当前位置:文档之家› Israeli and Palestine

Israeli and Palestine

Israeli and Palestine
Israeli and Palestine

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

ISRAELI–P ALESTINIAN CONFLICT 1

DEFINISION 2 HISTORY 2

P ERIODS OF THE CONFLICT2 P ROMINENT EVENTS THROUGHOUT THE CONFLICT3

PEACE PROCESS 4 OSLO ACCORDS (1993) 4

C AMP

D A VID S UMMIT (2000) 5 T ABA S UMMIT (2001) 6 R OAD M AP FOR P EACE6 A RAB P EAC

E I NITIA TIVE6

CURRENT ISSUES IN DISPUTE 7 P ALESTINIAN R EVOLUTION7

I NTERNATIONAL STA TUS8 W ATER RESOURCES8 F UTURE AND FINANCING9

ACTIONS TOW ARD ST ABILIZING THE CONFLICT 10

M UTUAL RECOGNITION10 G OVERNMENT11 S OCIETAL A TTITUDES11 G AZA BLOCKADE11 P ALESTINIAN ARMY12

MY VIEW 13 PHOTOS 14

Definision

The Israeli–Palestinian conflict is the ongoing conflict between Israelis and Palestinians.[1] The conflict is wide-ranging, and the term is also used in reference to the earlier phases of the same conflict, between Jewish and Zionist yishuv and the Arab population living in Palestine under Ottoman or British rule. It forms part of the wider Arab–Israeli conflict. The remaining key issues are: mutual recognition, borders, security, water rights, control of Jerusalem, Israeli settlements,[2] Palestinian freedom of movement[3] and legalities concerning refugees. The violence resulting from the conflict has prompted international actions, as well as other security and human rights concerns, both within and between both sides, and internationally.

Many attempts have been made to broker a two-state solution, involving the creation of an independent Palestinian state alongside an independent Jewish state or next to the State of Israel (after Israel's establishment in 1948). As recently as 2007, a majority of both Israelis and Palestinians, according to a number of polls, prefer the two-state solution over any other solution as a means of resolving the conflict.[4] Moreover, a considerable majority of the Jewish public sees the Palestinians' demand for an independent state as just, and thinks Israel can agree to the establishment of such a state.[5]A majority of Palestinians and Israelis view the West Bank and Gaza Strip as an acceptable location of the hypothetical Palestinian state in a two-state solution.[6]However, there are significant areas of disagreement over the shape of any final agreement and also regarding the level of credibility each side sees in the other in upholding basic commitments.

History

Periods of the conflict

On the historical timeline, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict has had seven distinct phases:

Late 19th century-1917: The period of the Ottoman Empire rule in Palestine in which the Arabs in the Ottoman Palestine saw themselves as part of the overall Arab territories which were under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. During that period, the disputes were on the basis of religious background and not on national background.

?1917-1948: The period of the British Mandate of Palestine, in which both parties were under British rule and under a single political entity, called Palestine in English. During this period significant Jewish immigration from Europe altered the demographic balance. The term "The Israeli–Palestinian conflict" was not used, and instead the conflict was referred to as "the Jewish-Arab conflict over the Land of Palestine" (by the Arab population and the British

population), "the Jewish-Arab conflict over Eretz-Israel" (by the Jewish population).

?1948-1967: The period between the declaration of the State of Israel and the Six-Day War in which the parties resided in three separate political entities: The State of Israel, the Gaza Strip which was controlled by Egypt and the West Bank which was annexed from Jordan.

?1967: The Six-Day War: Border clashes between Syria and Israel

1.First Day: Combined air attacks on all fronts by Israel in early

morning destroy two-thirds of Arab aircraft.

2.Second Day: Paratroops move from Ammunition Hill to Mt. Scopus

(Jerusalem).

3.Third Day: Old City captured, the West Bank is controlled, and

Israeli military government is established.

4.Fourth Day: Israel reaches Suez Canal.

5.Fifth Day: The battles continue, mostly up in the north.

6.Sixth Day: Ceasefire proclaimed, Israel controls Golan Heights and

demilitarizes Jerusalem area.

?1967-1993: The period between the Six-Day War and the Oslo Accords, in which the conflicted parties reside in the areas addressed by the UN Partition Plan that were under the control of the State of Israel.

?1993-2000: The period between the Oslo Accords and the Second Intifada, in which Israel existed alongside the semi-sovereign

political autonomy - the Palestinian Authority.

?2000–2005: The period between the beginning of the Second Intifada up until 2005, in which Israel returned to perform arresting

operations in Area A zones in the West Bank.

?2005–Present: The period after Israel's unilateral withdrawal from the Gaza Strip. The withdrawal led to the strengthening of

Hamas, which in 2006 won an election, then took control over the Gaza Strip.

Prominent events throughout the conflict

?Balfour Declaration (1917)

?King-Crane Commission (1919)

?1920 Palestine riots

?1921 Palestine riots in Jaffa

?1929 Palestine riots in Jerusalem, Jaffa and Hebron

?1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine

?The approval of the UN Partition Plan according to which Palestine would be divided into two states –a Jewish state and an Arab state (1947)

?1947–1948 Civil War in Mandate Palestine

?1948 Arab-Israeli War, 1948 Palestinian exodus and the establishment of the state of Israel (1948)

?The creation of the Palestinian refugee problem (1948–1951) and Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim lands (1948–1952) ?Suez Crisis (1956)

?War over Water (1964–1967)

?Six-Day War (1967)–Israel occupies the territories populated by Palestinians from Jordan and Egypt, prompting 1967 Palestinian

exodus while Arab League's policy causes the final phase of Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim lands (1967–1972)

?War of Attrition (1968–1970)

?Black September–the deportation of the PLO from Jordan to Lebanon (1970)

?Operation Litani– Israel's military campaign which pushed PLO forces north of the Litani river (1978)

?First Lebanon War - Israeli invasion of Lebanon in order to expel PLO forces from the country (1982)

?First Intifada - Palestinian uprising against Israel in the Palestinian Territories (1987–1993)

?Second Intifada (began in 2000)

?Israel's unilateral disengagement plan (2005)

?The Gaza War (2008–2009

Peace process

Oslo Accords (1993)

In 1993, Israeli officials led by Yitzhak Rabin and Palestinian leaders from the Palestine Liberation Organization led by Yasser Arafat strove to find a peaceful solution through what became known as the Oslo peace process. A crucial milestone in this process was Arafat's letter of recognition of Israel's right to exist. In 1993, the Oslo Accords were finalized as a framework for future Israeli-Palestinian relations. The crux of the Oslo agreement was that Israel would gradually cede control

of the Palestinian territories over to the Palestinians in exchange for peace. The Oslo process was delicate and progressed in fits and starts, the process took a turning point at the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin and finally unraveled when Arafat and Ehud Barak failed to reach agreement at Camp David in July 2000. Robert Malley, special assistant to United States President Bill Clinton for Arab-Israeli Affairs, has confirmed that while Barak made no formal written offer to Arafat, the US did present concepts for peace which were considered by the Israeli side yet left unanswered by Arafat "the Palestinians’ principal failing is that from the beginning of the Camp David summit onward they were unable either to say yes to the American ideas or to present a cogent and specific counterproposal of their own".[9]Consequently, there are different accounts of the proposals considered.

Camp David Summit (2000)

In July 2000, U.S. President Bill Clinton convened a peace summit between Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak. Barak reportedly offered the Palestinian leader approximately 95% of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, as well as Palestinian sovereignty over East Jerusalem,[13] and that 69 Jewish settlements (which comprise 85% of the West Bank's Jewish settlers) would be ceded to Israel. He also proposed "temporary Israeli control" indefinitely over another 10% of the West Bank territory—an area including many more Jewish settlements. According to Palestinian sources, the remaining area would be under Palestinian control, yet certain areas would be broken up by Israeli bypass roads and checkpoints. Depending on how the security roads would be configured, these Israeli roads might impede free travel by Palestinians throughout their proposed nation and reduce the ability to absorb Palestinian refugees.

Arafat rejected this offer. President Clinton reportedly requested that Arafat make a counter-offer, but he proposed none. Former Israeli Foreign Minister Shlomo Ben Ami who kept a diary of the negotiations said in an interview in 2001, when asked whether the Palestinians made a counterproposal: "No. And that is the heart of the matter. Never, in the negotiations between us and the Palestinians, was there a Palestinian counterproposal."[14]

No tenable solution was crafted which would satisfy both Israeli and Palestinian demands, even under intense U.S. pressure. Clinton blamed Arafat for the failure of the Camp David Summit. In the months following the summit, Clinton appointed former U.S. Senator George J. Mitchell to

lead a fact-finding committee that later published the Mitchell Report aimed at restoring the peace process.

