A comprehensive kinetics model of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下哈尔滨工程大学哈尔滨工程大学第一章测试1.All life has intelligence The following statements about intelligence arewrong（）A:All life has intelligence B:Bacteria do not have intelligence C:At present,human intelligence is the highest level of nature D:From the perspective of life, intelligence is the basic ability of life to adapt to the natural world答案:Bacteria do not have intelligence2.Which of the following techniques is unsupervised learning in artificialintelligence?（）A:Neural network B:Support vector machine C:Decision tree D:Clustering答案:Clustering3.To which period can the history of the development of artificial intelligencebe traced back?（）A:1970s B:Late 19th century C:Early 21st century D:1950s答案:Late 19th century4.Which of the following fields does not belong to the scope of artificialintelligence application?（）A:Aviation B:Medical C:Agriculture D:Finance答案:Aviation5.The first artificial neuron model in human history was the MP model,proposed by Hebb.（）A:对 B:错答案:错6.Big data will bring considerable value in government public services, medicalservices, retail, manufacturing, and personal location services. （）A:错 B:对答案:对第二章测试1.Which of the following options is not human reason:（）A:Value rationality B:Intellectual rationality C:Methodological rationalityD:Cognitive rationality答案:Intellectual rationality2.When did life begin? （）A:Between 10 billion and 4.5 billion years B:Between 13.8 billion years and10 billion years C:Between 4.5 billion and 3.5 billion years D:Before 13.8billion years答案:Between 4.5 billion and 3.5 billion years3.Which of the following statements is true regarding the philosophicalthinking about artificial intelligence?（）A:Philosophical thinking has hindered the progress of artificial intelligence.B:Philosophical thinking has contributed to the development of artificialintelligence. C:Philosophical thinking is only concerned with the ethicalimplications of artificial intelligence. D:Philosophical thinking has no impact on the development of artificial intelligence.答案:Philosophical thinking has contributed to the development ofartificial intelligence.4.What is the rational nature of artificial intelligence?（）A:The ability to communicate effectively with humans. B:The ability to feel emotions and express creativity. C:The ability to reason and make logicaldeductions. D:The ability to learn from experience and adapt to newsituations.答案:The ability to reason and make logical deductions.5.Which of the following statements is true regarding the rational nature ofartificial intelligence?（）A:The rational nature of artificial intelligence includes emotional intelligence.B:The rational nature of artificial intelligence is limited to logical reasoning.C:The rational nature of artificial intelligence is not important for itsdevelopment. D:The rational nature of artificial intelligence is only concerned with mathematical calculations.答案:The rational nature of artificial intelligence is limited to logicalreasoning.6.Connectionism believes that the basic element of human thinking is symbol,not neuron; Human's cognitive process is a self-organization process ofsymbol operation rather than weight. （）A:对 B:错答案:错第三章测试1.The brain of all organisms can be divided into three primitive parts:forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. Specifically, the human brain is composed of brainstem, cerebellum and brain (forebrain). （）A:错 B:对答案:对2.The neural connections in the brain are chaotic. （）A:对 B:错答案:错3.The following statement about the left and right half of the brain and itsfunction is wrong （）.A:When dictating questions, the left brain is responsible for logical thinking,and the right brain is responsible for language description. B:The left brain is like a scientist, good at abstract thinking and complex calculation, but lacking rich emotion. C:The right brain is like an artist, creative in music, art andother artistic activities, and rich in emotion D:The left and right hemispheres of the brain have the same shape, but their functions are quite different. They are generally called the left brain and the right brain respectively.答案:When dictating questions, the left brain is responsible for logicalthinking, and the right brain is responsible for language description.4.What is the basic unit of the nervous system?（）A:Neuron B:Gene C:Atom D:Molecule答案:Neuron5.What is the role of the prefrontal cortex in cognitive functions?（）A:It is responsible for sensory processing. B:It is involved in emotionalprocessing. C:It is responsible for higher-level cognitive functions. D:It isinvolved in motor control.答案:It is responsible for higher-level cognitive functions.6.What is the definition of intelligence?（）A:The ability to communicate effectively. B:The ability to perform physicaltasks. C:The ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills. D:The abilityto regulate emotions.答案:The ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills.第四章测试1.The forward propagation neural network is based on the mathematicalmodel of neurons and is composed of neurons connected together by specific connection methods. Different artificial neural networks generally havedifferent structures, but the basis is still the mathematical model of neurons.（）A:对 B:错答案:对2.In the perceptron, the weights are adjusted by learning so that the networkcan get the desired output for any input. （）A:对 B:错答案:对3.Convolution neural network is a feedforward neural network, which hasmany advantages and has excellent performance for large image processing.Among the following options, the advantage of convolution neural network is（）.A:Implicit learning avoids explicit feature extraction B:Weight sharingC:Translation invariance D:Strong robustness答案:Implicit learning avoids explicit feature extraction;Weightsharing;Strong robustness4.In a feedforward neural network, information travels in which direction?（）A:Forward B:Both A and B C:None of the above D:Backward答案:Forward5.What is the main feature of a convolutional neural network?（）A:They are used for speech recognition. B:They are used for natural languageprocessing. C:They are used for reinforcement learning. D:They are used forimage recognition.答案:They are used for image recognition.6.Which of the following is a characteristic of deep neural networks?（）A:They require less training data than shallow neural networks. B:They havefewer hidden layers than shallow neural networks. C:They have loweraccuracy than shallow neural networks. D:They are more computationallyexpensive than shallow neural networks.答案:They are more computationally expensive than shallow neuralnetworks.第五章测试1.Machine learning refers to how the computer simulates or realizes humanlearning behavior to obtain new knowledge or skills, and reorganizes the existing knowledge structure to continuously improve its own performance.