测量 Control network 控制网 Forward intersection 前方交会 Resection 后方交会 Side intersection 侧方交会 Traverse angle 导线折角 Open traverse 支导线 Close traverse 闭合导线 Close loop traverse闭合环导线 Connecting traverse 符合导线 Coordinate increment坐标增量 Trigonometric leveling 三高程测量 Horizontal 水平距 Rod plate 尺垫 Coordinates 坐标系 Geodetic 大地基准 Origin 原点 Parameter 参数 Map projection 地图投影 Equidistant projection等距投影 Equivalent projection 等积投影 Orthographic projection 正射投影 Differential correction 差分改正 Real time kinematicRTK实动定位 Cartograph制图学 Raster 栅格光栅 Embed 嵌入 Resolution 分辨率 Data classification 数据分类 Topological relationship 拓扑关系 aerial photogrammetry 航空摄测量 Remote sensing 遥感 InSAR干涉合成孔径雷达 Prism 棱镜 Blunder/gross error 粗差 Index error 指标差 Standard deviation 标准差 Mean square error中误差 Calibrate 校准 Normal equation 法方程 Space segment 空间部分 -------------------------- settlement observation 沉陷观测 deflection observation 挠度观测 property line survey 建筑红线放 样 cross-section survey 横断面测量 geoid undulation 大地水准面差 距 orthometric height 正高 very long baseline interferometry 甚长基线干涉测量 connecting traverse 附合导线 zenith distance 天顶距 hydrographic survey 水道测量 工程测量engineering survey 施工放样construction layout or setting-out survey 竣工测量as-built survey 参考椭球reference ellipsoid 参 考 卫星激光测距satellite laser ranging(SLR) 重力场gravity field 测量平差adjustment of observation or survey adjustment 多余观测redundant observation 点位中误差mean square error of a point 粗差检验gross error detection 自动目标识别automatic target recognition(ATR 水准尺level lod 平面控制网horizontal control network 地籍测量cadastral surveying or property survey 1. Surveying is the art of making such measurements of the relative positions of points on the surface of the earth that, on drawing them to scale, natural and artificial features may be exhibited in their correct horizontal or vertical relationships. 测量是测定地面上各点的相对位置，以便根据它们之间正确的水平或竖直关系，按比例展示出天然地物
上海英语试卷 考生注意： 1．考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分。 2．本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。试卷分为第1卷（第1-12页）和第II卷（第13页），全卷共13页。所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上 一律不得分。 3．答题前，务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上。 第1卷（共105分） I . Listening Comprehension Section A Directions：In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1. A. At a library. B. At a hotel. C. At a bank. D. At an airport. 2. A. Relaxed. B. Annoyed. C. Worried. D. Satisfied 3. A. Doctor and patient. B. Shop owner and customer. C. Secretary and boss. D. Receptionist and guest. 4. A. He would have thrown $300 around. B. $300 is not enough for the concert. C. Sandy shouldn't have given that much. D. Dave must be mad with the money 5. A. She lives close to the man. B. She changes her mind at last. C. She will turn to her manager. D. She declines the man's offer. 6．A.2 B.3． C.4．D．5 7. A. Both of them drink too much coffee. B. The woman doesn't like coffee at all. C. They help each other stop drinking coffee. D. The man is uninterested in the woman's story 8. A. He doesn't mind helping the woman. B. He hesitates whether to help or not. C. He'll help if the woman doesn't mind D. He can't help move the cupboard. 9. A. He's planning to find a new job. B. He prefers to keep his house in a mess. C. He's too busy to clean his house D. He has already cleaned his new house, 10. A. She doesn't agree with the man. B. She is good at finding a place to stay. C. She could hardly find the truth. D. She had no travel experience in Britain. Section B
