lesson 1
national income 国民收入
Comecon( Council for Mutual Economic Association) 经互会经济互助委员会
EEC( European Economic Community) 欧共体
European Common Market 欧洲共同市场
European Community /European Union 欧洲共同体
most favored nation treatment(status) 最惠国待遇
the normal trade treatment(status) 正常贸易待遇
visible trade account 有形贸易收支
minister without portfolio 政务委员不管部部长
balance of payments 国际收支
invisible account 无形贸易收支
current account 经常项目
central bank 中央银行
barter 易货贸易
counter-trade 反向贸易
assembly manufacturing 来件组装
particular forms of foreign trade 特殊贸易做法
taxation （入境后）税收工商统一税
joint venture 合资企业
concessionary finance 中国进口大型项目经常采用的由卖方提供某些方便的付款方式the World Bank and its affiliates 国际银行及其附属机构
OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) 经济合作与发展织Bank of International Settlements 国际清算银行
non-bank trade related credits 买方（卖方）信贷
in the wake of 紧紧跟随在后
per annum 每年
in deficit 赤字逆差
in surplus 赢余顺差
customs duties 关税
raise(money ,funds) 筹集（款项资金）
lesson 2
bamboo curtain /iron curtain country 竹幕铁幕国家
The Special Economic Zone (SEZ) 经济特区
14 coastal cities(all former treaty ports) 沿海开放城市
capital stock /capital stock ,real 实际资本
cooperative enterprise 合作（经营）企业
State Council 国务院
state councilor 国务委员
pipe dream 白日梦幻想
cope with 成功应付妥善处理
inner regions 内地
foreign-exchange reserves 外汇储备
technology transfer 技术转让
(to start)form scratch 从零开始
wholly foreign-owned 外商独资拥有
capital goods 资本货物
consumer goods 消费品
profit-remittance 利润汇款
preferential tax rate 优惠税率
be liable to 有义务应付税的
entitle to 给...权利/资格
strengths and weaknesses 优缺点
stir up 激起
has yet to 有待
in the driver's seat 处于统治（或控制）地位
means of production 生产资料
stock-taking 盘货评估
National People's Congress 全国人民代表大会
lesson 3
Per capita 按人均计算平均
Gross National Product(GNP) 国民生产总值
punitive import tariff 惩罚性进口关税
securities and real estate market 政权及房地产市场
"Greater China trade bloc/Chinese Economic Area 大中华贸易集团华人经济区high-tech ,high-wage economy 高技术高工资经济
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 关税及贸易总协定
WTO/World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织
conglomerate 跨行业公司
semiconductor chips 半导体集成电路芯片
consortium 国际财团
CITIC(China International Trust and Investment Company) 中国国际信托投资公司China Resources Inc 香港华润有限公司
economic heavyweight 举足轻重的经济强国
dump truck 翻斗车
tractor-trailer 牵引拖车
container plant 集装箱工厂
commercial hub 商业活动中心
warning shot 鸣枪示警
intensifying rivalry 不断增强的竞争对抗
conveyor belt 输送带
preferred status 优先权
have a stake in 与有利害关系
appendix lesson1-lesson3
productive forces 生产力
cash corps 经济作物
multi-party election 多党竞选
a balance of the three powers 三权分立
the western two-chamber system 西方两院（议会）制
House of Lords/House of Commons 上议院/下议院
the Senate/House of Representatives 参议院/众议院
anarchy 无政府状态
Presidium 共产党国家政府常务委员会
standard of living 生活水平
give priority to 最优先考虑
surplus labour 剩余劳动力
political persuasion 政治派别
the sate apparatus 国家机器
keep abreast of 与齐头并进
bureaucratism 官僚主义官僚体系
democratization 民主化
lesson 4
GDP(Gross Domestic Product) 国内生产总值
Central and Eastern Europe 地处中东欧的前社会主义国家
Gulf Crisis 海湾危机
the G-7/the Group of Seven 七国集团
Continental Europe 欧洲大陆
deinflationary policies 反通胀政策
cyclical deceleration in investment spending 周期性的投资下降
hard currency 硬通货
Paris Club 巴黎俱乐部
Commodity Market 商品市场
nominal(dollar)terms 名义（美圆）价
constant(dollar)terms 不变（美圆）价格
unification 东西德统一
anti-inflationary monetary policy 反通货膨胀货币政策
GDP(GNP) deflator 消除国内（民）生产总值通货膨胀因素指数
structural problems 由于社会体制或管理制度不完善引起的问题
highly leveraged corporate transactions 公司用大量借来的钱进行交易current account 经常项目
transfers (component) 资本转移（部分）
war-related payments 战争费用的支付
European Monetary System(EMS) 欧洲货币体系
the Exchange Rate Mechanism 汇率管理机制
real output 以不变价格计算的产品价值
the spike in oil prices 石油价格猛跌
the population-weighted growth rate(of developing countries' GDP) 人口加权增长率
debt restructuring 债务调整
direct investment 证券投资
the Gulf Countries 海湾国家
in a row 连续
per capita income 人均收入
high rates of growth 高增长率
domestic demand 国内需求
debt rescheduling 重新安排债务的偿还计划
rental housing 出租房屋
tax-cut-induced boom 由减税引发的繁荣
pick-up 好转
portfolio investment 证券投资
catch-up 竞争
couple with 并提把联系起来
worker's remittance 工人侨汇
bottoming-out 经济衰退局面等降至最低点后即将复苏
lesson 5
US policy on Trade 美国贸易政策
be prepared to do something 有准备的
the US trade representative 美国贸易谈判代表
result-oriented/export-oriented/growth-oriented/market-oriented 以结果为导向的NAFTA(North America Free Trade Agreements) 北美自由贸易协定
(government)procurement 政府采购
news service 通讯社
drawn-out 冗长乏味的
full-fledged 充分展开的全面贸易战
misgiving(s) 疑虑
to ease frictions 缓和争执减少摩擦
tough negotiator 不妥协的谈判者
sanction(s) 国际制裁
impose against 对实行制裁
trade sanctions 贸易制裁
(trade)hawks 在贸易中主张实行制裁的人
lesson 6
the Single Market 统一市场
Maastricht Treaty 马斯特里赫特条约（欧洲联盟条约）
free-trade zone 自由贸易区
Masstircht referendum 欧共体一些成员国对马斯特里赫特条约进行的公民复决投票merger 兼并
staff writer 本报记者
holiday fliers 乘飞机外出度假的人
big bang 大爆炸
barrier-free market 自由市场（无壁垒市场）
traverse the ocean 横渡重洋
wind up 把事务料理停当
lesson 7
