Lineage Divergence at the First TCR-Dependent Checkpoint

恐龙进化鸟的过程英语作文The Avian Legacy: The Evolutionary Journey from Dinosaurs to Birds.The avian lineage, characterized by its unmistakable feathers and flight capabilities, traces its evolutionary roots deep into the realm of dinosaurs. The remarkable transformation from towering, thunderous giants to the graceful soarers of modern skies is a testament to the astonishing power of adaptation and the relentless march of time.Theropods: The Avian Precursors.The origins of birds lie within the theropod group, a diverse assemblage of carnivorous dinosaurs that roamed the earth during the Mesozoic Era. These bipedal creatures exhibited several key features that would later pave the way for avian evolution.Feathers: While feathers are commonly associated with birds, their origins can be traced back to theropods. Primitive feathers emerged as small, quill-like structures used for insulation and display.Hollow Bones: Theropods possessed hollow bones, a characteristic that reduced their skeletal weight and facilitated locomotion, particularly running and leaping.Three-Toed Feet: The feet of theropods featured three weight-bearing toes, an arrangement that enhanced their agility and became the foundation of the avian foot structure.The Rise of Proto-Birds.The gradual transition from theropods to birds began with the emergence of proto-birds, such as Archaeopteryx lithographica. This iconic creature, dating back to around 150 million years ago, possessed a captivating mosaic of reptilian and avian traits.Feathered Forelimbs: Archaeopteryx bore elongated, pennaceous feathers on its forelimbs, resembling the wings of modern birds.Long Tail: Unlike modern birds, Archaeopteryx retained a relatively long, reptilian tail, indicating an intermediate stage in the evolution of avian flight.Teeth and Claws: Archaeopteryx's jaws were equipped with small, serrated teeth, while its feet still bore sharp claws, vestiges of its theropod ancestry.The Advent of True Birds.The divergence of theropods into true birds, or Ornithurae, marked a significant milestone in avian evolution. Ornithurans, such as Confuciusornis sanctus, exhibited more advanced flight adaptations and reduced reptilian features.Flight Feathers: The forelimbs of ornithurans had evolved into fully functional wings, with distinct flightfeathers arranged in an aerodynamic configuration.Reduced Tail: The tail of ornithurans had shortened considerably, becoming a characteristic of modern birds' compact, streamlined bodies.Absence of Teeth: Ornithurans had lost their teeth, a specialization that allowed for a lighter skull and greater flight efficiency.From Ground to Sky.The evolution of birds from dinosaurs was not a linear progression but rather a complex evolutionary tapestry woven over millions of years. Natural selection favored the survival and reproduction of individuals with traits that enhanced their ability to escape predators, secure food, and endure environmental challenges.Arboreal Adaptations: Many proto-birds likely spent extended periods in trees, using their feathered forelimbs for balance and gliding.Predator Avoidance: Flight provided an effective means of evading larger predators, enabling proto-birds to access new food sources and habitats.Dietary Specialization: The loss of teeth led to ashift in diet towards smaller prey, such as insects, fruits, and seeds.The Legacy of Dinosaurs.Today, birds thrive in a myriad of habitats worldwide, carrying the remarkable legacy of their dinosaur ancestors. From the majestic eagles soaring high above to the tiny hummingbirds flitting through flowers, the avian lineage stands as a testament to the extraordinary power ofevolution's transformative dance.Through their remarkable journey, birds have not only inherited the traits that once defined their theropod predecessors but have also forged their own unique evolutionary path. As we marvel at the beauty and diversityof the avian world, let us never forget the incredible ancestry that shapes their existence.。

《Aircraft Systems》专业英语单词感谢所有参加本次翻译的07级91同学！P1-10Biplanes 双翼飞机thorough完全的starboard右舷Warp 弯曲landing phase着陆bell-crank直角Cockpit座舱inadvertently疏忽的lever杆Monoplane单翼飞机progressive and well-harmonised Rig操纵agility敏捷spine脊Rudimentary基本的canard surface鸭翼idler张紧皮带轮Pulley滑轮foreplane前置翼面tandem jack串列千斤顶Persisted持续的drastic强烈的pivot point支点Transonic跨音速的implementation实现 rod杆Sophisticated复杂的differentialmotion差动empennage尾部Propulsion推进augment增大swivel rod旋转杆Reversal颠倒flaperon襟副翼rigid刚性的Hydraulically液压地airflow气流flex弯曲Actuator作动器extent程度nuisance害处Boosting增强divergence发散extensive广泛的Overstress过操作leading edge slat前缘缝翼synchronised同步的Artificial feel人感camber弯度predeterminedforce预紧力Trim配平penalty不利之处quadrant扇形齿轮Mach马赫thrust推动tensiometer张力计Coupledoscillation耦合振荡 airbrake减速板lost motion滞差运动Dutch roll荷兰滚rear