（）A:对 B:错答案:对2.The best decision sequence of Markov decision process is solved by Bellmanequation, and the value of each state is determined not only by the current state but also by the later state.（）A:对 B:错答案:对3.Alex Net's contributions to this work include: （）.A:Use GPUNVIDIAGTX580 to reduce the training time B:Use the modified linear unit (Re LU) as the nonlinear activation function C:Cover the larger pool to avoid the average effect of average pool D:Use the Dropouttechnology to selectively ignore the single neuron during training to avoid over-fitting the model答案:Use GPUNVIDIAGTX580 to reduce the training time;Use themodified linear unit (Re LU) as the nonlinear activation function;Cover the larger pool to avoid the average effect of average pool;Use theDropout technology to selectively ignore the single neuron duringtraining to avoid over-fitting the model4.In supervised learning, what is the role of the labeled data?（）A:To evaluate the model B:To train the model C:None of the above D:To test the model答案:To train the model5.In reinforcement learning, what is the goal of the agent?（）A:To identify patterns in input data B:To minimize the error between thepredicted and actual output C:To maximize the reward obtained from theenvironment D:To classify input data into different categories答案:To maximize the reward obtained from the environment6.Which of the following is a characteristic of transfer learning?（）A:It can only be used for supervised learning tasks B:It requires a largeamount of labeled data C:It involves transferring knowledge from onedomain to another D:It is only applicable to small-scale problems答案:It involves transferring knowledge from one domain to another第六章测试1.Image segmentation is the technology and process of dividing an image intoseveral specific regions with unique properties and proposing objects ofinterest. In the following statement about image segmentation algorithm, the error is （）.A:Region growth method is to complete the segmentation by calculating the mean vector of the offset. B:Watershed algorithm, MeanShift segmentation,region growth and Ostu threshold segmentation can complete imagesegmentation. C:Watershed algorithm is often used to segment the objectsconnected in the image. D:Otsu threshold segmentation, also known as themaximum between-class difference method, realizes the automatic selection of global threshold T by counting the histogram characteristics of the entire image答案:Region growth method is to complete the segmentation bycalculating the mean vector of the offset.2.Camera calibration is a key step when using machine vision to measureobjects. Its calibration accuracy will directly affect the measurementaccuracy. Among them, camera calibration generally involves the mutualconversion of object point coordinates in several coordinate systems. So,what coordinate systems do you mean by "several coordinate systems" here?（）A:Image coordinate system B:Image plane coordinate system C:Cameracoordinate system D:World coordinate system答案:Image coordinate system;Image plane coordinate system;Camera coordinate system;World coordinate systemmonly used digital image filtering methods:（）.A:bilateral filtering B:median filter C:mean filtering D:Gaussian filter答案:bilateral filtering;median filter;mean filtering;Gaussian filter4.Application areas of digital image processing include:（）A:Industrial inspection B:Biomedical Science C:Scenario simulation D:remote sensing答案:Industrial inspection;Biomedical Science5.Image segmentation is the technology and process of dividing an image intoseveral specific regions with unique properties and proposing objects ofinterest. In the following statement about image segmentation algorithm, the error is ( ).A:Otsu threshold segmentation, also known as the maximum between-class difference method, realizes the automatic selection of global threshold T by counting the histogram characteristics of the entire imageB: Watershed algorithm is often used to segment the objects connected in the image. C:Region growth method is to complete the segmentation bycalculating the mean vector of the offset. D:Watershed algorithm, MeanShift segmentation, region growth and Ostu threshold segmentation can complete image segmentation.答案:Region growth method is to complete the segmentation bycalculating the mean vector of the offset.第七章测试1.Blind search can be applied to many different search problems, but it has notbeen widely used due to its low efficiency.（）A:错 B:对答案:对2.Which of the following search methods uses a FIFO queue （）.A:width-first search B:random search C:depth-first search D:generation-test method答案:width-first search3.What causes the complexity of the semantic network （）.A:There is no recognized formal representation system B:The quantifiernetwork is inadequate C:The means of knowledge representation are diverse D:The relationship between nodes can be linear, nonlinear, or even recursive 答案:The means of knowledge representation are diverse;Therelationship between nodes can be linear, nonlinear, or even recursive4.In the knowledge graph taking Leonardo da Vinci as an example, the entity ofthe character represents a node, and the relationship between the artist and the character represents an edge. Search is the process of finding the actionsequence of an intelligent system.（）A:对 B:错答案:对5.Which of the following statements about common methods of path search iswrong（）A:When using the artificial potential field method, when there are someobstacles in any distance around the target point, it is easy to cause the path to be unreachable B:The A* algorithm occupies too much memory during the search, the search efficiency is reduced, and the optimal result cannot beguaranteed C:The artificial potential field method can quickly search for acollision-free path with strong flexibility D:A* algorithm can solve theshortest path of state space search答案:When using the artificial potential field method, when there aresome obstacles in any distance around the target point, it is easy tocause the path to be unreachable第八章测试1.The language, spoken language, written language, sign language and Pythonlanguage of human communication are all natural languages.（）A:对 B:错答案:错2.The following statement about machine translation is wrong （）.A:The analysis stage of machine translation is mainly lexical analysis andpragmatic analysis B:The essence of machine translation is the discovery and application of bilingual translation laws. C:The four stages of machinetranslation are retrieval, analysis, conversion and generation. D:At present,natural language machine translation generally takes sentences as thetranslation unit.答案:The analysis stage of machine translation is mainly lexical analysis and pragmatic analysis3.Which of the following fields does machine translation belong to? （）A:Expert system B:Machine learning C:Human sensory simulation D:Natural language system答案:Natural language system4.The following statements about language are wrong: （）。

