Key concepts and key sentences
1.Car-pooling is the agreement of joining the use of a private car by several individuals having the same journey at mutually compatible times.
2.Cars are typically carrying just 1 to 2 commuters.
3.The inefficient use of limited road space is causing traffic congestion.
4.If the motorists share rides so that the cars typically carry 3 to 4 commuters, the
number of cars may reduce to 50% or less. The resultant saving in fuel, travel time, and pollution would be steep -50 % or more.
5.New York experienced a public transport strike in December 2005.
6.Only HOV-4 cars (cars carrying at least 4 persons) were allowed to enter Manhattan during peak hours.
7.Places (Carpool stands) were notified to facilitate easy ridesharing.
8.Car owners living in same/nearby localities, working in same/nearby offices, and
having same work-timings make a carpool.
9.Only those who have unwaveringly-fixed office timings and destinations can participate in present carpools.
10.Ridesharing with strangers contacted through internet classifieds is risky.
11.Cars of each member are fitted with a special hardware device comprising of smart Id-card reader, GPS, and GPRS (or other appropriate equipment for tracking
and communication).
12.High occupancy cars can be allowed in exclusive lanes, along with buses.
13.Transportation demand management (TDM) strategies seek to increase higher occupancy travel, especially during weekday peak congestion periods. The goal of TDM actions is to shift travel to higher occupancy (transit, car/vanpool) or
non-motorized (bicycle, walking) transportation modes, shift travel to less congested
times of the day, and/or reduce or eliminate the need to travel (e.g., through telecommuting). TDM strategies include incentives/disincentives, service improvements, information dissemination and marketing activities, alternative work schedules and sites, and parking management.
14.If you can't avoid traffic, help reduce traffic. Carpooling or any other type of alternative transportation will help drivers lower personal stress, improve air quality,
and save money on gas and parking.
15.In the United States, there is tremendous unused transportation capacity in the form of unoccupied seats in private vehicles. Most vehicles can comfortably seat four
or five, but rarely carry more than one. Filling some of those empty seats could create
tremendous benefits both to individuals and to society as a whole. Many riders would
get to destinations more conveniently. Drivers and passengers sharing a ride might
enjoy the pleasure of conversation.
16.This paper describes the architecture for a collaborative Car Pooling System based on a credits mechanism to motivate the cooperation among users. Users can spend the accumulated credits on parking facilities. For this, we propose a business model to support the collaboration between a car pooling system and parking facilities.
17.In the European Union, over 60% of the population lives in urban areas. Air and
noise pollution is getting worse each year. Urban traffic is responsible for 40% of CO2
emissions and 70% of emissions of other pollutants arising from road transport.
18.The Car Pooling happens whenever at least two people ride the same car. Each person would have made the trip independently if the carpool had not been there. Driver and passengers know beforehand the trips that they will be sharing the ride.
19.Car sharing (or short-term auto use) provides a flexible alternative that meets diverse transportation needs across the globe, while reducing the negative impacts of
private vehicle ownership. Although car sharing appeared in Europe between the
1940s and 1980s, it did not become popularized until the early 1990s. For nearly 20
years, there has been growing worldwide participation in car sharing. Today, car sharing operates in approximately 600 cities around the world, in 18 nations, and on
four continents.
20.In recent years, energy prices have become increasingly more expensive and volatile. This trend has added to auto ownership costs and uncertainty about future
operating expenses. Moreover, parking in many of the world’s largest cities is limited
and costly further adding to private vehicle expenditures. Many nations worldwide have adopted car sharing (or short-term auto access) as a means to reduce personal transportation costs and the negative impacts of widespread auto use including:
congestion, inefficient land use, energy consumption, and emissions. Knowledge of car sharing and advanced technologies to support its operations has spread throughout
Europe and North America and into Asia and Australia. Together, these factors are influencing car sharing growth across the globe in new and mature markets.
21.The principle of carsharing is simple: individuals gain the benefits of private
vehicle use without the costs and responsibilities of ownership. Carsharing is most
common in major urban areas where transportation alternatives are easily accessible.
Individuals generally access vehicles by joining an organization that maintains a fleet
of cars and light trucks in a network of locations (1, 2). Vehicles are most frequently
deployed from lots located in neighborhoods, at transit stations, or businesses. Carsharing members typically pay for use through hourly rates and
subscription-access plans. The majority of carsharing operators manage their services
with advanced technologies, which can include automated reservations, smartcard
vehicle access, and real-time vehicle tracking.
22. A car-sharing co-operative (CSC) owns a fleet of vehicles to which it provides convenient access for its members. Membership is limited to experienced drivers with
safe driving histories. Members pay for the amount of time, and distance, a CSC vehicle is used. A feasibility study in Portland, Oregon, concluded that for members
who typically drive less than ten thousand miles (16,130 km) per year, there are
significant cost savings in using CSC vehicles versus a privately owned vehicle. In addition to cost savings, members benefit from being relieved of the responsibility for
buying, financing, maintaining, insuring, and disposing of a personal vehicle, all of which are duties assumed by the CSC.