fuselage后机身spring弹簧Comprised包括deploy展开Lane通道wear磨损Crowing gloryairliner客机Hybrid混合的trailing edge后缘Discrete离散的dedicated专用的The control andstabilityaugmentationsystem控制增稳系统Retained保留integrity完整Reversion备份aileron副翼Maturity成熟outboard外侧Isolate隔离fin垂尾Translational移动damper阻尼器Rotation转动identical相同的Orthodox常规的prime最初的Velocity速度modest缓和的Align对准proportion比率Bank angle倾斜角ultimate极限Simultaneous同时的 column杆Coordination协调pedal脚蹬Prolonged延长的push-pull硬式Manoeuvre动作cable and pulley钢索滑轮Compensate补偿three-dimensional三维Portion部分schematic简图Envelope包线split分离P11-201.8P20-30Screwjack 螺旋千斤顶The aerodynamic load 气动载荷Displacement 排水量Velocity 速度The null position 复位Torque 扭矩Encompass 涵盖Algorithm 算法State-of-the-art现代Remainder 剩余部分Quiescent 静止的Jack ram 连杆Jam 卡住Exception 特例Retract 缩回Reduction 减速Rotary motion 旋转运动Bi-directional 双向的Windage 气流Rudimentary 基本的Hydrostatic 流体静力学的液体德尔Coincide 相符的Fixed displacement Hyd Pump 固定位移液压泵Spoiler 扰流板elevator 升降舵rudder 方向舵segregate 分开隔开P30-401.11.2airbusimplementation空客配置concorde 协和式飞机utilise/utilize利用tabulate 列成表格aileron 副翼roll spoiler 滚转扰流板tailplane trim 尾部配平slat 缝翼flap 襟翼reversionary mode继承模式hydraulic powersystem 液压动力系统actuator 做动器notation 符号注释ground spoilermode 着陆扰流板模式load alleviationmode 减轻负载模式conventional yawdamper function常规偏航阻尼功能certification证明tailplanehorizontalactuator 机尾水平做动器contemporary同时代的longitudinalstability margin纵向稳定裕度relaxed stability放宽静稳定性autopilot 自动驾驶仪standby mode 备用模式clutch 抓住抓紧flight controldata concentrator飞行控制数据聚集器maintenance 维修保养full-spanleading-edge slat满量程前缘缝翼trailing-edgeflap 后缘襟翼standalone unit单机独立单元subsume 把···归类包含lineage 家系，世系，系列1.12generalize 归纳authority 权限summarise 总结coordinationalgorithm 协调算法rudimentary 基本的初步的pedal 脚蹬踏板facilitate 使容易1.13derive 得到来自electro-hydrostatic actuator 电静液做动器electrical backuphydraulic actuator电备份液压做动器1.14venture 冒险敢于interface 分界面界面接口triple redundant三倍冗余module 模数模量舱deck 舱面coupler 连接器分配器耦合器flaperon 襟腹翼solenoid 螺线管energise 供给能量通电calculation 计算结果subsequent 随后的后来的simplex 单一的单纯的indefinitely 不明确地无限定地diapatch 派遣发出1.15generic 普通的一般的trajectory 轨道datum 数据equivalent 同等的panel 仪器板execute 执行vertical 垂直的3-dimensional 三维的terminal 最后的终点的MCDU 多功能控制显示单元FMS 飞行管理系统AFDS 自动驾驶仪指引系统FBW 电传系统2.1aviation aircraft航空飞机engine mounted fuel filter 发动机装用燃油滤清器upper wing sections 前翼部分the flight crew空勤人员的multi-valve control means 多阀控制方式jet turbine powered aircraft 喷气涡轮动力航空piston -engined aircraft 活塞式飞机sortie出击；突围。

小学上册英语第二单元期中试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What is the name of the famous tree in the Bible?A. Fig TreeB. Olive TreeC. Tree of KnowledgeD. Cedar Tree2.What is the name of the process by which plants lose water?A. AbsorptionB. RespirationC. TranspirationD. EvaporationC3.My mom enjoys gardening and planting ____ (vegetables).4.What do we call the act of traveling to different countries?A. ExploringB. AdventuringC. TouringD. VacationingC5.What is the name of the famous wizarding school in Harry Potter?A. DurmstrangB. BeauxbatonsC. HogwartsD. Ilvermorny6.The _____ (玩具枪) makes laser sounds.7.funding proposal) seeks financial support for projects. The ____8.What do you call a young ant?A. LarvaB. PupaC. WorkerD. Queen9.What do we celebrate on Christmas?A. New YearB. BirthdayC. HolidayD. Jesus' birthD10.The Doppler effect explains how sound changes as an object ______.11.Plants need __________ (阳光) to grow well.12.I drink _____ (water/coffee) with lunch.13. A bison is often seen in ______ (草原).14.The flowers in the vase are very _______ (花瓶里的花非常_______).15. A ________ (植物管理策略) is essential for success.16.________ (植物适应性分析项目) foster understanding.17.The ancient __________ (中国) invented gunpowder.18.My mom is a great __________ (家庭主妇).19.The __________ was an important period of historical change in Europe. (工业革命)20.What is the main gas in the air we breathe?A. OxygenB. NitrogenC. Carbon dioxideD. HeliumB21.What do you call a person who studies animals?A. ZoologistB. BiologistC. EcologistD. EthologistA22.The rabbit is ___. (hopping)23. A ____(land use) plan guides development.24.The __________ (历史的重要性) can’t be understated.25.The chemical formula for oleic acid is ______.26. A __________ can often be seen perched on a branch.27.The _______ (小瓢虫) has spots on its back.28.The macaw has colorful _________. (羽毛)29.We go swimming in the ___ (pool).30.The mountain is _____ (high/low).31. A _____ (植物生活) reflects the interdependence of all life forms.32.My favorite snack is ________ (薯片).33.I love to listen to ______ (音乐) while I study.34.Mountains usually have steep ______.35.ts are used in ______ for their medicinal properties. (某些植物因其药用特性而用于传统医学。