高三英语人工智能单选题40题1. Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science that aims to create intelligent _____.A.machinesB.devicesC.equipmentsD.instruments答案解析：A。

“machines”通常指机器，在人工智能领域常指具有一定智能的机器；“devices”一般指设备、装置；“equipments”是“equipment”的复数形式，指装备、器材；“instruments”指仪器、工具。

2. In the field of artificial intelligence, algorithms are used to train _____.A.modelsB.patternsC.shapesD.forms答案解析：A。

“models”在人工智能中常指模型，可以通过算法进行训练；“patterns”指模式、图案；“shapes”指形状；“forms”指形式。

3. Deep learning is a powerful technique in artificial intelligence that uses neural _____.worksB.systemsC.structuresanizations答案解析：A。

“networks”指网络，在深度学习中常指神经网络；“systems”指系统；“structures”指结构；“organizations”指组织。

4. Artificial intelligence can process large amounts of data to make accurate _____.A.predictionsB.forecastsC.projectionsD.expectations答案解析：A。

CFA一级Notes习题笔记EthicsCode of Ethics1.act with integrity, competence, diligence, respect, and in an ethical manner with the public, clients, prospective clients, employers, employees, colleagues in the investment profession, and other participants in the global capital markets2.place the integrity of the investment profession and the interests of clients above their own personal interestse reasonable care and exercise independent professional judgement when conducting investment analysis, making investment recommendations, taking investment actions, and engaging in other professional activities4.practice and encourage others to practice in a professional and ethical manner that will reflect credit on themselves and the profession5.promote the integrity of, and uphold the rules governing, capital markets6.maintain and improve their professional competence and strive to maintain and improve the competence of other ivestment professionals.Standards of Professional ConductI professionalismA.knowledge of the lawB.independence and objectivityC.MisrepresentationD.MisconductII.integrity of capital marketsA.material nonpublic informationB.market manipulationIII.duties to clientsA.Loyalty,Prudence and CareB.Fair DealingC.SuitabilityD.Performance presentationE.preservation of confidentialityIV.duties to employersA.loyaltyB.additional compensation arrangementsC.responsibilities of supervisorsV.investment analysis, reommendations,and actionsA.Diligence and reasonable basismunication with clients and prospective clientsC.record retentionVI.conflicts of interestA.Disclosure of conflictsB.priority of transactionsC.referral feesVII.responsibilities as a CFA institute member or CFA candidateA.conduct as menbers and candidates in the cfa programB.reference to CFA institute, the cfa designation, and the cfa program1.私人投资跟Code无关，但滥用举报违反personal conduct。

CFA考试试题汇编(含答案)1、The nominal (quoted) annual interest rate on an automobile loan is 10%. The effective annual rate of the loan is 10.47%. The frequency of compounding periods per year for the loan is closest to:【单选题】A.weekly.B.monthly.C.quarterly.正确答案:B点拨：:“The Time Value of Money,”Richard A. DeFusco, CFA, Dennis W. McLeavey, CFA, Jerald E. Pinto, CFA, and David E. Runkle, CFA2013 Modular Level I, Vol. 1, Reading 5, Section 3.3Study Session 2–5–c, dCalculate and interpret the effective annual rate, given the stated annual interest rate and the frequency of compounding. Solve time value of money problems for different frequencies of compounding:B is correct. Use the formula for effective annual rate:Iteratively substitute the possible frequency of compounding until the EAR is 10.47%.Thus, the correct answer is monthly compounding.2、Which of the following is a constraint as defined inthe International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements?【单选题】A.NeutralityB.TimelinessC.Going concern正确答案:B点拨：:“Financial Reporting Standards,”Thomas R. Robinson, CFA, Jan Hendrik van Greuning, CFA, Karen O’Connor Rubsam, CFA, R. Elaine Henry, CFA, and Michael A. Broihahn, CFATimeliness is a constraint in the IFRS Framework. Neutrality is a factor that contributes to reliability and going concern is an assumption of the Framework.3、Which method of calculating the firm’s cost of equity is most likely to incorporate the long-run return relationship between the firm's stock and the market portfolio?【单选题】A.Dividend discount modelB.Capital asset pricing modelC.Bond-yield-plus risk-premium正确答案:B点拨：:“Cost of Capital”Yves Courtois, CFA, Gene C. Lai, and Pamela Peterson Drake, CFAThe capital asset pricing model uses the firm’s equity beta, which is computed from a market model regression of the company's stock returns against market returns.4、For a 90-day U.S. Treasury bill selling at a discount, which of the following methods most likely results in the highest yield?【单选题】A.Money market yieldB.Discount-basis yieldC.Bond equivalent yield正确答案:C点拨：:“Working Capital Management,”Edgar Norton, Jr., Kenneth L. Parkinson, and Pamela Peterson Drake5、An investor gathers the following data.To estimate the stock's justified forward P/E, the investor prefers touse the compounded annual earnings growth and the average of the payout ratios over the relevant period (i.e., 2008–2011). If the investor uses 11.5% as her required rate of return, the stock's justified forward P/E is closest to:【单选题】A.10.B.12.C.21.正确答案:C点拨：:“Equity Valuation: Concepts and Basic Tools,”John J. Nagorniak and Stephen E.Wilcox6、A bond portfolio manager is considering three Bonds –A, B, and C –for his portfolio. Bond A allows the issuer to call the bond before stated maturity, Bond B allows the investor to put the bond back to the issuer before stated maturity, and Bond C contains no embedded options. The bonds are otherwise identical. The manager tells his assistant, “Bond A and Bond B should have larger nominal yield spreads to a U.S. Treasury than Bond C to compensate for their embedded options.”Is the manager most likely correct?【单选题】A.Yes.B.No, Bond A’s nominal yield spread should be less than Bond C’s.C.No, Bond B’s nominal yield spread should be less than Bond C’s.正确答案:C点拨：:“Understanding Yield Spreads,”Frank J. Fabozzi, CFAC is correct because Bond B’s embedded put option benefits the investor and the yield spread will therefore be less than the yield spread of Bond C, which does not contain this benefit.7、Which of the following characteristics is best described that the information in financialstatements can influence user's economic decisions or affect user's evaluationof past events or forecasts of future events in accordance with the IFRSframework's definitions and recognition criteria?【单选题】A.Relevance./doc/3228fe0b18e8b8f67c 1cfad6195f312b3069ebdf.htmlparability.C.Faithful representation.正确答案:A点拨：:根据IFRS的条款，财务报表的两个基本特性使得这些财务信息有用，这两个特性包括相关性（relevance）和公允陈述（faithful representation）。

国开(中央电大)本科《人文英语3》形考任务(单元自测1至8)试题及答案模板适用专业：法学、汉语言文学、护理、社会工作、小学教育、学前教育和园艺。

单元自测1 试题及答案题目为随机，用查找功能（Ctrl+F）搜索题目[题目]—Do you have much experience with caring for babies？—________. [答案]Yes, I do. I often take care of kids in my free time. [题目]Lily is a good student except________ she is a little bit careless. [答案]that [题目]—How do you feel about your family life？—________. [答案]Not bad.I think it is a good choice to be a full-time mother. [题目]—It＇s raining so heavily outside. I＇m terribly anxious about my son＇s safety. —________. [答案]Don＇t worry about him. He will come back safe and sound. [题目]—Ken did badly in his math test. I＇m terribly worried about the result. —________. [答案]Come on. It isn＇t the end of the world. [题目]—Our son has picked up some bad habits recently, and I am really worried about it. —________. [答案]Cheer up. I believe he will overcome it. [题目]He asked me ___________ Zhang Hua came to school or not. [答案]whether [题目]I want toknow________ . [答案]what his name is [题目]It is said that______ 2000 factories were closed down during the economiccrisis. [答案]approximately [题目]The birth rate of the country decreases ______ with years. [答案]progressively [题目]This movie is ________ that one. [答案]as interesting as [题目]Tom won the first prize of oral English contest, which is beyond his ______. [答案]expectation [题目]We consider it necessary______ Tom should improve his behavior. [答案]that [题目]We often compare children ______ flowers. [答案]to [题目]Young people ______ 62% of University teaching staff. [答案]comprise 二、阅读理解：选择题Most couples who get married or decide to live together generally plan to have children. Several years ago, people thought that having big families was common and this was seen as an advantage. That was mainly because children began working at an early age to help provide for the family. But with the changing times and with the cost of living getting higher every single year, having a big family is no longer considered to be a practical option. In fact, more couples consider that they have only one child and some do not have any desire to become parents at all. According to the Australian Institute of Family Studies, by 1986, women aged 40 to 44 years, were considerably more likely to have given birth to two children than three children (36% vs. 27%) or four or more children (19%). However, takentogether, women were still more likely to have had three or more children than to have had two children (46% vs. 36%). In recent years, women were more likely to have had two children than three or more children – a trend that was most marked in the most recent period (38% vs. 25% in 1996; 38% vs. 22% in 2006). These days, most families in Australia have two children. But the number of women who had GIVEN BIRTH TO a single child INCREASED PROGRESSIVELY from only 8% in 1981 to 13% in 2006. The U.S. Census Bureau states that there are approximately 14 million only children in America today. This COMPRISES 20% OF the children＇s population COMPARED TO only 10% around fifty years ago. 操作提示：通过题干后的下拉框选择题目的正确答案。

