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过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译

过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译
过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译

装控131 杨哲1304310125

CORROSION AND ANTICORROSION TECHNOLOGY

IN OFFSHORE PLATFORMS

(Shanghai Shipbuilding Technology Research Institute, CSSC 200032, China) Abstract: This paper summarizes the corrosion environment and rules of the different zones in offshore platforms, also briefly introduces the requirements and systems of the anticorrosion coating .According to the long-term anticorrosion requirements in offshore platforms, the paper introduces several long-term anticorrosion technology, including thermal spraying, adding zinc protection and anticorrosion technology with platform legs wrapped etc,which will provide some references to the research of the long-term anticorrosion technology in offshore platforms.

Key words:offshore platform;anticorrosion; thermal spraying; adding zinc technology; anticorrosion wrap

Offshore platform is a kind of large offshore engineering structure. The steel structure in the long-term salt fog, moisture and water environment, the erosion of seawater and sea creatures, and produce severe electrochemical corrosion. Corrosion seriously affects the mechanical properties of the structure of the offshore platform, which affects the safety of the marine platform. And because the offshore platform off the coast, not as a regular maintenance like a ship docking, so builders and users of offshore platforms very seriously corrosion of marine platform. How long-term preservation of offshore platform structure, as well as research and development of offshore platform structure of the new materials, new technologies and new processes are of long-term preservation is very important.

1. Corrosion Rules 1 offshore platform

1.1 Corrosion regional boundaries of the marine environment

Offshore platforms extremely harsh environment, sun exposure, salt spray, shock waves, complex water system, environmental temperature and humidity changes and marine life make offshore platforms erosion corrosion rate faster. Offshore platforms in different marine environments, corrosion behavior and corrosion characteristics will be relatively large differences. Therefore, to offshore platform structure in a marine environment corrosion corroded areas were analyzed and defined, in order to put forward effective protection measures. According to the marine environment, corrosion characteristics and different average corrosion rate, offshore platform in the marine environment in marine atmosphere can be divided into three major regions splash zone and immersion zone. In order to better analyze the corrosion of steel offshore platforms, many researchers turn splash zone into the splash zone and tidal zone, immersion zone into seawater immersion zone and seabed soil area that is divided into five areas of corrosion.

1.2

Marine steel corrosion

Ocean-atmosphere:Ocean sea-salt particles cause atmospheric zone accelerate corrosion, dry surface and wet film alternates salt form of physical, chemical and electrochemical action affecting metal corrosion.

Splash Zone:The most serious corrosion in the marine environment, the site is above average tide splash zone. As often as the wet surface, surface oxygen supply is

sufficient, no sea biofouling. Long and short drying surface wetting the surface of the alternation and spray erosion, mainly caused by physical and electrochemical corrosion damage and maximum damage.

Tidal zone: steel corrosion tidal area is the lowest, even less than the corrosion rate of seawater immersion and seabed soil. The average low tide level the following corrosion nearby area emergence of a peak, it is because steel piles in the marine environment, with tidal fluctuations, the total amount of oxygen in the steel surface above the waterline humid than dip below the waterline at sea the steel surface to be much more fully, and to each other to form a loop, thereby becoming an oxygen concentration difference between the macro corrosion cell. Corrosion cell-enriched zone is the cathode, namely tidal area; relatively anoxic zone anode, namely the regional average low tide level below the waterline. The overall effect is that at every point throughout the tidal zone are subject to varying degrees of cathodic protection. While the average low tide level less often as the anode and the emergence of corrosion peak.

Seawater immersion zone:the corrosive seawater immersion zone, the shallow water may corrode more quickly than the ocean air, the oxygen content of the deep-sea areas is often much lower than the surface, the water temperature close to 0 oc, corrosion lighter.

Seabed soil zone: the presence of sulphate reducing bacteria and bacterial sources and characteristics of seafloor sediments mixed. Less influence by the sea, and the temperature is low, a small degree of corrosion, but there is some corrosion at the junction of ocean currents action.

