Temperature and pressure in nonextensive thermostatistics

2017航海英语复习六Key word 20: Humidity and Dew point（8）B783.Humidity is known as the amount of in the air.A. hydrogenB. moistureC. dustD. temperature【知识点】湿度【解析】湿度是指空气中水分的含量。

C750、Relative humidity is defined as __________A. the maximum vapor content the air is capable of holdingB. the minimum vapor content the air is capable of holdingC. the ratio of the actual vapor content at the current temperature to the air‟s vapor holding capabilityD. the ratio of the moisture content of the air to barometric pressure【知识点】相对湿度【解析】相对湿度定义为特定温度下空气中实际水汽含量与饱和含量之间的比值。

相关题目B751、________is the actual amount of water vapor in the air compared with the saturation amount of water vapor in the air at the same temperature and pressure, the figure is usually expressed as a percentage, with saturated air having a relative humidity of 100%.A. dew point temperatureB. relative humidityC. saturated humidityD. humidityB716、Relative humidity is the percentage of water vapor that is in the air as compared to the maximum amount it can hold at ______.A. a specific barometric pressureB. a specific temperatureC. a specific wind speedD. any timeA682. The expression “the air is saturated” means __.A. the relative humidity is 100%B. the vapor pressure is at its minimum for the prevailing temperatureC. precipitation has commencedD. cloud cover is 100%【知识点】相对湿度【解析】空气饱和是指相对湿度为100%。

The finite temperature trapped dipolar Bose gasR.N.Bisset,D.Baillie,and P.B.BlakieJack Dodd Centre for Quantum Technology,Department of Physics,University of Otago,Dunedin,New Zealand.We develop a finite temperature Hartree theory for the trapped dipolar Bose gas.We use this theory to study thermal effects on the mechanical stability of the system and density oscillating condensate states.We present results for the stability phase diagram as a function of temperature and aspect ratio.In oblate traps above the critical temperature for condensation we find that the Hartree theory predicts significant stability enhancement over the semiclassical result.Below the critical temperature we find that thermal effects are well described by accounting for the thermal depletion of the condensate.Our results also show that density oscillating condensate states occur over a range of interaction strengths that broadens with increasing temperature.PACS numbers:03.75.Hh,64.60.MyI.INTRODUCTIONA significant new area of interest in ultra-cold atomic gases is the study of systems in which the particles interact via a dipole-dipole interaction (DDI)[1].This interest is be-ing driven by a broad range of proposed applications from condensed matter physics to quantum information,e.g.see [2].Experimental progress in the quantum degenerate regime has been driven by seminal work with 52Cr [3],which was Bose condensed in 2005,and more recently the realization of Bose-Einstein condensates of 164Dy [4]and 168Er [5].Po-lar molecules,which have DDIs several orders of magnitude larger than those of the atomic gases,have already been pro-duced in their ground rovibrational state [6,7],and steady progress is being made towards cooling these into the degen-erate regime.We also note the recent achievement of a degen-erate Fermi gas of 161Dy [8].The DDI is long-ranged and anisotropic with both attractive and repulsive components.Therefore,an important consider-ation is under what conditions the system is mechanically sta-ble from collapse to a high density state.Theoretical studies on zero temperature dipolar condensates reveal a rich stabil-ity diagram where,due to the DDI anisotropy,the stability is strongly dependent on the geometry of the trapping potential and the properties of the short ranged (contact)interactions [9–12].Another interesting theoretical observation is that for appropriate parameters (near instability)the condensate mode exhibits spatial oscillations and has a density maximum away from the minimum of the trapping potential [11–14].How-ever,evidence for this density oscillating state has yet to be observed in experiment.In this work we study the properties of a trapped dipolar Bose gas at finite temperature –a regime largely unexplored in theory and experiments.In previous work [15]we stud-ied the stability of a normal Bose gas (i.e.above T c )using a self-consistent semiclassical approximation.In this work we extend this study to below T c and to include quantum pressure (i.e.beyond-semiclassical effects)by numerically solving for the condensate and its ing this theory we study the crossover from the high temperature (above T c )to zero temperature (pure condensate)stability.Our results reveal that beyond semiclassical effects play a significant role above T c in oblate geometry traps and enhance the stability region,andthat the double instability phase diagram in this trap geome-try (predicted in [15])remains prominent.We also study the behavior of the emergent biconcave condensate (density oscil-lating ground state)in the finite temperature regime,and find that thermal effects enhance the density oscillation and en-large the parameter regime over which this type of state exists.We demonstrate that the below T c temperature dependence of the stability boundary is well-characterized by a simple model that accounts for the thermal depletion of the condensate.II.FORMALISM AND NUMERICAL IMPLEMENTATIONA.FormalismHere we consider a set of particles of mass M confined in a cylindrically symmetric harmonic potentialU tr (x )=12M [ω2ρ(x 2+y 2)+ω2z z 2],(1)of aspect ratio λ=ωz /ωρ,with z and ρrepresenting the axial and radial directions,respectively.We take the particles to have dipole moments polarized along the z axis by an external field,such that the DDI potential between particles isU dd (r )=C dd 4π1−3cos 2θ|r |,(2)where C dd =µ0µ2(=d 2/ 0)is the magnetic (electric)dipole-dipole interaction strength and θis the angle between the z di-rection and the relative separation of the dipoles (r =x −x ).It is easy to extend our calculations to include local (con-tact)interactions,however here we focus on the case of pure dipole-dipole interactions,as has been realized in experiments by use of a Feshbach resonance (e.g.see [16]).The Hartree formalism we employ (see Appendix A for a discussion of the relation to Hartree-Fock theory and relevant terms neglected)involves solving for the system modes using the non-local equationj u j (x )= − 22M∇2+V eff(x )u j (x ),(3)a r X i v :1207.1929v 1 [c o n d -m a t .q u a n t -g a s ] 9 J u l 20122whereV eff(x )=U tr (x )+d x U dd (x −x )n (x ),(4)n (x )=jN j |u j (x )|2,(5)are the effective potential and total density,respectively,with N j =[e β( j −µ)−1]−1the equilibrium (Bose-Einstein)oc-cupation of the mode,β=1/k B T the inverse temperature,and µthe chemical potential.Equations (3)-(5)are solved self-consistently while the chemical potential is adjusted to ensure that the desired total number N = d 3x n (x )is ob-tained.Below the critical temperature T c a condensate forms in the lowest mode u 0(x )with N 0∼N ,but the theory,as written in Eqs.