[职称英语]
知识点讲解大全
2011年6月4日
目录
一、职称英语报考指南 (1)
二、职称英语考试技巧 (5)
三、阅读练习 (68)
一、职称英语报考指南
·报名时间
每年11月中下旬(双休日除外)，逾期不再补报。
·考试时间
全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试一般为每年4月的第二个星期日举行
·考试级别/适用范围
以下是全国职称外语等级考试级别划分及适用范围，请大家根据自己的职称英语要求选择报考。
考试等级申报职称职称系列A级B级C级
高校教师教授、副教授讲师
自然科学研究与社会科学研究研究员、副研究员助理研究员社会科学研究（研究员、副研究员第二外语）
卫生技术（医、药、护、技）主任医(药、护、技)师副主任医(药、护、技)师⑴主治(管)医(药、护、技)师⑵在县及县以下所属单位工作的人员申报正、副主任医（药、护、技）师，在县及县以下所属单位工作的人员申报主治（管）医（药、护、技）师。
工程技术高级工程师（含教授级高级工程师）⑴工程师⑵在县及县以下所属单位工作的人员申报高级工程师（含教授级高级工程师）⑵在县及县以下所属单位工作的人员申报工程师。
农业技术农业技术推广研究员高级农艺师农艺师
实验技术高级实验师实验师
中学教师中学高级教师
中等专业学校教师高级讲师讲师
技工学校教师高级讲师（高级实习指导教师）讲师
经济专业高级国际商务师高级经济师国际商务师经济师助理国际商务师
会计专业高级会计师会计师
统计专业高级统计师统计师
审计专业高级审计师审计师
体育教练员国家级教练高级教练一级教练
工艺美术专业高级工艺美术师工艺美术师
翻译专业译审、副译审（第二外语）翻译（第二外语）
播音专业播音指导主任播音员一级播音员
新闻专业高级记者(高级编辑)主任记者(主任编辑）记者（编辑）艺术（广播电视艺术）艺术一级艺术二级、主任舞台技师艺术三级、舞台技师
出版专业编审副编审编辑（一级校对）
文博专业、图书资料专业、档案专业研究馆员副研究馆员馆员公证员一级公证员二级公证员三级公证员
律师一级律师二级律师三级律师
·报考类别的选择
综合类，理工类，卫生类考试原则上没有严格的界限。综合类文章可以考到理工类去，理工类可以考到卫生类和综合类。三类考试之间没有严格界限区分。国家在每位考生评定职称的时候，到底要求是理工类成绩，卫生类成绩，基本上国家还没有明确规定。假如你评定主任医师，卫生类职称，你可以考综合类，也可以考卫生类。严格意义上没有很严格的要求。到底决定报综合类，理工类，还是卫生类，有两个依据。首先问一下自己单位的人，要评定职称要报什么类比较合适。如果单位没有明确要求和规定的话，可以根据自己的现实情况选择，如果工作中接触的文章都是理工类的文章，那就报理工类。假如接触的文章是社会类文章，那就报综合类。
·免考规定
取得外语(从事翻译工作人员及外语教师第二外语)专业专科及以上学历的人员申报中、高级职称评审;获得博士学位申报高级(含正高级)职称评审;获得硕士学位申报中级职称评审;留学回国人员首次参加职称评审;申报副高级职称评审时已取得职称外语合格证书(含1977年底前参加工作人员外语成绩达到45分)的人员申报正高级职称评审;参加《全国工商企业出国培训备选人员外语考试》，通过中(Ⅰ)级者申报中级职称评审，通过高(A)级者申报高级职称评审等五类考生可免职称外语等级考试。
凡参加国家人事部和北京市人事局组织的各类专业技术资格考试和职(执)业资格考试取得资格证书的人员，聘用单位可根据岗位需要自主决定对应聘人员的外语水平要求。凡实行考评结合的系列(专
业)及体育教练员、工艺美术、广播电视艺术、技校高级实习指导教师系列(专业)，外语考试成绩可不作为申报条件，其合格成绩或当年考试成绩作为职称评审的要素之一。
·注意事项
为了保证报考信息的准确采集和处理，报考人员在报名和考试时要注意以下事项：
1、根据各省市人事厅(局)考试中心发布的报名程序和要求，到指定的报名点领取报名表。如果规定实行光电阅读器--计算机自动采集报名信息，还要领取报名信息卡和《报考手册》。由单位集体组织报名的，应按本人所在单位规定的具体程序报考。
2、如实、准确、工整地填写报名表中的各有关项目，并由所在单位加盖公章。使用报名信息卡的，除按要求填写报名表外，还应严格按照《报考手册》中规定的填涂工具和填涂要求，认真、准确添涂好报名信息卡。报名表和报名信息卡填好后，应认真检查，确保报名的填写和报名信息卡的填涂准确无误。
3、携带报名表、报名信息卡、照片、身份证和其它所需证件到报名点办理报名手续，报名点发给每一报考人员一个报名序号，该报名序号应保存好，以备后用。
二、职称英语考试技巧
给大家说说关心的“字典”问题：
针对职称英语考试中的第一部分词汇题，我建议大家带一本同义
词词典（双解词典），这类词典的特点是用几个同义词注解某一英文单词，大家可以非常方便地在注解中找到答案。
有了字典，又该如何查呢？我经常听到有学员在答疑室中说：某某单词在字典里查不到，其实不是字典里没有，而是他们不会查，最常见到的情况有两种：
第一种：分不清单词词性；如：
1.Before leaving the house,she the windows.
