搞定雅思写作地图题：巧用方位词和变化词
一直以来，地图题都是广大小烤鸭们最恐惧的东西，提心吊胆，就怕在考场上与之相遇。很多考生在考卷上发现小作文是地图题目的时候，直接认定“这场考试完了“。其实，很多时候，是因为我们内心的恐惧，导致了不自信。其实，上过雅思[微博]VIP写作课的同学都知道，地图题可以很简单的哟。
开宗明义，地图题分为地理变迁和选址两种。其中，又以地理变迁最为常见，这种题目，一般会用一组图展现同一个地点在不同时间段的形态变化。如下图所示：
The maps below show the civic square of the town of Smallville in 1980 and now.
图例虽然纷繁复杂，但是究其本质，第一张图永远在描述所谓的“方位”，也就是，我们需要在这张图中描述清楚图中的东西南北，各自坐落了什么事物。其余的图，永远在描述所谓的“变化”，相当于在第一张图的草稿基础上，描述第二张图发生的“加变化”和“减变化”，“恒定变化“以及“转化变化”。
搞定了这两组词汇的说法，地图题就再也不是让考生们闻风丧胆的题目了。
第一组：方位词
在这个方面，需要注意的是，我们需要准备好两者之间的所有可能的位置关系，除了最基本的A在B 的东西南北方以外，还需要掌握一些特定的限定表达，比如A在B的角落等等。
基础表达：
A在B的东西南北方(内部/接壤/不接触)：A is in /on / to the east/west/south/north of B。
高阶表达：
A在B的东西南北方(内部)：A is in the eastern/southern/western/northern partof B。
A在B的东西南北角落：A is at/in the eastern/southern/western/northerncorner of B。
A坐落于距离B……远处：A is(数字)kilometers / miles to the east / west / south /north of B。
A和B很近：A is near /next to /close to B。
A在B的对面：A is opposite / on the opposite side of B
第二组：变化词
其实，地图题目当中蕴涵的变化，从本质来说，无非是三种，一种为所谓的“加变化”也就是在原本基础上出现了新增的部分，另一种为“减变化”，也就是原本的内容出现了缩减。所谓“恒定表达”，即前后没有发生变化。还有一种涉及到了两种内容之间的转化，被称之为“转化表达”。
加变化：
A尺寸上变大了…：The size of A has been enlarged by…
A被建造在B：A is constructed / established in B。
A被增建在B：A is added to B。
减变化：
A尺寸上变小了…：The size of A has been reduced by…
A消失了：A disappeared / is removed。
A被推倒了：A is pulled down/knocked down/torn down。
恒定表达：
A has remained unchanged。
转化表达：
A被改造成了B：A is transformed / reconstructed into B
A被B替代了：A is replaced / substituted by B。
现在让我们再回顾一下之前的地图，是不是一切都变得清晰起来了呢？建议小烤鸭们可以在图边列一个提纲。
例如，一图提纲：car park (中间)garden(西边)shops(东边) post office(东南角落) town hall(北边)。
二图提纲：
carpark——multistory car park (转化表达：替代)
garden——city library(转化表达：改造)
circular area(加变化：建造)
Norfolk Pine trees (减变化：消失)
post office and town hall (恒定表达：保持不变)
揭开了地图题的神秘面纱，大家会发现，其实它不过只是一个纸老虎，只要我们做好充分的准备，巧妙地利用两组词汇，即“方位词”和“变化词”，原本可怕的地图题，也可以成为使我们在考场上大放异彩的契机。
雅思小作文题型多样，其中就包括地图题，本文将详细讲解雅思小作文地图题写作技巧。评分标准 ?TA – Task Achievement 任务完成情况 ?CC – Coherence and Cohesion 意合与形合 ?LR – Lexical Resource 词汇资源 ?GRA – Grammatical Range and Accuracy 语法广度与精确度 审题 The map below shows the development of the village of Ryemouth between 1995 and present. 文章结构 第一段 交待写作目的 第二段 描述1995年的地图 第三段
拿现在的地图和95年的做对比 第四段 总结全文 第一段 This report compares how the village of Ryemouth has developed and changed since the year of 1995. 题目：The map below shows the development of the village of Ryemouth between 1995 and present. 第二段 As is clearly described in the first picture, Ryemouth was a coastal city which was divided into three parts by two roads. In the southern part, there was a fishing port on the sea, with a fish market located in the north and a coffee shop in the north-east. A block of shops was situated on the opposite side of the market… 第三段 In the second picture, the village changed a lot. The fishing port has been removed and the fish market is replaced by apartments. Several restaurants also occupy the place of the shops on the roadside. Moreover, a parking lot is newly built on the east of the hotel. In addition, … 第四段 Overall, based on the brief description above, it is clear that the general layout of the village does not change a lot, while some newly-built facilities and housing has ornamented the small village.