2019年上海高考历史试卷 考生注意： 1、考试时间120分钟，试卷总分值150分。 2、本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分，试卷包括试题与答题要求；所有答题必须涂(选择题) 或写(非选择题)在答题纸上；做在试卷上一律不得分。 3、答题前，务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置 上。 4、答题纸与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的，答题时应特别注意，不能错位。 【一】选择题(共75分) 以下每题2分，共60分。每题只有一个正确选项。 1、在古代世界的文明成果中，被视为王权象征和灵魂安息之所的建筑是 A、长城 B、二里头宫殿 C、金字塔 D、帕特农神庙 2、《左传》日：“桀有昏德，鼎迁于商，载祀六百。商纣暴虐，鼎迁于周。”以下成语中的“鼎” 与材料中的“鼎”含义相同的是 A、人声鼎沸 B、鼎鼎有名 C、三足鼎立 D、问鼎中原 3、关于研究古代特洛伊战争具有第一手史料价值的作品是 A、《希腊史》(格罗特著) B、影片《特洛伊》 C、油画《帕里斯的裁判》 D、《荷马史诗》 4、公元前217年，某商人在宛(今河南南阳)交易时使用蚁鼻钱(楚国货币)，被当地官府依 据《金布律》处罚。这说明 A、秦半两钱过重使用不便 B、蚁鼻钱比秦半两钱值钱 C、蚁鼻钱非当时颁定货币 D、秦半两钱未在楚地流通 5、①在公元前44年的罗马牧神节上，执政官安东尼两次把王冠戴在恺撒的头上，都遭到了 人群的抗议。②因此恺撒取下王冠，把它存放在朱庇特神庙。③在那一天，他没有获得皇帝称号。④事实上自公元前49年起，恺撒己成为罗马的最高统治者，共和制名存实亡。以上文字中属于历史解释的是 A、① B、② C、③ D、④ 6、有一位历史学家如此描述道：“这座城市位于博斯普鲁斯海峡南端陡峭的岬角上，……这 座城市由两扇海上大门保护着，能够禁止不管从爱琴海依旧从黑海来的敌船的通行。” “这座城市”是 A、君士坦丁堡 B、雅典 C、威尼斯 D、麦加 7、“诏迁洛之民，死葬河南，不得还北。因此代人南迁者，悉为河南洛阳人。”文中提到的 诏书出自 A、东周平王 B、东汉光武帝 C、曹魏文帝 D、北魏孝文帝 8、下图为初建于中世纪后期的意大利佛罗伦萨市政厅，它是 A、市民通过行会组成的政治中心 B、市民与教会共同施政的中心 C、市民与庄园主共同施政的中心 D、市民与骑士联合执政的中心 9、元朝时右丞相铁木迭儿掌管宣政院，他的儿子也为宣政院使。《元史·奸臣传》记载了时
Unit 1 Financial information about a business is needed by many outsiders .These outsiders include owners, bankers, other creditors, potential investors, labor unions, government agencies ,and the public ,because all these groups have supplied money to the business or have some other interest in the business that will be served by information about its financial position and operating results. 许多企业外部的人士需要有关企业的财务信息，这些外部人员包括所有者、银行家、其他债权人、潜在投资者、工会、政府机构和公众，因为这些群体对企业投入了资金，或享有某些利益，所以必须得到企业财务状况和经营成果信息。 Unit 2 Each proprietorship, partnership, and corporation is a separate entity. 每一独资企业、合伙企业和股份公司都是一个单独的主体。 In accrual accounting, the impact of events on assets and equities is recognized on the accounting records in the time periods when services are rendered or utilized instead of when cash is received or disbursed. That is revenue is recognized as it is earned, and expenses are recognized as they are incurred –not when cash changes hands .if the cash basis accounting were used instead of the accrual basis, revenue and expense recognition would depend solely on the timing of various cash receipts and disbursements. 在权责发生制下，视服务的提供而非现金的收付在本期对资产和权益的影响作出会计记录。即，收入是在赚取时确认，费用是在发生时确认——而不是在现金转手时。如果现金收付制替代权责发生制，那么收入和费用仅仅依靠各种现金收付活动的时间确定来确认。 Unit 3 During each accounting year ,a sequence of accounting procedures called the accounting cycle is completed. 在每一会计年度内，要依次完成被称为会计循环的会计程序。 Transactions are analyzed on the basis of the business documents known as source documents and are recorded in either the general journal or the special journal, i. e . the sales journal ,the purchases journal (invoice register ) ,cash receipts journal and cash disbursements journal . 根据业务凭证即原始凭证分析各项交易，并记入普通日记账或特种日记账，也就是销货日记账，购货日记账（发票登记簿），现金收入日记账和现金支出日记账。 A trial balance is prepared from the account balance in the ledger to prove the equality of debits and credits. 根据分类账户的余额编制试算平衡表，借以验证借项和贷项是否相等。 A T-account has a left-hand side and a right-hand side, called respectively the debit side and credit side. 一个T 型账户有左方和右方，分别称做借方和贷方。 After transactions are entered ,account balance (the difference between the sum of its debits and the sum of its credits ) can be computed.