2.She is to success.
两句话里都有close，但是词性不同，第一句话里的是动词，因为有形式上的变化（-ed）；而第二句话里的close跟在is的后面，而且形式上没有变化，因此判断为形容词。当寻找他们的同义词时，应针对不同的词性加以判断。这一点对于大家来说非常重要！
第二中：分不清划线单词是原形，现在分词或过去式：
如：Her sister her to apply for the job.(P602)
B.caused
C.forced
D.promised
如果去字典里查urged,当然是查不到的。
Tickets are limited and will be to those who apply first.(P461)
posted B.Sent C.handed
接下来，我们一起练几题，大家可以八仙过海各显神通，看谁做得又快又好！
1.all animals communicate through sounds.
A．Clearly B．Almost C．Absolutely D．Basically
2.The story was very.
A．Inspiring B．Boring C．Moving D．absorbing You should have the butter with the sugar thoroughly.
A．Spread B．Mixed C．Beaten D．covered
4.I won’t that kind of behaviour.
A.bear
B.accept
C.admit
D.take
5.The index is the government’s chief of future economic activity.
A.method
B.measure
C.way
D.manner
阅读理解常用提问方式
1.有关主旨题的提问方式：
1)The main（主要的）idea（思想，主意）of this passage（文章）is…
2)Which of the following（下列的）statements（句子）best expresses （表达）the main idea of the passage?
3)The passage mainly discusses（讨论）…
4)This passage mainly deals with（涉及）…
5)The author’s purpose（意图）in writing this passage is…
6）What is the passage mainly about?
2.有关细节题的提问方式：
1）Some people do sth.because____________?
2）According to the passage,we can know that___________. 3）What…?Which…?Who(Whom)…?When(What time)…
4）Which of the following statements is true except...?
Which of the following statementsis not mentioned?
Which of the following is mentioned?
Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
3.有关词语释义题的提问方式：
1)The word“…”in line（行）…refers to(指)…
2)In paragraph4,“it”refer to(means)………
4.有关推理判断题的提问方式：
1)It can be inferred(推断)from the passage that….
2)Which of the following can be inferred?
3)It can be concluded(结论)from the passage that….
5.有关作者观点意图题的提问方式：
1)The author’s main（主要的）purpose(目的)in this passage is….
2)The author’s purpose of writing this passage is….
3)In this passage the author’s attitude（看法）could best..
4)The author’s main thought（思想）is that…
众所周知，阅读理解题的成败关乎到考试能否及格，所以一定要掌握好的解题方法，在大家词汇量都不是很多的情况下，方法就显得极其重要！
阅读理解例题：
例一：
Light Night，Dark Stars
1.Thousands of people around the globe step outside to gaze at their night sky．On a clear night，with no clouds,moonlight，or artificial lights to block the view，people can see more than14,000 stars in the sky，says Dennis Ward，an astronomer with the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research(UCAR)in Boulder，Colo．But when people are surrounded by city lights．he says，they’re lucky to see150stars．
2.If you've ever driven toward a big city at night and seen its glow from a great distance,you’ve．It occurs when light from streetlights，office buildings，signs，and other sources streams into space and illuminates the night sky．This haze of light makes many stars invisible to people on Earth．Even at night，big cities like New York glow from
making stargazing difficult。
3.Dust and particles of from factories and industries worsen the effects ot．“If one city has a lot more than another，”Ward says，“that city will suffer the effects of on a much greater scale．”
4.Hazy skies also make it far more difficult for astronomers to do their jobs.