T aba Summit (2001)

The Israeli negotiation team presented a new map at the Taba Summit in Taba, Egypt in January 2001. The proposition removed the "temporarily Israeli controlled" areas, and the Palestinian side accepted this as a basis for further negotiation. However, Prime Minister Ehud Barak did not conduct further negotiations at that time; the talks ended without an agreement. The following month the Likud party candidate Ariel Sharon was elected as Israeli prime minister on 7 February 2001.

Road Map for Peace

One peace proposal, presented by the Quartet of the European Union, Russia, the United Nations and the United States on September 17, 2002, was the Road Map for Peace. This plan did not attempt to resolve difficult questions such as the fate of Jerusalem or Israeli settlements, but left that to be negotiated in later phases of the process. The proposal never made it beyond the first phase, which called for a halt to Israeli settlement construction and a halt to Israeli and Palestinian violence, none of which was achieved.

Arab Peace Initiative

The Arab Peace Initiative (Arabic: ???????????????????) was first proposed by Crown Prince Abdullah of Saudi Arabia in the Beirut Summit. The peace initiative is a proposed solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict as a whole, and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in particular.

The initiative was initially published on March 28, 2002, at the Beirut Summit, and agreed upon again in 2007 in the Riyadh Summit.

Unlike the Road Map for Peace, it spelled out "final-solution" borders based explicitly on the UN borders established before the 1967 Six-Day War. It offered full normalization of relations with Israel, in exchange for the withdrawal of its forces from all the occupied territories, including the Golan Heights, to recognize "an independent Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital" in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, as well as a "just solution" for the Palestinian refugees.[15]

A number of Israeli officials have responded to the initiative with both support and criticism. The Israeli government has expressed reservations on 'red line,' issues such as the Palestinian refugee problem, homeland security concerns, and the nature of Jerusalem.[16]However, the Arab League continues to raise it as a possible solution, and meetings between the Arab League and Israel have been held

Current issues in dispute

The following outlined positions are the official positions of the two parties; however, it is important to note that neither side holds a single position. Both the Israeli and the Palestinian sides include both moderate and extremist bodies as well as dovish and hawkish bodies.

Many Palestinians nowadays believe that Israel is not really interested in reaching an arrangement, but rather interested in continuing to control the entire territory from the Mediterranean Sea to the Jordan River.

On the other hand, many Israelis nowadays believe that the Palestinians’ true intentions are to conquer the Palestine region entirely and that their official claims are only a temporary strategy. As a proof to their claims, they note the rise of the Hamas, which has called for the takeover of all parts of Israel, incitement against Israel made in the Palestinian schools' textbooks and to the Palestinian political violence made against Israeli civilians within the Green Line borders.[18]

Due to the large number of opinions and interpretations, the question of the true demands of the parties is a political issue by itself, about which many Israelis and Palestinians disagree.

Palestinian Revolution

Fighting among rival Palestinian and Arab movements has played a crucial role in shaping Israel's security policy towards Palestinian militants, as well as in the Palestinian leadership's own policies.[citation needed]As early as the 1930s revolts in Palestine, Arab forces fought each other while also skirmishing with Zionist and British forces, and internal conflicts continue to the present day. During the Lebanese Civil War, Palestinian baathists broke from the Palestinian Liberation Organization and allied with the Shia Amal Movement, fighting a bloody civil war that killed thousands of Palestinians.[81][82]

In the First Intifada, over a thousand Palestinians were killed in a campaign initiated by the Palestinian Liberation Organization to crack down on suspected Israeli security service informers and collaborators. The Palestinian Authority was strongly criticized for its treatment of alleged collaborators, rights groups complaining that those labeled collaborators were denied fair trials. According to a report released by the Palestinian Human Rights Monitoring Group, less than 45 percent of those killed were actually guilty of informing for Israel.[83]

The policies towards suspected collaborators contravene agreements signed by the Palestinian leadership. Article XVI(2) of the Oslo II Agreement states

International status

In the past, Israel has demanded control over border crossings between the Palestinian territories and Jordan and Egypt, and the right to set the import and export controls, asserting that Israel and the Palestinian territories are a single economic space.

In the interim agreements reached as part of the Oslo Accords, the Palestinian Authority has received control over cities (Area A) while the surrounding countryside has been placed under Israeli security and Palestinian civil administration (Area B) or complete Israeli control (Area C). Israel has built additional highways to allow Israelis to traverse the area without entering Palestinian cities. The initial areas under Palestinian Authority control are diverse and non-contiguous. The areas have changed over time because of subsequent negotiations, including Oslo II, Wye River and Sharm el-Sheik. According to Palestinians, the separated areas make it impossible to create a viable nation and fails to address Palestinian security needs; Israel has expressed no agreement to withdrawal from some Areas B, resulting in no reduction in the division of the Palestinian areas, and the institution of a safe pass system, without Israeli checkpoints, between these parts. Because of increased Palestinian violence to occupation this plan is in abeyance.

Water resources

In the Middle East, water resources are of great political concern. Since Israel receives much of its water from two large underground aquifers which continue under the Green Line, the use of this water has been contentious in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. But critics of this argument say that even though Israel withdraws some water from these

areas, it also supplies the West Bank with approximately 40 MCM annually, contributing to 77% of Palestinians' water supply in the West Bank, which is to be shared for a population of about 2.3 million.[88]

While Israel's consumption of this water has decreased since it began its occupation of the West Bank, it still consumes the majority of it: in the 1950s, Israel consumed 95% of the water output of the Western Aquifer, and 82% of that produced by the Northeastern Aquifer. Although this water was drawn entirely on Israel's own side of the pre-1967 border, the sources of the water are nevertheless from the shared groundwater basins located under both West Bank and Israel.[89]

In the treaty of the Oslo II Accord, both sides agreed to maintain "existing quantities of utilization from the resources." In so doing, the Palestinian Authority established the legality of Israeli water production in the West Bank. Moreover, Israel obligated itself in this agreement to provide water to supplement Palestinian production, and further agreed to allow additional Palestinian drilling in the Eastern Aquifer. Many Palestinians counter that the Oslo II agreement was intended to be a temporary resolution and that it was not intended to remain in effect more than a decade later. Indeed its name is "The

Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement."[90]

This agreement also established the right of the Palestinian Authority to explore and drill for natural gas, fuel and petroleum within its territory and territorial waters. It also delineated the major terms of conduct regarding regulations on the parties' facilities.[90]

Israel continues to honor its obligations under the Interim Agreement Future and financing

Numerous foreign nations and international organizations have established bilateral agreements with the Palestinian and Israeli water authorities. It is estimated that a future investment of about US$ 1.1 billion for the West Bank and US$ 0.8 billion[clarification needed] is needed for the planning period from 2003 to 2015.[92]

In order to support and improve the water sector in the Palestinian territories, a number of bilateral and multilateral agencies have been supporting many different water and sanitation programs

Actions toward stabilizing the conflict

In response to a weakening trend in Palestinian violence and growing economic and security cooperation between Israel and the Palestinian Authority, the Israeli military has removed over 120 check points in 2010 and plans on disengaging from major Palestinian population areas. According to the IDF, terrorist activity in the West Bank decreased by 97% compared to violence in 2002.[118]

PA-Israel efforts in the West Bank have "significantly increased investor confidence", and the Palestinian economy grew 6.8% in 2009.

Bank of Palestine

Since the Second Intifada, Jewish Israelis have been banned from entering Palestinian cities. However, Israeli Arabs are allowed to enter West Bank cities on weekends.

The Palestinian Authority has petitioned the Israeli military to allow Jewish tourists to visit West Bank cities as "part of an effort" to improve the Palestinian economy. Israeli general Avi Mizrahi spoke with Palestinian security officers while touring malls and soccer fields in the West Bank. Mizrahi gave permission to allow Israeli tour guides into Bethlehem, a move intended to "contribute to the Palestinian and Israeli economies."[

Mutual recognition

The Oslo peace process was based upon Israel ceding authority to the Palestinians to run their own political and economic affairs. In return, it was agreed that Palestinians would promote peaceful co-existence, renounce violence and promote recognition of Israel among their own people. Despite Yasser Arafat's official renunciation of terrorism and recognition of Israel, some Palestinian groups continue to practice and advocate violence against civilians and do not recognize Israel as a legitimate political entity.[125]Palestinians state that their ability to spread acceptance of Israel was greatly hampered by Israeli restrictions on Palestinian political freedoms, economic freedoms, civil liberties, and quality of life.

It is widely felt among Israelis that Palestinians did not in fact promote acceptance of Israel's right to exist.[126][127]One of Israel's major reservations in regards to granting Palestinian sovereignty is its

concern that there is not genuine public support by Palestinians for co-existence and elimination of terrorism and incitement.[126][127][128] Some Palestinian groups, notably Fatah, the political party founded by PLO leaders, claim they are willing to foster co-existence if Palestinians are steadily given more political rights and autonomy, however, in 2010, even Fatah leaders leaders such as Mahmoud Abbas and Saeb Erekat refused to recognize Israel as a Jewish state.[129] In 2006, Hamas won a majority in the Palestinian Legislative Council, where it remains the majority party. Hamas has openly stated in the past that it completely opposed Israel's right to exist, and its charter states this

Government

The Palestinian Authority is considered corrupt by a wide variety of sources, including some Palestinians.[131][132][133] Some Israelis argue that it provides tacit support for extremists via its relationship with Hamas and other Islamic terrorist movements, and that therefore it is unsuitable for governing any putative Palestinian state or (especially according to the right wing of Israeli politics), even negotiating about the character of such a state.[35]Because of that, a number of organizations, including the previously ruling Likud party, declared they would not accept a Palestinian state based on the current PA.