White Paper 白皮书
Uruguay round of trade talks 乌拉圭回合贸易谈判
fiscal packages 财政一揽子计划
industrial commodities 技术产品耐用消费品
the business cycle 商业周期
managed trade 管理贸易
export-driven 以出口为目的
trade balance 贸易差额
trade sanctions 贸易制裁
trade reprisal 贸易报复
lesson 4 - lesson 7
power broker （能影响有权势人物以操纵权利的人）权利经纪人
vested interests 既得利益
power play 强权行为高压行动
civil service 行政部门
protectionism 保护贸易制
lesson 8
dumping 倾销
licenser 转让人
insolvency 无偿还能力的/资不抵债
market force 市场力量
a hermit nation 一个闭关自守的国家
fledgling industries 新兴工业
bargain-basement 极便宜的
subsistence level 勉强糊口的生活水平
lesson 9
OPEC(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) 石油输出国家组织tenders 招标
invitation to tender /submission of tender 招标投标
Chinese Export Commodities Fair 中国出口商品交易会
reexports 再出口
certificate of origin 产地证明书
sovereignty dispute 主权争端
carbon tax 双重税
semi-wrought 半成品
lesson 10
GATT （the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade）关税及贸易总协定
on a conservative estimate /on one plausible estimate /at a rough estimate 据保守估计/合理估算/粗略估计
countervailing duty 反补贴税
intellectual property right 知识产权
trade in services 服务贸易
lobby 院外活动集团
economic growth 促进经济发展
make sense 讲得通合情合理
in prospect 期望重的展望中的
wreck the economy 破坏经济
a question that has long bedeviled the West 长期以来困扰西方
carry one's heart in one's boots 吓得要命焦虑万分
mule-headed 顽固的固执的
replace …with 代替取代
pose a threat 形成一种威胁
be in breach of 违反与相违背
for the taking 供自由拿取
lesson 11
the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference 联合国货币金融会议convertible currency 可兑换货币
cartel 垄断组织形式
dip into 动用（款项）
the U.S. department of commerce 美国商务部
client state 在经济或政治方面依靠某一大国的附属国
prohibit sb. from doing sth. 禁止某人做某事
hammer out 设计出
break down 崩溃
horse-soldier 骑兵
debt service /interest payment 利息付款
provisions 条款
tend to 易于往往会
part with 花掉
stuck with 缠住陷入困境
set out 打算
take title 取得所有权
lesson 12
soft drink 软饮料
holy war 圣战
test market /test marketing 试销市场试销
bottler 瓶装商
baby-boomer 生育高峰期出生的人
coupons 赠券优惠券
sleeper 出人意料的成功者爆冷门的人
exclusive contract 独家经销合同
franchise 特许经营权
be spoiling for 一心想切望
live up to 负荷达到
keep track of 看清跟上进展
fill out 凑足补齐
pony up (美俚)付清
come in for 受到遭到
arm-twisting 强迫压力
do a little arm-twisting 略施压力
settle for 勉强接受
lesson 13
fast food shops 快餐店
USDA (the United States Department of Agriculture) 美国农业部
the wet market 出售未加工的肉、鱼、禽蛋的市场
account for （在数量比例方面）占
promote sales 推销商品
luck draw 幸运抽奖
lesson 14
financial futures 以期货方法进行交易的有价证券
securities 有价证券
the equity market /equity /common stock ordinary share 一般股票市场/以出售普通股票方法所筹集的公司资金/普通股票
the money market /capital market 货币市场资本市场
UNCTAD(United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) 联合国贸易和发展会议
temperate 适中的非极端的
the service sector 服务部门
export quota system 出口配额制
to cope with 妥善处理成功应付
dollar-denominated 以美元标价的
take its toll 造成损失
protectionism 保护（贸易）主义
lesson 15
Telex /teletypewriter exchange 用户电报电传
big bang 大爆炸改革
the US budget trade 美国国家预算批准的政府海外采购
spot market 现货市场
EX-warehouse 仓库交货
the previous week's closing level 伦敦五金交易所周末最终交易的价格平均水平closing price 收盘价格
terminal prices 期货价格
futures market /terminal market 期货市场
International Coffee Organization(ICO) 国际咖啡组织
the physical market /spot market 现货市场
replacement /replenishment 补充库存
at origin /at the place of origin 原产地
auction 拍卖
come in 上涨
discount rate 贴现率
set in 到来开始
in the event 结果到头来
the Commonwealth 英联邦
（为招揽顾客）亏本出售的商品loss leader
白皮书 white paper
半成品 semi-wrought
半导体集成电路芯片semiconductor chips
半导体技术semiconductor technology
半分离的semi-detached
保护贸易论者protectionist
报关单 customs formalities
暴发户 nouveau riche
爆炸性增长explosive growth
北美自由贸易协定North America Free-Trade Agreements
被特许人franchisee
逼真仿制品close imitation
贬值devaluation
补偿贸易compensation trade
补偿贸易协定
补偿协定compensation agreements
不变价格constant price
不变美元价格constant dollar terms
不公平贸易？unfair trade
不公正的贸易做法unfair trading practices
不管部长minister without portfolio
不妥协的谈判者 a tough negotiator
布罗肯希尔协定broken hill agreement
部分停止供电brownout
仓库ware house
产地证明书certificate of origin
产权资本equity capital
长期贸易协议long-term trade agreement
长远的战略long-term strategy
常规软饮料regular soft drinks
场外货币curb money
超级市场supermarket
撤消金融管制规定financial deregulation
撤销（价格、费用方面的）管制规定deregulation
承包人 contractor
惩罚性进口关税punitive import tariff
出口补贴export subsidy
出口导向export-oriented
出口配额export quota
出口配额制度export quota system
出口潜力export potential
出口商品展览会Export Commodity Fair
初级产品primary products
初级产品primary goods
初级商品primary commodity
初始主题the opening themes
粗略的估计at a rough estimate
促进出口boost exports
存货清单inventory
大爆炸改革Big bang
大规模销售活动
大中华贸易集团"great China" trade bloc
呆滞dull
当地需求local requirements
得到进入一个市场的机会（权利）obtain access to a market 底价的原材料bargain-price raw materials
定量结果quantifiable results
定制customization
读者文摘Reader's Digest
独家经销合同exclusive contract
短期回升 a brief rally
短期名义利率short-term nominal interest rates
对等价值equivalent value
对等贸易countertrade
对外借贷foreign borrowing
对外贸易额the volume of foreign trade
多边规则multilateral rules
多边贸易multilateral trade