(3)-(5),requires no additional adjustment to account for the condensate (due to our neglect of exchange)and smoothly transitions across T c .We emphasize that our motivation for using this theory is that it includes the domi-nant direct interactions and the full discrete character of the low energy modes,yet is more computationally efficient than Bogoliubov-based approaches.This enables us to study chal-lenging problems that have not been explored,in particular fi-nite temperature mechanical stability,in which obtaining con-vergent self-consistent solutions is demanding and time con-suming.Our numerical approach builds on various develop-ments (particularly those described in [17])and includes a number of features to aid calculations in the finite tempera-ture regime where interaction effects dominate (see Appendix B for details).The neglect of dipole exchange is consistent with other work on finite temperature bosons [18]and zero temperature studies of fermion stability [19].We would like to note that there is some justification for this approximation.Studies on a normal trapped dipolar Fermi gas suggest that exchange inter-actions will quantitatively,but not qualitatively,affect stabil-ity [19,20].Indeed,the thermodynamic study of that system presented in [21]found that exchange interactions are typi-cally less important than direct interactions except for traps that are close to being isotropic.Similarly,Ticknor studied the quasi-two-dimensional Bose gas using the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov-Popov (HFBP)meanfield theory [22]and found that exchange terms were generally less important than direct terms.III.RESULTSA.Comparison to previous calculationsTo benchmark our Hartree calculations we perform a quan-titative comparison to the HFBP calculations that Ronen et al.[18]performed for the three-dimensional trapped Bose gas at finite temperature.In Secs.III A 1and III A 2we make this comparison for two different sets of results from [18].We note that those HFBP calculations excluded thermal exchange interactions,although they did include condensate exchange interactions (exchange interaction of condensateatoms on the thermal excitations)[23].We extended ourHartree algorithm to include condensate exchange but found it made negligible difference to the predictions and do not in-clude results with this term here.1.Condensate FractionThe results of the first comparison we perform are presented in Fig.1(a).There we compare the condensate fraction,as a function of temperature,for a system with λ=7.We ob-serve that the Hartree and HFBP theories predict an appre-ciably lower condensate fraction than the ideal case,and are in very good agreement with each other over the full tem-perature range considered.The low energy excitations of a Bose-Einstein condensate are quasi-particles,which are ac-curately described by Bogoliubov theory (such as the HFBP theory),however the thermodynamic properties of the system are dominated by the single particle modes (e.g.see [24]).A comparison of the Bogoliubov and Hartree-Fock spectra of a T =0dipolar Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC)was made in [17].That comparison revealed that the spectra were al-most identical,except for low energy modes with low values of angular momentum,where small differences in the modeFIG.1.(a)Condensate fraction and (b)density oscillation contrast (see text)for a dipolar BEC in a λ=7pancake trap.Hartree re-sults (pluses),HFBP results (solid lines),ideal gas result (dashed line).HFBP data corresponds to results shown in Figs.5and 6of Ref.[18].Other parameters:{ωρ,ωz }=2π×{100,700}s −1,N =16.3×10352Cr atoms with contact interactions tuned tozero.T 0c =3 N/ζ(3) ω/k B is the ideal condensation tempera-ture,where ω=3 ω2ρωz and ζ(α)is the Riemann zeta function with ζ(3)≈1.202.2.Density Oscillating Ground StatesAn interesting feature of dipolar condensates is the occur-rence of ground states with density oscillation features,where the condensate density has a local minimum at trap center.For3 a cylindrically symmetric trap these states are biconcave(redblood cell shaped–surfaces of constant density are shown inFig.6)first predicted for T=0condensates in Ref.[11].In the purely dipolar case such biconcave states occur undercertain conditions of trap and dipole parameters,but notablyonly forλ 6and for dipole strengths close to instability.In[18]the HFBP technique was used to assess the effect oftemperature on the density oscillating states.This was char-acterized by the contrast,a measure of the magnitude of thedensity oscillation,defined asc=1−n(0)n max,(6)where n(0)is the density at trap center and n max is the maxi-mum density of the system.In Fig.1(b)we compare our Hartree and HFBP theories for the contrast.This comparison reveals some small residual dif-ferences between the theories,however the results are in rea-sonable agreement and both predict that the contrast goes to zero(i.e.the condensate returns to having maximum density at trap center)at T≈0.65T0c.B.Mechanical stabilityOurfirst application of the Hartree theory is to study the finite temperature mechanical stability of a trapped dipolar Bose gas.To do this we construct a phase diagram for the range of dipole strengths for which the gas is stable for a num-ber of different trap geometries.Such stability properties,and the dependence on interactions and trap geometry,have been measured accurately in the dipolar system in the zero temper-ature limit(e.g.see[16]).We note theoretical studies[25–27] showing the important role of temperature on the observed stability of7Li condensates[28],which have an attractive con-tact interaction.1.Locating the stability boundaryWe consider a trapped sample offixed mean number N and wish to determine the values of the dipole