When it comes to weddings, the world is a vast tapestry of diverse traditions and customs. The East and the West, though separated by oceans and continents, both hold the celebration of marriage in high regard, yet the ways in which they do so are as different as the cultures themselves. Having attended both Eastern and Western weddings, I can attest to the unique charm and significance each has to offer.In the East, particularly in countries like China and India, weddings are often grand affairs that can last for days. The ceremonies are steeped in tradition and are deeply symbolic. For instance, in a traditional Chinese wedding, the bride and groom are adorned in red, the color of prosperity and good fortune. The ceremony might include a tea ceremony where the couple serves tea to their elders as a sign of respect and gratitude. This act is not just a ritual but a profound expression of filial piety and the continuity of family lineage.Contrastingly, Western weddings, especially in countries like the United States and the United Kingdom, tend to be more intimate and focused on the couple. The bride typically walks down the aisle to meet her groom, surrounded by the gaze of loved ones. The ceremony is often held in a church or other sacred place, symbolizing the sanctity of the union. The exchange of vows and rings is a pivotal moment, signifying the couples commitment to one another.One of the most striking differences between Eastern and Western weddings is the role of the family. In Eastern cultures, the family plays a central role in the wedding process. From the initial matchmaking to thedowry and the wedding banquet, the familys involvement is integral. Its not uncommon for entire villages to come together to celebrate the union, making it a community event as much as a family one.On the other hand, Western weddings often emphasize the couples autonomy. While family is certainly important, the focus is on the love and commitment between the bride and groom. The wedding is a celebration of their decision to join lives, and the ceremony is a personal and intimate affair.Cultural symbolism also varies greatly. In Eastern weddings, rituals are laden with meaning. For example, in a Hindu wedding, the couple circles a sacred fire while reciting vows, symbolizing their commitment to walk together through lifes journey. In contrast, Western weddings often include readings, prayers, and hymns that reflect the couples spiritual beliefs and the sanctity of their union.The reception, too, is a point of divergence. Eastern receptions are typically large, festive gatherings with an abundance of food, music, and dance. Its a time for joyous celebration and communal feasting. In contrast, Western receptions are often more structured, with speeches, the first dance, and cutting of the cake as highlights of the event.Despite these differences, there is a common thread that runs through all weddings, East and West: the celebration of love and the coming together of two hearts. Whether its the exchange of vows under a floweradorned arch in a Western church or the intricate rituals of an Eastern ceremony,the essence of the occasion remains the same.In my experience, attending a wedding is not just about witnessing the union of two people its about immersing oneself in the rich tapestry of a cultures traditions. Each wedding Ive attended has been a lesson in the diversity of human expression of love and commitment. Its a reminder that, despite our differences, we all share the universal desire to celebrate love and form lasting bonds.In conclusion, while Eastern and Western weddings differ in many ways, they are both beautiful expressions of the joyous occasion of marriage. Each has its own unique charm and significance, and to experience both is to appreciate the richness of our global community. As we continue to share and learn from one anothers customs, we enrich not only our understanding of different cultures but also our own lives.。

东西方文化差异对待老人的英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Differences in How the East and West Treat the ElderlyAs a student who has had the opportunity to learn about various cultures around the world, one of the most striking differences I've noticed is in how the elderly are viewed and treated in Eastern societies compared to Western ones. This divergence stems from the fundamentally different value systems and cultural traditions that have shaped these two broad regions over centuries.In many Eastern cultures, particularly those influenced by Confucian philosophy such as China, Japan, and Korea, there is a strong emphasis on filial piety – the virtue of respect and obedience towards one's parents and elderly family members. This deep-rooted value has its origins in ancient teachings that stress the importance of hierarchy, duty, and honoring one's ancestors.For instance, in Chinese culture, the elderly hold a revered position in the family structure. They are seen as the bearers ofwisdom, tradition, and the family's legacy. It is expected that younger generations will care for their aged parents and grandparents, often