多元经营pluralistic operations
反补贴税，抵消关税，（反倾销税）countervailing duty
反弹bounce back
反倾销关税antidumpling duties
反通货膨胀货币政策anti-inflationary monetary policy
反通胀政策！deinflationary policies
反托拉斯，反垄断anti-trust
反向购买counterpurchase
反向贸易counter-trade
房地产 real estate ;real property ;realty
非关税壁垒non-tariff barriers
非耐用商品soft commodity
峰会at the summit meeting
服务部门the service sector
服务贸易service trade /trade in service
附属国 client state
复印机 photocopier
副产品，副作用spin-offs
高风险资产risk-weighted assets
高技术 high-tech / high technology
高增长率high rates of growth
个人所得税personal income tax/individual income tax
工厂现代化plant modernization
工人侨汇workers' remittance
工业结构industrial structure
工业巨头industrial giants
公开招标public tender
公民复决投票referendum
供求模式the pattern of supply and demand
供需supply and demand
供应短缺supply shortages
供应过剩glut of supplies
共同农业政策Common Agriculture Policy
股票交易所the stock exchange
股票市场stock market，（the equity market）
股权式合资企业equity joint venture
关税；进口税customs duties
关税及贸易总协定，关贸总协定General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade，GATT 硅谷Silicon Valley
国际财团Consortium
国际货币基金组织International Monetary Fund 国际货币制度the international monetary system
国际机构international bodies
国际金融机构international financial institution 国际收支balance of payments
国际营销international marketing
国民生产总值Gross national product, GNP
国民收入national income
国内生产总值Gross Domestic Product, GDP
国内需求domestic demand
国务委员state councilor
国务院 State Council
国有跨行业公司 a state-owned conglomerate
国有企业state-owned enterprises
海关关税与税收customs duties and taxation 海湾危机Gulf Crisis
合资企业joint venture!
合作企业cooperative enterprise
合作企业the co-operatives
合作者 collaborator
汇兑制度currency exchange system
汇率管理机制the Exchange Rate Mechanism
混合经济mixed economy
货币储备currency reserve
货币交易currency exchange
货币流通currency movements
货币市场money market
货币政策monetary policy
基础电子元件basic electronic components
基督教科学箴言报the Christian Science Monitor 即期与远期外汇spot and future exchanges
集装箱工厂container plant
计算机芯片computer chips
技术转让technology transfer
既得利益vested interests
价格坚挺firm price
价格上涨price hike
价格指数price index
减少摩擦to ease frictions
贱金属 base metals
结果consequence
金融体制financial system
金融危机the financial crisis
紧缩计划austerity program
进口附加税import surcharge
进口汇票import bill
进口配额import quotas
进口税 import duty
进口需求import demand
进口指标import targets
禁运embargo
经常项目! current account
经纪业务brokerage services
经济复苏economic recovery
经济改革economic reform
经济技术开发区Economic & Technical Development Zone
经济家信息小组economist intelligence unit
经济僵化economic rigidities
经济利益economic benefits
经济失衡economic imbalances
经济衰退economic recession
经济特区the Special Economic Zone
经济增长economic growth
经济作物cash crops
经销商（瓶装商）bottler
净值net worth
竞争优势competitive advantages
竞争优势competitive edge
举足轻重的经济强国economic heavyweight
据保守估计on a conservative estimate
据合理的推算on a plausible estimate!
据目前估计on current estimate
可兑换货币convertible currency
可支配收入disposable income
克林顿政府the Clinton administration
跨行业公司conglomerate
快餐店 fast food shops
宽限期 grace period
来件组装assembly manufacturing
蓝图blueprint
利润汇款profit-remittance
利息付款debt service /interest payment
联合国贸易和发展会议United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 良好的基础设施good infrastructure
临时估算provisional estimate
零售retail sale
零售市场retail market
流动资产liquid assets
略施压力do a little arm-twisting
伦敦五金交易所London Metal Exchange
马斯特里赫特条约Maastricht Treaty
贸易报复trade reprisal
贸易壁垒trade barriers
贸易差额trade balance, balance of trade
贸易代表trade representative
贸易顾问 a trade consultant
贸易结构structure of trade
贸易纠纷trade disputes
贸易摩擦trade friction
贸易逆差，入超，贸易赤字trade deficit
贸易歧视trade discrimination
贸易顺差, 贸易盈余, 出超trade surplus
贸易谈判trade negotiation
贸易条件terms of trade
贸易统计数据trade statistics
贸易展销会！trade fairs and exhibitions
贸易制裁trade sanction
贸易自由化trade literalisation
每人平均所得per capita income
美国贸易谈判代表the US trade representative
美国贸易政策US policy on trade
美国商务部the U.S. department of commerce
秘密配方secret recipe
名义美元价nominal dollar terms
目前最先进的state-of-the-art
内地inner regions
牛市与熊市bull market and bear market
农业保护farm protection
浓缩浆汁syrup concentrate
欧共体 European Economic Community！
欧佩克（石油输出国组织）OPEC
欧洲悲观主义Europessimism
欧洲大陆European continent
欧洲共同体（旧名）European Community
欧洲经济共同体，欧共体Eruopean Economic Community 欧洲联盟European Union
欧洲一体化European integration
拍卖auction
批发商 wholesalers
评估，估量；盘货stock-taking
破产bankruptcy
普通股票common stock, ordinary share
七国集团the G-7, the Group of Seven
期货市场futures market
歧视discrimination
契约劳工indentured labor
千年回合millennium round
前身precursor
强硬的政策tough policy
勤奋和忠实diligence and sincerity
轻工业制品light manufactured items
倾销dumping
清淡市场quiet market
清算协定Clearing Agreements
取得所有权take title
全国人民代表大会National People's Congress
全球化生产global manufacturing
雀巢股份有限公司Nestle SA
让利profit-taking set
人均per capita
人均国内生产总值per capita/head GDP(gross domestic products) 人均收入per capita income
人口加权增长率the population-weighted growth rate
软饮料 soft drink
锐步国际有限公司Reebok International Ltd.