Modeling of Kinetics of Mass-Exchange Processes for Fruit and Berry Production PreservationBazarnova Yu.G., Kuznetsova T.A., Aronova E.B.Higher School of Biotechnology and Food TechnologyPeter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University,St.Petersburg, RussiaAbstract—At preservation of fruits and berries mass-exchange processes take place in liquid mediums, which define quality of the canned production. The composition of covering syrup should guarantee preservation of turgor, taste and color of fruits and berries and prevent fermentation processes. We carried out construction and adequacy examination of kinetic model for moisture osmotic transfer for fruit-berry material to covering syrups at thermal and refrigerating preservation. We obtained empirical coefficients. It was established that moisture migration rate depends on berry type and syrup concentration. Moisture loss for more than 30% results in berries turgor loss, which makes its further storage impractical. Using the obtained equation and empirical constants, we have established that the duration of the refrigeration storage of cowberry canned in 30% sugar syrups for the stated conditions was about 130 days.Keywords—kinetics modeling, mass-exchange processes, osmotic moisture transport, berries, syrup, preservationI.I NTRODUCTIONThe most common cause of deterioration in the texture of food products during refrigeration processing and storage is a change in its moisture content, including loss of moisture, an increase in humidity, or migration of moisture. Moisture migration can occur in multicomponent products if individual components are characterized by different indicators of water activity [1, 2]. The organoleptic perception of the product is governed by a combination of many changing factors. However, the correlation of organoleptic, physico-chemical and biochemical parameters is often absent. Testing the product during storage allows one to determine the indicators which are most important for assessing its quality and safety [3, 4].The processes of diffusive transfer of soluble components and osmotic transfer of moisture limit the period of cold storage of canned fruits and berries in liquid media. The study of the kinetics of mass transfer processes leading to the redistribution of soluble substances in the “berries-syrup” system is relevant in the development of technologies based on fruit and berry raw materials preserved in liquid media.For implementation of defrosting end storage of wild fruits and berries in liquid mediums in unregulated conditions the composition of covering syrups should guarantee quality (turgor, taste, color) of the fruits and berries and prevent fermentation processes [5,7]. The intensity of the diffusion-osmotic processes depends on a number of factors, including temperature, viscosity and density of the medium, the presence of various electrolytes. Therefore, when defrosting fruits and berries in liquid media, it is necessary to take into account the rheological properties of these media, the viscosity and density of which have a significant effect on the rate of diffusion of soluble substances.With respect to berries cell juice the sugar-covering syrups are hypertonic solutions. In order to prevent plasmolysis, one should choose its concentrations in such a way as to ensure alignment of the osmotic pressures. From the other side, osmotic pressure should be enough for microorganism cell dewatering, its plasmolysis and total inactivation [8,9].To assess the intensity of changes occurring in products during storage, and to obtain information about the influence of various factors on the storage time, the principles of modeling are used [10–12].The development of kinetic models suitable for practical use has some difficulties. Most often, they are developed on the basis of empirical data obtained from model experiments. In this case, the necessary condition is to check the adequacy of the obtained models to prove that they are reliable not only in laboratory conditions, but also when describing real food systems [13].The aims of the present work are to construct kinetic model of moisture osmotic transport process from the fruit-berry material to the covering syrups; carry out adequacy examination of the obtained model; obtain kinetic constants for various types of fruits and berries.II.M ATERIALS AND METHODSIn order to examine the adequacy of the developed mathematical model we used fresh and frozen cranberries and cowberries and syrups with sucrose content of 30, 40 and 50%. Analysis of sucrose content in berries and syrups was carried out by refractometry technique, which is widely used in many research areas [14-16].III.R ESULTS AND DISCUSSIONA.Construction of physical-mathematical modelFor construction of appropriate physical-mathematical model we will consider the following terms:International Conference on Smart Solutions for Agriculture (Agro-SMART 2018)V is juice volume in a berry, m 3;ν is total content of solvable sugars in a berry, mole; τ is time of berry storage in syrup;C s is sucrose concentration in a syrup, mole/m 3.C 0 is total sugar concentration in a berry, mole/m 3, which might be presented as:C ν=0, (1)at this C 0 < C s .Due to appearance of osmotic pressure the water moleculesfrom berry will migrate to the syrup through the berry surface layer. This layer is a membrane, which is permeable for water molecules and non- permeable for larger particles, in particularly, sucrose molecules. This process will continue until the sugar concentrations in a berry juice С(τ) and syrup C s become equal.The osmotic water transport through the surface layer of a berry is a slow (and, consequently, laminar) flow of viscous liquid through small channels. So we may use the Poiseuille [17] formula for liquid volume dV, passing during the time d τ, i.e. the following expression (2):τμξd dS N p dV o ⋅⋅⋅⋅=-2,(2)where:p 0 is osmotic pressure, Pa;N is amount of channels in a berry surface layer; S is sectional area of one channel, m 2;d is channel length which is equal to a berry surface layer width, m;μ is dynamic water viscosity, kg/(m .s);ξ is dimensionless coefficient, which depends on the channel shape (for a round channel ξ = 1/8π).Osmotic