interaction param-eter for which the system is mechanically stable as a function of temperature.In doing so we construct a phase diagram in{C dd,T}-space that indicates the stable region.In prac-tice we locate the stability boundary(i.e.a curve)that sep-arates the stable and unstable regions.Our procedure to ob-tain this boundary involves a computationally intensive search through parameter space tofind the self-consistent solutions on the verge of instability.Determining the stability boundary forfixed mean number N complicates this process:since we work in the grand-canonical ensemble where the proper vari-ables are{µ,C dd,T},an additional iterative search over the parameterµis required tofix N to the desired target number. In Fig.2we provide some examples to illustrate how we identify the value of the DDI at the stability boundary for a gas with(target number)N=2×105atoms at a particularFIG.2.Locating instability(upper subplots):(a)The total num-ber of atoms of the self-consistent Hartree solution versus chem-ical potential forλ=1/8,k B T=40 ωand C dd=7×10−4 ωa3ho(dashed,case A),1.5×10−4 ωa3ho(solid,case B), with a ho=Each line terminates at the point of in-stability and occurs at the respective critical number N crit.(b) Same results as in(a)but plotted against 0−µ.The dotted line represents the target number,in this case N=2×105.Den-sity Profiles(lower subplots):Solid(dashed)line represents the ra-dial(axial)density n,higher curves are near the stability bound-ary.λ=1,N=2×105.(c)T/T0c=0.82(N0/N≈0.43) and C dd/4πC0={3.65×10−4(gray),1.83×10−4(black)}.(d)T/T0c=1.27and C dd/4πC0={2.91(gray),1.22(black)}. We have introduced the interaction strength unit C0= ωa3ho/6√N which is convenient for cases where N isfixed,and allows our sub-sequent results to be directly compared to those in[15].temperature.To do this we show the dependence of total atom number onµfor two different values of the DDI[Fig.2(a)]. For both curves the total number increases as we move along these curves until some maximum value N crit is reached at which the system becomes unstable.The non-monotonic be-havior of these curves arises because the ground state energy 0changes as the number of atoms increases,and hence the role of DDIs increases.For this reason we also show the same two cases,but as a function of 0−µ,in Fig.2(b).The sharp cusps in Figs.2(a)and(b)correspond to the point where the system condenses[i.e.where 0−µ≈0].The dependence of 0on N0is strongly dependent on the trap ge-ometry,and for the cases we consider here withλ=1/8, 0 decreases with increasing N0.This is because the head-to-tail character,in the cigar geometry,emphasizes the attractive part of the DDI so that as the condensate number increases, 0 (≈µ)decreases.a stringent numerical task and requires careful convergence tests.For condensates with contact interactions this type of numerical instability analysis was applied in Refs.[25–27](also see Ref.[15]).In Fig.2(a)the instability point occurs at the end of the upper horizontal plateau in the N versus µcurves (compare to Fig.1of [25]).We show examples of the spatial density profiles for a spherical trap in Figs.2(c)and (d).The system considered in Fig.2(c)is condensed,while that considered in Fig.2(d)is above the critical temperature.For both cases a result is shown that is well inside the stable region (black curves)and near the stability boundary (gray curves).Despite a large difference in the density scales of the two regimes they both exhibit a similar sharpening of the density profile near instability.An additional consideration emerges for stability calcula-tions below T c in regimes where the condensate is in a density oscillating state.Here the first mode to go soft (and then de-velop imaginary parts)as the stability boundary is reached is a m =0quasi-particle mode [29],where m is the angular mo-mentum projection quantum number (so called angular roton mode [11]).This instability is not revealed in the Hartree exci-tations,and as we solve for the condensate in the m =0space (see Appendix B),the condensate does not exhibit numerical instability.Thus in cases where the condensate exhibits a den-sity oscillating state we perform a Bogoliubov analysis of the condensate mode (within the effective potential of the self-consistent Hartree solution)to determine if any m =0modes have become unstable [30].2.Stability above T cIn Fig.3we show our results for the stability of the normal phase.In previous work we examined this regime using a semiclassical Hartree approach in which the density isn (x )=λ−3dB ζ3/2 e β[µ−V eff (x )],(7)where V eff(x )is the effective potential calculated using n (x )[see Eq.(4)],ζα(z )= ∞j =1z j /j αis the Bose function,andλdB =h/√2πMk B T .The semiclassical results are shown as solid lines in Fig.3.FIG.3.(Color online)Stability regions in DDI-temperature space.Shaded regions indicate stability for each geometry,from top to bot-tom λ={8,4,2,1,1/2,1/8},the geometric mean trap frequency is fixed and N =2×105.Actual data points represented by symbols while the shading of the stable regions interpolates to guide the eye,the semiclassical model is given by the solid curves.Error bars rep-resent the 1σspread in the convergence test (see Appendix B 3for more details).We observe that as a general trend the stability region grows with increasing λ.The strong geometry dependence of these results arises from the anisotropy of the dipole interaction:In oblate geometries (λ>1)the dipoles are predominantly side-by-side and interact repulsively (stabilizing),whereas in pro-late geometries (λ<1)the attractive (destabilizing)head-to-tail interaction of the dipoles dominates (a similar geometry dependence is observed for the stability of T =0dipolar con-densates [11,12]).A primary concern is the nature of beyond semiclassi-cal effects,i.e.what differences emerge from our diagonal-ized Hartree theory over the semiclassical formulation.Most prominently in the results of Fig.3we observe that while the Hartree and semiclassical stability boundaries are in good agreement for prolate geometries,in oblate traps the Hartree results are significantly more stable.This difference between the boundaries predicted by the two theories increases with increasing λ.This observation is surprising because our cal-culation is for a rather large number of atoms (N =2×105),where the semiclassical approximation would normally be ex-pected to furnish an accurate