Societal attitudes

Societal attitudes in both Israel and Palestine are a source of concern to those promoting dispute resolution.

Some Israelis are concerned that key Palestinian leaders have promoted incitement against and overall non-acceptance of Israel, including promotion of violence against Israel

Gaza blockade

According to Oxfam, because of an import-export ban imposed on Gaza in 2007, 95% of Gaza’s industrial operations were suspended. Out of 35,000 people employed by 3,900 factories in June 2005, only 1,750 people remained employed by 195 factories in June 2007.[134] By 2010, Gaza's unemployment rate had risen to 40% with 80% of the population living on less than 2 dollars a day.[135] The Israeli Government's cut in the flow of fuel and electricity to the Gaza Strip has also been called collective

punishment. Jeremy Hobbs, director of Oxfam International, called on Israel “immediately [to] lift its inhumane and illegal siege.”[136]

The Israeli governments argues it is justified under international law to impose a blockade on an enemy for security reasons. The power to impose a naval blockade is established under customary international law and Laws of armed conflict.[137]The Military Advocate General of Israel has provided numerous reasonings for the policy:

"The State of Israel has been engaged in an ongoing armed conflict with terrorist organizations operating in the Gaza strip. This armed conflict has intensified after Hamas violently took over Gaza, in June 2007, and turned the territory under its de-facto control into a launching pad of mortar and rocket attacks against Israeli towns and villages in southern Israel."

Palestinian army

The Israeli Cabinet issued a statement[142] expressing that it does not wish the Palestinians to build up an army capable of offensive operations, considering that the only party against which such an army could be turned in the near future is Israel itself. However, Israel has already allowed for the creation of a Palestinian police that can conduct police operations and also carry out limited-scale warfare. Palestinians[vague] have argued that the Israel Defense Forces, a large and modern armed force, poses a direct and pressing threat to the sovereignty of any future Palestinian state, making a defensive force for a Palestinian state a matter of necessity. To this, Israelis claim that signing a treaty while building an army is a show of bad intentions.

Since 2006, the United States has been training, equipping, and funding the Palestinian Authority's security forces, which have been cooperating with Israel at unprecedented levels in the West Bank to quell supporters of Hamas, the main Palestinian Islamist group that opposes direct negotiations with Israel.[61]The United States government has spent over 500 million building and training the Palestinian National Security Forces and Presidential Guard.[61]The IDF believes the US-trained forces will soon be capable of "overrunning small IDF outposts and isolated Israeli communities" in the event of a conflict

My View

Y ou can image the power of religion,the importace of civilization,the traditon of settlement.According to history,we know Jewish,who majority had clever brains and great possessions,have been jealous for a longterm by other specis or tribes.Unfortunately,they hate violence,but they are injured by violence.

Jewish people have been slaughtered for times,such as the Greek invadement and the Nazzi Germany.They have to leave their motherland,moving strange places,then their traces have been found all over the world.They lost everything,they missed their hometown for two thousand years,where were occupied by Arab people.They want to unit these area,they want to rebuild their country,they want to renew their grogious civilization.Most significantly,they want to find a place to rest their souls.

Suppose they get back,filled with Jewish people is a catastrophy for Arab,they may lost their homes at the same time.So Jewish built Isreil and Arab built Palestine,these two countries have argued more than one century fately.

Even though all of the civitizen hope to get peace.in their deep hearts,they only want to control all the area,that means,the West Bank must be controled by Arab or Jewish,they can’t cooperate with each other.

Due to Israel have more benefits to develop euiqments and weapons,Arab have to choose terrorism.I just want to say the conflict have been for a long time with religious reason,traditional customers,civilizations,which is difficult to solve in a short time.

Photos

中东战争的认识及感想

中东战争的认识及感想 阿拉伯世界和以色列的争端由来已久。1947年,联合国大会通过“联大181号决议案”决议(33票赞成,13票反对,10票弃权),规定在巴勒斯坦建立阿拉伯和以色列两个独立的国家,决议文规定把巴勒斯坦总面积的57%划给占32%人口的犹太人(原本只拥有7%土地),这项决议案对阿拉伯人非常不公平。阿拉伯国家的票数一共只有六票,根本无力挽回。犹太人同意此决议,1948年成立以色列国。阿拉伯人反对该决议,未建立阿拉伯国。结果发生5 次阿以战争。“中东战争”,这是第二次世界大战后持续时间最长的战争。 第一次中东战争(亦称“巴勒斯坦战争”,以色列称“独立战争”)第一次中东战争的起因是,阿拉伯国家不满联合国对巴勒斯坦不平等的分割,且对巴勒斯坦人民权利的剥夺。埃及在军事失利的情况下,于1949年2月24日在希腊的罗得岛签定停战协定。外约旦和以色列的停战谈判3月2日也在罗得岛开始,4月3日,以色列、外约旦正式签订停战协定。以色列和黎巴嫩的停战协定于1949年3月23日签定。以色列和叙利亚之间的停战谈判与1949年4月12日在边界举行,7月20日,双方签订停战协定。第一次中东战争结束,以色列险胜,阿拉伯国家军队死亡1.5万人,以色列军队死亡约6000人。以色列占领了巴勒斯坦总面积的80%,这场战争中有96万巴勒斯坦人被赶出家园,沦为难民。 第二次中东战争(又称苏伊士运河战争)1956年,由于埃及收回苏伊士运河公司后禁止以色列船只通过运河与蒂朗海峡,以色列发动战争与埃及争夺通行权。在整个战争过程中,英法对埃及的轰炸持续6天,地面战斗40余小时,伤亡300—400人,损失飞机50余架;以色列伤亡约1000人。埃及方面死亡1000多人,伤2万多人,损失飞机200架,五大城市遭到严重破坏。1.2万幢住宅毁于战火。以色列虽然于次年3月撤离加沙地区和西奈半岛(由联合国部队进驻加沙和亚喀巴湾沿岸地区),但取得了通过蒂朗海峡的航行权。 第三次中东战争削弱阿拉伯联盟的力量,消灭巴勒斯坦解放组织,进而占领巴勒斯坦,成为以色列发动第三次中东战争的重要原因约、埃、叙先后被迫同意停火。结果,以色列又把战略纵深扩大了6.5万公里,数十万巴勒斯坦阿拉伯人被以色列赶出家园,沦为难民。 第四次中东战争第三次中东战争后,以色列占领了埃及和叙利亚的土地,将数百万巴勒斯坦人民赶出家园,并占领大片阿拉伯国家土地,阿拉伯国家为了收复失地,发动了这场战争。双方飞机损失的约60%、舰艇损失的80%以上,大部被毁坦克均为各种导弹所击毁.在战略指导与作战上,广泛利用电子技术和使用各种战术导弹,是这次战争的突出特点。战争结束后以色列国内强硬派再次抬头,对阿拉伯国家的戒心大大加强。 第五次中东战争(又称以色列入侵黎巴嫩战争)巴勒斯坦人为了建立一个自己的国家,于1964年5月成立了巴勒斯坦解放组织,并展开了同以色列的战争。成为以色列的心腹之患。在这场战争中,巴解组织伤亡3000余人,被击毁坦克100余辆,火炮500门,400多座秘密仓库被占领。叙利亚军队伤亡1000余人,损失坦克400余辆,飞机58架。[贝鲁特大屠杀发生在第五次中东战争期间,黎巴嫩基督教民兵在以色列的支持下杀害了数以千计的巴勒斯坦难民。

世界主要地区

第2讲世界主要地区 【考纲扫描】世界主要地区的位置、范围以及自然地理和人文地理的主要特征。 【考点要求】1.掌握世界主要地区的自然地理和人文地理突出特征。2.学会运用比较法、综合法分析世界某地区的地理特征。 1.东南亚 2.中东地区 3.撒哈拉以南的非洲

4.欧洲西部 方法技巧 图解东南亚自然环境与经济发展的关系

巧学易记--------数字法记忆中东地理特征 归纳总结-----非洲环境问题产生 人口增长过快和贫困饥荒是造成该地区生态环境恶化、土地荒漠化加剧的根源。 方法技巧--------欧洲西部的自然环境 一运?苏伊士运河 两洋?印度洋、大西洋 三洲?亚洲、欧洲、非洲 四峡?直布罗陀海峡、土耳其海峡、曼德海峡、霍尔木兹海峡 五海?阿拉伯海、红海、地中海、 黑海、里海