pressure is described by expression (3):()RT C C p s )(0τ-=, (3)where:R is universal gas constant, J/(mole .K); T is absolute temperature, K.By substituting (3) in (2) taking into account the following expressions:2;CdCdV CV ⋅=-=νν. (4)Let us obtain the following expression:dT R S N C k d C C k C dCC s s s ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=-=μνξτ2222;)(. (5)The expression (5) is easy to integrate. Its solution, whichmeets the initial condition C(0)= C 0 is the following (6):τk C C C C C C C C C C lпs s s s =+-⎭⎬⎫⎩⎨⎧--000)()(. (6)Further we introduce dimensionless constants:sC C a 0=; 0V V w =,(7)where: V 0, V are initial and current moisture volume in a berry, m3;And the expression (6) can be represented in the following way (8):τk a w a w a =-+⎭⎬⎫⎩⎨⎧--11ln . (8)Fig.1 presents relations between dimensionless concentration C/C s and dimensionless time k τ.Fig. 1. Relation between dimensionless concentration of sugar in a berry C/C s and dimensionless time k τ for various numerical values of dimensionless initial concentration a = C 0/C s.Empirical values of kinetic coefficient k, obtained using the expression (8) are presented in Table 1.TABLE I. C ONSTANTS OF MOISTURE OSMOTIC TRANSPORT RATE , K , DAYS –1 AT REFRIGERATORY STORAGE IN SYRUPS FOR CANNED CRANBERRIESAND COWBERRIES ; (4±2) ︒CFig.2 presents research data on residual moisture content incanned (a) and unfrozen in syrups (b) cowberries depending on its storage duration at temperature of (4±2)˚ С.It was established that turgor conservation for berries canned in syrups is reached at usage of sucrose concentration not more than 30%. It allows one to reduce osmotic losses of the cell juice for canned and unfrozen in syrups berries.Fig. 2. Relation between residual moisture content for canned (a) and unfrozen in syrups (b) cowberries and storage duration. (4±2) ︒C. Empirical data is shown by dots, lines stand for calculation data.At berries preservation in isotonic syrups the osmotic concentration of berries cell juice is reaching the concentration of solvable dry syrup substances. So according to the expression (7)10→=sC a , the formula (8) can be rewritten as:τk w -=1. (9)IV. C ONCLUSIONSThe obtained expressions (6) and (8) might be used for development of composition of sugar-covering syrups and regulation of storage modes of preserved in covering syrups berries. They allow one to determine the residual moisture content in berries at any storage period [18].It was established that moisture migration rate depends on berry type and syrup concentration. Moisture loss for more than 30% results in berries turgor loss, which makes its further storage impractical.Using the expression (8) and empirical constants (Table 1), we have established that the duration of the refrigerator storage of cowberry canned in 30 % sugar syrups for the stated conditions was about 130 days. During this period cowberries preserve its taste and turgor.References[1] G. Balasubrahmanyam, A. K. Datta, “Prevention of moisture migration infondant coated biscuit”, J. of food engineering, vol. 21 (2), pp. 235-244, 1994.[2] T. P. Labusa, D. Riboh, “Theory and applications of Arrhenius kinetics tothe prediction of nutrient losses in food”, Food technology, vol. 36, pp. 56-61, 1982.[3] Yu.G. Bazarnova, “Study of content of some food supplements withantioxidant activity in wild herbs and berries”, Voprosy Pitaniia, vol. 76, №1, pp. 22-26, 2007.[4] Yu. G. Bazarnova, Food shelf life: calculation and testing (translated.from English, ed. R. Stele), St. Peterburg: Professiya, 2006, 460 p.[5] Yu. G. Bazarnova, T V. Shkotova, “The method for canning of wildberries” Pat. № 2286674 RF, MPK A23V 7/08, № 2004136398; of 10.11.06, 2006.[6] G. Skrede, R. E. Wrolstad, P. Lea and G. Enersen, “Color Stability ofStrawberry and Blackcurrant Syrups”, J. Food Sci., vol. 57, pp. 172–7, 1992.[7] M. J. Beker, J. E. Blumbergs, E. J. Ventina and A. I. Rapoport,“Characteristics of cellular membranes at rehydration of dehydrated yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae”, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., vol. 19, pp. 347–52, 1984.[8] M. J. Beker, A. J. Rapoport, P. B. Zikmanis and B.E. Damberga,“Dehydration as a yeast metabolism regulating factor”, Environmental Regulation of Microbial Metabolism: Proceedings of the Federation of European Microbiological Societies Symposium Held in Pushchino, USSR, pp 105–11, 1985.[9] N. M. Panagiotou, V. T. Karathanos and Z. B. Maroulis, “Effect ofosmotic agent on osmotic dehydration of fruits”, Dry. Technol., vol. 17, pp. 175–89, 1999.[10] J. Kristott, “Fats and oils” in The stability and shelf-life of food. D.Kilcast, P. Subramaniam, Eds. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Woodhead Publishing, 2000, P. 279–309.[11] T. P. Labusa, M. K. Schmidt, “Accelerated shelf-life testing of food”,Food Technology, vol. 39, pp. 57–62, 1985.[12] Shelf-life of food — guide-lines for its determination and prediction.Institute of food science and technology (UK). London: IFST, 1993, 230 p.[13] Yu. G. Bazarnova, T. E. Burova, A. L. Ishevsky, V. M. Zyukanov,“Possibilities of applying the principles of chemical kinetics to assess the quality of food products”, Storage and processing of agricultural raw materials, vol.11, pp. 33–36, 2004.[14] E.S, Lur’e, A.I. Sharov Technological control of raw material at candyproduction. Moscow: Kolos, 2001.[15] A. V. Belashov, A. A. Zhikhoreva, V. G. Bespalov, V. I. Novik, N. T.Zhilinskaya, I. V. Semenova, O. S. Vasyutinskii, “Refractive indexdistributions in dehydrated cells of human oral cavity epithelium”, J. Opt.Soc. Am. B Opt. Phys., vol. 34, pp. 2538–43, 2017.[16]K. N. Semenov, G. O. Iurev, N. M. Ivanova, V. N. Postnov, V. V.Sharoyko, I. V. Prikhodko, I. V. Murin, “Physico-chemical properties of the C60-L-lysine water solutions” J. Mol. Liq., vol. 225, pp. 767–77, 2017. [17] S. P. Sutera and R. Skalak, “The History of Poiseuille’s Law”, Annu.Rev. Fluid Mech., vol. 25, pp. 1–20, 1993.[18] Yu. G. Bazarnova, V. E. Kucakova and S. V. Frolov, “Modeling ofosmotic processes at berries storage in a syrup”, Pishchevye tekhnologii-2006: Proceedings of the Second International Scientific Conference, p.14, 2006, October [17-19 October 2006, Odessa].。