living together in multigenerational households. The elderly are consulted on major family decisions and their advice is highly valued.Similarly, in India, the concept of "Matri Devo Bhava, Pitri Devo Bhava" – which translates to "revere your mother as a goddess, revere your father as a god" – is deeply ingrained in the cultural psyche. The elderly are treated with the utmost respect and their blessings are considered auspicious for important life events.This reverence for the aged is also reflected in the way many Eastern languages use honorific titles and special pronouns when addressing or referring to elders, further reinforcing the societal norm of showing deference to them.In contrast, Western cultures, particularly those influenced by Judeo-Christian traditions and Enlightenment values, tend to place a greater emphasis on individualism, self-reliance, and nuclear family structures. While respect for the elderly is still expected, the level of veneration and duty towards them may not be as pronounced as in Eastern societies.In the United States and many European nations, for instance, it is common for the elderly to live independently or in assisted living facilities once they reach a certain age or level of frailty. The primary responsibility for their care often falls on professional caregivers or the state, rather than being an assumed duty of the younger family members.This cultural difference can sometimes lead to intergenerational tensions or conflicts, particularly among immigrant families trying to navigate the contrasting values of their Eastern heritage and Western adoptive home.However, it is important to note that these are broad generalizations, and there are exceptions and nuances within both Eastern and Western cultures. For example, some Western societies, such as those in Southern Europe, tend to have stronger multigenerational family ties and place a higher value on caring for the elderly within the family unit.Additionally, the rapid pace of modernization and urbanization in many Eastern countries has led to a gradual erosion of traditional values, with some younger generations prioritizing individual aspirations over filial obligations.Ultimately, how societies treat their elderly is a complex issue shaped by a multitude of factors, including economicrealities, social safety nets, and evolving cultural norms. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, it is crucial for different cultures to learn from one another's strengths and find a balance between honoring tradition and adapting to changing circumstances.From a personal perspective, I believe that both Eastern and Western cultures have valuable lessons to offer when it comes to caring for the elderly. The Eastern emphasis on filial piety and reverence for elders can help foster stronger intergenerational bonds and ensure that the aged are treated with dignity and respect.At the same time, the Western focus on individual autonomy and professional care can help ensure that the elderly have access to high-quality services and are empowered to make decisions about their own well-being.Perhaps the ideal approach lies in finding a harmonious middle ground – one that upholds the cultural values of honoring and caring for the elderly, while also providing them with the independence and support they need to lead fulfilling lives in their later years.As the world's population continues to age, it is imperative that we have these important conversations and learn from oneanother's cultural wisdom to create societies that truly cherish and care for our elders.篇2The Contrasting Views on Aging: East vs WestAs a student interested in cross-cultural studies, I have long been fascinated by the dramatically different philosophies and attitudes that Eastern and Western societies have towards aging and the elderly. Having been raised in an Eastern culture myself, I was taught from a young age to respect and revere the elderly. However, after traveling and studying abroad in Western nations, I've come to realize just how starkly these two worlds diverge when it comes to their perceptions of old age.In the East, aging is seen through an almost celebratory lens – a Badge of Honor earned through decades of hard work, life experience, and perseverance. The elderly are esteemed as founts of wisdom, honored for their years, and valued for the guidance they can provide to younger generations. In countries like China, Japan, and India, it is considered disgraceful to shun or neglect one's aging parents or grandparents. The idea of packing off the elderly to nursing homes or assisted living facilities is viewed as a profound cultural taboo and moral failing.Instead, in these Eastern civilizations, the multi-generational family unit is the norm, with grandparents commonly living under the same roof as their