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Lesson11 Barter Still in Use (易货贸易仍在使用 )一、重点词组：1、arrange for 安排2、international financial institution 国际金融机构3、in cash 用现金*4、proceed 收入*5、dip into 动用、浏览6、currency reserves 货币储备7、secure 获得、得到*8、locate 找到*9、steer 指导、指点*10、benefited from 受益于……*11、hot 激烈的*12、of equivalent value 同等价值* 13、up to 高达……*14、subject to 使服从, 使隶属, 属于*15、countertrade 对等贸易、反向贸易16、primary 主要的、首要的*17、mean of trade 贸易方式*18、force…upon…强加于, 强迫...接受19、client states 附属国20、in return for 作为...的报答、对换21、bargain-price 廉价的*22、raw materials 原材料23、prohibit sb. from doing sth. 禁止某人做某事24、free from 解除25、hammer out 设计出26、International Monetary Fund (IMF) 国际货币基金组织27、break down 垮掉, 分解，崩溃28、flourish 繁荣、兴旺*29、multilateral trade 多边贸易30、convertible 可兑换的*31、convertible currency 可兑换货币32、burden of debt 债务负担33、broke 破产的、一文不名的*34、be compelled to 被迫35、devote… to….把...献给、把...专用于36、debt service= interest payment 利息付款*37、debtor 债务人* 38、debtor nation 债务国39、creditor 债权人*40、export earning 出口收入41、foreign exchange 外汇42、multinational corporations 跨国公司43、expertise 专门知识*44、tap 开发；利用*45、list price 挂牌价，订价, 价目表所列之价格*46、at the expense of 在损害...的情况下*47、cartel 联合企业、卡尔特48、counterpurchase 互购、回购49、offset 弥补, 抵消*50、compensation agreements 补偿贸易协定51、clearing agreements 清算协定52、bilateral pacts 双边协议53、balance v. 平衡*54、hard currency 硬通货55、stick with 陷入困境56、specifications 规格*57、credit-starved 信用危机58、set out 打算59、finance 供资金给*60、made out to 收讫*61、letter of credit 信用证62、took title 获得所有权二、课后问题1、“We are told in the first paragraph of the text that Saudi Arabia decided to buy 10 aero planes from Boeing then.What was the purchasing price?答：$100 million each.2、“International trade was supposed to（应该, 被期望）be freed from bartering’s constraints in July 1944…”(国际贸易从易货贸易的束缚中解脱出来从法律上说应该在1944年7月)Paraphrase the underlined part of the aboved-quoted clause.答：“…was supposed to …”: … was required by law to …3、“Barter was as antiquated as the horse-soldier. Or so it seemed.”（易货贸易就像骑兵一样过时了。
《外刊经贸知识选读》第一章—、术语1. 制成品manufactured goods2. 资本货物capital goods3. 国际收支balance of payments4. 经常项目current account5. 有形贸易项目visible trade account6. 无形贸易项目invisible trade account7. 贸易顺差trade surplus8. 贸易逆差trade deficit9. 易货贸易barter10. 补偿贸易compensation trade11. 反向贸易counter-trade12. 组装生产assembly manufacturing13. 工商统一税industrial and commercial consolidated tax14. 合资企业joint venture15. 延期付款deferred payment16. 买方信贷buyer credit17. 卖方信贷supplier credit18. 软贷款(低息贷款)soft loan19. 最惠国待遇MFN treatment (Most Favored nation treatment)20. 永久性正常贸易关系PNTR(Permanent Normal Trading Relations)21. 国民收入NI(National Income)22. 国民生产总值GNP(Gross National Product)23. 国内生产总值GDP(Gross Domestic Product)24. 国际复兴和开发银行IBRD(lnternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development)25. 国际开发协会IDA(lnternational Development Association)26. 国际金融公司IFC(lnternational Finance Corporation)27. 经济合作和发展组织OECD(Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)28. 国际清算银行BIS(Bank for International Settlement)29. 欧洲经济共同体EEC(European Economic Community)30. 欧洲联盟EU(European Union)31. 外商直接投资FDI(Foreign Direct Investment)32. The special Economic Zone 经济特区33. a well-placed source —位高层消息灵通人士34. infrastructure 基础设施35. capital stock 实际资本36. consumer goods 消费品37. preferential tax rate 优惠税率38. cooperative enterprise 合作(经营)企业39. ETDZ ( Economic &Technical Development Zone )经济技术开发区40. entrepreneurship 企业家精神41. means of production 生产资料42. stock-taking 评估43. Allocation of resources 资源配置44. macro regulation and control 宏观调控45. fiscal policies 财政政策46・15.tight monetary policy紧缩的货币政策47. 16.working capital 运营资本48. 17.basic policy 基本国策49. 18.technical transformation 技术革新50.二、词语释义：substantially: dramatically, significantly, considerably 显著地，相当大地subsequently : afterwards 随后，后来exacerbate : deteriorate, worsen; aggravate ; make worse 恶化withdraw: cancellation 撤回，撤销theme : principle 主题，原则in return for: in exchange fordisrupt: interrupt 中断，打断destined : designed］注定的，H的是，有计划的pronounced: marked 宣布，宣称in the wake of: following; after with 在 ........ 之后undue : too much; unbearable 过度的，过分的reverse : change to the opposite 反转,颠倒,反向,相反buoyant: brisk 活跃的outcome: result 结果boost : stimulate; promote; develop 促进，提高，朿ij激recover: rebound 恢复facilitate : make easy促进；使容易；帮助；使便利run-down: reduction 减少，降低mount exhibitions: hold exhibitions 举办展览insofar as: to the extent 在...... 范围内bottlenecks: obstacles 障碍三、句子翻译1. During the 1950s China exported agricultural products to the USSR and East European countries in return for manufactured goods and the capital equipment required for the country…s industrialization programme which plac ed emphasis on the development of heavy industry.20世纪50年代，中国向前苏联和东欧各国出口农产品以换取制成品和国家的工业化计划所要求的资本设备，而国家的工业化计划则强调重工业的发展。
2024年自考-自考专业(国贸)-外刊经贸知识选读考试历年真题常考点试题带答案（图片大小可任意调节）第1卷一.单选题(共20题)1.Will you _________ playing basketball?A.join us inB. join toC. join us toD. to join us2.Our teachers made us ________a lot of homework after school.A.to doB.doingC.doD.to have done until seven o clock.3.The cost of the various repairs amounts __________ total to just over a hundred pounds.A. toB.inC.byD.for4.His whole school education ________ only 2 years because of his illness.A.added upB.added up inC. added up toD.was added up5.I don't know_________.B.how I could finish my homework on timeC.I can how finish my homework on the timeD.how I can finish my homework on time6.________, the first settlers found in New Zealand many strange birds and animals that exist nowhere else in the world.A.As in AustraliaB.As AustraliaC.Like in AustraliaD.Like Australia7.The storm died away at last with the golden waves __________ the shore in peace.A.beatB.to beatC.beatingD. beaten8.I don ’ t want to buy the sweater because I don ’ t like the color. __________, it is too expensive.A.ExceptB.Except forC.HoweverD.Besides9.You should try to write __________ eve n when you ’ re busy. As you know, pract ice makes perfect.A.now and thenB.more or lessC.sooner or laterD.here and there10.We are living a_____A.stillB.quietC.calmD.silent11.When Bob woke up he found himself in hospital, but he didn t __________.A.came aboutB. came outC. came along12.The world ’ s smallest baby, a __________ girl weighed just 24 grams when she was born .A.three monthsB.three-month-oldC.three months oldD.three-months-old13.One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain __________ good knowledge of basic word formation.A./B.theC.aD.one14.John said he would pay __________ second visit to China __________ next month.A.the; /B. the; theC.a; theD.a; /15.I __________ the movie, but now I hardly remember it. Can you remind me of its name?A.may seeB. can seeC. may have seenD. can ’ t have seen16.Are you _________ your classmates well?A.getting alongB.get long withC.getting long withD.getting along with life in the country.17.