23.Experience in Europe indicates that the community benefits from a CSC because
vehicles are used more intensively, resulting in less traffic congestion and reduced vehicle emissions. For city residents, public transit becomes a more practical means of
primary transportation when a CSC vehicle is available as an alternative for occasions
when public transit may not be feasible, such as a trip to a garden-supply or building-supply retailer.
24.Initially, booking is done by the manager. When a member wants to use a CSC vehicle, he or she books in advance, by telephone, to confirm either that a vehicle is currently available, or that one can be scheduled for future use. If a vehicle is not available at a certain time or place, alternatives may be offered. If scheduling becomes
onerous, or when growth surpasses forty-five cars/five hundred members, the booking
function may be handed off to a third party call-centre with custom software.
25.A car-sharing co-operative has the potential to radically alter the economics of private vehicle transportation in Winnipeg for those who become members. At present,
vehicle owners incur substantial costs. The fixed costs, consisting of depreciation, maintenance, parking, insurance, etc.,prompt the owner to use his or her car even when there are cheaper or more environmentally friendly alternatives, such as walking,
car-pooling, or taking public transit. The result at rush hour is an unsustainable, congested flow of automobiles, each with one or two occupants. This results in
political pressure to build more bridges and wider streets to speed the flow. A
car-sharing co-operative absorbs most of the fixed costs and converts them into variable costs for the member.
26.With all its rules and restrictions, car-sharing is not appealing to everyone. I believe that the strongest supporters of car-sharing will be people who, from an environmental or faith perspective, would really prefer not to own a car. Further support may readily be found among people who have made a commitment to
co-operative housing or co-housing. There may be others for whom affordability of a
car has become a problem due to job loss or bereavement.
27.This report explores the car sharing market in the US. It provides insight into the
external and internal factors affecting consumption and trends and what they mean for
future sales, as well as, promotional campaigns and industry innovations.
28.Traffic congestion and the associated pressure in car parking, that results from growing car ownership, require the study of innovative measures to reduce the number of cars traveling every day to the city centers, specifically single occupant vehicles. Car pooling is a system by which a person shares his private vehicle with one or more people that have common, or aligned destinations. Until now this systems
have been applied mainly in the United States and some Northern European Countries
but with modest results. Trust between occupants has proven to be essential for car pooling viability. This paper presents the concept of car pooling clubs as a means to
affiliate its members, increasing trust between them and at the same time allowing a
more flexible matching between the participants.
29.The problem that arises from this approach is how to obtain the same level of trust between car poolers, when in some cases they haven’t even met before. Resistance to take contact with strange people is normally the greatest impediment for
Long Term car pooling,in the case of Daily car pooling there’s the aggravation of instability of riding partner on a day to day basis.
30.Dynamic rideshare matching differs from traditional rideshare matching in two
important ways. The first major difference is the treatment of the traveler’s schedule.
Traditional systems assume that the traveler has a fixed schedule and a fixed origin
and destination. A dynamic system considers each trip individually and must be able
to accommodate trips to arbitrary points at arbitrary times by matching users’
individual trips without regard to trip purpose. The second major difference is that
dynamic ride-match systems must provide the match information to the user quickly
in order to accommodate near-term (same day) travel as well as long-term (future
days or weeks) trips.
31.As can be seen in the table, the desirability of ride sharing decreases with the
increase of strangers in the pool, especially for females. These results suggest that gender and prior knowledge of the potential pooler c ombine to determine the
desirability of the other person for ridesharing.
32.Those people are able to constitute stable traditional pool groups, but there are always people with variable schedules which are hindered of any possibility of integration in a stable group. Besides these two classes of people, there are also situations in which a member of a group has a different activity on one particular day,
having temporarily to leave that group.
33. A diverse range of architectures and concepts was proposed by scholars within
the theme of Car Pooling Problem solving. Most of these scholars have attempted to
put together two major elements: the need for people to move from a place to another,
and the resources used to accomplish this action. Based on the use of location and available car seats, Car sharing systems allowed a substantial number of people to share car rides. These systems would, among other advantages, rationalize energy consumption, save money, and decrease traffic jams and human stress, and eventually
make a significant improvement in human life.
34.This paper proposes the initial phase of Smart Ride Seeker (SRS), which is a Car
Pooling-like technique for distributing resources among a community that shares the
same goals. This SRS technique will be developed through a mobile-based application
that allows the mapping of ride seekers’ locations along with the locations of available cars on a graphical interface/map, giving the possibility to calculate the fastest and simplest path for both the ride giver and seeker to meet and fulfill their demand.
35.Car sharing is a method to reduce the usage of cars in a specific town or territory,
reducing car usage helps in turn to decrease pollution and prevent some other related
problems. This usually takes place by having 1) a car owner who uses his/her car to
move from a place to another, and 2) another person who is interested to go
somewhere along the car owner’s path to destination, and at the same time the ride
seeker is willing to share the ride cost with the car owner.
36.Car-Sharing is a key element of a new mobility culture.
37.The format of the workshop shall enable knowledge transfer and intense
exchange among participants in order to fully understand the needs of Car-Sharing operation, customer demands, operational and financial aspects. Therefore, the event
is planned as workshop of about 25 participants. The format is designed to exchange
in detail how to support, start and develop a Car-Sharing service successfully.