1. important =crucial (extremelyimportant),significant(amount or effect large enough to be important) 2. common=universal, ubiquitous(if something is ubiquitous, it seems to be everywhere) 3. abundant=ample(enough and usually extra), plentiful(enough for people's needs and wants) 4. stick=adhere, cling(hold on something tightly) 5. neglect=ignore.(difference: neglect means someone has not paid enough attention to something; ignore means no attention.) 6. near=adjacent(twothings next to each other), adjoin(the same as adjacent) 7. pursue=woo(man woos woman, old-fashioned), seek(if you seek sth, you try to obtain it. FORMAL) 8. accurate=precise(precise is exact and accurate in all details), exact(correct in every detail) 9. vague=obscure(unknown or known by only a few people) 10. top=peak, summit
雅思写作常用同义词替换100个 1. people=individuals 人们(Those who) 2. many people=a majority of people = most of people大多数人 3. a lot of=a great deal of=plenty of 很多（修饰不可数名词） 4. a great number of=a large amount/quantity of=considerable amount of= a large variety of很多（可数名词） 5. plentiful=abundant 丰富的，大量的 6. expensive=pricy 贵的 7. thing=item=goods 东西，物品 8. humans=human beings=human race=mankind 人类 9. benefit=conduce to=help=contribute to=aid to 有助于（动词） 10. harm=damage=endanger=undermine 危害（动词）
11. beneficial=helpful=conducive(rewarding)=do good to/be good for 有好处的（形容词） 12. harmful=detrimental=damaging有害的（形容词） 13. education=schooling 教育 14. think=believe=hold=maintain=consider=take for=agree认为 15. oppose=object to=be against=disagree 反对 16. support=be in favor of=be for 支持 17. as for me=as far as I am concerned=in the eyes of 对我来说 18. in my opinion=from my perspective=in my viewpoint=in my point o f view=personally 我的观点是 19. as …develop(s)=with the development of...=with the progress of…=as…ad vances随着…的发展（注意什么时候用动词，什么时候用名词） 20. quickly=rapidly=at an amazing rate=at an staggering rate 很快（副
雅思写作地图题需注意的一些重点解析 在雅思写作学习中，烤鸭们对于雅思写作地图题有木有做过深入的研究，在雅思写作地图题中有一些需要我们注意的重点，究竟是哪些呢?天道小编下面就为大家分享一下，希望对烤鸭们备考雅思有所帮助。 下面就是天道小编为大家分享的雅思写作地图题应该关注的几个重点，供大家在雅思写作学习，希望对大家备考雅思有帮助。 【时态】 如果地图题反映的是一个地方在过去的一段时间的变化，文章用一般过去时。如果地图题反映的是一个地方在将来一段时间的变化趋势，文章用一般将来时或表“估计”的词汇。如果地图题反映的是一个地方从过去到现在的变化，可用现完成时。 如：现在停车场改成了一个剧院。 The car park has been removed and replaced by a theatre. 城镇A的家庭数量从1937年到2020年将翻一番。 The number of homes in Town A is likely to double (is likely to= is predicted to /is estimated to/is projected to/is expected to ) 又可为： It is likely that the number of homes in Town A will double. (it is likely that = it is predicted/estimated/projected/ expected that…..) 【细节变化】 地图每个细节变化都要提到，不要忽视一个细节 【语态】 地图题用被动语态 如： 2000年在城镇A 新建了一个医院：A new hospital was established in Town A in 2000. 地图题的书写顺序：时间顺序和空间顺序 如2006年9月A 类TASK 1 The map shows the development of the village of Kelsbey between 1780 and 2000.