children and grandchildren. The elderly are meant to be integrated fully into the family circle, their needs tended to by their offspring, who view this duty as a solemn obligation and privilege. Many of my Asian friends recount with pride how their grandmothers taught them traditional recipes, songs, or crafts – passing down an inextricable link to their heritage.This profound deference to the elderly is rooted in the core philosophies and belief systems of the East, which advocate filial piety and the preservation of family lineage above all else. Confucian and Buddhist teachings, which have held sway over cultures like China and Japan for millennia, place an immense value on respect for ancestors, deference to age and hierarchy, and maintaining strong intergenerational bonds. As a Chinese proverb states: "Having been cared for by them as children, we must return this favor in their old age."On the other side of the globe, however, Western attitudes towards aging and the elderly are notably different – and in many cases, jarringly opposed to those of the East. In nations like the United States, United Kingdom, and across much of Europe,youth is prized and glorified. We are endlessly bombarded with anti-aging product advertisements extolling us to battle the "scourge" of wrinkles, grey hairs, and other outward signs of growing old.Rather than being venerated, aging in the West is often viewed in a more skeptical, clinical light – as a deterioration of physical and mental faculties to be feared or overcome through medical and cosmetic interventions. This mindset stems largely from the West's long tradition of Individualism, where theself-determining individual reigns supreme over collective familial obligations. There is a greater sense that the elderly have "lived their life" and should now get out of the way and make room for the young and able-bodied.As such, the Western model typically embraces the widespread institutionalization of the elderly into nursing homes, retirement villages, and assisted living facilities once they reach an age where independent living becomes difficult. While often done with the best of intentions in terms of providing specialized care, this practice has also been criticized as a way for societies to quarantine and marginalize the aging – sweeping them to the fringes, out of sight and mind from the mainstream.During my time abroad, I was admittedly shocked to encounter retirement communities where there was little to no interaction between the elderly residents and younger generational cohorts. To my Eastern sensibilities, this sequestering of the aged away from the family unit represented a profound cultural disconnect – a deprivation of the warmth, vibrancy, and sense of purpose that multi-generationalco-existence can provide.Of course, I don't mean to paint an overly rosy picture of attitudes in the East either. With rapid urbanization and the erosion of traditional family structures in many Asian nations, there are increasing incidents of elder abandonment and neglect as well. The shift towards isolated nuclear family units often leaves little room for caring for aging parents – a sad reality I witnessed firsthand in my grandparents' twilight years.Nonetheless, even while contending with these modern challenges, the cultural backbone and deeply-ingrained values surrounding reverence for the elderly still remain remarkably intact across the Eastern world. I've seen how festivals like the Qingming tomb-sweeping holidays in China keep ancestor veneration alive. I've marveled at elderly Japanese couples stillholding hands, their familial devotion untarnished after decades of marriage.In the West, while there have been efforts to address ageism and bolster community services for seniors, the overall societal veneration of youth culture seems to carry the day. The elderly are too often cast aside to fend for themselves or shunted off to institutional facilities out of convenience or discomfort in dealing with the realities of aging and death. We could stand to take a page from the Eastern playbook in terms of re-integrating the elderly back into the warm embrace of the family collective.At the end of the day, while modernization has inevitably disrupted certain traditional norms, I believe both the East and West have wisdom to impart when it comes to caring for the aged with dignity and purpose. The East's deep-rooted filial philosophies remind us to cherish the elderly as vital fonts of our cultural lineage. But the West's medicalized view of aging as a new frontier to conquer could also potentially mitigate some of the suffering and indignities that come with old age.Perhaps an ideal solution lies in borrowing from the strengths of both value systems – creating a harmonic model where the elderly can age at home amid the loving care of their families, while simultaneously having access to cutting-edgehealthcare, community support networks, and quality-of-life resources. By bridging these cultural gaps surrounding attitudes towards aging, we may find newfound reverence and appreciation for those who have walked the path of life before us.