拓展延伸---------南极洲被人们称白色沙漠的原因 南极洲降水量大部分在55毫米以下。降水量最少的地方不足5毫米,降水形式主要是雪,由于气温低不消融,气候干燥,其干燥程度如同沙漠地区,所以用“沙漠”来形容南极洲的干旱。因其上覆盖有巨厚冰层,故有“白色的沙漠”之称。 考点一 中东地区 【图说考点】 中东地区自然地理特征——地处两洋三洲五海之地,地形以高原为主,气候炎热干燥,是世界的石油宝库。 中东长期成为热点地区的原因 中东地区人文地理特征?? ????? ????农业——畜牧业和灌溉农业发达,地中海沿岸 为花卉、蔬菜、水果产区 工业——石油开采和炼油业发达,工业基础薄弱 交通——霍尔木兹海峡、苏伊士运河、土耳其 海峡为交通要道人口与城市——主要为白色人种;多信仰伊斯 兰教;圣城耶路撒冷

巴勒斯坦问题的由来及巴以分治决议

考点:巴勒斯坦问题的由来及巴以分治决议 1. 巴勒斯坦问题的由来 1世纪时,犹太人国家灭亡,犹太人离开巴勒斯坦地区,流散到世界各地; 7世纪时,巴勒斯坦地区成为阿拉伯帝国的一部分,阿拉伯人成为这一地区的主要居民。 第一次世界大战后,英国获得巴勒斯坦地区的“委任统治权”,英国支持犹太复国主义运动,流散世界各地的犹太人陆续迁往巴勒斯坦。 2.联合国的巴以分治决议: 第二次世界大战后,联合国大会通过了巴勒斯坦地区“分治”、建立一个犹太国家和一个阿拉伯国家的决议。英国宣布结束在巴勒斯坦的“委任统治”。 3. 巴以冲突不断: 1948年,犹太人建立国家以色列,第二天就爆发了第一次中东战争。之后中东战争、巴以冲突不断,阿拉伯国家至今也未建立起来。 例题1现代犹太民族的复国运动开始于() A.一战后 B.二战后 C.工业革命之后 D.伊斯兰教兴起时 答案:A 解析:第一次世界大战后,英国获得巴勒斯坦地区的“委任统治权”,英国支持犹太复国主义运动,答案A。 例题2在巴勒斯坦地区建立犹太国家和阿拉伯国家的决定是由什么大会决定的() A.巴黎和会 B.雅尔塔会议 C.开罗会议 D.联合国大会

答案:D 解析:第二次世界大战后,联合国大会通过了巴勒斯坦地区“分治”、建立一个犹太国家和一个阿拉伯国家的决议。答案D。 1.巴勒斯坦地区由于历史原因造成的当地民族矛盾和宗教矛盾错综复杂,这一地区激烈的民族矛盾主要集中在() A.犹太民族和阿拉伯民族之间 B.英吉利民族和阿拉伯民族之间 C.犹太民族和德意志民族之间 D.美利坚民族和阿拉伯民族之间 2.建立色列国家的民族是() A.犹太民族 B.阿拉伯民族 C.央格鲁撒克逊民族 D.法兰西民族 3.下列关于巴勒斯坦问题的说法,不正确的是() A.来源于犹太人建立国家的矛盾 B.世界大国插手该问题使之复杂化 C.在多次武装冲突中,以色列占据了优势 D.联合国的“分治”决议解决了这一难题 4. 犹太人建立以色列的第二天,就爆发了第一次中东战争。这一状况出现在() A.1945年 B.1947年 C.1948年 D.1956年

世界各国家和地区表

世界各国家和地区表 亚洲 Asia 国旗国家名称首都 中华人民共和国 China 北京 Beijing 巴林 Bahrain 麦纳麦 Manama 韩国 Korea 汉城 Seoul 黎巴嫩 Lebanon 贝鲁特Beirut 尼泊尔 Nepal 加德满都Katmandu 泰国 Thailand 曼谷 Bangkok 巴基斯坦Pakistan 伊斯兰堡Islamabad 阿拉伯联合酋长国 United Arab Emirates 阿布扎哈 Abu Dhabi 不丹Bhutan 廷布 Thimpu 阿曼 Oman 马斯喀特 Muscat 阿塞拜疆 Azerbaijan 巴库 Baku 朝鲜 North Korea 平壤 Pyongyang 菲律宾Philippines 马尼拉Manila 柬埔寨 Cambodia 金边Phnom Penh 卡塔尔 Qatar 多哈 Doha 吉尔吉斯斯坦 Kyrgyzstan 比什凯克 Biskek 马尔代夫 Maldives 马累 Male 马来西亚 Malaysia 吉隆坡 Kuala Lumpur 蒙古 Mongolia 乌兰巴托 Ulan Bator 沙特阿拉伯 Saudi Arabia 利雅得 Riyadh 塞浦路斯 Cyprus 尼科西亚 Nicosia 文莱 Brunei 斯里八家湾市 Bandar Seri 老挝Laos 万象Vientiane 日本 Japan 东京 Tokyo 土库曼斯坦 Turkmenistan 阿什哈巴德 Ashkhabad 土耳其 Turkey 安卡拉 Ankara 哈萨克斯坦 Kazakhstan 阿斯塔纳 Astana 巴勒斯坦国Palestine **** 塔吉克斯坦 Tadzhikistan 杜尚别 Dushanbe 格鲁吉亚 Georgia 第比利斯 Tbilisi 科威特 Kuwait 科威特城 Kuwait City 叙利亚 Syria 大马士革 Damascus 印度 India 新德里 New Delhi 印度尼西亚 Indonesia 雅加达 Jakarta 亚美尼亚 Armenia 埃里温 Yerevan 阿富汗 Afghanistan 喀布尔 Kabul

阿拉伯世界和以色列冲突的由来

阿拉伯世界和以色列冲突的由来 由来:1948年英国结束对巴勒斯坦的统治,巴以分置,以色列建国,冲突从这时候开始。未来:仁者见仁,智者见智。我个人认为,从长远来说,和平还是大趋势,从近处来说,只要美国主导中东,美国的所谓“反恐战争”不结束,中东绝无宁日,而美国的反恐战争决不可能在短期内有结果,而且有愈演愈烈的趋势,所以阿义和平进程短期内不可能有重大进展。 中东问题一般指阿拉伯与以色列之间的争端,是自二次大战结束以后延续至今时间最长的一个地区热点问题。中东地区重要的战略地位和战略资源牵动着许多国家的利益。“9·11”事件后,因肇事者多为伊斯兰教信仰者,有人将它与“文明冲突”相联系。因此,中东问题更加为世人所关注。这里从历史角度提供一些背景情况,并对此作一些分析和思考。 一、历史回顾 关于中东问题的历史沿革,不妨以“一、二、三、四”概而言之,那就是:一个祖先,两个民族,三次流散,四次战争。 一个祖先,两个民族 巴勒斯坦古称迦南,其居民称迦南人,原是阿拉伯半岛闪族的一支。约公元前11世纪,爱琴海沿岸的腓力斯丁人移居迦南。公元前5世纪,希腊史学家希罗多德首次称该地区为“巴勒斯坦”,即希腊语“腓力斯丁人的土地”之意,一直沿用至今。 约公元前1900年,闪族的另一支在族长亚伯拉罕率领下,由两河流域的乌尔迁徙到迦南。据《圣经》所说,亚伯拉罕与其妻撒拉生子以撒,他们便是犹太人的祖先。后犹太人逃亡埃及,摩西率众出埃及返迦南,一直到二战后建立以色列国,都是源于这一支系。亚伯拉罕与其妾埃及人夏甲生子易司马仪,因被撒拉所不容,被赶至半岛,繁衍生息,他们便是半岛北阿拉伯人的祖先,伊斯兰教的先知穆罕默德即是其后裔。2002年11月,阿拉法特在会见中国中东特使后,针对以色列外长内塔尼亚胡威胁要把他赶走,激动地对记者说:“我是阿拉法特,我也是亚伯拉罕的子孙。” 三次流散 ——公元前1025年第一个希伯来人国家——希伯来王国在迦南建立。公元前930年王国一分为二,北方称以色列王国,南方称犹太王国。公元前722年亚述国灭以色列国,公元前586年新巴比伦国灭犹太王国,两国数万臣民连同君主都被掳往战胜国,史称“失踪的10个以色列部落”和“巴比伦之囚”。这是犹太人的第一次大流散。公元前334年马其顿王亚历山大再灭受波斯帝国支持的犹太国家,犹太人流散到南欧、地中海诸岛、北非及中亚地区,这是第二次大流散。从公元66年始,巴勒斯坦犹太人多次发动反对罗马统治者的大起义,均遭失败。公元135年,罗马皇帝下令将耶路撒冷犁耕为田,犹太人几乎全部逃离或被逐出

世界区域地理(主要地区:东南亚、中东、欧洲西部、撒哈拉以南非洲、两极地区)