Part 1 A A band of= a herd of=a flock of 一群 A range of=an array of= a list of= a collection of=a series of= a set of一系列Accelerate=speed up加速 Accomplishment=achievement 成就，完成 Accomplish=achieve （V）完成，达成，成就 Attend=participate in 参加 Achieve=obtain=gain=access to sth 得到、获得 Adapt to=integrate into使适应、融为一体 Aim.n=objective=goal 目的 Aim at=focus on=concentrate on=emphasize on 集中、强调 An array of=a list of =a set of=a series of 一系列 Attempt to do=try to do=intend to do尝试作，想要作 Approximately=roughly=about=some=around 大约 Appreciation=interest 欣赏 As a result=consequently=as a consequence=hence因此、从而 As well as=and和 As well=too也 Associate with=connect with=link with=relate to=involve in与……相关联Attach to=connect to=link to=serve与……相连接、附着在……上 At will=at random＝by chance=by accident=accidentally随意地Automatically ensure=guarantee确保 B Be similar to=closely resembled =have something in common 相似 Be used to=be devoted to专门用于 Be equivalent to=be equal to 等同于 Be taken aback=be surprised 吃惊 Briskly =rapidly=swiftly快速地 C Calculate=measure 衡量 Catch up with=keep pace with跟上步伐 Chief=major=dominant=principle主要的 Chronic=long term 慢性病的 Complain=illness 病症 Concern n. =focus关心的问题 Concern v. =about 与……有关
雅思写作中表达观点很重要，应对各种各样的写作话题，我们就需要掌握不同的表达观点的词汇，而且替换词也非常重要哦。今天就给大家分享超级实用的100个雅思写作观点词和替换表达！ 1. 持某观点：claim contend deem reckon assert share the belief that 2.支持某观点: advocate maintain vote for side with be in favor of 3.反对某观点: contradict criticize be against cast doubts on 4.合理的：justified sensible feasible convincing persuasive rational practicable logical wise sagacious viable preferable
appropriate bear much analysis 5.好处：advantage benefit merit positive side upside boon pros 6.弊端：disadvantage defect demerit negative side downside flaw drawback cons 7.肯定：undoubtedly indeed undeniably there is no denying that 8.不确定：be likely to potentially presumably 9.重要的：essential significant vital crucial
一个地图题的开头： The map about the development of the village sufficiently illustrates the way of progress of this area. In this map, we can find four main sectors and two main roads intersected with one railway and one motor way. It seems the overall development of this village has strong connection with the construction of roads. 雅思小作文地图题词汇 Part 1：表时间 流程图和地图题中都可能涉及时间表达。流程题中，使用较多的是过程时长的表述，而地图题的时间使用则体现为地理变迁的时间变化。一般在方位选址图题中较少出现。确切的时间指引，既增加文章的自然和连贯度，也能体现行文的精确性。 常见表示时间的词： in few hours几小时 during the period of …在…期间after 10 days 10天后 from…to从…到… between …and在…之间 over the…year period在一个…年期间5 years before 5年前a decade earlier几十年前from that moment on从那时起after a while一会 since自从 since then自从 finally最后 over the subsequent …years近连续几年 例句：The process lasts for up to 7 day s and the products are finally distributed to customers. Part 2：表空间 空间表达地图题出现概率较高，但流程图也偶尔出现。空间应该是地图题解题关键和主要特点。许多考生容易误把地图题的空间位置写成上下左右位置，这是失分点非常大的地方。朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家们提示烤鸭，空间表达时需要注意区分：在空间状语里，in表内部，on表接壤，to表分开。 常用的空间词： lies 靠近