description of the above T c be-havior.We attribute this failure of the semiclassical theory to its inappropriate treatment of the interactions between the low energy modes [31].The nature of the DDI,when tightly con-fined along the polarization direction,has been extensively studied in application to pure BECs [14,32],where it has been shown that it confers additional stability on the system,as verified in recent experiments [33].This arises from a con-finement induced momentum dependence of the interaction:the interaction is repulsive (stabilizing)for low momentum interactions,but decays to being attractive with a character-istic wavevector k ∼1/a z set by the z confinement length5a z=zNotably these features of the confined inter-action mediate BEC instability through the softening of radi-ally excited modes with a wavelength∼a z[32,34–37].It is not clear that these confinement effects will be applica-ble at a modestly oblate trap withλ=8,however numerical studies have revealed that quasi-particle modes with a wave-length∼a z soften in a BEC withλ=7[11].Within the limited range of results we have forλ>1we see evidence consistent with confinement induced effects playing an impor-tant role in the above T c Hartree calculations.Notably,that the relative difference between the stability boundaries of the Hartree and semiclassical calculations scale with1/a2z.Also, when the system is unstable,during the self-consistency it-erations(prior to collapse)strong radial densityfluctuations develop in the systemA key prediction from our semiclassical study[15]is a dou-ble instability feature in oblate trapping geometries arising from the interplay of thermal gas saturation and the anisotropy of the DDI.Our Hartree calculations in this oblate regime, despite shifting the stability boundary from the semiclassical prediction by a considerable amount,reveal that the double instability feature is robust to beyond-semiclassical effects.A prominent feature of the semiclassical calculation is that the stability curves for the purely dipolar gas terminate at the critical point with C dd=0(i.e.predicting that without con-tact interactions only an ideal gas is stable below T c).This oc-curs because the local compressibility at trap center diverges at the critical point and the gas is unstable to any attractive in-teraction(see[15]).In the beyond-semiclassical calculations the trap provides afinite momentum cutoff that prevents the divergence of compressibility,and thus the system has afi-nite residual stability at and below T c(which we consider in Sec.III B3).3.Stability below T cIn Fig.4we consider the stability below T c where the semi-classical model does not apply.These results are identical to those shown in Fig.3,but the below T c details are revealed us-ing a logarithmic vertical pared to the above T c gas the condensate is rather fragile,with the critical DDI strength defining the stability boundary decreasing by∼3to4orders of magnitude.In the zero temperature limit our results agree with previ-ous calculations based on solving the Gross-Pitaevskii equa-tion[11].This agreement is expected as the two theories are identical when the excited modes have vanishing population. For a pure condensate,the critical DDI strength depends on the condensate number and trap geometry according to[11]C dd=F(λ)N0,(T=0)(8)with F(λ)a rather interesting function of trap geometry alone, as characterized in Fig.1of[11][41].More generally,beyond the case of pure DDIs,F also depends on the contact interac-tion strength,e.g.see[12,37].FIG.5.(Color online)Stability boundary scaling.The stability boundary results(symbols)have been taken from Fig.4forλ= {8,1,1/8}(top to bottom).Dashed line prediction is based on a non-interacting N0scaling(see text)and the solid line uses the N0calcu-lated from the Hartree solutions.As temperature increases,but focusing on T<T0c,we ob-serve in Fig.4that the stability boundary increases signifi-cantly.This occurs because as the temperature increases the condensate is thermally depleted.Indeed,by simply account-ing for the thermal depletion we can immediately extend result(8)to predict the critical value of the DDI atfinite temperatureC dd(T):C dd(T)=F(λ)N0(T)=C dd(0)NN0(T),(9)where the last expression is obtained using N0(T=0)=N. Equation(9)predicts that the stability atfinite temperaturewas in Ref.[18][which we reproduce in Fig.1(b)].That study considered a single line (at fixed C dd and N and varying T )through the phase diagram,and showed that biconcavity per-sisted at small finite temperatures (T 0.25T 0c ),but then was rapidly washed out as temperature increased further.Using our Hartree theory we provide a broad characteriza-tion of the thermal effects on biconcavity.We focus on the case λ=8,which supports a biconcave condensate at T =0.In Fig.6(a)we present contours of biconcave contrast [as de-fined in Eq.(6)]over the entire range of parameters where this state is stable.These results show that biconcavity is not destroyed as temperature increases.Instead the parameter re-gion over which biconcavity occurs grows,with large bicon-cave contrasts emerging at higher temperature.The general trends seen can be understood by considering the thermal de-pletion of the condensate,using similar arguments to those made to obtain Eq.(9):as the temperature increases the value of C dd required for the condensate to exhibit a biconcave den-sity profile should increase in a manner that is approximately inversely proportional to the condensate occupation.Thus,the washing out observed in [18][our Fig.1(b)]arises because they considered C dd fixed.Thermal depletion of the conden-sate is not sufficient to explain all aspects observed in our re-sults,e.g.the deepening of the biconcave contrast that devel-ops at higher temperatures in Fig.6(a).This arises from ad-ditional effects of the thermal interaction with the condensate,e.g.small changes in the aspect ratio of the effective poten-tial that the condensate experiences can significantly changeeral trends seen can be understood by considering the ther-mal depletion of the condensate,using similar arguments to those made to obtain Eq.