--- Have you moved into the new house? --- Not yet. The rooms __________.A.are paintingB.are being paintedC.are paintedD.have painted18.—You look very pale. You __________ very tired. —I didn ’ t sleep at all last night.A.must beB. must have been19.I want your_________, sir. I don t know what to do.A.advicesB.piece of advicesC.adviceD.advise20.For some reason, it __________ all day over the two weeks.A.rainedB.rainsC.was rainingD.has been raining第2卷一.单选题(共20题)1.You look not a bit older than you did 5 years ago. How do you __________so young?A.changeB.growC.becomeD.stay2.At this moment the bell rang, ________ the end of class.A.announcedB.. having announcedC.announcingD.to announce3.Mr. Smith is in good health now for it is quite a long time since he __________.A.not smokedB.smokedC. has smokedD.began to smoke4.I _________when I was a young girl.C.made diariesD.kept diaries5.It's seven thirty. I_________ go to school.A.have gotB.have got toC.got toD.had got to6.Where was __________ you met with the famous scientist?A.it thatB.itC.the placeD.there7.No one _________of it.A.dared to speakingB.dared speakC. can dared speakD.dare speaking8.This is the first time that I_________ at the meeting.A. had spokenB. have spokenC.amD. was9.An A4 sized panel ( 太阳能板 ) put onto the back of a jacket costs __________ US$15. It could __________ a cellphone during a summer walk.A.at most; workB.at least; controlC.at least; fuelD.at most; charge10.Our teacher __________ us to practise our spoken English as often as possible.A.hopesB.suggestsC.advisesD.lets11.Wood is often _________ paper.ed to be madeed making12.—It ’ s a warm day, isn —’ Yes, t it? it ’ s __________ cold. I just wear a jacket.A.not a bitB.a bitC.a littleD. not a little13.The speech is strongly impressed ________ my memory.A.toB.overC.byD.on14.You __________ put your computer in your bedroom.A.don ’ t needB.had not betterC.had better notD.ought not15.He came into the classroom_________.A.very upsetB.being upsetC.to upsetD.to be upset16.The number of tall buildings __________ greatly in Tianjin in the last few years.A.is increasingB.has increasedC.are increasedD. have increased17.The boy bought a new dictionary__________ he turned for help.A.from whichB. into whichC. whichD. to which18.__________ twenty-fifth of December is __________Christmas Day.C.The; aD.A; the19.— How are you today? —Oh, I __________ as ill as I do now for a long time.A.didn ’ t feelB.didn ’ t feelC. wasn’ t feelingD.don ’ t feel20.The two main popular__________ of Easter are the Easter bunny and the Easter egg.A.signsB. symbolsC. marksD.signals第1卷参考答案一.单选题1.参考答案： A2.参考答案： C3.参考答案： B4.参考答案： C5.参考答案： D7.参考答案： C8.参考答案： D9.参考答案： A10.参考答案： B11.参考答案： A12.参考答案： B13.参考答案： C14.参考答案： C15.参考答案： C16.参考答案： D17.参考答案： B18.参考答案： A20.参考答案： D第2卷参考答案一.单选题1.参考答案： D2.参考答案： C3.参考答案： B4.参考答案： A5.参考答案： B6.参考答案： A7.参考答案： B8.参考答案： B10.参考答案： C11.参考答案： B12.参考答案： A13.参考答案： D14.参考答案： C15.参考答案： A16.参考答案： B17.参考答案： D18.参考答案： A19.参考答案： B20.参考答案： B。
00096自考外刊经贸知识选读英汉词组互译自考外刊经贸知识选读英汉词组互译1barrier-free market自由/无壁垒市场2test market试销市场3budget deficit预算赤字4capital-intensive investment资金密集型投资5top-of-the-line technology行业内领先技术6visible trade account有型贸易项目7punitive import tariff惩罚性进口关税8intellectual property right知识产权9most favored nation status最惠国待遇10depression销条11trade surplus贸易顺差12deflation通货紧缩13barter trade易货贸易14futures market期货市场15current account经常项目16invisible trade无形贸易17compensation trade补偿贸易18devaluation贬值19per capita income人均收入20infrastructure基础设施21market share市场分额22special economic zone经济特区23exclusive agency agreement独家代理协议24finished goods/manufactured goods制成品25agriculture and industrial production工农业生产26trade balance贸易差额27merger兼并28market force市场力量29monetary policy货币政策30world trade organization世界贸易组织31personal/individual income tax个人所得税32commodity/goods market商品市场33service trade服务贸易34primary goods初级产品35international monetary fund国际货币基金组织36per capita GDP(gross domestic product)人均国内生产总值37convertible currency可兑换货币38customs duties and taxation海关关税39good infrastructure 良好的基础设施40deinflationary policy反通货膨胀政策41trade sanction贸易制裁42at the summit meeting峰会43on a conservative estimate据保守估计44price hike价格上涨45self-sufficient自给自足46liquid assets流动资产47trade fairs and exhibitions贸易展销会48preferential tax rate优惠关税49vested interests既得利益50export quota出口配额51government procurement政府采购52European integration欧洲一体化53bilateral pacts双边条约54countervailing duty反补贴税5524.fledgling industries新兴工业56stock market股票市场57capital transfer资本转移58trade discrimination贸易歧视59bilateral trade双边贸易60European continent欧洲大陆61carbon tax双重税62state-owned enterprises国有企业63competitive advantage竞争优势64balance of payments国际收支65high-tech高技术66portfolio investment证券投资67free market自由市场68trade barriers贸易壁垒69glut of supply供应过剩70equivalent value对等价值71economic recession经济衰退72unfair trade不平等交易73exclusive contract独家经销合同74per capita income人均收入75long-term strategy长期战略76GATT关税及贸易总协定77financial crisis金融危机78trade representative商务代表79physical market现货市场80financial deregulation撤销金融管制规定81sovereignty dispute主权争端82hard currency硬通货83merger of banks银行兼并84a hermit naiton闭关自守的国家85trade negotiation贸易谈判86at a rough estimate据粗略估计87Chinese export commodities fair中国出口商品交易会88foreign exchange reserve外汇储备89debt sevice/interest payment利息付款90sole foreign funded外商独资91technology transfer技术转让92domestic demand国内需求93export oriented出口导向94trade balance贸易差额95certificate of origin产地证书96customs duties进口税97clearing agreement清算协议98real estate房地产99business cycle商业周期100fiscal packages财政一揽子计划101debt service利息付款102 good resistance强阻力103cash crops经济作物104GNP国民生产总值105deinflationary policy反通胀政策106short supply供应短缺107the World Bank世界银行108capital goods资本货物109productive force生产力110foreign exchange earnings外汇收入111profit-remittance 利润汇款112national income国民收入113closing level收盘价。