雅思写作中常用英文连接单词的替换词 一、And 并列关系 (and)in addition // and // similarly // likewise moreover // too // not only ... but // even // besides this／that 二、Sequence 顺序(then) 出现的时候表示列举 first // initially // second etc. // to begin with // then // next // earlier／later // following this／that // afterwards 三、Consequence 结果（so） 前面是后面的结果// 也就是这些词后面就开始给出结论了 as a result // thus // so // therefore // consequently // it follows that // thereby // eventually // in that case // admittedly 四、Contrast 转折(but ) 表对前面论述的转折// 一般后面才是作者观点 however // on the other hand // despite// in spite of // though // although // but // on the contrary // otherwise // yet // instead of // rather // whereas // nonetheless // in contrast 五、Certainty 确定(of course) 强烈的确定// 后面是作者的坚定论点 obviously // certainly // plainly // of course // undoubtedly 六、Condition 条件/ 因为(if ) 后面跟随着某种情况发生的前提或者是条件。 if // unless // whether // provided that // Given that // for // so that // whether // depending on 七、Time 时间(when ) before // since // as // until // meanwhile// at the moment // when // whenever // as soon as // just as 八、Summary 总结(in a word) 作者的最后总结 in conclusion // in summary // lastly // finally // to sum up // to conclude // to recapitulate 重述// in short // in a word 九、Example 举例(for example) for example // for instance// just as // in particular // such as // namely 也就是 十、Reason 原因( because) since // as // so // because (of) // due to // owing to // the reason why // in other words // leads to // cause 雅思写作部分高频词汇、短语替换 ★高频形容词： 1.贫穷的：poor = needy = impoverished = poverty-stricken 2.富裕的：rich = wealthy = affluent = well-to-do = well-off
雅思写作地图题深度解析（上） 朗阁海外考试研究中心姜芮 在雅思小作文中，流程图和地图题无疑对于广大考生来说都有不小的威胁，很多考生在遇到此类型的题目时，会变得手足无措，不知道应该从何写起。许多考生抱着侥幸的心里，往往不重视此类小众题目的备考，结果作文分数受到了很大的影响。在本系列文章中，朗阁海外考试研究中心写作组的专家将着重对雅思写作地图题做一个深度解析。 我们用两个经典的地图题真题为例，在近两年出现的数次地图题中，多数都是属于这类“三格地图”。 WRITING TASK 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The diagram below shows the development of the village of Kelsby between 1780 and 2000.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words. 在审题过程中我们需要特别注意以下几点： 1. 时态：关注时态是小作文能否取得高分的关键，同样对于地图题，我们也应该很好地注意时态，本文的时间是明确的，都是过去的时间，因此全文应当使用一般过去时。 2. 顺序：该图属于动态的地图题，这种类型的地图题一律按照时间顺序来写。在这道题中，也就是按照图的顺序依次来写，不要把元素拆开。如果是静态的地图题（即不涉及时间变化的题型），则按照空间顺序来写。在描述单幅地图时，我们可以采取上北下南的顺序描述，或者从左到右的顺序也可以，但值得注意的是，如果地图上有明显的方向标示，那就要根据这个标示来描述。 下面我们一起来分析文章的写作。 第一段：Introduction 引言段就是把题目进行改写。原文中的diagram，可以替换成figure，原文中的shows，可以改为illustrate, demonstrate, reveal, indicate等词。宾语development，可以替换成transformations，也可以改为宾语从句how the village of Kelsby developed/ changed. 题目中给出的时间比较模糊，可以具体化为in 1780, 1860 and 2000. 【例文】The three maps illustrate how the village of Kelsby changed in 1780, 1860 and 2000. 第二段：描述1780年的地图 1780年的情况只涉及到静态的数据，因此只需要用存在句即可表达，不涉及任何变化的单词。但是，考生非常容易把这些元素全部用there be这个句型来表达，从而导致句式单一。表示存在的句型除了there be之外，还有非常简单的have句型，还有lie/ be located/ be situated这样的结构。另外还有一种倒装句型，比如“桌子上面有一本书”，可以翻译为on the desk is a book. 除此之外，要注意几个元素的顺序问题。这里有四大元素：住宅区homes，树林woods，农场farms，还有一条河流river。理论上只要按照一定的空间顺序（比如顺时针、逆时针，从左到右）都是可以的，但是要考虑家庭数量的变化是导致其它所有变化的根本原因，因此建议先写住宅区homes。 还有就是土地单位的表达，land是不可数名词，因此不能说a land，只能说a piece of land。为了表达更加精确，可以用a plot of land（一小块），a stretch of（一长片），a large expanse of（一大片）。 另外朗阁海外考试研究中心提醒考生们还要注意方位词的表达。地图题中常用的方位词有：in the east/ west/ south/ north of ...; in the eastern/ western/ southern northern part of ...; 如果是在角落，可以用in the southwestern corner of ...; 在河流的上/下游：at the lower/ upper reaches of the river; 在河岸：alongside the riverbank; 在河流的南端：at the southern end of the river.