(9):as the temperature increases a the value of C dd required for the condensate to exhibit a bi-concave density profile should increase in a manner that is approximately inversely proportional to the condensate occu-pation.Thus,the washing out observed in [18][our Fig.1(b)]arises because they considered C dd fixed.Thermal depletion of the condensate is not sufficient to explain all aspects ob-served,e.g.the deepening of the biconcave contrast.This arises from additional effects of the thermal interaction with the condensate,e.g.small changes in the aspect ratio of the ef-fective potential from the condensate can significantly change the contrast (c.f.Fig.1of Ref.[11]).In Fig.6(lower)we show two examples of the biconcave density profiles at different temperatures.Case B displays the very pronounced biconcavity for a system at T ≈0.9T 0c ,where the condensate fraction is N 0/N ≈0.07.IV .CONCLUSIONSIn this paper we have developed a Hartree theory for a trapped dipolar Bose gas that can be applied to make predic-tions above and below the critical temperature T c for conden-sation.We have used this theory to quantify the role of ther-mal fluctuations on the mechanical stability of the cloud,and present results for the stability phase diagram as a function of 6810ρ/a h o(b)FIG.6.(Color online)Biconcave characteristics for λ=8and N =2×105at finite temperature.(a)Stability diagram for λ=8from Fig.3with biconcave contrast contours {0,0.05,0.1,0.15,0.2,0.25}(bottom to top)added.The solid curves are interpolations be-tween the calculated contours points.The white dotted line marks where we terminate the contours due to the condensate fraction be-coming negligibly small.Triangles indicate the stability boundary from Fig.5.Inset:Magnification of the high temperature region.(b)Radial densities for phase space points marked by A and B of the upper figure.A:T/T 0c=0.0910,C dd /4πC 0=0.00268and N 0/N =1.00(thermal depletion <1%).B:T/T 0c =0.910,C dd/4πC 0=0.0291and N 0/N =0.0716.Solid (dashed)lines represent the total (condensate)density.Insets:corresponding sur-face contour at 67%of the peak density.temperature and aspect ratio.Our results show that the ther-mal depletion of the condensate can lead to an enhancement of the parameter regime over which biconcave density oscil-lations are found.Furthermore,a large thermal cloud may actually enhance the biconcave contrast making direct imag-ing of an in situ blood cell more feasible,see Fig.6(lower).Above T c we find that the results of our theory predict signif-icant corrections to the stability boundary over the equivalent Hartree semiclassical theory.Most notably,the semiclassical theory underestimates the size of the stability region for oblate FIG.6.(Color online)Biconcave characteristics for λ=8and N =2×105at finite temperature.(a)Stability diagram with bi-concave contrast contours {0,0.05,0.1,0.15,0.2,0.25}(bottom to top)added.The solid curves are interpolations between the cal-culated contour points.The white dotted line marks where we ter-minate the contours due to the condensate fraction becoming negli-gibly small.Triangles indicate the stability boundary from Fig.4.Inset:Magnification of the high temperature region.(b)Radial densities for phase space points marked by A and B in (a).A:T/T 0c =0.0910,C dd /4πC 0=0.00268and N 0/N =1.00(ther-mal depletion <1%).B:T/T 0c =0.910,C dd /4πC 0=0.0291and N 0/N =0.0716.Solid (dashed)lines represent the total (conden-sate)density.Insets:corresponding surface contours at 67%of the peak density.the contrast (c.f.the strong dependence of biconcavity on trap aspect ratio near λ=8in Fig.1of Ref.[11]).In Fig.6(b)we show two examples of the biconcave density profiles at different temperatures.Case B displays the verypronounced biconcavity for a system at T ≈0.9T 0c ,wherethe condensate fraction is N 0/N ≈0.07.IV .CONCLUSIONSIn this paper we have developed a Hartree theory for a trapped dipolar Bose gas that can be applied to make predic-。

a rXiv:h ep-ph/9911451v123Nov1999FIUN-CP-99/2Dispersion relations at finite temperature and density for nucleons and pions R.Hurtado 1Department of Physics,University of Wales Singleton Park,Swansea,SA28PP,United Kingdom J.Morales 1and C.Quimbay 1Departamento de F´ısica,Universidad Nacional de Colombia Ciudad Universitaria,Santaf´e de Bogot´a ,D.C.,Colombia November 21,1999To be published in Heavy Ion Physics Abstract We calculate the nucleonic and pionic dispersion relations at finite tem-perature (T )and non-vanishing chemical potentials (µf )in the context of an effective chiral theory that describes the strong and electromagnetic interac-tions for nucleons and pions.The dispersion relations are calculated in thebroken chiral symmetry phase,where the nucleons are massive and pions are taken as massless.The calculation is performed at lowest order in the energy expansion,working in the framework of the real time formalism of thermal field theory in the Feynman gauge.These one-loop dispersion relations are ob-tained at leading order with respect to T and µf .We also evaluate the effective masses of the quasi-nucleon and quasi-pion excitations in thermal and chemical conditions as the ones of a neutron star.Keywords:Chiral Lagrangians,Dispersion Relations,Finite Temperature,Chemical Potentials,Nucleons,Pions.1IntroductionEffective chiral theories have become a major conceptual and analytical tool in par-ticle physics driven by the need of a theory to describe the low–energy phenomenology of QCD.The foundations were formulated originally by Weinberg[1]to characterise the most general S-matrix elements for soft pion interactions and later it was further developed by Gasser and Leutwyler[2].Effective chiral theories have shown to be an adequate framework to treat low–energy phenomenology[3]-[6],as they reproduce,at lowest order in the chiral expansion,the most important results from current algebras including the low–energy theorems,and at next-to-leading order,they give precise corrections to these results[3].They have been widely applied to different problems as meson–meson,meson–baryon,photon–photon,photon–meson and photon–baryon scattering,photoproduction processes and rare kaon decays[7,18].The propagation properties of relativistic particles in plasmas atfinite tempera-ture is also a subject of increasing interest.It is well known that the interaction of a particle with a plasma in thermal equilibrium at temperature T modifies the Disper-sion Relations(DR)with respect to the zero temperature situation.This phenomenon has been extensively investigated for the non-dense plasma case[19]-[30],i.e.when the chemical potential(µf)associated to the fermions of the thermal plasma is equal to zero:µf=0and T=0.In this case the Fermionic Dispersion Relations(FDR) have been studied for massless fermions in[19]-[22]and massive fermions in[23]-[30]. The FDR describe the propagation of the fermionic excitations of the plasma(quasi-fermions and quasi-holes)through the thermal background.These excitations are originated in the collective behaviour of the plasma system at low momentum.On the other hand,DR describing the propagation of the fermionic excitations of a dense plasma atfinite temperature can be found in literature[31]-[35].For the dense plasma case atfinite temperature,i.e.