浙江省2018年7月高等教育自学考试外刊经贸知识选读试题课程代码：00096Ⅰ.常用词语的英译汉(每个词组1分，共10分)Put the following phrases into Chinese.1.trade fairs and exhibitions2.intellectual property right3.trade procedure4.export quota5.(government)procurement6.European integration7.Export Commodity Fair8.countervailing duty9.fledgling industries10.deinflationary policiesⅡ.常用词语的汉译英(每个词组1分，共10分)Put the following phrases into English.1.外商独资2.自然资源3.国内生产总值4.供需5.市场导向6.商业周期7.质量证书8.贸易逆差9.市场力量10.经常项目Ⅲ.正误判断题(每题2分，共10分)Read the following passage and decide whether the satements are ture or false.What Is MarketThe world market is used in a number of ways.There is a stock market and an automobile market,a retail market for furniture and a wholesale market for furniture.One person may be going to the market;another may plan to market a product.What,then is market?A market may be defined as a place where buyers and sellers meet,goods or services are offered for sale,and transfers of ownership occur.A market may also be defined as the demand made by a certain group of potential buyers for a good or service.For instance,there is a farm marker for petroleum(石油)products.The terms market and demand are often used interchangeably;they may also be used jointly as market demand.These definitions are not sufficiently precise to be useful to us here.For business purposes we define a market as people or organizations with wants(needs) to satisfy,money to spend, and the willingness to spend it.Thus in the market demand for any given product or service,there are three factors to consider—people or organizations with wants(needs),their purchasing power,and theirbuying behavior.We shall employ the dictionary definition of needs:the lack of anything that is required,desired,or useful.We do not limit needs to the narrow physiological(生理的)requirements of food,clothing and shelter essential for survival.In our discussion the words needs and wants are used synonymously and interchangeably.In strict interpretation,however,needs would refer to such basic physiological requirements as food,clothing,and shelter,while wants would be nonbasic preferences.However,in our affluent society,little is to be gained by trying to differentiate between the two.Many of us would see as needs some items that are far beyond food,clothing,and sheltter. 1.According to the passage,the word“market”can be used in different occasions and thereforeacquire different meanings.( )2.The sentence“…there is a farm market for petroleum products.”indicates that “market”and“demand”are sometimes synonyms.( )3.In the commercial field,the concept of market involves only people with wants.( )4.The words “needs”and “wants”can be used synonymously and interchangeably because theyboth suggest the lack of something.( )5.The passage is mainly about why people are confused with needs and wants.( )Ⅳ.单项选择题(每题2分，共20分)Choose one answer that best explains the underlined part or what is required in the following statements.1.In April,the EC imposed a ban on livestock,meat,and dairy products from 18 eastern countries following an outbreak of hoof and mouth disease in Croatia.( )A.levied a high tariffB.adopted quota systemC.limited the import volumeD.shut out imports2.Hire a commission buying agent who finds sources abroad on behalf of the principal.( )A.head of an educational institutionB.person who commits a crimeC.main actor or performerD.one who employs another to act as his agent3.An in-ouse service gives managers direct contact with foreign suppliers, an advantage to a firm that has a large volume of overseas purchasing.( )A.a business carried on in shelter,not in openB.a deal concluded in one's own countryC.an entertainments given to suppliersD.a negotiation with the supplier in one's own company4.But it often allows the purchaser a say in product specifications.( )A.revision to his requirementsB.room for bargainingC.right to decideD.presentation of complaint5.It is also the only way to ensure product exclusivity.( )A.right of only sale of a product,not shared by othersB.a competitive edge in sale of a productC.an advantage over other firms in sale of a productD.a small number of a product only6.Direct buying enables companies to do a better job of product development with key vendors.( )A.producersB.sellersC.consumersD.buyers7.Officials on both sides were optimistic that a deal on farming,which would unlock the rest of the round,was within reach.( )A.solveB.openC.tightenD.close8.Sony had to shrink 2,000 components into a space one quarter the size they occupy in a conventional camcorder.( )A.condenseB.add up toC.leave offD.make lighter9.With a target to aim at,the coverers know that the innovation is at least technically feasible.( )A.strongB.stableC.advancedD.possible10.Tourists enterprises and any other service industry outside the zone are not entitled to any special status.( )A.have no power toB.are not interested inC.have no right toD.are not obliged toⅤ.英译汉(每题4分，共40分)Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1.We will also implement the “going out”strategy,encouraging viable enterprises to invest abroad.This will enable us to take advantage of both the domestic and international markets.2.After China joins the WTO,consumers on the mainland will start to find more choices in their shops,including many new items from overseas.3.International marketing is important because the world has become globalized.International marketing takes place all around us every day, and has a major effect on our lives.4.Technology transfer is the transfer of systematic knowledge for the manufacture of a product,for the application of a process,or for the rendering of a service.The elements of the transfer are “human ware”,“soft ware”and “hard w\are”.5.Foreign direct investment tends to transfer assets from the developed world to the developing world.But the pattern is not entirely simple.6.We are not safely beyond a backlash against the new world of competition.7.Hong Kong and Korea didn't invent new or more efficient manufacturing techniques.They simply bought market share with low wages.8.Globalisation has aroused worries in many rich countries that free trade with much poorer countries threatens jobs and prosperity.This was plain in last year's debate in the United States over expanding the North American Free Trade Agreement.9.The world economy has sneezed,the mainland's export sector has caught a cold,and Hong Kong is suffering from influenza.There is no quick cure medication.10.The company's new formula was designed partly to keep Coke's sales growing overseas. Compared with Americans,who guzzle more soda than water,the rest of world is still in the sipping stage.