5.Cities are getting larger．Suburbs are growing in once dark，rural areas．Light from all this new development is increasingly obscuring tile faint light given off by distant stars．And if scientists can't locate these objects，they can’t learn more about them．
6.only affect star visibility．It can harm wildlife too．It’s clear that artificial light call attract animals，making them go off course”．There’s increasing evidence．For example, that migrating birds use sunsets and sunrises to help find their way, says Sydney Gauthreaus Jr.,a scientist at Clemson University in South Carolina．“When light occurs at night,”he says,“it has a very disruptive influence．”Sometimes birds fly into lighted towers，high rises，and cables from radio and televisioll towers．Experts estimate that millions of birds die this way every year.
1.When can people see14000stars?
A When they have a fairly good telescope．
B When they are in a large city．
C When the night sky is clear of clouds，moonlight and artificial lights．
D When the night sky is without haze and fog．
2．Which of the following statements is NOT related to light pollution?
A A haze of light formed from artificial lights such as streetlights and building lights．
B Lights from different sources in the city stream into space and illuminate the night sky．
C The night sky is illuminated by the lights from big glowing cities in the night．
D Stargazing becomes difficult because there is a layer of haze in the air．
3.Does the writer think growing cities affect astronomers’work?Why does he think so?
A Yes．Because the once dark rural areas are polluted by lights．
B No．Because they can still see stars in rural areas．
C.Yes．Because rural areas are not a good place for astronomers to study stars。
D.No.Because faint light given off by stars call still be seen on a
clear night
4.How does light pollutiotl affect wildlife?Which of the following is NOT correct?
A.Animals may go off course due to the attraction of artificial lights．
B.Animals might be attracted by artificial lights to go into cities．
C.Artificial lights at night may make migrating birds lose their way．
D Attracted by artificial lights，birds fly into lighted buildings．5．Which of the following is closest in meaning to the title”Light Night，Dark Stars”?
A.The night sky is light colored and stars are black．
B.Lights appear at night and stars are seen in the dark．
C.Cities lights illunfinate the night sky and make stars invisible．
D City lights at night illuminate stars in the sky．
先理解标题，推测文章内容：Light Night，Dark Stars。没有生词，明亮的夜晚，昏暗的星空。只是看题目，还不易推测出文章的主要内容，因此，要快速浏览全文，看能否找到出现频率较高的词或短语，它们有可能就是文章的核心！大家看到了我用黑线标出了出现频率最多的短语：light pollution.所以可以推测文章的内容和光污染有关。
接下来判断所给5题的题型，我们发现1至4都是细节题，因此只需要找到关键词逐一回答即可。而第5题是主旨题，而且是最后
一题，所以要等文章读完后最后做。
1.When can people see14000stars?
A When they have a fairly good telescope当他们有一个非常不错的望远镜．
B When they are in a large city当他们在大城市时．
D When the night sky is without haze and fog当夜空没有阴霾和大雾时．
分析：关键词很容易找14000stars，在第一段出现了该词：Thousands of people（数以千计的人）around the globe（世界上）step outside（走出去）to gaze at（凝视）their night sky
th,
(答案C)，says Dennis Ward，an astronomer（天文学家）with the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research(UCAR)in Boulder，Colo．But when people are surrounded(被。。。包围)by city lights．he says，they’re lucky to see150stars．
补充：请注意短语：be clear of sth:无阻碍、障碍、危险
如：Wait until the road is clear of traffic before crossing.(等到路上
没车时再过马路。)
2．Which of the following statements(叙述)is related to（同。。。有关）light pollution?
A A haze of light is formed from artificial lights such as streetlights and building lights（阴霾的光是由人造光而形成的，如路灯和建筑物的光）．
B Lights from different sources in the city stream into space and illuminate the night sky来自于不同来源的光进入太空并照亮了夜空．
C The night sky is illuminated by the lights from big glowing cities in the night夜空由晚上大城市发出的光照亮．
星变得困难．
pollution,而且按照题目的题号应该在文分析：本题的关键词是light
lightpollution,
章的前面，所以从第二段找找看：
If you've ever driven toward a big city at night and seen its glow from a great distance（答案C）,you’ve witnessed（见证、
．It occurs when light from streetlights，office buildings，signs，and other sources streams into space and illuminates the night sky（答案A,B表述）．This haze of light makes many stars
invisible to people on Earth．Even at night，big cities like New York glow from light pollution,making stargazingdifficult（请注意这句话并不是答案D，他们不同，该句是说：甚至在晚上，许多像纽约这样的大城市所产生的灯光使观望星星变得困难。）所以，D的表述同光污染没有关联。
3.Does the writer think growing cities affect astronomers’work?Why does he think so?