篇3The Contrasting Attitudes: How East and West View the ElderlyAs a student hailing from an Asian country, I have always been intrigued by the stark differences between Eastern and Western cultures, particularly in their attitudes towards the elderly. Growing up in a society deeply rooted in Confucian values, I witnessed firsthand the reverence and respect accorded to the aged. However, upon interacting with peers from Western backgrounds, I realized that their perspectives on this matter diverged significantly from my own.In many Eastern cultures, the elderly are regarded as repositories of wisdom and experience, deserving of utmost veneration. This stems from the traditional belief that age equates to knowledge accumulated over a lifetime. Elders are seen as living embodiments of a community's history, custodiansof ancestral traditions, and beacons of guidance for the younger generation. Their counsel is sought on matters ranging from familial disputes to major life decisions, and their words carry immense weight.This reverence manifests itself in various cultural practices. For instance, in my home country, it is customary for the younger members of a family to greet their elders with a respectful bow or to address them using honorific titles. Caring for aging parents or grandparents is not merely a responsibility but an inherent duty, deeply ingrained in the fabric of our society. It is considered a grave dishonor to neglect or abandon one's elderly relatives, as they are viewed as the foundation upon which the family's legacy is built.In stark contrast, Western attitudes towards the elderly often prioritize independence and self-reliance. While respect for the aged is certainly present, it is tempered by a strong emphasis on individual autonomy and privacy. The elderly are encouraged to maintain their independence for as long as possible, residing in their own homes or retirement communities, rather than relying heavily on familial support.This divergence in perspectives can be traced back to the individualistic nature of Western societies, where personalfreedom and self-determination are highly valued. The elderly are celebrated for their ability to live independently, free from the burden of relying on others. Institutionalized care facilities, while not necessarily the norm, are more readily accepted as a viable option for those who require assistance.Additionally, the fast-paced lifestyle and mobile nature of Western societies can contribute to a perceived disconnect between generations. As families become more dispersed geographically, the close-knit multigenerational households that are prevalent in many Eastern cultures become less common. This physical separation can sometimes lead to a diminished sense of obligation towards caring for the elderly within the family unit.It is important to note, however, that these cultural differences are not absolute, and there are variations within both Eastern and Western societies. Globalization and cultural exchange have blurred the lines, with some Eastern countries adopting more Western-influenced attitudes towards aging, and vice versa. Additionally, individual families may deviate from societal norms based on their unique circumstances and personal values.Personally, I find both perspectives valuable and worthy of consideration. The Eastern emphasis on filial piety and respect for elders is admirable, recognizing the invaluable contributions and wisdom of the aged. However, the Western promotion of independence and self-determination also holds merit, allowing the elderly to maintain their dignity and autonomy for as long as possible.Perhaps the ideal lies in striking a balance, where the elderly are revered and their counsel sought, while also empowering them to live independently to the extent that they desire. Intergenerational bonds should be nurtured, fostering mutual understanding and respect between the young and old. Simultaneously, support systems should be in place to assist the elderly when needed, without compromising their sense of independence and agency.As the world becomes increasingly globalized, it is crucial for us to engage in cross-cultural dialogue and learn from the diverse perspectives on aging. By embracing the strengths of both Eastern and Western approaches, we can create a more compassionate and inclusive society that honors and uplifts the elderly, ensuring their well-being and dignity are preserved.。