常见同义词归纳 Bright future/splendid future/rosy prospect Traffic busy/traffic jam/traffic congestion/gridlock Happy/delightful/glad/content/ecstatic/auspicious Difficult/hard/complicated/tough/intricate Important/significant/substantial/serious/far-reaching/ Big/large/great/huge/massive/vast/enormous/substantial Very/extremely/highly/greatly/really/deeply/profoundly Make/cause/create/effect/lead to/generate/bring about/produce/give rise to Must/necessity/essentia l/requirement/fundamental/imperative/ requisite/prerequisite/sine qua non Will n /desire/intention/fancy/preference/inclination/v wish/want/prefer/desire/see fit Good/excellent/awesome/amazing/ remarkable/nice Many/a large number of/numerous/various/countless/abundant/innumerable/manifold Think/imagine/consider/meditate/ponder/contemplate/belost in though/ People/persons/individuals/folk/men and women/humanity/mankind/ Upset/sad/sorrowful/morose/melancholy/down/depressed/dejec
2012年前三个月都没有出地图题，大多考生谈图色变，在地图题的重雅思哥觉得有必要在此为大家更加细致地介绍该类作用的分类与结结的地图题资料； 第一部分：导游图 类别解释：该类作文的考核方式是在一个平面图中进行箭头引导，施做出说明。 必备结构 （一）总介绍 A stretch out/ extend/ radiate from B to C：A从B延展置C A be circled by B：A被B环绕 A cover an area of B：A占地面积为B A be divided into B by C =C divide A into B A被C分成了B（部分）（二）位置介绍
A be in the middle/ center of B：A在B中心 A be in the vicinity/ proximity/ vicinage of B：A在B邻近 A be within walking distance from B：A离B数步之遥 （三）路径与沿途设施介绍 The route/ path/ lane marked with arrow leads A to B：由箭头引导Going around the first sharp corner, you will find A on your left/ ri 在第一个急转弯处，你会在左侧/ 右侧发现A。 Next to it is B where__________________________ 接下来是B（它处于怎样的位置或有怎样功能） C appear between D and E, as you go further down the route. 你沿着路线走下去，（会发现）C出现在D和E之间。 Finally, you are going to return to the original point after..... 最后，在…之后，你会回到原点。
动词替换 做：do=exercise, practice, perform (做法：behavior=exercise, practice, performance) 对…有益处：be good for.=do good to=be beneficial to =be advantageous to=be conducive to 对…有害处：be harmful/bad for=be detrimental to =be disadvantageous to=be pernicious to 集中精力于：focus on=A devote oneself to=dedicate oneself to= commit oneself to =B engage oneself in= employ oneself in 认为：think assert, contend, claim, maintain, note, believe, deem, insist, argue hold the viewpoint that= hold the standpoint that= hold the perspective that harbor an idea/opinion that = embrace a view that Be convinced that = be firmly convinced that = be fully convinced that (观点：viewpoint，standpoint，perspective ) 反对：be against=reject, object, oppose=be opposed to= become hostile to 支持：support=take sides with= side with =advocate=incline towards =lend support to=sing high praise of =in favor of 导致：lead to=trigger=spark=provoke=result in, bring about, contribute to =give rise to, give birth to, be responsible for (归咎于：be ascribed to=be attributed to) 看到（see），读到(read)，学到(learn)=接触到make contact with=have access to=be accessible to =暴露于be exposed to=gain exposure to =获得obtain=attain=acquire 发展(develop)，提高(increase)，改善(improve) =A 及物动词组promote, advance, enhance, reinforce 名词promotion, advancement, enhancement, reinforcement
Think: believe, argue, hold, maintain, contend, claim, advocate, assert, feel Advantages & disadvantages:benefits & drawbacks/risks, positive side & negative side, bright side & dark side/ flip side/ downside, pros & cons, strengths & weaknesses, merits & demerits Important: key, crucial, critical, paramount, imperative, major 高频动词： 1. 提高：improve = enhance= promote = strengthen optimize the resource allocation 2. 有害于：destroy = impair = undermine = jeopardize = endanger 3. 解决：solve =resolve =address = tackle =cope with = deal with = do with 4. 拆除：destroy = tear down = knock down + the old houses 5. 培养: develop = cultivate = foster = nurture + independence 6. 激发，鼓励：encourage = motivate = stimulate = spur 7. 导致: lead to = contribute to = result in (+名词the extinction of wild species不用the wild species to die out) 原因：owing to sth./thanks to sth. (不用从句)，原因状语从句用because/since 8. 完成：complete = fulfill = accomplish= achieve +one’s ambition 9. 