商会chamber of commerce
商品市场commodity market
商品指数commodity indexes
商业活动中心commercial hub
商业银行commercial banks
商业周期the business cycle
生产成本the costs of production
生产过剩surplus produce
生产力 productive forces
生产资料means of production
生育高峰期出生的人baby-boomer
剩余劳动力surplus labour
实际资本capital stock
食用蛋类shell eggs
使用人 licensee
世界贸易组织World Trade Organization，WTO
世界银行及其附属机构the World Bank and its affiliates
市场导向market oriented, market orientation
市场多样化market diversification
市场分额market share
市场观察者market watcher
市场力量market forces
试销test marketing
试销市场test market
收盘价 closing price
收入差距income gap
输送带；传送带conveyor belt
双边关系bilateral pressures
双边贸易bilateral trade
双边顺差bilateral surplus
双边条约！bilateral pacts
双重税 carbon tax
税额优惠tax breaks
私营企业private business
特别提款权the Special Drawing Right
特许经营权franchise
特许人 franchiser
贴现率 discount rate
通货紧缩deflation
统一大市场the Single Market
投标to submit tender, submission of tender
投机生意speculative business
投资基金investment funds
突破性的进展breakthrough
推销商品promote sales
妥协compromise
外汇储备foreign-exchange reserves
外汇收入foreign exchange earnings
外商独资wholly foreign-owned
外资独资企业wholly foreign-owned operation
乌拉圭回合谈判the Uruguay round talk
无壁垒市场,(自由市场) barrier-free market
无偿还能力insolvency
无形贸易invisible trade
无形贸易收支invisible trade account, invisible account 物质繁荣material prosperity
西式餐厅western-style restaurants
鲜蛋市场fresh egg market
现货市场physical market
现货市场spot market
相对优势relative advantage
削价战 price-cutting war
消费品 customer goods
消费物价指数consumer price index
消费者 consumer
萧条depression
销售潜力the vast potential sales
协议草案the draft agreement
新兴工业fledgling industries
新兴企业newly-rising enterprises !
幸运抽奖luck draw
需求不振sluggish demand
需求疲软weakness in demand
延期付款concessionary finance
沿海城市coastal cities
一次性包装single-serving box
一个闭关自守的国家 a hermit nation
一篮子货币basket of currencies
一揽子财政计划（方案）fiscal packages
一轮成败参半的谈判 a half-successful round
以结果为导向的results-oriented
以美元标价的dollar-denominated
以期货方法进行交易的有价证券financial futures 易货贸易barter trade
银行合并merger of banks
营销计划marketing programs
硬通货 hard currency
优惠税率（优惠关税2004）preferential tax rate
优先权 preferred status
由减税引发的繁荣tax-cut-induced boom
有价证券securities
有经验的贸易官员 a veteran trade official
有形贸易收支the visible trade account
有形贸易收支! visible trade accounts
有形贸易余额the visible trade surplus
右翼政治家right-wing politicians
预期经济增长率growth target
预示foreshadows
预算赤字budget deficit
原产地证明书certificate of origin
原油crude oil
援助assistance
远东经济评论Far Eastern Economic Review
再出口 reexports
增值税 value-added taxes
赠券（优惠券）coupons
债权人 creditor
债务调整（作豁免，延期）debt restructuring
债务国 debtor nations
战争费用的支付war-related payments
涨落不定irregular
招标invitation to tender,to invite tender,
招标tenders
征收进口附加税impose import !
证券及房地产市场securities and real estate markets 证券交易所stock exchange!
证券投资portfolio investment
政府采购government procurement
政府投资的商业企业pump-priming operation
政治一体化political integration
知识产权intellectual property right
直接补贴direct subsidies
直接投资direct investment
指令directive
制成品 manufactured goods
制造商 manufacturer
质量证书certificate of quality
智囊团，顾问班子brain trust
中国出口商品交易会Chinese Export Commodities Fair
中小企业small and medium-size businesses
中央银行central bank
重工业 heavy industry
重新安排债务的偿还计划debt rescheduling
重新配方reformulation
竹幕bamboo curtain
主权争端sovereignty dispute
主张强硬贸易政策的鹰派人物trade hawks
专利使用资格licensing requirements
转让人 licenser
资本货物capital goods
资本流动capital flow
资本市场capital market
资本转移capital transfer
资本转移部分transfers component
资产负债表balance sheet
自给自足的self-sufficient
自然资源natural resources
自由贸易free trade
自由贸易区free-trade zone!
自由市场barrier-free market !