CFA一级内容：CFA历年考试模拟题（一）一、Ethical and Professional Standards1.: Code of EthicsA.: State the four components of the Code of Ethics.Members of AIMR shall:1. Act with integrity, competence, dignity, and in an ethical manner when dealing with the public, clients, prospects, employers, employees, and fellow members.2. Practice and encourage others to practice in a professional and ethical manner that will reflect credit on members and their profession.3. Strive to maintain and improve their competence and the competence of others in the profession.4. Use reasonable care and exercise independent professional judgment.to launch Standards of Practice2-I.: Standards of Professional Conduct: I. Fundamental ResponsibilitiesA.: Know the laws and rules.Standard: Maintain knowledge of and comply with all applicable laws, rules, and regulations (including AIMR’s Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct) of any government, government agency, regulatory organization, lic ensing agency, or professional association governing the members’ professional activities.Compliance: Members can acquire and maintain knowledge about applicable laws, rules, and regulations by:· Maintaining current files on applicable statutes, rules, and regulations.· Keeping informed.· Reviewing written compliance procedures on a regular basis.B.: Don't break or help others break the law.Standard: Not knowingly participate or assist in any violation of such laws, rules, or regulations.Compliance: When members suspect a client or a colleague of planning or engaging in ongoing illegal activities, members should take the following actions:· Consult counsel to determine if the conduct is, in fact, illegal.· Disassociate from any illegal or unethical activity. When members have reasonable grounds to believe that a client’s or employee’s activities are illegal or unethical, the members should dissociate from these activities and urge their firm to attempt to persuade the perpetrator to cease such activity.2-II.: Standards of Professional Conduct: II. Relationships with and Responsibilities to the ProfessionA.: Use of Professional DesignationII(A.1)AIMR members may reference their membership only in a dignified and judicious manner. The use of the reference may be accompanied by an accurate explanation of the requirements that have been met to obtain membership in these organizations.II(A.2)Those who have earned the right to use the Chartered Financial Analyst designation may use the marks “Chartered Financial Analyst” or “CFA” and are encouraged to do so, but only in a proper, dignified, and judicious manner. The use of the designation may be accompanied by an accurate explanation of the requirements that have been met to obtain the right to use the designation.II(A.3)Candidates in the CFA Program, as defined in the AIMR Bylaws, may reference their participation in the CFA Program, but the reference must clearly state that an individual is a candidate in the CFA Program and cannot imply that the candidate has achieved any type of partial designation.B.: Professional MisconductII(B.1)Members shall not engage in any professional conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation or commit any act that reflects adversely on their honesty, trustworthiness, or professional competence.II(B.2)Members and candidates shall not engage in any conduct or commit any act that compromises the integrity of the CFA designation or the integrity or validity of the examinations leading to the award of the right to use the CFA designation.Compliance:1. Make clear that dishonest personal behavior reflects poorly on the profession.2. Adopt a code of ethics to which every employee must subscribe.3. Conduct background checks on potential employees to ensure that they are of good character and eligible to work in the investment industry.C.: Prohibition against PlagiarismStandard: Members shall not copy or use, in substantially the same form as the original, material prepared by another without acknowledging and identifying the name of the author, publisher, or source of such material. Members may use, without acknowledgment, factual information published by recognized financial and statistical reporting services or similar sources.Compliance:1. Maintain copies of materials that were relied on in preparing the research report.2. Attribute quotations (and projections, tables, statistics, models, and methodologies) used other than recognized financial and statistical reporting services.3. Attribute paraphrases and summaries of material prepared by others.2-III.: Standards of Professional Conduct: III. Relationships and Responsibilities to the EmployerIII(A.1)Members shall inform their employer in writing, through their direct supervisor, that they are obligated to comply with the Code and Standards and are subject to disciplinary sanctions for violations thereof.III(A.2)Members shall deliver a copy of the Code and Standards to their employer if the employer does not have a copy.Compliance: Members should notify their supervisor in writing of the Code and Standards and the member’s respo nsibility to follow them. The member should also suggest that the employers adopt the Code and Standards and disseminate it throughout the firm. If the employer has publicly acknowledged, in writing, that they have adopted AIMR’s Code and Standards as part of the firm’s policies then the member need not give the formal written notification as required by III(A).B.: Duty to EmployerStandard: Members shall not undertake any independent practice that could result in compensation or other benefit in competition with their employer unless they obtain written consent from both their employer and the persons or entities for whom they undertake independent practice.Compliance:1. Members who plan to engage in independent practice for compensation should provide written statements to their employer describing the types of services they will perform, the expected duration of the services, and the compensation they will receive.2. Members should also disclose to their prospective clients the identity of their employer, the fact that they are performing independently of the employer, and what their employer would charge for similar services.3. Members seeking new employment should not contact existing clients or potential clients prior to leaving their employer or take records/files to their new employer without the written permission of the previous employer.C.: Disclose Conflicts between you and your EmployerIII(C.1):Members shall disclose to their employer all matters, including beneficial ownership of securities or other investments, that reasonably could be expected to interfere with their duty to their employer or ability to make unbiased and objective recommendations.III(C.2):Members shall comply with any prohibitions on activities imposed by their employer if a conflict of interest exists.Compliance: Members should report to their employers any beneficial interest and any special relationships, like corporate directorships, that may reasonably be considered a conflict of interest with their responsibilities. Members should also discuss the situation with their firm’s compliance officer before taking any action that could lead to a conflict of interest.D.: Disclose Additional Compensation from Outside the Firm to your EmployerStandard: Members shall disclose to their employer in writing all monetary compensation or other benefits that they receive for their services that are in addition to compensation or benefits conferred by a member’s employer.Compliance: Members should make an immediate written report to their employer specifying any compensation or benefits they receive or propose to receive for services in addition to what their employer is to give them. This written report should state the terms of any oral or written agreement, the amount of compensation, and the duration of the agreement.E.: Responsibilities of SupervisorsStandard: Members with supervisory responsibilities, authority, or the ability to influence the conduct of others shall exercise reasonable supervision over those subject to their supervision or authority to prevent any violation of applicable statutes, regulation, or provisions of the Code and Standards. In so doing, members