专题1.7 世界区域地理(主要地区:东南亚、中东、欧洲西部、撒哈 拉以南非洲、两极地区) 一、东南亚 1、位置及领土组成:亚洲的东南部,包括中南半岛和马来群岛。 2、地形特点:⑴中南半岛——山河相间,纵列分布。 ⑵马来群岛——地势崎岖,山岭居多,平原较少,河流湍急,多火山和地震。 3、气候特点:⑴中南半岛——热带季风气候,一年明显的分为旱季和雨季。旱季(11月至次年5月吹东 北风)雨季6月-----10月,吹西南风)。 ⑵马来群岛——大部分是热带雨林气候。 4、东南亚重要的地理位置:东南亚处在亚洲和大洋洲、印度洋和太平洋的“十字路口”南面的“马六甲海峡”是通过这个路口的咽喉。被日本人称为是“海上生命线”。 5、国家和居民: ⑴国小:①中南半岛国家:越南、老挝、(内陆国)、缅甸——与中国南面陆上相临、泰国、柬埔寨,人口、 城市多分布在河流沿岸及河口三角洲 ②马来群岛国家:新加坡(花园城市)印尼最大的群岛国家,火山国、马来西亚、文莱、菲律宾、东帝汶等 ⑵居民:东南亚是世界上人口稠密的地区之一,印尼人口最多超过亿,也是世界上华人、华侨最集中的地区。 6、物产: ⑴泰国是世界天然橡胶棕榈油量最多的国家,马来西亚锡产量居世界首位; ⑵菲律宾:世界上椰子、椰油最多; ⑶东南亚著名的稻米出口国:泰国、越南、缅甸; ⑷印尼和文莱是东南亚著名的石油出产国; ⑸天然橡胶产量居世界最多的三个国家:泰国、印尼、马来西亚。 7、旅游胜地:缅甸仰光的大金塔;印度尼西亚的婆罗浮屠;柬埔寨的吴哥窟;泰国曼谷的水上市场;越南的下龙湾;新加坡的花园城市。 二、中东(长期热点地区:频繁的冲突、战争)

1、两洋三州五海之地 ⑴两洋:印度洋、大西洋 三州:亚洲、非洲、欧洲 五海:地中海、黑海、里海、红海、阿拉伯海 (2)认识两个海峡一条运河: ⑴土耳其海峡:黑海和地中海的通道; ⑵霍尔木兹海峡:波斯海和阿拉伯海的通道,被称为“ 石油海峡”。 ⑶苏伊士运河:沟通红海和地中海 2、丰富的石油资源 ⑴世界最大的石油宝库:储量、产量、输出量均占世界第一 ⑵分布:波斯湾及其沿岸地区 ⑶三条重要的石油输出运输线:(看图掌握)

以色列国家概况

以色列国家概况 (最近更新时间:2013年10月) 【国名】以色列国(THE STATE OF ISRAEL) 【面积】根据1947年联合国关于巴勒斯坦分治决议的规定,以色列国的面积为1.52万平方公里。1948-1973年间,以色列在四次阿以战争中占领了大片阿拉伯国家领土,80年代以后陆续部分撤出。目前以色列实际控制面积约2.5万平方公里。 【人口】801.8万(2013年4月),其中犹太人约占75.3%,其余为阿拉伯人、德鲁兹人等。 【语言】希伯来语和阿拉伯语均为官方语言,通用英语。 【宗教】大部分居民信奉犹太教,其余信奉伊斯兰教、基督教和其他宗教。 【首都】建国时在特拉维夫(TEL AVIV),1950年迁往耶路撒冷(JERUSALEM)。1980年7月30日,以议会通过法案,宣布耶路撒冷是以色列“永恒的与不可分割的首都”。对于耶路撒冷的地位和归属,阿拉伯国家同以色列一直存有争议。目前,绝大多数同以有外交关系的国家将使馆设在特拉维夫。 【国家元首】西蒙·佩雷斯(SHIMON PERES),2007年7月15日就职,为以色列第9任总统,任期7年。 【重要节日】犹太新年(约公历9月)、赎罪日(约公历10月)、住棚节(约公历10月)、逾越节(约公历3、4月)、大屠杀纪念日(约公历4、5月)、独立日(约公历4、5月)。 【地理】位于亚洲西部。毗邻巴勒斯坦。东接约旦,东北部与叙利亚为邻,南连亚喀巴湾,西南部与埃及为邻,西濒地中海,北与黎巴嫩接壤。海岸线长度198公里。 【气候】地中海型气候,夏季炎热干燥,最高气温39℃;冬季温和湿润,最低气温4℃左右。 【简史】犹太人远祖是古代闪族的支脉希伯来人。原居住于美索不达米亚平原,公元前13世纪末开始从埃及迁居巴勒斯坦地区。公元前1000年左右,建立以色列国。此后先后被亚述、巴比伦、波斯、古希腊和罗马帝国征服。公元70年被罗马人赶出巴勒斯坦地区,开始长达近2000年流亡生活。19世纪末,犹太复国主义运动兴起,犹太人开始大批移居巴勒斯坦。第一次世界大战结束后,英国对巴勒斯坦实行委任统治。1917年,英国政府发表《贝尔福宣言》,表示赞成在巴勒斯坦为犹太人建立民族家园。1947年11月29日,联合国大会通过决议,决定在巴勒斯坦地区分别建立阿拉伯国和犹太国。1948年5月14日,以色列国

中亚西亚和北非

中亚西亚和北非 1.能够在地图上找出中亚,西亚和北非的主要国家、首都、地形区、河流、湖泊。 2.掌握中亚和西亚北非的位置、范围及主要的自然地理特征(地形、气候、植被、河流和湖泊)和人文地理特征(居民和经济) 3.能根据中亚的位置及地理特征,分析农业发展的区位条件。掌握西亚和北非以灌溉农业和畜牧业为主的农业生产; 4、了解西亚和北非石油资源的分布和在世界上的地位,主要的石油生产国,掌握石油的运输路线。 5、掌握埃及重要的地理位置,自然地理特征以及经济特点。 1.试着描绘50°E、80°E,40°N、50°N。 2.在图中找出与中国接壤的三个中亚国家。 3.找到濒临里海的中亚国家。 4.找出阿姆河、锡尔河、乌拉尔河、额尔齐斯河、里海、咸海、巴尔喀什湖。 5.找到天山、帕米尔高原、图兰平原、里海沿岸平原。

【知识梳理】 一.位置和范围 二.自然地理特征 1.据上图分析中亚降水分布特点及成因 2.描述中亚地区河流的水文特征;分析咸海面积不断缩小的原因(自然原因和人为原因)。 3.巴尔喀什湖东部为咸水湖,西部淡水湖原因。

1、标出图中的经度和纬度。 2、标注大西洋、印度洋、地中海、里海、红海、黑海、阿拉伯海、波斯湾。 3、美索不达米亚平原、阿拉伯高原、伊朗高原、撒哈拉沙漠 4、尼罗河、幼发拉底河、底格里斯河 【知识梳理】 一、自然地理特征 (1)地形特征 (2)据右图列举西亚的气候类型、分布、成因、特点

(3)据右图分析死海(-400M)的成因,近些年死海面积不 断萎缩,分析其原因。 (4)矿产 二、人文地理特征 (1) 人种,半数为阿拉伯人,以阿拉伯人为主的国家被称为阿拉伯国家。 (2)多教,耶路撒冷为______教、_____教、______教三大宗教圣城。 (3)畜牧业:比较发达,游牧为主。安卡拉羊毛和阿富汗____ 著名 种植业:分布在河谷平原和绿洲地区,枣椰是__________农业的代表植物,椰枣是伊拉克特产 阅读:巴勒斯坦和以色列 ⑴亚非的"陆桥":巴勒斯坦地区位于阿拉伯半岛西侧,地中海东岸,战略位置非常重要。 ⑵以色列先进的灌溉农业:灌溉成为发展农业生产的关键。为解决水资源问题,以色列政府修建了水渠和输水管线,还大力发展滴灌和喷灌技术,把水送到植物最需要的根部,大大提高了有效利用率。 ⑶阿以冲突:冲突原因:内部----民族和宗教矛盾、领土和资源纠纷。外部----大国插手中东事物。影响阿以和平进程的因素有:①巴勒斯坦问题:巴勒斯坦地处亚非欧三大洲交通要道,是联结东西部阿拉伯国家的纽带。②耶路撒冷问题。凝聚着犹太教、基督教和伊斯兰教数千年来产生、发展、纷争史,三大宗教圣城。③被占领土问题。以色列占领了约旦河西岸、耶路撒冷和埃及、叙利亚等国领土。④水源问题。以色列无大河,缺水问题严重,其通过约旦河西岸和戈兰高地拦截约旦河及其支流水。 三、埃及 1.埃及的人口主要分布位置及其原因? 2.埃及发展优质长绒棉的有利条件是什么? 3.撒哈拉沙漠为世界上面积最大的沙漠,约占非洲总面积的四分之一。分析撒哈拉沙漠直逼西海岸的原因。