自由市场free market
自由市场理论free-market philosophy
纵向结合vertical integration
走私smuglling
最畅销品牌the best-selling brand
最大的分额the lion's share
最惠国待遇most-favored nation treatment (status)
国民收入national income
欧共体 EEC( European Economic Community)
欧洲共同市场European Common Market
欧洲共同体European Community /European Union
最惠国待遇most favored nation treatment(status)
正常贸易待遇the normal trade treatment(status)
有形贸易收支visible trade account
不管部部长minister without portfolio
国际收支balance of payments
无形贸易收支invisible account
经常项目current account
中央银行central bank
易货贸易barter
反向贸易counter-trade
来件组装assembly manufacturing
合资企业joint venture
国际银行及其附属机构the World Bank and its affiliates
经济合作与发展织OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development)
国际清算银行Bank of International Settlements
紧紧跟随在后in the wake of
每年per annum
赤字逆差in deficit
赢余顺差in surplus
关税customs duties
筹集资金raise funds
竹幕铁幕国家bamboo curtain /iron curtain country
经济特区The Special Economic Zone (SEZ)
实际资本capital stock
合作（经营）企业cooperative enterprise
外汇储备foreign-exchange reserves
技术转让technology transfer
外商独资拥有wholly foreign-owned
资本货物capital goods
消费品 consumer goods
利润汇款profit-remittance
优惠税率preferential tax rate
处于统治（或控制）地位in the driver's seat
生产资料means of production
盘货评估stock-taking
全国人民代表大会National People's Congress
按人均计算平均Per capita
国民生产总值Gross National Product(GNP)
惩罚性进口关税punitive import tariff
政权及房地产市场securities and real estate market
大中华贸易集团"Greater China trade bloc
高技术高工资经济high-tech ,high-wage economy
关税及贸易总协定General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
世界贸易组织WTO/World Trade Organization
跨行业公司Conglomerate
国际财团Consortium
商业活动中心commercial hub
优先权 preferred status
生产力 productive forces
经济作物cash corps
生活水平standard of living
剩余劳动力surplus labour
国内生产总值GDP(Gross Domestic Product)
反通胀政策deinflationary policies
商品市场Commodity Market
名义（美圆）价nominal(dollar)terms
不变（美圆）价格constant(dollar)terms
反通货膨胀货币政策anti-inflationary monetary policy
消除国内（民）生产总值通货膨胀因素指数GDP(GNP) deflator
由于社会体制或管理制度不完善引起的问题structural problems
以不变价格计算的产品价值real output
债务调整debt restructuring
证券投资direct investment
海湾国家the Gulf Countries
国内需求domestic demand
重新安排债务的偿还计划debt rescheduling
由减税引发的繁荣tax-cut-induced boom
证券投资portfolio investment
工人侨汇worker's remittance
美国贸易政策US policy on Trade
美国贸易谈判代表the US trade representative
以结果为导向的result-oriented/export-oriented/growth-oriented/market-oriented
北美自由贸易协定NAFTA(North America Free Trade Agreements)
政府采购government procurement
贸易制裁trade sanctions
统一市场the Single Market
马斯特里赫特条约（欧洲联盟条约）Maastricht Treaty
自由贸易区free-trade zone
大爆炸 big bang
自由市场（无壁垒市场）barrier-free market
白皮书 White Paper
乌拉圭回合贸易谈判Uruguay round of trade talks
财政一揽子计划fiscal packages
商业周期the business cycle
以出口为目的export-driven
贸易差额trade balance
贸易制裁trade sanctions
贸易报复trade reprisal
既得利益vested interests
倾销dumping
转让人 licenser
市场力量market force
一个闭关自守的国家 a hermit nation
新兴工业fledgling industries
石油输出国家组织OPEC(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)
招标Tenders
招标投标invitation to tender /submission of tender
中国出口商品交易会Chinese Export Commodities Fair
再出口 reexports
产地证明书certificate of origin
主权争端sovereignty dispute
征收进口附加税impose import
关税及贸易总协定GATT （the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade）
关贸总协定乌拉圭回合谈判Uruguay round of GATT talks
据保守估计/合理估算/粗略估计on a conservative estimate /on one plausible estimate /at a rough estimate
反补贴税countervailing duty
知识产权intellectual property right
服务贸易trade in services
联合国货币金融会议the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference
可兑换货币convertible currency
利息付款debt service /interest payment
取得所有权take title
试销市场试销test market /test marketing
独家经销合同exclusive contract
特许经营权franchise
推销商品promote sales
有价证券securities
一般股票市场/以出售普通股票方法所筹集的公司资金/普通股票the equity market /equity /common stock ordinary share
货币市场资本市场the money market /capital market
《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料 Lesson One China in the Market Place 一、术语： manufactured goods 制成品 capital equipment 资本货物 balance of payments 国际收支 current account 经常项目 visible trade account 有形贸易项目 invisible trade account 无形贸易项目 trade surplus 贸易顺差 trade deficit 贸易逆差 barter 易货贸易 compensation trade 补偿贸易 counter-trade 反向贸易 assembly manufacturing 组装生产 industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税 joint venture 合资企业 deferred payment 延期付款 buyer credit 买方信贷 supplier credit 卖方信贷 soft loan 软贷款（低息贷款） MFN treatment: Most Favored Nation treatment 最惠国待遇 PNTR: Permanent Normal Trading Relations 永久性正常贸易关系 NI: National Income 国民收入 GNP: Gross National Product 国民生产总值 GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值 IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴和开发银行 IDA: International Development Association 国际开发协会 IFC: International Finance Corporation 国际金融公司 OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作和发展组织 BIS: Bank for International Settlement 国际清算银行 EEC: European Economic Community 欧洲经济共同体 EU: European Union 欧洲联盟 FDI: Foreign Direct Investment 外商直接投资 二、词语释义： exacerbate: deteriorate 恶化 disrupt: interrupt 中断 in the wake of: following 继┉之后 breakdown: analysis by classification 分类分析 buoyant: brisk 上扬的，增产的 run-down: reduction