2 offshore platform steel structure anti-corrosion coating technology

Long-term offshore platforms in harsh corrosive environments, maintenance difficulties during use, so only use anti-corrosion technology provision of high-performance heavy-duty coatings. Several offshore platform using heavy-duty coatings, each with the following characteristics:

(1) zinc-rich primer: Requires a high proportion of zinc-containing paint, Kuang requirements and substrate adhesion. One role is to take zinc-rich primer cathodic protection, In addition, when the coating damage or when there is not continuous, zinc Yao can play the role of sacrificial anode to protect the substrate. A zinc-rich primer T ong inorganic zinc-rich primer, epoxy zinc-rich primer and the like.

(2) intermediate paint: intermediate paint requires comprehensive anti-corrosion ability, among cattle is characterized by anti-rust paint or impervious material containing material efficient, female l granular or scaly zinc powder, glass flake, stainless steel flake, satisfied Mu class Chin shielded and powder-based coatings and cathodic protection type were kind of new corrosion-type paints and so on.

(3) Finish: finish the role is to provide a protective layer of primer and intermediate coat, slowed down and limited water vapor, oxygen, and chemical activity of ion penetration. Also requires impact resistance, anti-aging and anti-insoluble and so on. Finish commonly used chlorinated rubber, vinyl, polyurethane or acrylic resin coatings.

In addition, heavy-duty anti-corrosion coating to get a good effect, but also need to pay attention to a number of factors, including the surface treatment of the substrate, high-quality paint, reasonable coating system, outside construction conditions,

construction coating quality control. Currently heavy-duty coatings mainly used for offshore platforms atmospheric zone.

3.Several long-term preservation technology offshore platform structure

For each area of corrosion offshore platforms, in addition to the current anti-corrosion coating and cathodic protection or impressed current cathodic protection system support, but also. on the offshore platform have long-term preservation of the use of other technologies, including long-term platform for thermal spraying anti-corrosion technology, Zinga protection technology, the platform leg tied corrosion package technology.

3.1 offshore platforms thermal spraying anti-corrosion technology

Thermal spraying technology in offshore platform steel member has a long history. Thermal spraying of zinc, aluminum and its alloys coating on foreign offshore platform steel member has successfully applied examples, examples show: thermal spray coating of zinc-aluminum and its alloys corrosion has become a mature technology, after appropriate heat sealed spray zinc-aluminum coating at room temperature and high temperature on steel in the splash zone exhibited excellent corrosion resistance.

Aluminum thermal spray coatings in marine engineering is the biggest application platform in 1984 to build the H otton tension leg platform. The platform design life of 50 years. 8 years after its use in the splash zone corrosion is found, and brown leakage effects. Thickness measurement showed that the thickness of the coating does not reduce platform installation, it illustrates the effect of anti-corrosion marine platform lame spraying zinc aluminum metal coating layer is obvious, even if the surface of the organic coating off will ensure expansion of the substrate against corrosion. At the same time after tests showed that 2001} hot Tut m thick zinc-aluminum coating for steel in the splash zone protection can ensure life for more than 30 years.

For high-strength steel parts used for offshore platforms, spraying aluminum and aluminum alloy coating not only provides an aluminum shield, and once the coating is damaged, it can appear as a sacrificial anode protection drain coating area. The coating may be applied in a closed paint, aluminum and aluminum alloy coating to seal the pores, thereby improving coating performance and extend the life of its total. Our thermal spraying anti-corrosion technology started late, currently used in offshore platform preservative it is still in the experimental stage, pending further development and application.

3.2 Zinga offshore platform protection technology

Zinga protection is a quality and convenient method for steel corrosion protection, zinc add protection to the substrate material has cathodic protection and shielding dual role. Zinga protection technology has excellent corrosion resistance that Zinga zinc galvanized coating dry film amounted to 9600, the product purity over 99.995% zinc. Zinga protection also has a unique blend of heavy, new and existing coating Zinga Zinga coating can be fully integrated, easy maintenance painted up.

Zinga protection compared with conventional organic coatings, cathodic protection has a strong effect and may be used as a good bottom, its resistance to corrosion than conventional zinc-rich primer 5-6 times, corrosion protection up to 25 years to 30 years.