are entitled to rely on reasonable procedures designed to detect and prevent such violations.Compliance: The supervisor and the compliance officer should:1. Disseminate the compliance procedures.2. Update the procedures as necessary.3. Educate the staff and issue periodic reminders.4. Incor porate a professional conduct evaluation into the employee’s performance review.5. Review employee actions to ensure compliance and identify violators, initiating procedures once a violation has occurred. A supervisor should respond promptly to the violation by conducting a thorough investigation, and placing limitations on the wrongdoer until the investigation is complete.2-IV.: Standards of Professional Conduct: IV. Relationships with and Responsibilities to Clients and ProspectsA.: The Investment ProcessIV(A.1) Reasonable Basis and Representations. Members shall:a. Exercise diligence and thoroughness in making investment recommendations or in taking investment actions.b. Have a reasonable and adequate basis, supported by appropriate research and investigation, for such recommendations or actions.c. Make reasonable and diligent efforts to avoid any material misrepresentation in any research report or investment recommendation.d. Maintain appropriate records to support the reasonableness of such recommendations or actions.Compliance:1. Analyze the investment’s basic characteristics (records must show the characteristics of the investment and the basis for the recommendation).2. Analyze the needs of the portfolio (in cludes the client’s needs, as well as the needs of the total portfolio).3. Maintain files to support investment recommendations.IV(A.2) Research Reports. Members shall:a. Use reasonable judgment regarding the inclusion or exclusion of relevant factors in research reports.b. Distinguish between facts and opinions in research reports.c. Indicate the basic characteristics of the investment involved when preparing for public distribution a research report that is not directly related to a specific portfolio or client.Compliance: Members should consider including the following information in research reports:1. Expected annual rates of return, calculated on a total return basis.2. Annual income expectations.3. Current rate of return or yield.4. The degree of uncertainty associated with the cash flows, and other risk factors.5. The investment’s marketability or liquidity.IV(A.3) Independence and Objectivity. Members shall use reasonable care and judgment to achieve and maintain independence and objectivity in making investment recommendations or taking investment actions.Compliance:1. Protect integrity of opinions. Reports should reflect the analyst’s unbiased opinion.2. Disclose all corporate relationships (i.e., directorships, underwriting arrangements or acting as a market maker).3. Disclose personal holdings and beneficial ownerships.4. Create a restricted list.5. Restrict special cost arrangements. Members should pay for their commercial transportation and hotel charges.6. Limit gifts (US$100 is the maximum acceptable value for a gift or gratuity).7. Restrict investments (strict limits should be imposed on private placements).8. Review procedures (supervise the personal investment activities of the employees).B.: Interactions with Clients and ProspectsIV(B.1) Fiduciary Duties: In relationships with clients, members shall use particular care in determining applicable fiduciary duty and shall comply with such duty as to those persons and interests to whom the duty is owed. Members must act for the benefit of their clients and place their clients' interests before their own.Compliance:1. Follow all applicable rules and laws.2. Establish the investment objectives of the client.3. Diversify.4. Deal fairly with all clients with respect to investment actions.5. Disclose all possible conflicts of interest.6. Disclose compensation arrangements.7. Preserve the confidentiality of client information.8. Maintain loyalty to the plan beneficiaries.IV(B.2) Portfolio Investment Recommendations and Actions: Members shall:a. Make a reasonable inquiry into a client's financial situation, investment experience, and investment objectives prior to making any investment recommendations and shall update this information as necessary, but no less frequently than annually, to allow the members to adjust their investment recommendations to reflect changed circumstances.b. Consider the appropriateness and suitability of investment recommendations or actions for each portfolio or client (including the needs and circumstances of the portfolio or client, the basic characteristics of the investment involved, and the basic characteristics of the total portfolio).c. Distinguish between facts and opinions in presenting recommendations.d. Disclose to clients and prospects the basic format and general principles of the investment processes by which securities are selected and portfolios are constructed and shall promptly disclose to clients and prospects any changes that might significantly affect those processes.IV(B.3) Fair Dealing: Members shall deal fairly and objectively with all clients and prospects when disseminating investment recommendations, disseminating material changes in prior investment recommendations, and taking investment action.Compliance:1. Limit the number of people privy to recommendations and changes.2. Shorten the time frame between initiation and dissemination.3. Publish personnel guidelines for pre-dissemination.4. Simultaneous dissemination.5. Establish rules about employee trading activities.6. Establish procedures for determining material changes.7. Maintain a list of clients and their holdings.8. Develop trade allocation procedures.9. Make sure one account is not being used to bail out other accounts.10.If the firm offers differing levels of service, this fact should be disclosed to all clients.IV(B.4) Priority of Transactions: Clients and employers shall have priority over transactions in securities or other investments of which a member is the beneficial owner so that such personal transactions do not operate adversely to their clients' or employer's interests. If members make a recommendation regarding the purchase or sale of a security or other investment, they shall give their clients and employer adequate opportunity to act on the recommendation before acting on their own behalf.Compliance:1. Define personal transactions.2. Define covered investments.3. Limit the number of access persons. “Fire Walls” should be built to prevent the flow of information from one group or department to other groups within the firm.4. Define prohibited transactions. The text specifically mentions equity based IPOs.5. Establish reporting procedures and prior-clearance requirements.6. Ensure that procedures will be enforced and establish disciplinary procedures.IV(B.5) Preservation of Confidentiality: Members shall preserve the confidentiality of information communicated by clients, prospects, or employers concerning matters within the scope of the client-member, prospect-member, or employer-member relationship unless the member receives information concerning illegal activities on the part of the client, prospect, or employer.Compliance: The simplest and most effective way to comply is to avoid discussing any information received from a client except to colleagues working on the same project.IV(B.6) Prohibition against Misrepresentation: Members shall not make any statements, orally or in writing that misrepresent:a. the services that they or their firms are capable of performing.b. their qualifications or the qualifications of their firm.c. the member's academic or professional credentials.Members shall not make or imply, orally or in writing, any assurances or guarantees regarding any investment except to communicate accurate information regarding the terms of the investment instrument and the issuer's obligations under the instrument.Compliance: Firms can provide guidance to employees who make written or oral presentations to clients or prospects by providing a writt en list of the firm’s available services and a description of the firm’s qualifications.IV(B.7) Disclosure of Conflicts to Clients and Prospects: Members shall disclose to their clients and prospects all matters, including