旺旺英语 Lesson 15 Weekly Commodities (telex) 每周商品行情 Commodities 1商品行情（-） econews by Kate Kavanagh Oil prices seesaw to three-month low in “big bang week London”, Oct. 31 (afp)—the attention of commodities dealers was last week captured initially by events on the stock exchange, where Monday’s big bang was muffled by computer failures, but turned later to the troubled oil market. （法新社）10月31日电：在“伦敦大爆炸改革周”中，石油价格起伏不定，跌至三个月来的最低点。——上周商品交易者们的注意力先是被股票交易所发生的事情吸引，那里的计算机出了故障从而抑制了周一的“大爆炸改革”；但随后，交易者们的注意力又转向了混乱的石油市场。 The unexpected departure of sheik ahmed zaki yamani from his post as Saudi Arabian oil minister aggravated existing uncertainty concerning the future direction of oil prices in view of severe world oversupply. 在国际市场严重供大于求的情况下，沙特阿拉伯石油部长亚马尼的突然离职使本来就起伏不定的油价变得更加难以预料。 Unstable crude prices in turn prompted falls in platinum and gold, the latter to its lowest since early September, aggravated by the withdrawal of investment support as the dollar regained ground. 动荡的原油价格反过来又加速了白金和黄金的降价，而且由于美元重收失地，投资者纷纷撤回投资，黄金还降到了九月初以来的最低点。 Sterling’s decline lent some support to the base metal sector, where lead and zinc rallied on the continuing lack of a solution to the labour dispute affecting australia’s broken hill mines. 英镑的贬值使贱金属的价格有所上升。由于影响到澳大利亚Broken Hill矿山的劳工纠纷迟迟得不到解决，贱金属里的铅和锌的价格止跌回升。 Coffee fluctuated wildly on uncertainty over brazil’s role in the market but sugar and cocoa kept to a narrow range in quiet conditions. 咖啡的价格由于巴西在市场上的角色不稳定而疯狂波动，可是糖和可可的价格在平静中起伏不大。 The grain sector was dulled by the prospect of lower-than-expected soviet imports this season, despite improved british export figures. 本季度，尽管英国的出口量增加了，谷物市场还是因为苏联的进口比预想的低而显得清淡。 Commodities 2 商品行情2 Econews(London) Gold: lower. After coming in for early support on news of strike action affecting mines belonging to gold fields of south Africa, values declined in line with platinum and new york advices as miners were encouraged to return to work by management promises of negotiation. The fall in oil prices also brought pressure to bear but good resistance at around the 400 dollars per ounce level permitted a brief rally. However, values suffered a late decline to below 400 dollars per ounce in line with new york as the dollar strengthened on news of a decline in the u.s. budget trade and a cut in the bank of japan’s discount rate. 黄金：跌了。由于南非金矿受到罢工影响，黄金的价格上升，但随后资方承诺谈判，矿工复工，使得其价值又随着白金的贬值和纽约交易所的行情报告跌了下来。油价的下降同样给市场带来了压力，但在每盎司大约400美元的水平上的强力支撑使金价短时止跌。然而，美国国家预算批准的海外采购的减少和日本削减银行贴现率的消息使美元变得坚挺，金价随后下降到每盎司400美元以下，和纽约交易所标明的价格一样。 Latest figures from the south African chamber of mines showed a 4.6 per cent drop in gold production during the first nine months of 1986 to 488,854 kilos against 504,996 during the same 1985 period. 南非矿业协会的最新数字表明，1986年前9个月的黄金产量与1985年同期相比，下降了4. 6％，由504,996公斤减少到481,854公斤。
第14课初级商品市场 Soft Commodities非耐用商品 Many prices are at historic lows, and the IMF expects further falls.Yet there are signs that the worse may be over.One key commodity, sugar, has recovered. 许多商品的价格处于历史最低点，虽然国际货币基金组织预计价格还会进一步下跌。但是，有迹象表明，最糟的局面已经结束了。因为“糖”这种关键性商品的价格已经回升了。 Markets Have Lost Their Allure 市场已失去吸引力 For Most people involved in the production and trading of “soft” or agricultural commodities, this is proving to be a grim decade. 对于大多数生产并买卖非耐用商品或农业品的人来说，这十年无疑是阴暗的十年。 Prices are in many cases at, or near, historic lows in real terms as markets struggle to cope with floods of surplus produce.And—with most soothsayers forecasting flat, or still lower, prices—the markets themselves have lost much of their allure. 许多情况下，产品的价格都在实际意义上处于或接近历史最低价，这是因为市场要应付泛滥成灾的过剩的农产品。同时，大多数预言家预测价格将会持平，或者更低。市场自身已经失去了很多的魅力。 Speculators who profited handsomely from the price volatility of the 1970s have deserted soft commodities for the newer excitement of financial futures or the security and big yields afforded by the equity and money markets. 从20世纪70年代的价格不稳中大笔获益的投机者们已经放弃了非耐用商品而寻求金融期货或有价证券带来的新的刺激以及股票和货币市场提供的巨额利润。The contrast with the “resources decade” of the 1970s could hardly be more marked.It is strange, indeed, to observe that only 10 years have elapsed since spiraling commodity prices were the focus of major international concern, and many respected forecasters were warning of impending global shortages of basic raw materials and foodstuffs. 这和70年代的“资源十年”之间的对比是再明显不过的了。确实很奇怪，仅仅十年前，国际上关心的焦点还是不断盘旋上升的价格，许多受人尊重的预言家们一直在警告全球性的基础原材料和食品短缺即将到来。 The shortages never came, and the terms of trade have now shifted dramatically against the commodity producers.Agricultural commodities have been particularly badly https://www.doczj.com/doc/747710279.html,st year alone, the International Monetary Fund’s indices of food prices and of agricultural raw material prices fell by 15 per cent and 12 per cent https://www.doczj.com/doc/747710279.html,modity prices in general were about 35 per cent below their 1980 average in 1985 according to the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). 然而，短缺从未出现，现在的贸易条件已经转为对商品生产者大为不利，特别是农产品遭到了严重的打击。仅仅去年一年，国际货币基金组织的食品和农业原材料的价格指数就分别下跌了15％和12％。联合国贸易和发展会议（贸发会）的
自考《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料 Lesson One China in the Market Place 一、术语： manufactured goods 制成品 capital equipment 资本货物 balance of payments 国际收支 current account 经常项目 visible trade account 有形贸易项目 invisible trade account 无形贸易项目 trade surplus 贸易顺差 trade deficit 贸易逆差 barter 易货贸易 compensation trade 补偿贸易 counter-trade 反向贸易 assembly manufacturing 组装生产 industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税 joint venture 合资企业 deferred payment 延期付款 buyer credit 买方信贷 supplier credit 卖方信贷 soft loan 软贷款（低息贷款） MFN treatment: Most Favored Nation treatment 最惠国待遇 PNTR: Permanent Normal Trading Relations 永久性正常贸易关系 NI: National Income 国民收入 GNP: Gross National Product 国民生产总值 GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值 IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴和开发银行IDA: International Development Association 国际开发协会 IFC: International Finance Corporation 国际金融公司 OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作和发展组织BIS: Bank for International Settlement 国际清算银行 EEC: European Economic Community 欧洲经济共同体 EU: European Union 欧洲联盟 FDI: Foreign Direct Investment 外商直接投资