µf=0and T=0,the FDR have been calculated both for massless fermions in[31]-[34]and for massive fermions in[35]. These FDR have been calculated in the context of realistic physical models,as for instance,the Minimal Standard Model[29,34].In the present work we calculate the DR for quasi–nucleons and quasi–pions prop-agating in a plasma atfinite temperature and non–vanishing chemical potentials. The calculation is performed for a SU(2)L×SU(2)R effective chiral Lagrangian with the chiral symmetry broken into SU(2)L+R.This Lagrangian,which we introduce in section2,describe the strong and electromagnetic interactions of massive nucleons and massless pions.The calculation is performed using the real time formalism of the thermalfield theory[36]-[38]in the Feynman gauge.The one–loop DR are calculated at lowest order in the energy expansion and obtained taking the T2andµ2f terms from the self–energy,as shown in section3.As an application of the DR obtained,we evaluate the effective masses of the quasi–nucleon and quasi–pion excitations takingthe following values:T=150MeV,µp=100MeV andµn=2µp,beingµp(µn)the chemical potential for protons(neutrons)[43].This evaluation is shown in section4, as well as the discussion of the main results and conclusions.2Effective chiral Lagrangian at leading order in the energy expansionEffective chiral theories are founded in the existence of an energy scaleΛχat which chiral symmetry SU(N f)L×SU(N f)R,with N f the number offlavours,breaks into SU(N f)L+R leading to N2f−1Goldstone bosons associated to the N f broken generators.These Goldstone bosons are identified with the meson ground state octet for N f=3,and with the triplet of pions[2,6]in the case of N f=2.The chiral symmetry of the Lagrangian is broken through the introduction of an explicit mass term for the nucleons.A general form for a Lagrangian with SU(2)L+R symmetry describing the strong and electromagnetic interactions for massive nucleons and massless pions is[39,40]:L=F2π4FµνFµν,(2.1)whereLπN=¯Niγµ∂µN−ie¯NγµAµ 1+τ32FπN+Mg2A¯N τ·πFπ,(2.4) where the covariant derivative and electromagnetic charge are defined asDµΣ=∂µΣ+ieAµ[Q,Σ],(2.5)Q= 23 .(2.6)Hereπ,N and Aµrepresent the pion,nucleon and electromagneticfields,Fπ=93MeV is the pion decay constant,e is the electromagnetic coupling constant,g A=1.26is the axial coupling constant,and M is the average nucleon mass.3Dispersion relations for nucleons and pionsIn this section we calculate the DR for nucleons and pions in the framework of the Lagrangian given by(2.1).We consider the propagation of the nucleonic and pionic excitations in a dense thermal plasma constituted by protons,neutrons,charged pions,=0,where f i neutral pions and photons,being this plasma characterised byµfirepresents the different fermion species.The calculation is performed in the real time formalism of the thermalfield theory in the Feynman gauge.The real part of the nucleonic and pionic self-energies are evaluated at lowest order in the energy expansion and at one-loop order(g A/Fπ)2,considering only the leading contributions in T andµf.The Feynman rules for the vertices atfinite temperature and density(Fig.1)are the same as those at T=0andµf=0,while the propagators in the Feynman gauge for photons Dµν(p),pions D(p)and massive nucleons S(p)are[41]:Dµν(p)=−gµν 1−iΓb(p),(3.2)p2+iǫp/S(p)=,(3.6)e(p·u)/T−1n f(p)=θ(p·u)n−f(p)+θ(−p·u)n+f(p),(3.7) being n b(p)the Bose–Einstein distribution function,and the Fermi–Dirac distribution functions for fermions(n−f(p))and anti-fermions(n+f(p))are:1n∓f(p)=3.1Nucleonic Dispersion RelationUsing the Feynman diagrams given in Fig.(2),we calculate the FDR for quasi–protons and quasi–neutrons.In order to apply a similar procedure to that followed in[21,29,34],wefirst consider the hypothetical case of massless nucleons.In this case,we obtain two solutions:one describing the propagation of quasi-fermionsw(k)=M p,n+k3M p,n+O(k3),(3.9)and another one describing the propagation of quasi-holesw(k)=M p,n−k3M p,n+O(k3).(3.10)We observe that if k=0,w(k)=M p,n.Then M p(M n)can be interpreted as the effective mass of the quasi-protons(quasi-neutrons),and their expressions are: M2p= 3g2A M28 T2+g2A M22 +e2µ2p64F2πT2+g2A M22+µ2p .(3.12)For the limit k>>M p,n the FDR are:w(k)=k+M2p,n2k3Log(2k2of the chiral phase transition in non–zero hadronic density [42].We observe that m p,n>Mp,n ,where m p (m n )is the rest mass of the proton (neutron)and M p,n aregiven by (3.11)and (3.12).In the limit m 2p,n >>M 2p,n the FDR become [24]:w (k )2=k 2+m 2p,n +M 2p,n .(3.15)Starting from relation (3.15)and equations (3.11),(3.12),we obtain a generalexpression for the nucleon effective mass splitting ∆M 2N :∆M 2N =m 2p −m 2n +e 2T 28π2 g 2A M 2µ2n 8F 2π+e 2µ2p .(3.16)3.2Pionic Dispersion RelationUsing the Feynman rules given in Fig.(1),we obtain the following DR for quasi-pions:w (k )2=k 2+M 2π±,π0,(3.17)where M π±(M π0)is the effective mass for charged (neutral)quasi–pions,and their expressions are:M 2π±=T 2F 2π+e2 +g 2A M 28π2F 2π2π2T 212.