The extent of corrosion of offshore platforms immersion zone serious than the

atmospheric region, but lighter than the splash zone. Full immersion zone generally use cathodic protection or protective coatings and cathodic protection joint, but seldom alone paint protection, since there is currently antirust, anti-fouling paint life is difficult to achieve permanent protection of offshore platforms. Zinga protection technology in the dual role of long-lasting protective coating and cathodic protection, corrosion protection with a long service life which make up the general corrosion protection coatings in the life of deficiencies.

Domestic and offshore platforms by the project proved plus zinc corrosion protection properties of the coating technology is excellent. 2000 Zinga protection technology is applied at the local service domestic and offshore drilling platforms, Shekou, Shenzhen Pinghu oilfield offshore drilling platforms, repair of Zinga coating used has not found a good rust and corrosion performance.

3.3 Offshore Platform Legs tied corrosion Package Technology

Currently, marine splash zone corrosion of the worst parts of the corrosion problem has been unprecedented attention, and ongoing in-depth discussion among. Now recognized as the most mature technology is corrosion Kit tied method. In the United States, Britain, Japan and other developed countries, a growing number of offshore platforms to splash zone corrosion leg using a preservative Kit tied technology.

Corrosion sets is a long-acting anti-corrosion technology, used in the splash zone of marine environmental conditions can make corrosion life of more than 30 years. Corrosion sets from high-strength multilayer fabric covered with special polyester outer layer, inner cladding corrosion Thixotrope 3 parts. This three-layer structure closely aggregated together to form a monolithic whole structure. This unique structure can be set by increasing or decreasing the thickness of the body and alter the fabric structure to adjust the physical properties of corrosion sets in order to adapt to different corrosion requirements. Its multi-layer fabric itself elastic sleeve to make corrosion-designed package tightly tied ocean tension leg platform, and watertight or airtight sealing requirements, in order to achieve long-term preservation.

Offshore platform jacket leg corrosion can effectively solve the adverse effects of the sea organism attachment. Anticorrosive coating the outer sleeve and the inner product of antifouling component corrosion thixotropes and other unique design, can effectively prevent the adhesion and growth of marine organisms, so that the corrosion sets preservative life is greatly extended, and ultimately effective in achieving long-term corrosion protection The purpose of. Its elasticity effect itself high strength fabric sleeve in corrosion and piling surface tension of a tight collar, which will not only cover tightly pack anticorrosive pile legs tied, and will not be due to temperature changes caused by steel Pipe leg physical changes brought about by thermal expansion and contraction of any effect. Currently, anti-corrosion sets of leg technique has been applied in more than one marine projects around the world.

4 Conclusion

Offshore platform steel corrosion, according to the characteristics of the different

regions of maritime corrosion, corrosion rate choose the appropriate corrosion protection measures. Anti-corrosion coatings emerging new varieties, should be fully aware of their own performance matching paint and coating between strict coating process. Thermal spray coatings and zinc plus protection technology is supporting each other coating and cathodic protection, so as to achieve long-term preservation of the marine platform. Offshore platforms leg in the splash zone area and the water level changes frequently withstand collisions tapping and production operations and foreign matter waves is the corrosion of the worst parts leg, requiring special corrosion protection. Package tied corrosion technology has unique high strength jacket design, the marine platform leg may get good corrosion protection effect of changes in the splash zone and district level. To avoid the possible loss of corrosion, extend the life of offshore platforms, offshore platforms anti-corrosion technology development is of great significance

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CQ螺纹球阀CQ Thread Ball Valves L形三通式L-pattern three way T形三通式T-pattern three way 安全阀Safety valve 暗杆闸阀Inside screw nonrising stem type gate valve 百叶窗; 闸板shutter 百叶窗式挡板louver damper 摆阀式活塞泵swing gate piston pump 保温式Steam jacket type 报警阀alarm valve 报警阀; 信号阀; 脉冲阀sentinel valve 背压调节阀back pressure regulating valve 背压率Rate of back pressure 本体阀杆密封body stem seal 波纹管阀Bellows valves 波纹管密封阀bellow sealed valve 波纹管密封式Bellows seal type 波纹管平衡式安全阀Bellows seal balance safety valve 波纹管式减压阀Bellows reducing valve