物种概念及其界定龚佐山;买买提明·苏来曼【摘要】半世纪以来,物种概念的定义备受关注,不同研究方向的生物学家提出24种不同或至少有分歧的物种概念,根据其不同的物种概念,物种的界定和物种的数量会出现很大的差异.人们普遍认同:物种是进化分离的微居群谱系,但把谱系分离过程中获得的特征如生殖隔离、可鉴定性、单系统发生等视为鉴定物种次级特征却有不同的声音.该文提出统一的物种概念,把谱系进化分离作为物种界定的唯一而又必要的特征,把谱系分离过程中获得的次级特征作为界定谱系分离的证据.鉴于此,物种概念间的分歧就会化解.其一,物种概念化与物种界定明显分开,不再混淆;其二,谱系的次级特征只与物种界定有关,在某种程度上为谱系分离提供证据;第三,若能把合理解释的任何一个特征作为某物种客观存在的证据,这样更多的特征更能确定谱系分离;最后最重要的是,统一物种概念使我们解放思想,扬弃传统的物种界定标准,探求物种界定的新思路.%From the half century to now,the issue of species delimitation has long been confused by species conceptu alization, according to controversy species concepts,the boundaries and numbers of species could be great difference. Alternative species concepts agree in treating existence as a separately evolving metapopulation lineage as the primary defining property of the species category, but adopting different properties acquired by lineages during the course of divergence(e. G. Intrinsic reproductive isolation,diagnosability,monophyly)as secondary species criteria causes differ ent sounds. The paper gave a unified species concept treating a separately evolving metapopulation lineage as the only necessary property of species,and secondary species criteria as differentlines of evidence relevant to assessing lineage separation. This unified concept of species had several consequences for species delimitation as follows: first,the is sues of species conceptualization and species delimitation were clearly separated; the secondary species criteria were no longer considered relevant to species conceptualization but only to species delimitation. Second,all of the properties formerly treated as secondary species criteria were relevant to species delimitation to the extent that they provide evi dence of lineage separation. Third,if possible,the presence of any one of the properties was evidence for the existence of aspecies,though more properties and thus more lines of evidence are associated with a higher degree of corrobora tion;Lastly,the unified species made ones liberate minds from the traditional species criteria,not tied to those properties,and develop new methods of species delimitation.【期刊名称】《广西植物》【年(卷),期】2012(032)002【总页数】6页(P274-279)【关键词】物种概念;物种界定;统一【作者】龚佐山;买买提明·苏来曼【作者单位】新疆大学,生命科学与技术学院,乌鲁木齐市,830046;安徽省霍邱县第一中学,安徽,六安市,237400;新疆大学,生命科学与技术学院,乌鲁木齐市,830046【正文语种】中文【中图分类】Q111.21物种是生物学功能单位之一，尤其在系统生物学上，与基因、细胞、器官等各级结构和功能单位同等重要（de Queiroz，2005）。

男女性格的差异英语作文Gender Differences in Personality。

Introduction。

Throughout history, there has been an ongoing debate about the differences between men and women, including their personalities. While some argue that these differences are solely due to societal expectations and gender roles, others believe that there are inherent biological and psychological disparities between the two genders. This essay aims to explore the various factors that contribute to gender differences in personality, including biological, evolutionary, and social aspects.Biological Factors。

One of the primary explanations for gender differences in personality lies in biological factors. Research has shown that hormonal differences between men and women playa significant role in shaping their personalities. For instance, testosterone, which is more prevalent in men, has been linked to traits such as assertiveness, dominance, and risk-taking behavior. On the other hand, estrogen, found in higher levels in women, is associated with nurturing, empathy, and emotional sensitivity.These hormonal differences are believed to originate from evolutionary processes. Throughout history, men were traditionally the hunters and protectors, requiring traits such as aggression and competitiveness to succeed in these roles. Women, on the other hand, were primarily responsible for nurturing and caring for children, leading to the development of traits such as empathy and compassion. These biological differences, shaped by evolution, have contributed to the divergence in personality traits observed between men and women.Evolutionary Factors。

2024—2025学年度七年级英语下学期期末考试卷（含答案）（考试时间：90分钟试卷满分：120分，含听力）听力试题一、短对话理解（共8小题；每小题1. 5分，共12分）听下面8段短对话。

每段对话后有一道小题，从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后，你将有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1. What is Sam doing?A. Playing football.B. Taking a walk.C. Watching TV.2. How far is Jasmine's home from her school?A. 3 kilometres.B. 5 kilometres.C. 7 kilometres.3. Where did Tom go on a trip?A. To Beijing.B. To Shenyang.C. To Shanghai.4. When is Kate's birthday?A. This Thursday.B. This Saturday.C. This Sunday.5. What animal is the story about?A. An elephant.B. A cat.C. A panda.6. What are the speakers mainly talking about?A. Pine trees.B. Chinese medicine.C. Furniture.7. Who is thin?A. Tyler.B. Tyler's daughter.C. Tyler's son.8. Why does Jack think Sunshine Cinema is the best?A. Because it's the cheapest.B. Because it has comfortable seats.C. Because it has the biggest screen.二、长对话理解（共12小题，每小题1. 5分；共18分）听下面4段长对话。