(3.20)4Results and conclusionsWe now give the results of the calculation for the effective masses of quasi–nucleons and quasi–pions.We have used the following values m p =938.271MeV,m n =939.566MeV,M =938.919MeV,T =150MeV,µp =100MeV,µn =200MeV,e 2=0.095.The temperature and chemical potential values are of the order of those in a neutron star [43].The results for the effective masses are:M p=1036.5133MeV M n=1033.8394MeV M π±=637.2312MeV M π0=637.0914MeVwhere M p,M n,Mπ±and Mπ0are the effective masses for the proton,neutron,charged pions and the neutral pion,including the strong and electromagnetic interactions.The effective mass splitting for nucleons and pions are:∆(M p−M n)=2.6740MeV∆(Mπ±−Mπ0)=0.1398MeVwhere∆(Mπ±−Mπ0)is due exclusively to the combined electromagnetic interaction and temperature effects,as shown at(3.20).For the nucleons,from the total effective mass splitting∆(M p−M n),the combined electromagnetic and temperature contribute is∆em(M p−M n)=0.0058MeV.In conclusion,temperature effects enter into the effective mass splitting relations (3.16)and(3.20)exclusively in the electromagnetic interaction term,which at T=0vanishes.Also,in the framework of our model we found that,for the chemical potentials and temperature used,the effective mass on the proton is bigger than the one of the neutron.Our results should be improved by considering massive pions and introducing the weak interaction,as well as using a realistic model for neutron stars, to be presented in short.AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by COLCIENCIAS(Colombia),Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Centro Internacional de F´ısica.We want also to thank to Fernando Cristancho by invitation to participate in the Third Latinamerican Workshop on Nuclear and Heavy Ion Physics,San Andr´e s,Colombia.References[1]Weinberg,Physica A96(1979)327.[2]J.Gasser and Leutwyler,Ann.Phys(N.Y)(1984)158;Nucl.Phys.B250(1985)465.[3]J.F.Donoghue,E.Golowich and B.R.Holstein,“Dynamics of the StandardModel”,Cambridge University Press,1992.[4]U.G.Meissner,Rep.Prog.Phys.56(1993)903.[5]A.Pich,Rep.Prog.Phys.58(1995)563.[6]G.Ecker,Prog.Part.Nucl.Phys.35(1995)1;G.Ecker and M.Mojzis,Phys.Lett.B365(1996)312.[7]M.Wise,Phys.Rev.D45(1992)R2188.[8]G.Bardman and J.Donoghue,Phys.Lett.B280(1992)287.[9]T.M.Yan,H.Y.Chang and C.Y.Cheung,Phys.Rev.D46(1992)1148.[10]P.Cho,Phys.Lett.B285(1992)145.[11]Chungsik Song,Phys.Rev.D49(1994)1556.[12]E.Oset,J.A.Oller,J.R.Pelaez and A.Ramos,Acta Phys.Polon.B29(1998)3101.[13]J.A.Oller and E.Oset,Nucl.Phys.A620(1997)438.[14]N.Kaiser and P.B.Siegel,Nucl.Phys.A594(1995)325.[15]N.Kaiser and T.Waas,Nucl Phys A612(1997)297.[16]T.S.Park and D.P.Min,Phys.Rep.233(1993)341.[17]V.Bernard and N.Kaiser.Phys.Rep.246(1994)315;J.Modern of Physics E4(1995)193.[18]U.Mosel,“Fields,Symmetries,and Quarks”.Springer(1998).[19]O.K.Kalashnikov and V.V.Klimov,Sov.J.Nucl.Phys.31(1980)699.[20]V.V.Klimov,Sov.J.Nucl.Phys.33(1981)934;Sov.Phys.JETP55(1982)199.[21]H.A.Weldon,Phys.Rev.D26,2789(1982);Physica A158(1989)169;Phys.Rev.D40(1989)2410.[22]G.Gatoffand J.Kapusta,Phys.Rev.D41(1990)611.[23]R.Pisarski,Nucl.Phys.A498(1989)423c.[24]T.Altherr and P.Aurenche,Phys.Rev.D40(1989)4171.[25]V.V.Lebedev and A.V.Smilga,Ann.Phys.(NY)202(1980)229.[26]G.Baym,J.P.Blaizot and B.Svetitsky,Phys.Rev.D46(1992)4043.[27]E.Petitgirard,Z.Phys.C54(1992)673.[28]K.Enqvist,P.Elmforms and I.Vilja,Nucl.Phys.B412(1994)459.[29]C.Quimbay and S.Vargas-Castrillon,Nucl.Phys.B451(1995)265.[30]A.Riotto and I.Vilja,Phys.Lett.B402(1997)314.[31]E.J.Levinson and D.H.Boal,Phys.Rev.D31(1985)3280.[32]J.P.Blaizot and J.Y.Ollitrault,Phys.Rev.D48(1993)1390.[33]A.Erdas,C.W.Kim and J.A.Lee,Phys.Rev.D48(1993)3901.[34]J.Morales,C.Quimbay and F.Fonseca,Nucl.Phys.B560(1999)601.[35]O.K.Kalashnikov,Mod.Phys.Lett.A12(1997)347;JETP Lett.67(1998)1;Phys.Scripta58(1998)310;Mod.Phys.Lett.A13(1998)1719.[36]S.L.Dolan and R.Jackiw,Phys.Rev.D9(1974)3320.[37]A.J.Niemi and G.W.Semenoff,Ann.Phys.(N.Y.)152(1984)105.[38]ndsman and Ch.G.van Weert,Phys.Rep.145(1987)141.[39]M.K.Volkov and V.N.Pervushin,Yad.Fiz.22(1975)346[40]P.Chang and F.Gursey,Phys.Rev.164(1967)1752.[41]R.L.Kobes,G.W.Semenoffand N.Weiss,Z.Phys.C29(1985)371.[42]L.D.McLerran and B.Svetitsky,Phys.Lett.B98(1981)195;J.Kogut at al.,Phys.Rev.Lett.48(1982)1140;J.Polonyi et al.,Phys.Rev.Lett.53(1984), 664.[43]J.Byrne,”Neutrons,Nuclei and Matter and Exploration of the Physics of SlowNeutrons”,Institute of Physics Publishing,Bristol and Philadelphia,1996.Figure1:Feynman Rules of the LπN.Figure2:Self–energy contributions for the calculation of FDR for:(a)Protons(b) Neutrons.。

Page 1 of 3Instruction ManualDigital Flow Switch – Manifold type PF3WB / PF3WC PF3WS / PF3WRThe intended use of thedigital flow switch manifoldis to monitor and adjust fluid flow to a device while connected to the IO-Link protocol.These safety instructions are intended to prevent hazardous situations and/or equipment damage. These instructions indicate the level of potential hazard with the labels of “Caution,” “Warning” or “Danger.”They are all important notes for safety and must be followed in addition to International Standards (ISO/IEC) *1), and other safety regulations. *1)ISO 4414: Pneumatic fluid power - General rules relating to systems. ISO 4413: Hydraulic fluid power - General rules relating to systems.IEC 60204-1: Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines. (Part 1: General requirements)ISO 10218-1: Manipulating industrial robots -Safety. etc.• Refer to product catalogue, Operation Manual and Handling Precautions for SMC Products for additional information. • Keep this manual in a safe place for future reference.CautionCaution indicates a hazard with a low level of risk which, ifnot avoided, could result in minor or moderate injury.WarningWarning indicates a hazard with a medium level of riskwhich, if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury.DangerDanger indicates a hazard with a high level of risk which, ifnot avoided, will result in death or serious injury.Warning• Always ensure compliance with relevant safety laws and standards.• All work must be carried out in a safe manner by a qualified person in compliance with applicable national regulations.• This product is class A equipment intended for use in an industrial environment. There may be potential difficulties in ensuring electromagnetic compatibility in other environments due to conducted or radiated disturbances.• Refer to the operation manuals on the SMC website (URL: https:// ) for more safety instructions.Warning• Special products (-X) might have specifications different from those shown in the following section. Contact SMC for specific drawings.2 Specifications2.1 Manifold Common Specifications2.2 IO-Link specifications (for PF3W7##-L flow switch)• Refer to the PF3WB Operation Manual and the Operation Manual for the PF3W7, PF3W7-L or PF3W5 series on the SMC website (URL: https:// ) for more Specification details.3.1 PF3WB type ManifoldPart DescriptionSupply(Supply unit)This unit supplies the fluid from the supply side main piping to the application.Flow adjustment valve and stop valve can be combined to comprise the equipment.