波纹管式减压阀Bellows weal reducing valve 薄膜thin film 薄膜; 隔膜diaphragm 薄膜式减压阀Diaphragm reducing valve 薄型闸阀Thin Gate Valves 不封闭式Unseal type 槽车球阀Tank Lorry Ball Valves 颤振Flutter 常闭式Normally closed type 常开式Normally open type 超低温阀门Cryogenic valve 超高压阀门Super high pressure valve 超过压力Overpressure of a safety valve 衬胶隔膜阀rubber lined diaphragm 衬胶截止阀rubber lined globe valve 垂直板式蝶阀Vertical disc type butterfly valve 磁耦合截止阀Magnetic Co-operate Globe Valves 带补充载荷的安全阀Supplementary loaded safety valve 带辅助装置的安全阀Assisted safety valve

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材料科学与工程专业英语第三版 翻译以及答案

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户外用品整理 个人装备Personal equipment ==============登山靴Climbing boots 防寒运动靴Snow training shoes 攀岩鞋Climbing shoes 毛衬衫Woolen Shirt 登山裤Climbing trousers 运动衣裤Training wear 毛内衣裤Woolen undershirts 毛袜Woolen socks 毛手套Woolen glove 丝手套Silk glove 棉手套Cotton glove 毛衣Sweater 冲锋衣Jaket(Windbreaker) 外裤Over-trousers 外手套Over-gloves 外鞋罩Long spats 防寒帽Bataclave 高处帽High altitude cap 太阳帽Glacier cap 太阳镜Sunglasses 睡垫Mattress 鸭绒睡垫Down sleeping bag 鸭绒衣Down jacket 鸭绒裤Down trousers 鸭绒背心Down vest 鸭绒袜Down tent shoes/slippers 睡袋套Sleeping bag cover 背包Duffel bag 整理袋Stuff bag 冰爪Grampons 冰爪带Grampons strap 冰爪袋Grampons case 外靴Over-shoes 安全帽Helmet 冰镐Ice axe(PIckel) 安全带Harness 铁锁Carabiner with safety ring 铁锁Carabmer 小绳套Sling 下降器Eight rings