第10课关于关贸总协定和世界贸易组织 Freer Trade, with Luck自由贸易，一路走好 1.In the past few days differences between the United States and the European Community on farm trade have narrowed almost to nothing. As a result the world is now close to concluding the Uruguay round of GATT talks. That deal is admittedly far from perfect, a series of messy compromises The cause of free trade will have many more battles to fight. Never mind. On a conservative estimate the Uruguay round would permanently raise global welfare by more than $100 billion a year, spur economic growth everywhere (especially in the world’s poorest countries) and extend competition to hither to sheltered, and therefore backward, parts off all economies. By any standards, it would be a hugely valuable achievement. Cause----aim, principle or movement that is strongly defended or supported 极力维护或支持的目标﹑原则或运动; 事业: a good cause, ie one that deserves to be supported, eg a charity 高尚的目标（应为之尽力的目标, 如慈善事业）* He fought for the republican cause in the civil war. 他在内战中为共和事业而战. * Her life was devoted to the cause of justice. 她为正义事业而献身. 在过去的几天中，美国同欧共体之间有关农产品贸易的分歧几乎荡然无存。因此，关贸总协议乌拉圭回合的谈判现已接近尾声。诚然，协议远不够完善，仅是对一系列棘手问题的妥协。争取自由贸易的事业还有许多仗要打。不过，不必担心。依据保守的估计，乌拉圭回合协议将持久地每年为全球增加1,000多亿美元的财富。而且，还会刺激各国的经济增长（尤其是世界上最贫困的国家）。同时，它将贸易竞争扩展到那些迄今仍坚持保护主义政策并因此而落后的国家。无论依据何种标准衡量，这都是一个价值巨大的成就。 2. Such opportunities come too rarely to be squandered. Yet this one still may be. In the most recent talks about farm trade, America has shown a new willingness to compromise on details, doubtless ref lecting George Bush’s need for an economic success to boast of in his election campaign. Whatever the motive a spirit of compromise makes sense for America, since it stands to gain a lot more from a successful round than any other country. But the EC continues to hesitate—because of France. French farmers are violently opposed to the reform of the common agricultural policy(CAP) that Europe’s government agreed to last May.In certain respects, the farmers claim, the GATT deal now in prospect would take reform further, damaging their interests even more. 这样的机会不容错过。然而，这次机会仍差点被错过。最近，在有关农产品贸易的谈判中，美方多次表示愿意在细节问题上做出妥协。这无疑反应了布什总统需要一个经济成果，以便在大选中吹嘘。不管动机如何，做出妥协这一主导思想对美国是有意义的，因为谈判的成功给美国带来的利益要远大于其他任何国家。但是，由于法国的原因，欧共体仍旧犹豫不决。法国农民强烈反对改革欧洲各国政府于去年五月通过的共同农业政策。他们声称，在某些方面，正在酝酿中的关贸
第12课市场竞争 Soft Drink Wars: the Next Battle 软饮料战：下一次战争 The reformulation of Coke has given the feuding cola giants a chance to go at each other again. 可口可乐的重新配方为长期不和的可乐巨头提供了一个新开战的机会。 But Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are spoiling for yet another f ight, and this time they’re picking on the little guys: non-cola makers like Seven-Up and Dr Pepper. By Monci Jo Williams 但是可口可乐和百事可乐一心想进行另一场战斗，这一次它们选中了小企业：“七喜”和“佩拍博士”。 In the U.S.soft drink industry, where 1% of the market is worth $ 300 million in retail sales, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo don’t wage mere market share battles.They fight holy wars.These days the fighting is on two fronts.One is on the vast plains of the cola business, where the reformulation of Coke has Pepsi on the defensive.The other is in the back alleys of the smaller, non-cola market.Until now these have been dominated by other companies.As growth of high-calorie colas slows, however, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are invading new territory. 在美国的软饮料行业，1％的市场份额就意味着3亿美元的零售额，可口可乐公司和百事可乐公司进行的不仅仅是争夺市场份额的斗争，他们进行的是“圣战”。目前他们的斗争有两条战线。一条是可乐生意的广阔战场，在这儿可口可乐的重新配方使百事处于守势。另一条战线是在较小的非可乐市场的后巷里。迄今为止，这些市场仍被其他公司所支配。由于高热量可乐的增长缓慢，可口可乐公司和百事可乐公司计划入侵新的领域。 Coca-Cola is moving in with two new products: Cherry Coke, a canned version of the old soda fountain favorite, and Minute Maid Orange Soda, which contains orange juice.Pepsi’s new product is Slice, a lemon-lime soft drink that also contains fruit juice.If these products live up to their early performance in test markets—a big if—they could produce $ 3 billion a year in retail sales.The skirmishes between the cola giants will precipitate a battle for supermarket shelf space and for the loyalty of battlers.The big guys will press bottlers to drop competing brands to make way for their new products. 可口可乐凭着两种新产品投入了战斗：一种叫做“樱桃可乐”，是原来的冷饮柜的宠儿的罐装版，另一种叫做“小少女桔子汽水”，含有桔子汁。百事的新产品是“斯来思”，它也是一种包含果汁的柠檬——酸橙软饮料。如果这些产品能够达到早期在试销市场的表现—这是个值得疑问的“如果”—他们在零售方面每年就能产出30亿美元来。可乐巨人之间的小冲突就会升级为一场为争夺超市货架空间和瓶装商忠心的战役。这两个巨商将迫使瓶装商们放弃与之竞争的品牌，以便为他们的新产品让道。 It’s too early to tell how the reincarnated Coke is selling, sinc e many bottlers are still working off old inventories.But the company isn’t leaving much to chance.Coca-Cola will back new coke with more than $ 70 million of advertising this
Lesson 4 The Economic Scene: A Global Perspective (Excerpts) In 1991,for the second year in a row, the economies of low-income and middle-income countries virtually stagnated, as measured by an increase in per capita gross domestic product (GDP). Aggregate output for developing countries advanced by slightly less than 2 per cent during 1991 (similar to the weak performance of 1990), implying an easing in per capita income of 0.1 per cent. Aggregate statistics for 1991 were influenced by the sharp decline in output in Central and Eastern Europe, as well as by the adverse effects of the Gulf crisis on several economies in the Middle East. Excluding Central and Eastern Europe, growth in developing countries in 1991 was 3.4 per cent, compared with 3.8 per cent during the 1980s. Estimates of GDP growth by major geographic region show an acceleration in Latin America and in sub-Saharan Africa; an increase in China’s growth