为曾经黑暗的乡村地区被光污染了．
B No．Because they Call still see stars in rural areas．
C.Yes．Because rural areas are not a good place for astronomers to study stars因为乡村地区不是一个好的研究星星的地方。
D.No.Because faint light given off by stars call still be seen on a clear night
分析：题目是说：不断扩大的城市会影响天文学家的工作吗？为什么他会这样认为？
在A答案中我们可以看到线索词：polluted和lights.所以，根据阅读的规律，只要和线索词有关的答案，多半就是最终答案。如果大家想检查答案是否正确的话，也可以带着关键词astronomers去找答案：Hazy skies also make it
通过对句子的分析，排除答案B，D.留下A，C.在接下来的段落中可以对答案加以判断：
Cities are getting larger．Suburbs（郊区）are growing in once dark，rural areas．Light from all this new development is increasingly obscuring(使。。。变得模糊)the faint（微弱的）light given off by distant stars．And if scientists can't locate（确定。。。的位置）these objects，they can’t learn more about them．
总结：做阅读理解时大家需要牢牢抓住文章的中心或核心词，只要被选项中有核心内容的出现就可以推测为正确答案！
4.How does light pollution affect wildlife?Which of the following is NOT correct?
A.Animals may go off course due to the attraction of artificial lights 由于受到人造光的吸引，动物们可能偏离航向．
动物们可能会受到人造光的吸引而进入城市
C.Artificial lights at night may make migrating birds lose their way．夜间的人造光可能会使迁徙的鸟类们迷路
D Attracted by artificial lights，birds fly into lighted buildings．
由于受到人造光的吸引，鸟类飞进有光的建筑物里。
分析：题目是说：光污染是如何影响野生动物？下列哪个说法不正确？
关键词就是wildlife,在最后一段里，可以找到内容：
Light pollution doesn’t only affect star visibility．It can harm wildlife too．It’s clear that artificial light call attract animals，making them go off course”（答案A）．There’s increasing evidence．For example,that migrating birds use sunsets and sunrises to help find their way, says Sydney Gauthreaus Jr.,a scientist at Clemson University in South Carolina．“When light occurs at night,”he says,“it has a very disruptive（破坏性的）influence（答案C）．”Sometimes birds fly into lighted towers（答案D），high rises，and cables from radio and televisioll towers．Experts estimate that millions of birds die this way every year.
所以，答案B并未提到。
5．Which of the following is closest(最接近的)in meaning（意思）to the title"Light Night，Dark Stars"?
A.The night sky is light colored and stars are black夜空是浅色的而星星是黑色的．
B.Lights appear at night and stars are seen in the dark
光显现在夜晚而在黑暗中人们看见星星．
D City lights at night illuminate stars in the sky．
夜晚的城市的灯光照亮了天空中的星星。
分析：本题是唯一的一道主旨题，所以需要纵观全文。通过我们对前4题的解答，完全可以判断出文章的主题就是说：由于不断扩大的城市，越来越多的城市灯光，已经成为一种污染，使得天空中的星星黯然失色，所以答案就是C。
例二：
Declining Interest in Developing Foreign Language Skills
1.Australia’s foreign language skills are declining,voice of America has reported.New figures show that only13percent of high school graduates can speak a foreign language.But four decades ago,40 percent had foreign language skills.
2.Professor Elise Tipton,from the University of Sydney,says increasingly students do not feel the need to learn another language to boost their career.She believes that Australia’s economic boom,which is driven by red-hot demand for its minerals, is helping mask serious deficiencies in its language skills.
3.Australia does business very successfully in English with most of its trading partners.But as the world’s economic power shifts to emerging regions such as Asia,its language gap could soon be exposed.According to the new figures,less than6.5percent of high school graduates are proficient in an Asian language. Academics worry that this means Australia will increasingly be
isolated from its economically important Asian neighbors.Dilip Dutta,from the economics and business faculty at Sydney University,says language skills can enhance trading opportunities. If Australians want to trade with Asian countries,it is very important for them to learn the language that will help them to get closer to the culture.
4.But students have different opinions about Asian language learning Pippa McCowage,a22-year-old Australian student,says many young Australians have a half-hearted approach to foreign languages,and the language curriculum is often weak.“While we’re encouraged in high school to learn another language,it’s not really apparent to me as a realistic expectation that you will have to speak it,”said McCowage.“For example,I learned Japanese in high school,when I went on an exchange in Year10,I found that the Japanese students of my age had a much greater proficiency in English than I did in Japanese.So in that sense,it almost discourages you.
5.At present,about70percent of Australia’s major exports go to Asia and the Australian government has been keen on developing closer economic and diplomatic ties with Asia.Academics say that, as Asia becomes one of the world’s economic powerhouses, Australia needs to improve its language skills if it is to take full