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材料科学与工程专业英语-课文翻译-Unit one

United 1 材料科学与工程 材料在我们的文化中比我们认识到的还要根深蒂固。如交通、房子、衣物,通讯、娱乐和食物的生产,实际上,我们日常生活中的每一部分都或多或少地受到材料的影响。历史上社会的发展、先进与那些能满足社会需要的材料的生产及操作能力密切相关。实际上,早期的文明就以材料的发展程度来命名,如石器时代,铜器时代。 早期人们能得到的只有一些很有限的天然材料,如石头、木材、粘土等。渐渐地,他们通过技术来生产优于自然材料的新材料,这些新材料包括陶器和金属。进一步地,人们发现材料的性质可以通过加热或加入其他物质来改变。在这点上,材料的应用完全是一个选择的过程。也就是说,在一系列非常有限的材料中,根据材料的优点选择一种最适合某种应用的材料。直到最近,科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。这个大约是过去的60年中获得的认识使得材料的性质研究成为时髦。因此,成千上万的材料通过其特殊的性质得以发展来满足我们现代及复杂的社会需要。 很多使我们生活舒适的技术的发展与适宜材料的获得密切相关。一种材料的先进程度通常是一种技术进步的先兆。比如,没有便宜的钢制品或其他替代品就没有汽车。在现代,复杂的电子器件取决于所谓的半导体零件。 材料科学与工程 有时把材料科学与工程细分成材料科学和材料工程学科是有用的。严格地说,材料科学涉及材料到研究材料的结构和性质的关系。相反,材料工程是根据材料的结构和性质的关系来设计或操纵材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。从功能方面来说,材料科学家的作用是发展或合成新的材料,而材料工程师是利用已有的材料创造新的产品或体系,和/或发展材料加工新技术。多数材料专业的本科毕业生被同时训练成材料科学家和材料工程师。“structure”一词是个模糊的术语值得解释。简单地说,材料的结构通常与其内在成分的排列有关。原子内的结构包括介于单个原子间的电子和原子核的相互作用。在原子水平上,结构包括原子或分子与其他相关的原子或分子的组织。在更大的结构领域上,其包括大的原子团,这些原子团通常聚集在一起,称为“微观”结构,意思是可以使用某种显微镜直接观察得到的结构。最后,结构单元可以通过肉眼看到的称为宏观结构。 “Property”一词的概念值得详细阐述。在使用中,所有材料对外部的刺激都表现出某种反应。比如,材料受到力作用会引起形变,或者抛光金属表面会反射光。材料的特征取决于其对外部刺激的反应程度。通常,材料的性质与其形状及大小无关。 实际上,所有固体材料的重要性质可以概括分为六类:机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学和腐蚀性。对于每一种性质,其都有一种对特定刺激引起反应的能力。如机械性能与施加压力引起的形变有关,包括弹性和强度。对于电性能,如电导性和介电系数,特定的刺激物是电场。固体的热学行为则可用热容和热导率来表示。磁学性质表示一种材料对施加的电场的感应能力。对于光学性质,刺激物是电磁或光照。用折射和反射来表示光学性质。最后,腐蚀性质表示材料的化学反应能力。 除了结构和性质,材料科学和工程还有其他两个重要的组成部分,即加工和性能。如果考虑这四个要素的关系,材料的结构取决于其如何加工。另外,材料的性能是其性质的功能。因此,材料的加工、结构、性质和功能的关系可以用以下线性关系来表示: 加工——结构——性质——性能。 为什么研究材料科学与工程? 为什么研究材料科学与工程?许多应用科学家或工程师,不管他们是机械的、民事的、化学的或电子的领域的,都将在某个时候面临材料的设计问题。如用具的运输、建筑的超级结构、油的精炼成分、或集成电路芯片。当然,材料科学家和工程师是从事材料研究和设计的专家。

力学专业外文翻译

附录:外文翻译 5.1Introduction Cylindrical shells are used innuclear,fossil and petrochemical industries. They are also used in heat exchangers of the shell and tube type.Generally.These vessels are easy to fabricate and install and economical to maintain. The design procedures in pressure vessel codes for cylindrical shells are mostly based on linear elastic assumption,occasionally allowing for limited inelastic behavior over a localized region.The shell thickness is the major design parameter and is usually controlledby internal pressure and sometimes by external pressure which can produce buckling.Applied loads are also important in controlling thickness and so are the disconti-nuity and thermal stresses.The basic thicknesses of cylindrical shells are Based on simpli?ed stress analysis and allowable stress for the material of construction.There are some variations of the basic equations in various design codes.Some of the equations are based on thick-wall Lame equations.In this chapter such equations will be discussed.Also we shall discuss the case of cylindrical shells under external pressure where there is a propensity of buckling or collapse. 5.2 Thin-shell equations A shell is a curved plate-type structure.We shall limit our discussion to Shells of revolutions.Referring to Figure5.1 this is denoted by anangle ?,The meridional radius r1 and the conical radius r2,from the center line.The horizontal radius when the axis is vertical is r. If the shell thickness is t,with z being the coordinate across the thickness,following the convention of Flugge, We have the following stress resultants: ?-+ = 2 2 1 1) ( t t dz r z r N θ θ σ(5.1) ?-+ = 2 2 2 2) ( t t dz r z r N φ φ σ(5.2) ?-+ = 2 2 2 2) ( t t dz r z r N θφ θφ σ(5.3)