Ⅵ.短文提问(每题2分，共10分)Read the following passage and answer the questions in English.Given the stakes involved,it's not surprising that the issue has become politically volatile.The outspoken opposition leaders of the National Assembly routinely criticize the government forgranting special tax breaks to the chaebol,which they argue have impeded the growth of small businesses and stymied entrepreneurship.1.What does “given”mean here?2.What is “the stakes”?3.Why was the government criticized by the outspoken opposition leaders?4.Give one synonym for “businesses”.5.What is the meaning of “involved”here?。
自考00096外刊经贸知识选读生词,重点词组,课后问答Lesson5-10Lesson 5 关于美国的贸易策略与政策( On the US Strategy and Policy in Trade)一、译文：美国已做好准备任其贸易关系恶化华盛顿邮报通讯社彼得.贝尔华盛顿电——克林顿政府正在开始制定一个更为强硬的美国贸易政策，这向欧洲和日本发出信号，它将会为美国出口要求更公平的待遇，并且克林顿政府已经做准备，任凭其与贸易伙伴的关系在好转之前先恶化。
上周传来了最强烈的信号，美国贸易代表米奇.坎特迅速指出有12个成员国的欧共体“不可容忍”的歧视那些寻求与欧共体签订政府协议的美国公司。
坎特先生说，弱国欧共体的政策不加以改变的话，美国政府在六个月内就要开始报复。
本周对于熟悉克林顿政府的官员和国会消息灵通人士的采访中，他们透露了新政府贸易政策的初始主题。
其要点有：坚决主张欧洲和日本答应给予美国出口公司进入欧洲和日本市场的机会，就如外国公司在美国的道德待遇一样，从而创造一个“公平竞争领域“二、重要词组：1、tough强硬的*2、Clinton administration克林顿政府3、get better 好转4、be prepared to do something有准备的、准备好的5、trading partners 贸易伙伴6、move 提议、提出*7、discrimination against 歧视….*8、retaliate 报复*9、trade representative 贸易代表10、trade policies 贸易政策11、sanctions 制裁*12、trade sanctions 贸易制裁13、sanctions on 制裁……14、trade barrier 贸易壁垒15、escalate 逐步升高、逐步上升16、escalate into sth.17、protectionism 贸易保护主义19、the future of 前景20、trade surplus 贸易赤字21、results-oriented 结果导向22、frictions 摩擦、冲突、矛盾23、a range of 一系列的24、North American Free-Trade Agreement (NAFTA)北美自由贸易协定25、trade priority 贸易优先权26、live with the consequences 承受后果27、trade hawks 贸易鹰派、贸易强硬派28、procurement 采购*29、government procurement 政府采购30、stick by our guns 坚持己见31、balanced against 与……相对32、free-trade agreement 自由贸易协定33、business 商会34、bully 威吓*35、get off 开始36、trade signals 贸易信号课后问题1、“The Clinton administration is drawing the first lines of tougher U.S. policy on trade, signaling to Europe and Japan that it will demand fairer treatment for American exports and is prepared to see relationships with U.S. trading partners get worsebefore they get better.” 克林顿政府正在开始制定一个更为强硬的美国贸易政策，这向欧洲和日本发出信号，它将会为美国出口要求更公平的待遇，并且克林顿政府已经做准备，任凭其与贸易伙伴的关系在好转之前先恶化。
a hermit nation 一个闭关自守的国家allocation of resources 资源配置anarchy 无政府状态anti-dumping 反倾销anti-trust 反垄断antitrust legislation 反托拉斯法assembly manufacturing 来件组装at a rough estimate 据粗略估计auction 拍卖austerity program 紧缩计划bamboo curtain 竹幕Bank for International Settlements 国际清算银行barrier-free market 无壁垒市场barter 易货贸易bilateral pacts 双边条约bonded warehouse 保税仓库brain trust 智囊团budget deficit 预算赤字bureaucratism 官僚主义Business Consultant 商务顾问business cycle 商业周期buzzword 时髦词语capital goods 资本货物capital market 资本市场carbon tax 双重税cash crops 经济作物central bank 中央银行certificate of origin 产地说明书certificate of quality 质量证书chamber of commerce 商会Chinese Export Commodities Fair 中国出口商品交易会civil service 行政部门clearing agreement 清算协议client state 附属国closing level 收盘价closing price 收盘价coastal cities 沿海城市Comecon 经济互助委员会commodity market 商品市场compensation trade 补偿贸易compensation trade agreement 补偿贸易协定competitive advantages 竞争优势concessionary finance 延期付款conglomerate 跨行业公司consortium 国际财团constant price 不变价格consumer goods 消费品convertible currency 可兑换货币cooperative enterprise 合作(经营)企业counterpurchase 回购countertrade 反向贸易countervailing duty 反补贴税coupons 赠券currency exchange system 汇兑制度currency movement 货币流通current account 经常项目customs duties 进口税customs formalities 报关单dairy products 乳制品debt restructuring 债务调整debt service 利息付款deflation 通货紧缩deinflationary policies 反通胀政策direct investment 直接投资discount rate 贴现率disposable income 可支配收入dollar-denominated 美元标价的domestic demand 国内需求dumping 倾销economic heavyweight 举足轻重的经济强国economic recession 经济衰退entrepreneurship 企业家精神equity capital 产权资本equivalent value 对等价值European Common Market 欧洲共同市场European Community 欧洲共同体European integration 欧洲一体化exchange rate 外汇率exclusive contract 独家经销合同export quota system 出口配额制Ex-warehouse 仓库交货fast food shops 快餐店financial crisis 金融危机financial deregulation 撤销金融管制规定fiscal packages 财政一揽子计划(方案) fledgling industries 新兴工业foreign borrowing 对外借贷foreign exchange income 外汇收入foreign-exchange reserves 外汇储备franchise 特许经营权franchisee 特许经营人free trade 自由贸易free-trade zone 自由贸易区futures 期货generalized system of preferences 普遍优惠制glut of supplies 供应过剩good resistance 强阻力government procurement 政府采购grace period 宽限期Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 国内生产总值Gross National Product (GNP) 国民生产总值hard currency 硬通货headquarters 总部(企业等的)high rates of growth 高增长率high-tech 高技术high-wage economy 高工资经济import quotas 进口配额in prospect 期望中的infrastructure 基础设施insolvency 无偿还能力intellectual property 知识产权intellectual property right 知识产权international brand 国际品牌invisible trade 无形贸易invisible trade account 无形贸易收支invite tender 招标joint venture 合资企业licenser 转让人liquid assets 易于变卖的资产manufactured goods 制成品market diversification 市场多样化market forces 市场力量market orientation 市场导向market regulation 市场调节market share 市场份额means of production 生产资料merger of banks 银行兼并most-favored nation treatment/status 最惠国待遇multilateral rules 多边规则national income 国民收入natural resource 自然资源news service 通讯社nominal dollar terms 名义美元价nouveau riche 暴发户packing list 装箱单per capita income 人均收入personal income tax 个人所得税pluralistic operations 多元经营portfolio investment 证券投资preferential tax rate 优惠税率preferred