巴勒斯坦被占领土(包括东耶路撒冷)和 叙利亚被占戈兰的

第六十七届世界卫生大会A67/INF./3 临时议程项目19 2014年4月11日 巴勒斯坦被占领土(包括东耶路撒冷)和 叙利亚被占戈兰的卫生状况 应阿拉伯叙利亚共和国政府的请求,总干事谨向第六十七届世界卫生大会转交所附阿拉伯叙利亚共和国卫生部的报告(见附件)。

A67/INF./3 附件 阿拉伯叙利亚共和国 卫生部 叙利亚被占戈兰的叙利亚公民的卫生状况 1.由于以色列占领军采取压制的做法,被占戈兰的叙利亚人口的卫生状况继续恶化。叙利亚人因拒绝以色列公民身份而被剥夺接受治疗,而且由于叙利亚被占戈兰缺乏综合医疗中心而严重缺乏初级和二级卫生保健服务。 2.还必须提及叙利亚被拘留者在以色列占领军的监狱中所受的折磨,他们被关押于非人道的拘留环境,受到残酷折磨和被迫承认他们从未犯过的罪行。因此,这些被拘留者容易患上许多严重疾病、终生残疾和容易染上其他几种确实致命的疾病。 3.以色列占领当局继续把叙利亚和阿拉伯被拘留者作为测试药物和药品的对象。这些囚犯还被注射能导致残疾和有时甚至致命疾病的危险病毒,囚犯哈耶勒·阿布·扎伊德的情况就是如此。 4.我们还提请世界卫生组织注意这一事实,即以色列占领当局仍然在20多个地点掩埋核废料,并在叙利亚被占戈兰领土秘密的垃圾堆填区倾倒了超过1500桶放射性有毒物质。此外,以色列当局坚持使用核地雷和放射性地雷铺设停火线,这些做法违反所有国际及人道主义公约和条约,是对被占领地区的叙利亚人民的公然侵犯。因此,阿拉伯叙利亚共和国卫生部坚持认为,以色列占领当局应为戈兰村庄因有毒废物掩埋而产生的任何环境或卫生方面的问题负全部责任。 5.在过去的几年中,以色列占领当局无视阿拉伯叙利亚共和国为向被占领的戈兰村庄的叙利亚公民提供医疗服务的一再要求,特别是在Majdal Shams,Buq'ata,Ain Kynia 和Ghajar建立四个医学中心的要求,而事实上关于建立这些中心的所有研究已于2006年完成。对建造有30个床位的医院来进行小手术的要求也无动于衷。占领当局决心不采取行动,因此剥夺了戈兰人民获得医疗服务的机会,以此来驱逐他们并清空村庄,或迫使他们获得以色列国籍。 3

初中地理 东半球其他的国家和地区(及答案)50

一、东半球其他的国家和地区选择题 1.据图判断,下列关于澳大利亚的叙述,错误的是() A. 东部沿海地区气候较湿润 B. ①牧羊带年降水量约500–1000mm C. ②牧羊带拥有全国最完善的灌溉系统,肉用羊和毛用羊并重 D. 大部分地区位于热带和亚热带,气温适合一年四季露天放牧 【答案】 B 【解析】【分析】读图可知,澳大利亚东部沿海地区的年降水量在1000毫米以上,气候较为湿润,A正确;图中①牧羊带的年降水量约200–500mm,B错;图中②是绵羊与小麦混合经营带,该牧羊带内有墨累河流经,拥有全国最完善的灌溉系统,该带以肉用羊和毛用羊并重,C正确;图中南回归线穿过澳大利亚中部地区,因此大部分地区位于热带和亚热带,气温适合一年四季露天放,D正确。 故答案为:B。 【点评】澳大利亚位于南半球,南回归线横穿澳大利亚中部,从温度带来看主要位于五带中的热带和南温带,最大的河流是墨累—达令河。澳大利亚气候呈现典型的“半环状”分布特征,最外环为小部分热带雨林气候和亚热带季风性湿润气候,第二环主要为热带草原气候,内部为大面积热带沙漠气候。主要农业地域类型为混合农业,分布于大分水岭西侧的墨累-达令盆地。 2.读下面三幅图,判断下列说法正确的是()

A. 中、美、澳均濒临太平洋,即右图中甲所属大洋 B. 中美、中澳关系均属于“南北关系”,三国的合作有助于世界的和平与发展 C. 中、澳两国经贸往来频繁,澳大利亚每年都从中国大量进口铁矿石 D. 美、澳两国主要是白种人,英语为主,首都均是本国最大城市 【答案】 B 【解析】【分析】解:由图可知,中、美、澳均濒临太平洋,即右图中乙所属大洋,甲是印度洋;中美、中澳关系均属于“南北关系”,三国的合作有助于世界的和平与发展;中、澳两国经贸往来频繁,中国每年从澳大利亚进口大量的铁矿石;美、澳两国主要是白种人,英语为主,两国的首都都不是本国最大的城市,故选B。 故答案为:B 【点评】(1)澳大利亚是世界上唯一一个独占一个大陆的国家,位于东半球、南半球。地广人稀,经济发达,第三产业占比重。地势中间低两边高,东部为山地,中部为平原,西部为高原。澳大利亚跨两个气候带,北部属于热带,南部属于温带。澳大利亚的矿产资源、石油和天然气都很丰富,被称为“坐在矿车上的国家”。澳大利亚还被称为“世界活化石博物馆”。澳大利亚人口和城市主要分布在东南沿海地区。 (2)美国是美洲第二大的国家,领土包括美国本土、北美洲西北部的阿拉斯加和太平洋中部的夏威夷群岛。有两个陆上邻国,北边加拿大,南边墨西哥。美国东部为低矮的东北西南走向的山地,阿巴拉契亚山脉,中部为中央大平原,西部为高大的高原山地,两边高中间低,和澳大利亚地势类似。境内最大的河流为密西西比河,东北部有世界上最大的淡水湖泊群五大湖。美国大部分地区属于大陆性气候,南部属亚热带气候。美国农业高度发达,机械化、专业化程度高。 3.读“中东某区域图”,完成下列各题。

再看以色列建国历程

再看以色列建国历程——浅析近现代犹太复国主义 【内容提要】作为中东乱局的焦点,巴以冲突延宕多年无法解决。这场历史争端源于犹太人的复国梦想,并随着以色列的建国成为定局。本文将运用历史、文献及综合研究法,由犹太复国主义即锡兰主义入手,论述以色列建国这一事件的历史背景及现时影响,阐明国际社会所持的态度、扮演的角色,并尝试对与巴以冲突相关的国际关系加以分析,以期得到对巴以冲突更客观、科学的认识。 【关键词】以色列,犹太复国主义,锡兰主义,巴勒斯坦 经常见诸报端的巴以冲突是自上世纪以来最引人关注、最影响广泛的地区冲突之一,也是中东问题的关键。犹太人作为曾被压制、驱逐乃至灭绝的民族,何以选择在巴勒斯坦地区建国并把同样的历史强加给那里的阿拉伯民族?他们为什么能相继得到多个大国的支持,并最终使以色列作为主权国家为国际社会接受?个中曲折引人深思。一些西方学者感叹,在这一地区呆的时间越长,知道的越少。秉着对犹太复国主义的好奇,笔者将借助前人的研究成果,梳理出自己关于这一问题的理解。 一.国内研究现状 中国对中东历史的研究,大体可以以1978年为界,划分为准备及发展两个阶段[1]。尽管中国的犹太研究早在19世纪末20世纪初就已经起步,但对以色列的研究高潮,则开始于1992年两国正式建交,各类文章、著作涉及以色列的政治、经济、社会、文化、军事、外交等各个方面。目前硕果较丰的研究机构有中国社会科学院西亚非洲研究所、北京大学亚非研究所和东方学系、南京大学犹太文化研究所、西北大学中东研究所等等。“中东国家通史系列”《巴勒斯坦卷》(西北大学中东研究所彭树智教授主编,2000-2007年出版)、《中东和谈史:1913-1995》(徐向群、陈和丰、宫少朋、殷罡著,1998年)、《第三圣殿:以色列的崛起》(徐向群、余建华著,1994年)、《中国人看以色列》(达州著,1990年)、《犹太民族复兴之路》(潘光、余建华、王建著,1998年)、《以色列史》(张倩红著,2008年)等等都是研究巴以问题影响深远的著作。除此之外, 改革开放以来, 中国学者翻译的巴以相关著作主要包括:[以]阿巴·埃班著,《犹太史》;[美]费希尔著; 姚梓良译:《中东史》(上、下册) , 1979年;[美]高斯坦著,肖宪等译:《中国与犹太——以色列关系100年》, 2006年;[英]沃尔特·拉克著,徐方、阎瑞松译:《犹太复国主义史》, 1992年;[英]理查德·艾伦著; 艾玮生等译:《阿拉伯——以色列冲突的背景及前途:帝国主义和民族主义在肥沃的新月地带》, 1981年等等。 虽然在短短60年间我国对巴以问题的研究硕果累累,但存在的问题不能回避。例如“关于以色列政治的研究,重工党而轻利库德;重民族与宗教冲突而忽略社会阶层的政治角色与经济、社会地位”[2],对巴以问题的研究方向和重点始终不清,立场不能紧随国际形势变化,研究所依原理单一等等。但相信随着中国的国家影响力不断走向中东,随着社会各界对巴以问题的重视不断增强,随着国内学者与中东及西方相关领域专家学者交流的不断增进,我国的相关研究一定会更上一层楼。