beneficial ownership of securities or other investments, that reasonably could be expected to impair the member's ability to make unbiased and objective recommendations.Compliance: Members should report to their employers, clients, and prospects any material beneficial interest they may have in securities, corporate directorships, or other special relationships they may have with thecompanies they are recommending. Members should make the disclosures before they make any recommendations or take any investment actions regarding these investments.IV(B.8) Disclosure of Referral Fees: Members shall disclose to clients and prospects any consideration or benefit received by the member or delivered to others for the recommendation of any services to the client or prospect.Compliance:1. Disclose all agreements in writing to any client or prospect who has been referred.2. Describe in the disclosure the nature of the consideration and the estimated dollar value of the consideration.3. Consult a supervisor and legal counsel concerning any prospective arrangement regarding referral fees.2-V.: Standards of Professional Conduct: V. Relationships with and Responsibilities to the Investing PublicA.: Prohibition against Use of Material Nonpublic InformationStandard: Members who possess material nonpublic information related to the value of a security shall not trade or cause others to trade in that security if such trading would breach a duty or if the information was misappropriated or relates to a tender offer. If members receive material nonpublic information in confidence, they shall not breach that confidence by trading or causing others to trade in securities to which such information relates. Members shall make reasonable efforts to achieve public dissemination of material nonpublic information disclosed in breach of a duty.Compliance: Fire walls, minimum elements are:1. Control over interdepartmental communications.2. Review employee trading against restricted lists.3. Restrict proprietary trading while the firm is in possession of material nonpublic information.Additional procedures:1. Restrict personal and proprietary employee trading.2. Place securities on a restricted list when the firm has material nonpublic information.3. Disseminate material nonpublic information only to those with a need to know.4. Designate a supervisor who decides when trading is appropriate.B.: Performance presentationStandard:1. Members shall not make any statements, orally or in writing, that misrepresent the investment performance that they or their firms have accomplished or can reasonably be expected to achieve.2. If members communicate individual or firm performance information directly or indirectly to clients or prospective clients, or in a manner intended to be received by clients or prospective clients, members shall make every reasonable effort to assure that such performance information is a fair, accurate, and complete presentation of such performance.Compliance: Misrepresentation about the investment performance of the firm can be avoided if the member maintains data about the firm’s investment performance in written form. Investment accounts should be combined into composites by investment class and risk groups.3: Standards of Practice Handbooka: Demonstrate a thorough knowledge of the Standards of Professional Conduct by recognizing and applying the Standards to specific situations.This is an application of many different ethics concepts to different scenarios. After having learned the ethics material in earlier learning outcomes you will be able to apply these concepts to various scenarios as you take the quizzes.b: Distinguish between conduct that conforms to the Code and the Standards and conduct that violates the Code and the Standards.This requires looking at different scenarios and possibly applying several ethics concepts to each scenario. After you learn and understand the ethics concepts you will be able to apply them to specific situations through the quizzes.4: AIMR Performance Presentation Standards Handbooka: Explain the goals of the AIMR-PPS Standards.The Standards have been designed to meet the following goals:· To achieve greater uniformity and comparability among performance presentations.· To improve the service offered to investment management clients.· To enhance the professionalism of the industry.· To bolster the notion of self-regulation.Note: The Presentation Standards are intended primarily to be performance presentation standards,not performance measurement standards. Portions of the AIMR-PPS are required while some are recommended. AIMR strongly encourages the adoption of both required and recommended components of the Standards. Also, performance presentations may have to provide more than the minimum requirements of the AIMR-PPS to meet the full intent of the Standards.b: Identify the parties affected by the AIMR-PPS standards.· Firms. The PPS Standards are voluntary. The PPS are widely recognized as fair and accurate reporting guidelines for investment performance.· AIMR Members, CFA Charterholders, and CFA Candidates. The PPS are not explicitly incorporated into the AIMR Code and Standards of Professional Conduct. The PPS does, however, help insure that members, charterholders and candidates are in compliance with Standard V(B), Performance Presentation, so that they will make no material misrepresentation of their performance results.· Prospective and Current Clients. The PPS helps clients compare investment performance across firms. The PPS helps clients evaluate their investment manager’s performance.c: Identify the four main topics of the AIMR-PPS standards (i.e., creation and maintenance of composites, calculation of returns, presentation of results, and disclosures).· Creation and maintenance of composites. A composite is a set of portfolios that follow the same investment style.· Calculation of returns.· Presentation of results.· Disclosures.d: Identify what constitutes a valid claim of compliance with the AIMR-PPS standards.To claim compliance, firms must meet all composite, calculation, presentation, and disclosure requirements. Adherence to the basic requirements, however, does not guarantee fair and adequate performance reporting. Compliance with the standards also requires adherence to all applicable laws and regulations.If the firm has made every reasonable effort to ensure that their performance presentation is in compliance with the PPS, the firm can use the following legend:?XYZ Firm has prepared and presented this report in compliance with the Performance Presentation Standards of the Association for Investment Management and Research. AIMR has not been involved with the preparation or review of this report.· Any use of the mark “AIMR” except as shown above is prohibited.· If results are not in full compliance, performance cannot be presented as: Being in compliance with the AIMR-PPS except for …· Statements referring to the calculation methodology used in a presentation as being in accordance or compliance with AIMR-PPS standards are prohibited.· AIMR members who misuse the term AIMR, AIMR-PPS standards, or the Compliance Statement are subject to disciplinary sanctions under Standard V(B).各位考生，2015年CFA备考已经开始，为了方便各位考生能更加系统地掌握考试大纲的重点知识，帮助大家充分备考，体验实战，高顿网校开通了全免费的CFA题库（包括精题真题和全真模考系统），题库里附有详细的答案解析，学员可以通过多种题型加强练习，通过针对性地训练与模考，对学习过程进行全面总结。

2024年高二英语学科全球合作研究的合作机制构建分析单选题30题1.International cooperation is crucial for addressing global challenges. The ______ of different countries is essential.A.effortsanizationsC.cooperationsD.initiatives答案：B。

“国际合作对于应对全球挑战至关重要。

不同国家的组织是必不可少的。

”A 选项“efforts”努力；C 选项“cooperations”合作，此处与前文重复；D 选项“initiatives”倡议。

根据语境，这里强调不同国家的组织，所以选B。

2.Global cooperation requires strong ______ among nations.A.associationsB.partnershipsC.connectionsD.relationships答案：B。

“全球合作需要国家之间强大的伙伴关系。

”A 选项“associations”协会；C 选项“connections”联系；D 选项“relationships”关系，而伙伴关系更能体现全球合作的需求，所以选B。

3.The success of global cooperation depends on effective ______.A.coordinationsB.arrangementsanizationsD.plans答案：C。

“全球合作的成功取决于有效的组织。

”A 选项“coordinations”协调；B 选项“arrangements”安排；D 选项“plans”计划。

这里强调组织的重要性，所以选C。

4.In global cooperation, ______ play an important role in promoting common development.A.institutionspaniesC.factoriesD.schools答案：A。