保留：keep = preserve = retain = hold = conserve + their customs and language 10. 减轻: ease = alleviate = relieve = lighten + financial burden 高频形容词： 1. 贫穷的：poor = needy = impoverished = poverty-stricken 2. 富裕的：rich = wealthy = affluent = well-to-do = well-off 3. 优秀的：excellent = eminent = top = outstanding 4. 积极的，好的：good = conducive = beneficial=advantageous 5. 消极的，不良的：bad = detrimental = baneful =undesirable = disadvantageous 6. 明显的：obvious = apparent = evident =manifest 7. 健康的: healthy = robust = sound = wholesome 8. 惊人的：surprising = amazing = extraordinary = miraculous 9. 美丽的：beautiful = attractive = gorgeous = eye-catching 10. 有活力的：energetic = dynamic = vigorous =animated 11. 流行的：popular = prevailing = prevalent （贬义词）= pervasive Some people believe that corporal punishment is useful to foster children’s discipline, and this attitude still prevails among many parents. The Hollywood film tends to be a reflection of the violence that pervades American culture. Advertising, using media as its vehicle, is a pervasive, powerful force shaping attitudes and behavior in today's world. 高频名词： 1. 老人：old people= the old = the elderly = the aged = senior citizens = the
核心动词： 1.想，认为 think,hold,argue,concede,assert,deem,consider,believe,maitain, 2深思熟虑，仔细考虑 ponder,deliberate,meditate,comteplate,reflect 3.培养 cultivate,foster,nurture,nourish 4.加强，巩固 strengthen,sonsolidate,reinforce, 5.显示，表明 manifest, display,show,reveal,present,suggest,demonstrate,indicate,illustrate,re flect 6.确认，证实 verify, confirm, establish,affirm 7.断言，宣称 declare,claim,allege,assert,state 8.支持，维护,拥护 support,maitain,uphold,approve,advocate,champion 9.反对 oppose,be against,disagree,disapprove,object to 10.解决(问题，麻烦)
solve,tackle,combat,address,resovle,cope with,settle 11.导致，引发，引起 give rise to,trigger,spark,lead to,bring about,result in, 12.建议，提议 suggest,recommend,urge,propose,advise,put forward, 13.阻止，阻碍,限制 prevcnt, deter,jeopardize,restrain，confine (to),restrict,refrain,limit 14.影响 have effect on, affect,influence,have an impact on,sway 15.增长，发展，提高 increase,rise,develop,enhance,improve,advance,upgrade,raise,facilita te,boost,promote 16.下降，减少 decrease,decline,fall,drop,slump 17.实现，完成 fulfil,realize,achieve,accomplish,attain 18.提供，给予 supply,provide,perform…for,offer,yield 19.占。。。（百分比） take up,amount to,account for,reach 20．适应
雅思写作中常用词汇和短语的38个替换 1.重要的：Key, crucial, critical, important, significant, vital, substantial, indispensable, imperative 2.损害：Damage, hurt, injure, harm, impair, undermine, jeopardize 3.给与：G ive, offer, render, impart, provide, supply, afford 4.培养：：Develop, cultivate, foster 5.优势：Advantage, merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength 6.缺陷：Disadvantage, demerit, drawback, downside, weakness 7.使迷惑：Puzzle, bewilder, perplex, baffle 8.解决: Solve, deal with, cope with, handle, resolve, address, tackle 9.认为：Think, believe, insist, maintain, assert, conclude, deem, hold, argue, be convinced, be firmly convinced, be fully convinced 10.保护：Protect, conserve, preserve 11.确保：Assure, ensure, guarantee, pledge 12.有害的：Bad, baneful evil, harmful, detrimental 13.要求：Request, demand, needs, requisition
雅思写作同义词替换全集 中性动词 generate, create, Be a contributing factor to. C_____ to 2. 认为：v. point out, argue, claim, assert, think, consider 3. 强调：v. e_____, bring/call attention to, a_______, h______, s______ 4. 集中：v. ________ on, ______ on 5. 解决：v. c_____, a_____, t_____ resolve, solve 6. 从事：v. carry out, c____ perform 7. 承认：v. c_____, a____, a______ a_____, a_____, grant 正向动词 2. 增加：v. i______, grow, rise, e______ n. 3. 改善：v. i______ e______ upgrade, boost n._______, _________boom 4. 扩张：v. e______, enlarge, e_____, widen, broaden n. expansion, enlargement, extension 5. 提高：v. augment, i_____, d_____ intensify n. augment, increase, development 6. 发展：v. develop, a_____, grow, e_____, f____ n. development, advancement, growth, flourishing 7. 产生：v. develop, come into being/existence, come about 8. 获得：v. a____, g____, get, o____, a_____ 9. 执行：v. i_______ e______, put into effect, p_____ n. implementation, performance