加沙地带来源、现状与未来

加沙地带的来源、现状及展望 国政1101班陈阳20114103 【摘要】自1948年联合国大会通过了第181(II)号决议以来,联合国就一直在处理巴勒斯坦问题。该决议规定,在巴勒斯坦建立一个阿拉伯国,一个犹太国,给与耶路撒冷圣城以特殊地位。但同样是自1948年以来,五次中东战争的爆发,使得加沙地带就一直遭受着战争与破坏,伴随着的是巴勒斯坦、以色列人民生命的丧失和遭受苦难。而国际社会所期盼的和平谈判取得任何进展的先决条件是所有方面停止一切暴力、挑衅、煽动和破坏行动。【关键词】加沙地带以色列联合国 加沙地带武装组织和以色列军队爆发了新一轮冲突,从11月14日开始的名为“防卫之柱”的大规模军事行动持续了8天时间,其间以色列军队向加沙地带发动了1500多次空袭和军事打击,共造成100多名平民死亡,其中包括33名儿童和13名妇女;同时,巴勒斯坦武装人员也向以色列南部地区发射了数百枚火箭弹,造成4人死亡,200多人受伤。在埃及政府的斡旋推动下,虽然巴以双方在11月21日就“停火、恢复平静和停止流血”达成共识,但协议的履行和维持目前依然脆弱,无法保证冲突不会再度爆发。①一时之间,加沙地带又一次成为国际社会关注的热点,而本人也希望能够通过书籍、网络等途径对加沙地带的来源、现状和未来走向有更多的了解。 一、走进加沙 以色列与埃及接壤,25公里长7公里宽,如拇指般的加沙地区自诞生起就一直成为地缘政治冲突的发生地,主要由巴勒斯坦人聚居。 加沙在现代历史上被稳固掌控最长的一段时间是在土耳其帝国治下,但第一次世界大战后土耳其帝国结束对加沙地带的统治,加沙成为国际联盟托管的巴勒斯坦的一部分,由英国治理。1947年11月联合国大会接受了阿拉伯人和犹太人分割巴勒斯坦的计划,1948年5月15日英国结束托管,同时第一次中东战争爆发,埃及的军队占领了加沙,直到1967年六日战争又再被以色列夺回,随后一直由以色列占领。根据巴勒斯坦和以色列1993年9月签署的协议,加沙地带于1994年5月成为巴勒斯坦率先实行有限自治的地区之一。2005年9月,以色列政府决定将以色列军队撤出加沙地带,并放弃所有以色列在加沙地带的居民点。 2007年6月,组成巴勒斯坦民族联合政府的两大派别——巴勒斯坦伊斯兰抵抗运动(哈马斯)与巴勒斯坦民族解放运动(法塔赫)在加沙发生冲突,民族联合政府解体,哈马斯夺取了加沙地带的控制权。 此后以色列对加沙实施了严密封锁。哈马斯多次向以色列南部发射火箭弹,以色列也在加沙采取了多次军事行动,纠纷不断。 二、加沙人民的生活 加沙长期处于极端贫困中,在2001年时国内人均生产总值仅为630美元,而在同一时段以色列国内人均生产总值却高达17000美元。加沙国民生产总值的25%来源于以色列。加沙地带每天有上万巴勒斯坦人进入以色列境内上班,其中30%从事农业,40%从事工业和建筑业,另30%从事各类服务业。加沙的进出口业务需经以色列才能进行,蔬菜、蛋类、鸡、牛羊肉等可达到生产自足,有的还远销国外,但米、面、糖、汽油、电等需由以色列供应,或从外国进口。 ①联合国新闻——2012年12月5日《特别报告员敦促以色列全面落实加沙停火协议》

232个国家和地区

目前共有232个国家和地区,其中联合国会员国共有192个。各大洲的国家分布是不均衡的,非洲的国家和地区最多,达57个,其次是美洲(52个),以下依次为亚洲(48个)、欧洲(46个)、大洋洲(29个)。 在世界的七大洲中,除了南极洲以外,都有国家分布。这些国家有的大,有的小;有的人多,有的人少。各个国家的自然环境,也各有不同。有的是位于大洋中的岛国(如亚洲的日本、印度尼西亚,欧洲的英国,北美洲的古巴,大洋洲的新西兰);有的是不临海的内陆国(如亚洲的蒙古、阿富汗,欧洲的捷克斯洛伐克、匈牙利,非洲的马里、赞比亚,南美洲的玻利维业);有的是一马平川的平原国家(如欧洲的荷兰);有的是地势崎岖的山国(如亚洲的尼泊尔,欧洲的瑞士);有的国家终年炎热(如非洲的扎伊尔);有的国家却又没有夏天(如欧洲的冰岛)。 世界各大洲中,国家的分布是不均衡的。非洲是世界上国家和地区分布最多的一个洲,一共有55个。其中面积在一百万平方公里以上的就有十二个,它们是:苏丹、埃及、利比亚、阿尔及利亚、马里、毛里塔尼亚、尼日尔、乍得、安哥拉、扎伊尔挨塞俄比亚和南非。 亚洲有41个国家和地区,面积在一百万平方公里以上的国家有:中国、蒙古、印度尼西亚、印度、伊朗、沙特阿拉伯等六国。 欧洲共有34个国家和地区,面积在一百万平方公里以l:的只有苏联一个国家。 大洋洲共有ZI个国家和地区,其中澳大利亚的面积在一百万平方公里以上。 北美洲共有36个国家和地区,其中面积超过一百万平方公里的国家和地区有加拿大、美国、墨西哥和格陵兰(内部自治)。 南美洲共有13个国家和地区,面积在一百万平方公里以上的有五个:哥伦比亚、秘鲁、巴西玻利维亚、阿根廷。 这样你就可以算出,世界上共有200个国家和地区。其中独立国家160多个,面积在一百万平方公里以上的国家和地共有29个。其中,苏联、中国、美国、加拿大的面积都超过九百万平方公里。 世界上人口的分布极不平衡。亚洲人口超过27亿,是in界上人口最多的一个洲。亚洲的东部、南部和欧洲大部分地区,是世界上人口最稠密的地区。而世界上有些地区的人口却很稀少,非洲撒哈拉沙漠和撒哈拉哈里沙漠地区,人口密度每平方公里还不到一个人。 世界上人口数字,是在不停地变化着的,1830年全世界只有10亿人口,到1930年就增加了一倍,达到20亿。近年来人口增长更快,特别是亚洲、非洲、南美洲许多发展中国家,人口增长非常迅速。1975年世界人口超过40亿,到了1987年7月,全世界的人口已经

Israel and Palestine以色列和巴勒斯坦

Israel and Palestine以色列和巴勒斯坦 Take a break僵局再起 The two-state solution is still the only one that makes sense. But it won't happen this time round 目前两国制仍是解决巴以问题的唯一方式,但这一次依然无法实现。 IT IS a cliché: every time a worthy mediator, in this case John Kerry, America's secretary of state, sets about ending the conflict between Israelis and Palestinians, people say the clock-hand has reached “a minute to midnight”; disaster will follow if the parties fail to agree. By Mr Kerry's timetable, the chimes will ring out dolefully at the end of this month (see article). He may find a last-minute rewinding ploy to keep both sides burbling a bit longer. But there is scant chance, even with that extension, of a two-state deal being done. Mr Kerry has tried his heroic best, but this round of peacemaking is fizzling out. 这已经是老生常谈了——每当有分量的调停人出现,希望终止巴以冲突时(这一次的大人物是美国国务卿克里),人们就知道了,核威胁怕是迫在眉睫了。一旦双方谈崩,便是灾难的开始。对克里来说,本月底很可能就是哀歌奏响的最终期限。也许他还能找到缓兵之计,使两方继续谈判,但即使再拖下去,两国制的方针也很难真正实现。克里已经勇敢地做出了最大的尝试,但这一轮的调和谈判还是以失败告终了。 Disaster will not immediately follow. As things stand, Israel is not under threat, despite its understandable aversion to the prospect of other states in the Middle East, such as Iran, matching it with nuclear weapons. Israel is a prosperous democracy in a region of chaos and bloodshed. Binyamin Netanyahu, its prime minister (pictured left), is unchallenged. The Palestinians demanding a state are weak, divided and quiescent; morose as they are, few favour a return to suicide-bombing. 不过灾难也不会瞬间降临。就现在的情况来看,尽管中东的邻国,如伊朗,正在向成为核国家迈进,但以色列并没有遭受实际的威胁。在这片混乱而血腥的土地上,以色列以一个富饶的民主国家屹立于此。本雅明·内塔尼亚胡(Binyamin Netanyahu)作为以