status 优先权price-cutting war 削价战primary products 初级产品productive forces 生产力profit-remittance 利润汇款protectionism 保护(贸易)主义punitive import tariff 惩罚性进口关税raw material 原料real estate 房地产retailer 零售商retaliatory sanctions 报复性制裁risk-weighted assets 高风险资产securities 有价证券securities and real estate market 证券及房地产市场short supply 供应短缺short-term nominal interest rate 短期名义利率sleeper 出人意料的成功者soft commodity 非耐用商品soft drink 软饮料sovereignty dispute 主权争端speculative business 投机商业spot market 现货市场state subsidy 政府津贴state-run enterprises 国营企业stock market 股票市场strategic reserves 战略性储备strategic stockpile 战略性库存super market 超级市场surplus labour 剩余劳动力take title 取得所有权tax breaks 税额优惠tax-cut-induced boom 由减税引发的繁荣technical transformation 技术革新technology transfer 技术转让test market 试销市场test marketing 试销the draft agreement 协议草案the Gulf Countries 海湾国家the pattern of supply and demand 供求模式the service sector 服务部门the Single Market 统一大市场the Special Drawing Right 特别提款权the Special Economic Zones (SEZ) 经济特区the state apparatus 国家机器the State Council 国务院the World Bank 世界银行tough policy 强硬的政策trade balance 贸易差额trade discrimination 贸易歧视trade fairs and exhibitions 贸易展销会trade friction 贸易摩擦trade in services 服务贸易trade negotiation 贸易谈判trade reprisal 贸易报复trade sanctions 贸易制裁trade surplus 贸易顺差unfair trade 不公平贸易value-added taxes 增值税vertical integration 纵向结合vicious circle 恶性循环visible trade 有形贸易visible trade account 有形贸易收支White Paper 白皮书Wholesaler 批发商wholly foreign-owned 外商独资ETDZ 经济技术开发(Economical & Technical Development Zone) OECD 经济合作与发展组织(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development)OPEC石油输出国组织(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) GA TT关税及贸易总协定(General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs)。
Lesson One China in the Market Place一、术语：manufactured goods 制成品capital equipment 资本货物balance of payments 国际收支current account 经常项目visible trade account 有形贸易项目invisible trade account 无形贸易项目trade surplus 贸易顺差trade deficit 贸易逆差barter 易货贸易compensation trade 补偿贸易counter-trade 反向贸易assembly manufacturing 组装生产industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税joint venture 合资企业deferred payment 延期付款buyer credit 买方信贷supplier credit 卖方信贷soft loan 软贷款（低息贷款）MFN treatment: Most Favored Nation treatment 最惠国待遇PNTR: Permanent Normal Trading Relations 永久性正常贸易关系NI: National Income 国民收入GNP: Gross National Product 国民生产总值GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴和开发银行IDA: International Development Association 国际开发协会IFC: International Finance Corporation 国际金融公司OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作和发展组织BIS: Bank for International Settlement 国际清算银行EEC: European Economic Community 欧洲经济共同体EU: European Union 欧洲联盟FDI: Foreign Direct Investment 外商直接投资二、词语释义：exacerbate: deteriorate 恶化disrupt: interrupt 中断in the wake of: following 继┉之后breakdown: analysis by classification 分类分析buoyant: brisk 上扬的，增产的run-down: reductionmount exhibitions: hold exhibitionsinsofar as: to the extent 在┉范围之内bottlenecks: obstacles; problems that retard or halt free movement or progress三、句子翻译：Official recognition that foreign technology could play a major role in modernizing the Chinese ec onomy has caused imports to rise by more than 50 per cent in 1978, placing undue strain on the na tional economy.官方认为，外国技术可在中国经济现代化中起重要作用，这导致了1978年中国的进口增加了50%以上，从而给国民经济带来了重压。
lesson 1national income 国民收入Comecon( Council for Mutual Economic Association) 经互会经济互助委员会EEC( European Economic Community) 欧共体European Common Market 欧洲共同市场European Community /European Union 欧洲共同体most favored nation treatment(status) 最惠国待遇the normal trade treatment(status) 正常贸易待遇visible trade account 有形贸易收支minister without portfolio 政务委员不管部部长balance of payments 国际收支invisible account 无形贸易收支current account 经常项目central bank 中央银行barter 易货贸易counter-trade 反向贸易assembly manufacturing 来件组装particular forms of foreign trade 特殊贸易做法taxation （入境后）税收工商统一税joint venture 合资企业concessionary finance 中国进口大型项目经常采用的由卖方提供某些方便的付款方式the World Bank and its affiliates 国际银行及其附属机构OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) 经济合作与发展织Bank of International Settlements 国际清算银行non-bank trade related credits 买方（卖方）信贷in the wake of 紧紧跟随在后per annum 每年in deficit 赤字逆差in surplus 赢余顺差customs duties 关税raise(money ,funds) 筹集（款项资金）lesson 2bamboo curtain /iron curtain country 竹幕铁幕国家The Special Economic Zone (SEZ) 经济特区14 coastal cities(all former treaty ports) 沿海开放城市capital stock /capital stock ,real 实际资本cooperative enterprise 合作（经营）企业State Council 国务院state councilor 国务委员pipe dream 白日梦幻想cope with 成功应付妥善处理inner regions 内地foreign-exchange reserves 外汇储备technology transfer 技术转让(to start)form scratch 从零开始wholly foreign-owned 外商独资拥有capital goods 资本货物consumer goods 消费品profit-remittance 利润汇款preferential tax rate 优惠税率be liable to 有义务应付税的entitle to 给...权利/资格strengths and weaknesses 优缺点stir up 激起has yet to 有待in the driver's seat 处于统治（或控制）地位means of production 生产资料stock-taking 盘货评估National People's Congress 全国人民代表大会lesson 3Per capita 按人均计算平均Gross National Product(GNP) 国民生产总值punitive import tariff 惩罚性进口关税securities and real estate market 政权及房地产市场"Greater China trade bloc/Chinese Economic Area 大中华贸易集团华人经济区high-tech ,high-wage economy 高技术高工资经济General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 关税及贸易总协定WTO/World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织conglomerate 跨行业公司semiconductor chips 半导体集成电路芯片consortium 国际财团CITIC(China International Trust and Investment Company) 中国国际信托投资公司China Resources Inc 香港华润有限公司economic heavyweight 举足轻重的经济强国dump truck 翻斗车tractor-trailer 牵引拖车container plant 集装箱工厂commercial hub 商业活动中心warning shot 鸣枪示警intensifying rivalry 不断增强的竞争对抗conveyor belt 输送带preferred status 优先权have a stake in 与有利害关系appendix lesson1-lesson3productive forces 生产力cash corps 经济作物multi-party election 多党竞选a balance of the three powers 三权分立the western two-chamber system 西方两院（议会）制House of Lords/House of Commons 上议院/下议院the Senate/House of Representatives 参议院/众议院anarchy 无政府状态Presidium 共产党国家政府常务委员会standard of living 生活水平give priority to 最优先考虑surplus labour 剩余劳动力political persuasion 政治派别the sate apparatus 国家机器keep abreast of 与齐头并进bureaucratism 官僚主义官僚体系democratization 民主化lesson 4GDP(Gross Domestic Product) 国内生产总值Central and Eastern Europe 