rate helped to sustain high rates of growth in the East Asia region. International conditions for growth in developing countries deteriorated in 1991. The seven major industrial countries (the G-7) experienced a significant slowdown in GDP growth—from 2.8 per cent in 1990 to 1.9 per cent during 1991 as recession gripped Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States and growth rates slowed in continental Europe and Japan. In important respects, the slowdown was different from those that occurred during the 1970s and 1980s. Rather than reflecting the effect of disinflationary policies, weakness in demand was more closely related to the loss of momentum that had built up during the long period of expansion that began in 1983. In addition, a common factor underlying the slowdown in many industrial countries was the cyclical deceleration in investment spending. Although the weakness in demand in the United States led to a sharp decline in short-term dollar interest rates—a positive development for many developing countries—it also contributed to a drop of over 6 per cent in non-oil commodity prices and to a slackening, to 3 per cent, in the growth of world trade. These trends were compounded by worsening economic conditions in the Soviet Union and its successor states, where a growing shortage of foreign exchange led to a compression of imports from Eastern Europe and an acceleration of certain commodity exports (aluminum, gold and lead, for instance) to earn hard currencies. Against this deteriorating global background, the improvement in economic performance in a few developing regions in 1991—which carried over in 1992—was especially noteworthy. This improvement is attributable, in part, to the implementation by many governments of measures to stabilize their economies and restructure incentives to encourage private initiative and international trade. Policy reforms in Latin America helped to moderate inflation and domestic demand; East Asian economics, supported by growth in export volume in the range of 10 per cent and by robust domestic demand, continued to grow rapidly. Sub-Saharan Africa raised its real GDP growth rate from 1.3 per cent in 1990 to 2.4 per cent in 1991. Also noteworthy was the implementation by the Paris Club of a new menu of enhanced concessions in debt reschedulings for the severely indebted, low-income countries. The menu was introduced in agreements with Benin and Nicaragua, and was subsequently applied in agreements with Bolivia and Tanzania. Nonconcessional but special extended rescheduling terms were also
Lesson 1 China in the Market Place市场经济中的中国(Excerpts)（摘录） Barry Coulthurst examines the development of China’s trade policy and the present state of the overseas links --巴里库尔塞斯特对中国贸易政策的演变和当前与海外经济往来状况的研究 自从中华人民共和国成立以来，中国对外贸易的模式发生了巨大的变化。20世纪50年代，中国向苏联和东欧国家出口农产品换取制造品和资本设备，用于侧重于重工业发展所必须的工业化项目。1958~1959年的―大跃进‖最初在工农业生产上带来收益，但随后又导致了严重的经济平衡。三年自然灾害(1959-1961)加剧了经济问题，造成1960-1962年间的国民收入和对外贸易额的减少。 20世纪60年代，苏联经济和技术援助撤走，导致了中国与苏联及经互会成员国的贸易转向于日本和西欧国家的贸易。中国对外贸易政策的一贯宗旨是重视与第三世界国家发展贸易关系。 ―文化大革命‖期间（1966-1976）工农业生产一落千丈，交通运输限制更加严重，中国对外贸易的增长再次中断。 The Sino-USA agreement on trade relations, which came into force（解释：施行）in February 1980, accords China most-favoured nation treatment.（最惠国待遇） 在实现四个现代化中起着很大作用的对外贸易在近几年发展很快。1978年2月于日本签订了一个主要贸易协定，根据这个协定，中国向日本出口每盒石油换取工业设备和技术。1978年中国也与欧共体签订了长期贸易协定，继1979年初与美国的外交关系正常化以后，中美贸易发展迅速。美国遵照1980年1月25日生效的中美贸易关系协定给与中国最惠国待遇。 Breakdown分类A commodity breakdown of China’s trade shows that fuels （燃料）accounted for 24 per cent of total exports in 1982, 中国的贸易商品分类表明，1982年燃料占总出口的24%，食品占13%，纺织纤维和矿砂占7%，制造品占55%（最重要的产品是纺织品、化工产品、机械及运输设备）。自从新中国建立以来，中国一直重视进口资本设备已使加强工业部门。但是1982年进口的主要是食品，占进口总额的22%，轻工业产品占20%，机械和运输设备占17%。 During the past few years a major objective of the Chinese authorities（权威、权力）has been to reduce（减少）the proportion（比例）of agricultural exports, while increasing that of industrial and mineral products. A wide variety（多样性）of industrial goods are now exported and Chinese capital equipment has been used by a number of developing countries to establish projects in areas such as agriculture, forestry, light industry, food processing, water conservation and transport and communications. 过去几年，中国当局的主要贸易目标一直是减少农产品出口的比例，增加工业和矿产品的出口比例。中国现在出口种类繁多的工业品，许多发展中国家采用中国的资本设备，用于农业、林业、轻工业、食品加工业、水保护、交通和通信领域中的建设项目 The Balance Shifts 收支平衡变化The US dollar value of Chinese exports increased at an average rate of almost 18 per cent per annum between 1978 and 1983, while imports increased by approximately （大约）11 per cent per annum. As a result, the visible trade surplus （有形贸易顺差）rose sharply from US $ 1.4 billion in 1981 to US $ 4.4 billion in 1982 and US $ 3.7 billion in 1983. Exports grew much faster than imports during this period not only because of the strong emphasis placed on exporting by China’s economic planners, but also because a number of industrial projects were postponed in 1979. Official（官方）recognition（承认）that foreign technology could play a major role in modernising the Chinese economy had caused imports to rise by more than 50 per cent in 1978 placing undue strain on the national economy. Grain imports have fallen sharply over the past few years ---- China became a net grain exporter in 1984 ---- and in 1983 the country started to export soyabeans and cotton. 1978-1983年建，中国出口额按美元计算，平均每年增长率近18%，每年进口额增长率约是11%。因此有形贸易顺差从1981年的14亿美元猛增到1982年的44亿美元，1983年是37美元。同期的出口比进口增长快得多，这不仅是因为中国的经济决策者十分重视出口，还因为许多工业项目推迟到了1979年。官方认识到，在中国经济走向现代化的过程中外国技术起着主要作用，这种认识导致1978年进口增长50%以上，给国民经济造成了不应有的重负。在过去几年粮食进口急剧减少—1984年中国成为粮食净出口国---1983年中国开始出口大豆和棉花。