巴以和谈

3000年前巴勒斯坦是以色列的领地,500年前巴勒斯坦是土耳其的领地,而阿拉伯人只是后来占过巴勒斯坦,二战前巴勒斯坦的阿拉伯人和以色列人都是奥斯曼帝国的一个民族。但是几千年来以色列从没放弃复国努力,1900年前犹太人为争取民族独立曾掀起波澜壮阔的战争,结果惨遭罗马人镇压,被残杀者达70多万人,近几百年来犹太人更是不断从土耳其人手里买回土地。现在有人说远古时巴勒斯坦也不是以色列的,那凭什么就说巴勒斯坦是阿拉伯的?毕竟巴勒斯坦和犹太人的渊源远较阿拉伯深厚。客观的说:站在今天立场我们既不能简单说3000年前巴勒斯坦是以色列领土,也不能武断说以色列侵略阿拉伯世界,考虑到二战后世界版图秩序的重建,考虑到以色列重新建国已60多年并被世界认可,那么在双方忍受的范围内并被大多数国家认同的方案,或许就是个较好的方案,要不然大家寸土不让有仇必报,那世界真没一片净土了。事实上不顾一切追求己方利益往往会给自己带来更大伤害,历史上许多国家的消失也是因为不能审时度势不知进退而最终亡国。地球上自有国家以来,在领土上的讨价还价互相妥协从来没停止过(如中印藏南藏北置换议案)本来以色列重建时比现在小,47年联大也敦促巴建国,但当时阿拉伯国家认为强大,在驱逐犹太人口号下发起中东战争,以色列面临亡国灭种的威胁,在付出巨大伤亡后以色列转败为胜,阿方却惨遭失败,而在反攻中占领的土地就成了以色列新增的领土(注:二战前强国占领土地就划为自己领地,但二战后普世价值的推广大大推动人类文明,如按以往丛林法则,以色列完全可夺回被异族占领的土地,而现在的哈马斯却一边制造着恐怖袭击,一边又享受着二战后国际道义的庇护)尽管说巴勒斯坦的阿拉伯人在奥斯曼帝国覆灭后并没建立过自己的国家,但考虑到历史原因,多年来以色列在实力占绝对优势的情况下,一直倡议用土地换和平,以色列的退让也是对阿拉伯世界的一种补偿。但由于哈马斯的强硬,巴以和解进展缓慢。当我们谴责以色列对恐怖袭击报复时,你又能对强势一方受到多次攻击后的克制作多高要求”其实在谈到巴以冲突时亦不应忘记复杂的宗教问题,强硬的伊斯兰极端主义对外来文化的排斥由来已久,或许这才是冲突不能解决的深层原因。真不知当年中东战争如阿方获胜会如何处置犹太人。最后不应忽略的是,犹太人除这块地方并无立锥之地,而阿拉伯人选择要宽得多。

[推荐]强大以色列的致命弱点.

强大以色列的致命弱点 (2006-04-13 )来源:《环球》杂志 拱振喜 以色列大选很平静,结果也不出人所料。然而奥尔默特选前关于将领导下届政府努力与巴勒斯坦人实现分离,划定以色列永久边界的表述却引得世人关注。人们不禁要问,为什么以色列要坚持这样做? 有人说,巴勒斯坦地区在地球上所占的面积,小得常常在地图上难以找见。然而,正是在这条狭长地带,却上演了二战以来世界上最为冗长、难解的民族生存之争。两个民族为了生存之地,展开了连绵不断、刀光剑影的流血冲突。 经过半个多世纪的厮杀,自恃强大的以色列终于明白,它也有致命的弱点——在这块土地上,犹太人口优势正在逐渐消失。 以色列前总理沙龙不愧为政治家。他的确认识到以色列的这个致命弱点,并提出了解决巴勒斯坦问题的新方法——放弃加沙地带和部分约旦河西岸土地,保留一些大型犹太人定居点,并通过修建隔离墙使巴勒斯坦人与犹太人分离开来,以撤离被占领土换取巴勒斯坦建国。 但沙龙认为,巴勒斯坦方面没有谈判对手,要实施这个方案,需要以色列采取单方面行动,后来称为单边行动计划。 2002年6月,以色列决定沿“绿线”(即1967年“六·五”战争前的实际控制线)修建从约旦河西岸北部至耶路撒冷的“安全隔离墙”,计划全长600公里,现已完成大部分。隔离墙将约旦河西岸的大约10%巴勒斯坦被占领土圈入以色列一侧。 2005年9月,以色列完成了从加沙地带撤离的单边行动计划,拆除了加沙地带所有的犹太人定居点和军事设施。 那么,是什么原因促使沙龙从一个长期奉行“大以色列”的强硬派人物变成了同意放弃部分被占领土并同意建立巴勒斯坦国的“温和派”领导人呢? 那是在2003年1月28日,以色列海法大学地缘政治学教授阿尔农·索弗正在家里观看以色列议会选举统计结果的电视节目。电视播出了沙龙获胜,蝉联总理宝座的消息。这时,电话铃响了。索弗教授拿起话筒听到对方讲话的声音吃了一惊。 “那是总理(沙龙),”现年70岁的索弗回忆道,“他告诉我,‘明天把你的(巴以)分治地图给我’。” 第二天,索弗开车来到特拉维夫,将沙龙要的地图交给了梅厄·达根,此人是以色列情报机构“摩萨德”负责人。这份地图说明了索弗的观点——只有以色列与巴勒斯坦人分治,

世界各国家和地区面积及人口

世界各国家和地区面积、人口表 世界陆地面积共1.495亿平方千米,全世界共有220多个政区单位——国家和地 区。 截止1998年,全世界人口约58.5亿人。 亚洲 国旗国家名称首都人口(万) 面积(平方公里) 中华人民共和国北京127 6109 600 000 巴林麦纳麦59.9691.2 韩国汉城 4 57099 262 黎巴嫩贝鲁特31110 452 尼泊尔加德满都 2 260147 181 泰国曼谷 6 081513 115 巴基斯坦伊斯兰堡14 380796 095 阿拉伯联合酋长国阿布扎哈23083 600 不丹廷布8046 000 阿曼马斯喀特309 500240 阿塞拜疆巴库86 600770 朝鲜平壤122 762 2 280 菲律宾马尼拉299 7007 070 柬埔寨金边181 035 1 050 卡塔尔多哈11 43757 吉尔吉斯斯坦比什凯克195 500466 马尔代夫马累29827.3 马来西亚吉隆坡329 733 2 117 蒙古乌兰巴托 1 566 500260 沙特阿拉伯利雅得 2 240 000 1 915 塞浦路斯尼科西亚9 25176 文莱斯里八家湾市 5 76530.7 老挝万象236 800520 日本东京377 80012 560 土库曼斯坦阿什哈巴德488 100466 土耳其安卡拉769 360 6 280 哈萨克斯坦阿斯塔纳 2 724 900 1 680 巴勒斯坦国**** [1]575 塔吉克斯坦杜尚别143 100600

格鲁吉亚第比利斯69 700540科威特科威特城17 818170叙利亚大马士革185 180 1 500印度新德里 2 974 70096 020印度尼西亚雅加达 1 904 44320 350亚美尼亚埃里温29 800378阿富汗喀布尔652 300 2 210乌兹别克斯坦塔什干447 400 2 370斯里兰卡科伦坡65 610 1 830伊拉克巴格达441 839 2 120越南河内329 5567 650伊朗德黑兰 1 645 0007 100也门萨纳531 869 1 610约旦安曼96 188458缅甸仰光676 581 4 680锡金甘托克7 20040.6孟加拉国达卡143 99812 200新加坡新加坡647340以色列特拉维夫[2]580 欧洲 国旗国家名称首都人口(万) 面积(平方公 里) 阿尔巴尼亚地拉那340 28 748 爱尔兰都柏林360 70 282 爱沙尼亚塔林150 45 200 安道尔安道尔7.2 468 摩纳哥摩纳哥 3.1 1.95 卢森堡卢森堡41.7 2 586 西班牙马德里 3 970 505 925 瑞典斯德哥尔摩884 449 964 马其顿斯科普里220 25 713 意大利罗马 5 720 301 277 圣马力诺圣马力诺 2.5 61 匈牙利布达佩斯 1 021 93 031 南斯拉夫贝尔格莱德 1 054 102 173 希腊雅典 1 050 131 957 瑞士伯尔尼730 41 284 摩尔多瓦基希讷乌431 33 700

相关主题
文本预览
相关文档 最新文档