地处中东欧的前社会主义国家Gulf Crisis 海湾危机the G-7/the Group of Seven 七国集团Continental Europe 欧洲大陆deinflationary policies 反通胀政策cyclical deceleration in investment spending 周期性的投资下降hard currency 硬通货Paris Club 巴黎俱乐部Commodity Market 商品市场nominal(dollar)terms 名义（美圆）价constant(dollar)terms 不变（美圆）价格unification 东西德统一anti-inflationary monetary policy 反通货膨胀货币政策GDP(GNP) deflator 消除国内（民）生产总值通货膨胀因素指数structural problems 由于社会体制或管理制度不完善引起的问题highly leveraged corporate transactions 公司用大量借来的钱进行交易current account 经常项目transfers (component) 资本转移（部分）war-related payments 战争费用的支付European Monetary System(EMS) 欧洲货币体系the Exchange Rate Mechanism 汇率管理机制real output 以不变价格计算的产品价值the spike in oil prices 石油价格猛跌the population-weighted growth rate(of developing countries' GDP) 人口加权增长率debt restructuring 债务调整direct investment 证券投资the Gulf Countries 海湾国家in a row 连续per capita income 人均收入high rates of growth 高增长率domestic demand 国内需求debt rescheduling 重新安排债务的偿还计划rental housing 出租房屋tax-cut-induced boom 由减税引发的繁荣pick-up 好转portfolio investment 证券投资catch-up 竞争couple with 并提把联系起来worker's remittance 工人侨汇bottoming-out 经济衰退局面等降至最低点后即将复苏lesson 5US policy on Trade 美国贸易政策be prepared to do something 有准备的the US trade representative 美国贸易谈判代表result-oriented/export-oriented/growth-oriented/market-oriented 以结果为导向的NAFTA(North America Free Trade Agreements) 北美自由贸易协定(government)procurement 政府采购news service 通讯社drawn-out 冗长乏味的full-fledged 充分展开的全面贸易战misgiving(s) 疑虑to ease frictions 缓和争执减少摩擦tough negotiator 不妥协的谈判者sanction(s) 国际制裁impose against 对实行制裁trade sanctions 贸易制裁(trade)hawks 在贸易中主张实行制裁的人lesson 6the Single Market 统一市场Maastricht Treaty 马斯特里赫特条约（欧洲联盟条约）free-trade zone 自由贸易区Masstircht referendum 欧共体一些成员国对马斯特里赫特条约进行的公民复决投票merger 兼并staff writer 本报记者holiday fliers 乘飞机外出度假的人big bang 大爆炸barrier-free market 自由市场（无壁垒市场）traverse the ocean 横渡重洋wind up 把事务料理停当lesson 7White Paper 白皮书Uruguay round of trade talks 乌拉圭回合贸易谈判fiscal packages 财政一揽子计划industrial commodities 技术产品耐用消费品the business cycle 商业周期managed trade 管理贸易export-driven 以出口为目的trade balance 贸易差额trade sanctions 贸易制裁trade reprisal 贸易报复lesson 4 - lesson 7power broker （能影响有权势人物以操纵权利的人）权利经纪人vested interests 既得利益power play 强权行为高压行动civil service 行政部门protectionism 保护贸易制lesson 8dumping 倾销licenser 转让人insolvency 无偿还能力的/资不抵债market force 市场力量a hermit nation 一个闭关自守的国家fledgling industries 新兴工业bargain-basement 极便宜的subsistence level 勉强糊口的生活水平lesson 9OPEC(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) 石油输出国家组织tenders 招标invitation to tender /submission of tender 招标投标Chinese Export Commodities Fair 中国出口商品交易会reexports 再出口certificate of origin 产地证明书sovereignty dispute 主权争端carbon tax 双重税semi-wrought 半成品lesson 10GATT （the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade）关税及贸易总协定on a conservative estimate /on one plausible estimate /at a rough estimate 据保守估计/合理估算/粗略估计countervailing duty 反补贴税intellectual property right 知识产权trade in services 服务贸易lobby 院外活动集团economic growth 促进经济发展make sense 讲得通合情合理in prospect 期望重的展望中的wreck the economy 破坏经济a question that has long bedeviled the West 长期以来困扰西方carry one's heart in one's boots 吓得要命焦虑万分mule-headed 顽固的固执的replace …with 代替取代pose a threat 形成一种威胁be in breach of 违反与相违背for the taking 供自由拿取lesson 11the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference 联合国货币金融会议convertible currency 可兑换货币cartel 垄断组织形式dip into 动用（款项）the U.S. department of commerce 美国商务部client state 在经济或政治方面依靠某一大国的附属国prohibit sb. from doing sth. 禁止某人做某事hammer out 设计出break down 崩溃horse-soldier 骑兵debt service /interest payment 利息付款provisions 条款tend to 易于往往会part with 花掉stuck with 缠住陷入困境set out 打算take title 取得所有权lesson 12soft drink 软饮料holy war 圣战test market /test marketing 试销市场试销bottler 瓶装商baby-boomer 生育高峰期出生的人coupons 赠券优惠券sleeper 出人意料的成功者爆冷门的人exclusive contract 独家经销合同franchise 特许经营权be spoiling for 一心想切望live up to 负荷达到keep track of 看清跟上进展fill out 凑足补齐pony up (美俚)付清come in for 受到遭到arm-twisting 强迫压力do a little arm-twisting 略施压力settle for 勉强接受lesson 13fast food shops 快餐店USDA (the United States Department of Agriculture) 美国农业部the wet market 出售未加工的肉、鱼、禽蛋的市场account for （在数量比例方面）占promote sales 推销商品luck draw 幸运抽奖lesson 14financial futures 以期货方法进行交易的有价证券securities 有价证券the equity market /equity /common stock ordinary share 一般股票市场/以出售普通股票方法所筹集的公司资金/普通股票the money market /capital market 货币市场资本市场UNCTAD(United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) 联合国贸易和发展会议temperate 适中的非极端的the service sector 服务部门export quota system 出口配额制to cope with 妥善处理成功应付dollar-denominated 以美元标价的take its toll 造成损失protectionism 保护（贸易）主义lesson 15Telex /teletypewriter exchange 用户电报电传big bang 大爆炸改革the US budget trade 美国国家预算批准的政府海外采购spot market 现货市场EX-warehouse 仓库交货the previous week's closing level 伦敦五金交易所周末最终交易的价格平均水平closing price 收盘价格terminal prices 期货价格futures market /terminal market 期货市场International Coffee Organization(ICO) 国际咖啡组织the physical market /spot market 现货市场replacement /replenishment 补充库存at origin /at the place of origin 原产地auction 拍卖come in 上涨discount rate 贴现率set in 到来开始in the event 结果到头来the Commonwealth 英联邦（为招揽顾客）亏本出售的商品loss leader白皮书 white paper半成品 semi-wrought半导体集成电路芯片semiconductor chips半导体技术semiconductor technology半分离的semi-detached保护贸易论者protectionist报关单 customs formalities暴发户 nouveau riche爆炸性增长explosive growth北美自由贸易协定North America Free-Trade Agreements被特许人franchisee逼真仿制品close imitation贬值devaluation补偿贸易compensation trade补偿贸易协定补偿协定compensation agreements不变价格constant price不变美元价格constant dollar terms不公平贸易？unfair trade不公正的贸易做法unfair trading practices不管部长minister without portfolio不妥协的谈判者 a tough negotiator布罗肯希尔协定broken hill agreement部分停止供电brownout仓库ware house产地证明书certificate of origin产权资本equity capital长期贸易协议long-term trade agreement长远的战略long-term strategy常规软饮料regular soft drinks场外货币curb money超级市场supermarket撤消金融管制规定financial deregulation撤销（价格、费用方面的）管制规定deregulation承包人 contractor惩罚性进口关税punitive import tariff出口补贴export subsidy出口导向export-oriented出口配额export quota出口配额制度export quota system出口潜力export potential出口商品展览会Export Commodity Fair初级产品primary products初级产品primary goods初级商品primary commodity初始主题the opening themes粗略的估计at a rough estimate促进出口boost exports存货清单inventory大爆炸改革Big bang大规模销售活动大中华贸易集团"great China" trade bloc呆滞dull当地需求local requirements得到进入一个市场的机会（权利）obtain access to a market 底价的原材料bargain-price raw materials定量结果quantifiable results定制customization读者文摘Reader's Digest独家经销合同exclusive contract短期回升 a brief rally短期名义利率short-term nominal interest rates对等价值equivalent value对等贸易countertrade对外借贷foreign borrowing对外贸易额the volume of foreign trade多边规则multilateral rules多边贸易multilateral trade多元经营pluralistic operations反补贴税，抵消关税，（反倾销税）countervailing duty反弹bounce back反倾销关税antidumpling duties反通货膨胀货币政策anti-inflationary monetary policy反通胀政策！