电子信息工程专业英语 课文翻译 Unit 12 译文

Unit 12 生物识别技术 Unit 12-1 第一部分:指纹识别 在所有的生物技术中,指纹识别是最早期的一种技术。我们知道,每个人都有自己独特的、不可变更的指纹。指纹是由手指表皮上的一系列峰谷组成的。指纹的独特性是由这些峰谷的形状以及指纹的细节点所决定的。指纹的细节点是指纹局部凸起处的一些特性,这些特性出现在凸起的分叉处或是凸起的截止处。 指纹匹配技术可以被分为两类:基于细节的指纹匹配技术和基于相关性的指纹匹配技术。基于细节的指纹匹配首先要找出细节点,然后在手指上对应出与它们相关的位置,如图12.1所示。但是,使用这种方法存在一些困难。要精确地提取指纹的细节点是很困难的。而且,这种方法不能很好地考虑指纹峰谷的整体形状。基于相关性的指纹匹配技术可以解决部分基于细节的指纹匹配方法存在的问题,但它也存在一些自身的缺陷。基于相关性的匹配技术需要给出已注册过的特征点的精确位置,并且该方法会受图像平移和旋转的影响。 图12.1 基于细节的指纹匹配 基于细节的指纹匹配技术在匹配不同大小的细节模型时(未注册过的)会存在一些问题。指纹上局部的凸起结构不能完全由指纹细节实现特征化。我们可以尝试另一种表达指纹的方法,它可以获得更多的指纹局部信息并且得到固定长度的指纹编码。于是,我们只需要计算两个指纹编码之间的欧几里得距离,匹配过程有望变得相对简单。 研发对于指纹图像中噪声更稳健并能实时提供更高精度的算法是重要的。商用指纹(身份)认证系统对给定的错误接受率要求具有很低的错误拒绝率。在这点上,任何一项简单的技术都很难实现。我们可以从不同的匹配技术中汇总多个证据从而提高系统的总体精确度。在实际应用中,传感器、采集系统、性能随时间的变化是关键因素。为了评价系统性能,我们有必要对少数使用者在一段时间内进行现场试验。 每天我们可以从法医鉴定、出入口控制、驾驶证登记等多个方面的应用中采集并保存大量的指纹。基于指纹的自动识别系统需要把输入的指纹与数据库中大量的指纹进行匹配验证。为了缩短搜索时间、降低计算复杂度,要以准确而一致的方式将这些指纹分类,从而使输入的指纹只需与数据库某一子集中的指纹进行比对。 指纹分类是将指纹划分入多个预定义指纹类型中的一类中的一项技术。这些预定义的指纹类型是由提供索引机制的文献建立的。图12.2表示了不同类型的指纹。它们有螺纹状的、右旋状的、左旋状的、弓形的、帐篷形的。输入指纹首先粗略地被匹配为预定义的类型中的一类,随后,输入指纹仅与这一大类指纹库中的子集作更精细的比较。 图12.2 不同类型的指纹 指纹自动匹配中关键的一步是自动并且可靠地从输入指纹图像中提取出细节。然而,细节提取算法的好坏很大程度上依赖于输入图像质量的好坏。为确保自动指纹识别或确认系统的性能对于不同指纹图像质量具有稳健性,必须在细节提取模块中加入指纹增强算法。快速指纹增强算法能根据对局部指纹脊方向和频率(密度)的估计自适应地改善输入指纹图像中脊和沟结构的清晰度,如图12.3所示。实验证明加入增强算法可以显著增强指纹认证的精度。 图12.3 指纹增强 Unit 12-2 第二部分:说话人辨认介绍 介绍 现代安全系统范围很广, 通常要通过多层系统才能完全被突破。除了标准的锁和警报系统以外,还有很复杂的方法来保护重要资料。其中多数的方法为可以允许或者不允许一个特定人员获取资料——计算机系统必须能够检测出指纹、读取个人眼孔图样、或者确定说话者的真实身份。最后一点是本文讨论的重点——说话人辨认。说话人辨认经常会与其他类似的术语混淆。以下对这些术语的精确定义做出解释。 说话人识别:确定是谁在说话。 说话人辨认:初始情况下不知道说话人是谁,必须在与模板比较后确定说话人的身份。通常会有很多相关的模板。 说话人确认:确定说话者是否就是他(她)自称的那个人。仅将说话者的话音与一个样板进行比对,即他(她)自称的那一个。 语音识别:识别出人们说话时的语句。换句话说,识别出一个人在说什么而不是谁在说话。这个术语经常与声音识别相混淆。声音识别是识别出说话人。

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