deinflationary policies反托拉斯，反垄断anti-trust反向购买counterpurchase反向贸易counter-trade房地产 real estate ;real property ;realty非关税壁垒non-tariff barriers非耐用商品soft commodity峰会at the summit meeting服务部门the service sector服务贸易service trade /trade in service附属国 client state复印机 photocopier副产品，副作用spin-offs高风险资产risk-weighted assets高技术 high-tech / high technology高增长率high rates of growth个人所得税personal income tax/individual income tax工厂现代化plant modernization工人侨汇workers' remittance工业结构industrial structure工业巨头industrial giants公开招标public tender公民复决投票referendum供求模式the pattern of supply and demand供需supply and demand供应短缺supply shortages供应过剩glut of supplies共同农业政策Common Agriculture Policy股票交易所the stock exchange股票市场stock market，（the equity market）股权式合资企业equity joint venture关税；进口税customs duties关税及贸易总协定，关贸总协定General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade，GATT 硅谷Silicon Valley国际财团Consortium国际货币基金组织International Monetary Fund 国际货币制度the international monetary system国际机构international bodies国际金融机构international financial institution 国际收支balance of payments国际营销international marketing国民生产总值Gross national product, GNP国民收入national income国内生产总值Gross Domestic Product, GDP国内需求domestic demand国务委员state councilor国务院 State Council国有跨行业公司 a state-owned conglomerate国有企业state-owned enterprises海关关税与税收customs duties and taxation 海湾危机Gulf Crisis合资企业joint venture!合作企业cooperative enterprise合作企业the co-operatives合作者 collaborator汇兑制度currency exchange system汇率管理机制the Exchange Rate Mechanism混合经济mixed economy货币储备currency reserve货币交易currency exchange货币流通currency movements货币市场money market货币政策monetary policy基础电子元件basic electronic components基督教科学箴言报the Christian Science Monitor 即期与远期外汇spot and future exchanges集装箱工厂container plant计算机芯片computer chips技术转让technology transfer既得利益vested interests价格坚挺firm price价格上涨price hike价格指数price index减少摩擦to ease frictions贱金属 base metals结果consequence金融体制financial system金融危机the financial crisis紧缩计划austerity program进口附加税import surcharge进口汇票import bill进口配额import quotas进口税 import duty进口需求import demand进口指标import targets禁运embargo经常项目! current account经纪业务brokerage services经济复苏economic recovery经济改革economic reform经济技术开发区Economic & Technical Development Zone经济家信息小组economist intelligence unit经济僵化economic rigidities经济利益economic benefits经济失衡economic imbalances经济衰退economic recession经济特区the Special Economic Zone经济增长economic growth经济作物cash crops经销商（瓶装商）bottler净值net worth竞争优势competitive advantages竞争优势competitive edge举足轻重的经济强国economic heavyweight据保守估计on a conservative estimate据合理的推算on a plausible estimate!据目前估计on current estimate可兑换货币convertible currency可支配收入disposable income克林顿政府the Clinton administration跨行业公司conglomerate快餐店 fast food shops宽限期 grace period来件组装assembly manufacturing蓝图blueprint利润汇款profit-remittance利息付款debt service /interest payment联合国贸易和发展会议United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 良好的基础设施good infrastructure临时估算provisional estimate零售retail sale零售市场retail market流动资产liquid assets略施压力do a little arm-twisting伦敦五金交易所London Metal Exchange马斯特里赫特条约Maastricht Treaty贸易报复trade reprisal贸易壁垒trade barriers贸易差额trade balance, balance of trade贸易代表trade representative贸易顾问 a trade consultant贸易结构structure of trade贸易纠纷trade disputes贸易摩擦trade friction贸易逆差，入超，贸易赤字trade deficit贸易歧视trade discrimination贸易顺差, 贸易盈余, 出超trade surplus贸易谈判trade negotiation贸易条件terms of trade贸易统计数据trade statistics贸易展销会！trade fairs and exhibitions贸易制裁trade sanction贸易自由化trade literalisation每人平均所得per capita income美国贸易谈判代表the US trade representative美国贸易政策US policy on trade美国商务部the U.S. department of commerce秘密配方secret recipe名义美元价nominal dollar terms目前最先进的state-of-the-art内地inner regions牛市与熊市bull market and bear market农业保护farm protection浓缩浆汁syrup concentrate欧共体 European Economic Community！欧佩克（石油输出国组织）OPEC欧洲悲观主义Europessimism欧洲大陆European continent欧洲共同体（旧名）European Community欧洲经济共同体，欧共体Eruopean Economic Community 欧洲联盟European Union欧洲一体化European integration拍卖auction批发商 wholesalers评估，估量；盘货stock-taking破产bankruptcy普通股票common stock, ordinary share七国集团the G-7, the Group of Seven期货市场futures market歧视discrimination契约劳工indentured labor千年回合millennium round前身precursor强硬的政策tough policy勤奋和忠实diligence and sincerity轻工业制品light manufactured items倾销dumping清淡市场quiet market清算协定Clearing Agreements取得所有权take title全国人民代表大会National People's Congress全球化生产global manufacturing雀巢股份有限公司Nestle SA让利profit-taking set人均per capita人均国内生产总值per capita/head GDP(gross domestic products) 人均收入per capita income人口加权增长率the population-weighted growth rate软饮料 soft drink锐步国际有限公司Reebok International Ltd.商会chamber of commerce商品市场commodity market商品指数commodity indexes商业活动中心commercial hub商业银行commercial banks商业周期the business cycle生产成本the costs of production生产过剩surplus produce生产力 productive forces生产资料means of production生育高峰期出生的人baby-boomer剩余劳动力surplus labour实际资本capital stock食用蛋类shell eggs使用人 licensee世界贸易组织World Trade Organization，WTO世界银行及其附属机构the World Bank and its affiliates市场导向market oriented, market orientation市场多样化market diversification市场分额market share市场观察者market watcher市场力量market forces试销test marketing试销市场test market收盘价 closing price收入差距income gap输送带；传送带conveyor belt双边关系bilateral pressures双边贸易bilateral trade双边顺差bilateral surplus双边条约！bilateral pacts双重税 carbon tax税额优惠tax breaks私营企业private business特别提款权the Special Drawing Right特许经营权franchise特许人 franchiser贴现率 discount rate通货紧缩deflation统一大市场the Single Market投标to submit tender, submission of tender投机生意speculative business投资基金investment funds突破性的进展breakthrough推销商品promote sales妥协compromise外汇储备foreign-exchange reserves外汇收入foreign exchange earnings外商独资wholly foreign-owned外资独资企业wholly foreign-owned operation乌拉圭回合谈判the Uruguay round talk无壁垒市场,(自由市场) barrier-free market无偿还能力insolvency无形贸易invisible trade无形贸易收支invisible trade account, invisible account 物质繁荣material prosperity西式餐厅western-style restaurants鲜蛋市场fresh egg market现货市场physical market现货市场spot market相对优势relative advantage削价战 price-cutting war消费品 customer goods消费物价指数consumer price index消费者 consumer萧条depression销售潜力the vast potential sales协议草案the draft agreement新兴工业fledgling industries新兴企业newly-rising enterprises !幸运抽奖luck draw需求不振sluggish demand需求疲软weakness in demand延期付款concessionary finance沿海城市coastal cities一次性包装single-serving box一个闭关自守的国家 a hermit nation一篮子货币basket of currencies一揽子财政计划（方案）fiscal packages一轮成败参半的谈判 a half-successful round以结果为导向的results-oriented以美元标价的dollar-denominated以期货方法进行交易的有价证券financial futures 易货贸易barter trade银行合并merger of banks营销计划marketing programs硬通货 hard currency优惠税率（优惠关税2004）preferential tax rate优先权 preferred status由减税引发的繁荣tax-cut-induced boom有价证券securities有经验的贸易官员 a veteran trade official有形贸易收支the visible trade account有形贸易收支! visible trade accounts有形贸易余额the visible trade surplus右翼政治家right-wing politicians预期经济增长率growth target预示foreshadows预算赤字budget deficit原产地证明书certificate of origin原油crude oil援助assistance远东经济评论Far Eastern Economic Review再出口 reexports增值税 value-added taxes赠券（优惠券）coupons债权人 creditor债务调整（作豁免，延期）debt restructuring债务国 debtor nations战争费用的支付war-related payments涨落不定irregular招标invitation to tender,to invite tender,招标tenders征收进口附加税impose import !证券及房地产市场securities and real estate markets 证券交易所stock exchange!证券投资portfolio investment政府采购government procurement政府投资的商业企业pump-priming operation政治一体化political integration知识产权intellectual property right直接补贴direct subsidies直接投资direct investment指令directive制成品 manufactured goods制造商 manufacturer质量证书certificate of quality智囊团，顾问班子brain trust中国出口商品交易会Chinese Export Commodities Fair中小企业small and medium-size businesses中央银行central bank重工业 heavy industry重新安排债务的偿还计划debt rescheduling重新配方reformulation竹幕bamboo curtain主权争端sovereignty dispute主张强硬贸易政策的鹰派人物trade hawks专利使用资格licensing requirements转让人 licenser资本货物capital goods资本流动capital flow资本市场capital market资本转移capital transfer资本转移部分transfers component资产负债表balance sheet自给自足的self-sufficient自然资源natural resources自由贸易free trade自由贸易区free-trade zone!自由市场barrier-free market !自由市场free market自由市场理论free-market philosophy纵向结合vertical integration走私smuglling最畅销品牌the best-selling brand最大的分额the lion's share最惠国待遇most-favored nation treatment (status)国民收入national income欧共体 EEC( European Economic Community)欧洲共同市场European Common Market欧洲共同体European Community /European Union最惠国待遇most favored nation treatment(status)正常贸易待遇the normal trade treatment(status)有形贸易收支visible trade account不管部部长minister without portfolio国际收支balance of payments无形贸易收支invisible account经常项目current account中央银行central bank易货贸易barter反向贸易counter-trade来件组装assembly manufacturing合资企业joint venture国际银行及其附属机构the World Bank and its affiliates经济合作与发展织OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development)国际清算银行Bank of International Settlements紧紧跟随在后in the wake of每年per annum赤字逆差in deficit赢余顺差in surplus关税customs duties筹集资金raise funds竹幕铁幕国家bamboo curtain /iron curtain country经济特区The Special Economic Zone (SEZ)实际资本capital stock合作（经营）企业cooperative enterprise外汇储备foreign-exchange reserves技术转让technology transfer外商独资拥有wholly foreign-owned资本货物capital goods消费品 consumer goods利润汇款profit-remittance优惠税率preferential tax rate处于统治（或控制）地位in the driver's seat生产资料means of production盘货评估stock-taking全国人民代表大会National People's Congress按人均计算平均Per capita国民生产总值Gross National Product(GNP)惩罚性进口关税punitive import tariff政权及房地产市场securities and real estate market大中华贸易集团"Greater China trade bloc高技术高工资经济high-tech ,high-wage economy关税及贸易总协定General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade世界贸易组织WTO/World Trade Organization跨行业公司Conglomerate国际财团Consortium商业活动中心commercial hub优先权 preferred status生产力 productive forces经济作物cash corps生活水平standard of living剩余劳动力surplus labour国内生产总值GDP(Gross Domestic Product)反通胀政策deinflationary policies商品市场Commodity Market名义（美圆）价nominal(dollar)terms不变（美圆）价格constant(dollar)terms反通货膨胀货币政策anti-inflationary monetary policy消除国内（民）生产总值通货膨胀因素指数GDP(GNP) deflator由于社会体制或管理制度不完善引起的问题structural problems以不变价格计算的产品价值real output债务调整debt restructuring证券投资direct investment海湾国家the Gulf Countries国内需求domestic demand重新安排债务的偿还计划debt rescheduling由减税引发的繁荣tax-cut-induced boom证券投资portfolio investment工人侨汇worker's remittance美国贸易政策US policy on Trade美国贸易谈判代表the US trade representative以结果为导向的result-oriented/export-oriented/growth-oriented/market-oriented北美自由贸易协定NAFTA(North America Free Trade Agreements)政府采购government procurement贸易制裁trade sanctions统一市场the Single Market马斯特里赫特条约（欧洲联盟条约）Maastricht Treaty自由贸易区free-trade zone大爆炸 big bang自由市场（无壁垒市场）barrier-free market白皮书 White Paper乌拉圭回合贸易谈判Uruguay round of trade talks财政一揽子计划fiscal packages商业周期the business cycle以出口为目的export-driven贸易差额trade balance贸易制裁trade sanctions贸易报复trade reprisal既得利益vested interests倾销dumping转让人 licenser市场力量market force一个闭关自守的国家 a hermit nation新兴工业fledgling industries石油输出国家组织OPEC(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)招标Tenders招标投标invitation to tender /submission of tender中国出口商品交易会Chinese Export Commodities Fair再出口 reexports产地证明书certificate of origin主权争端sovereignty dispute征收进口附加税impose import关税及贸易总协定GATT （the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade）关贸总协定乌拉圭回合谈判Uruguay round of GATT talks据保守估计/合理估算/粗略估计on a conservative estimate /on one plausible estimate /at a rough estimate反补贴税countervailing duty知识产权intellectual property right服务贸易trade in services联合国货币金融会议the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference可兑换货币convertible currency利息付款debt service /interest payment取得所有权take title试销市场试销test market /test marketing独家经销合同exclusive contract特许经营权franchise推销商品promote sales有价证券securities一般股票市场/以出售普通股票方法所筹集的公司资金/普通股票the equity market /equity /common stock ordinary share货币市场资本市场the money market /capital market服务部门the service sector出口配额制export quota system以美元标价的dollar-denominated保护（贸易）主义protectionism大爆炸改革big bang美国国家预算批准的政府海外采购the US budget trade 现货市场spot market收盘价格closing price期货价格terminal prices期货市场futures market /terminal market现货市场the physical market /spot market原产地 at origin /at the place of origin拍卖auction贴现率 discount rate英联邦 the Commonwealth。