• The supply unit is not suitable for a flow switch. Return(Return unit)This unit returns the fluid exhausted from the application.Flow adjustment valve and stop valve can be combined to comprise the equipment.Flow switch The flow switch displays or outputs the flow rate when flow is applied.• Applicable to integrated display type / remote sensor type (temperature sensor type can be selected).• IO-Link compatible (Integrated display type PF3W7##-L only).• Cannot be used for the supply unit.Display The integrated display type displays flow rate, set value and error codes.The remote type displays POWER indicator and FLOW indicator.For display, refer to the Operation Manual.(Display integrated type: PF3W7, remote sensor type sensor: PF3W5)Connector This is for connecting the lead wire.PartDescriptionLead wire with M8 connectorLead wire to supply power to and obtain output signals from the flow switchFlow adjustment valveOrifice mechanism to adjust the flow rate.• The flow adjustment valve is not suitable for applications which require constant adjustment of flow rate.• This valve is not suitable for stopping the flow. • Applicable to both the supply and return unit. Flow adjustment knob This knob is for adjusting the flow rate. Lock ringThis is used for holding the flow adjustment valve.Stop valveThis is the mechanism for stopping the flow rate. ∗: Not suitable for adjusting the flow rate. ∗: Applicable to supply/return unit.Stop valve handleThis handle is for stopping the flow rate. When the handle is rotated by 90°, it is possible to stop the flow rate.AttachmentTo connect the piping of the supply/return units. Main pipingTo connect the piping of the manifold body. Open or close cannot be selected.• PF3WC series is not applicable to “Close”. • It is not possible to change the main piping after ordering.ORIGINAL INSTRUCTIONSModel PF3WBPF3WCPF3WSPF3WRManifold specifications Integrated type Remote type Arrangement 1 to 10 stationSupply or Return: 1 to 5 station1 to 10 station1 to 10 stationU n i t Rated flow range 0.5 to 4 L/min, 2 to 16 L/min, 5 to 40 L/min Supply unit construction With flow adjustment valve / stop valve- Return unit construction Flow switch,flow adjustment valve,stop valve-Flow switch, adjustment valve, stop valveF l u i d Applicable fluid Water and ethylene glycol solution with aviscosity of 3 mPa •s(3 cP) or less Fluid temp. 0 to 90 o C (No freezing and condensation)P r e s s u r e Operating pressure range 0 to 1 MPa Proof pressure 1.5 MPaPressure loss Refer to graph for pressure lossE n v i r o n m e n tEnclosure IP65Operating temp. range 0 to 50 oC (No freezing and condensation)Operating humidity range Operation, Storage: 85%R.H. (No condensation)Materials in contact with fluidPPS, SUS304, FKMGrease free P i p i n g p o r tMain piping 1 inch Attachments 3/8, 1/2, 3/4 inch•The PF3WB type manifold is shown .The individual parts of the PF3WC, PF3WS and PF3WR are the same.4.1 InstallationWarning•Do not install the product unless the safety instructions havebeen read and understood.•Use the product within the specified operating pressure andtemperature range.•Tighten to the specified tightening torque.If the tightening torque is exceeded the mounting screws, brackets andthe product can be broken. Insufficient torque can cause displacementof the product from its correct position.•Do not drop, hit or apply excessive shock to the product.Otherwise damage to the internal parts can result, causing malfunction.•Do not pull the lead wire forcefully, and do not lift the product bypulling the lead wire (tensile force 49 N or less).4.2 EnvironmentWarning•Do not use in an environment where corrosive gases, chemicals, saltwater or steam are present.•Do not use in an explosive atmosphere.•Do not expose to direct sunlight. Use a suitable protective cover.•Do not install in a location subject to vibration or impact in excess ofthe product’s specifications.•Do not mount in a location exposed to radiant heat that would result intemperatures in excess of the product’s specifications.•Do not use the product in places where there are cyclic temperaturechanges.Heat cycles other than ordinary changes in temperature can adverselyaffect the inside of the product.4.3 Mounting•Never mount the product in a location where it will be used as a support.•Mount the product so that the fluid flows in the direction indicated bythe arrow on the product label or on the product body.•Check the flow characteristics data for pressure loss and the straightinlet pipe length effect on accuracy, to determine inlet pipingrequirements.•Do not sharply reduce the piping size.•The monitor with integrated display can be rotated. It can be set at 90ointervals clock and anticlockwise, and also at 45o and 225o clockwise.Rotating the display with excessive force will damage the end stop.•When a stop valve is mounted, rotate the monitor after closing the stopvalve handle.Rotating the monitor with excessive force with the stop valve open, themonitor and stop valve will interfere with each other, causing damage(refer to the figure below).4.4 Direct mounting (PF3W704 / 720 / 740)•When mounting the product, mount it to a panel with screws(equivalent to M6) using the mounting holes provided.•Mounting plate thickness should be approximately 3 mm.•Screws and nuts must be prepared by the user.The PF3WB uses 6 mounting screws, and the PF3WC, PF3WS and4.5 PipingCaution•Before connecting piping make sure to clean up chips, cutting oil, dustetc.•When installing piping or fittings, ensure sealant material does notenter inside the port.•Eliminate any dust left in the piping using an air blow before connectingthe piping to the product.•Ensure there is no leakage after piping.•When connecting piping to the product, hold the piping with a wrenchon the metal part of the piping (piping attachment) and main port of themain piping, which is integrated into the piping.•Using a spanner on other parts may damage the product.In particular, do not let the spanner come into contact with the M8connector. The connector can be easily damaged.After hand tightening, apply a spanner of the correct size to thespanner flats on the product, and tighten it for 2 to 3 rotations, to thetightening torque shown in the table below.If the tightening torque is exceeded, the product can be damaged. Ifthe correct tightening torque is not applied, the fittings may becomeloose.Nominal Thread size Tightening torque Width across flatsRc (NPT) 3/8 15 to 20 N•m 20.9 mmRc (NPT) 1/2 20 to 25 N•m 23.9 mmRc (NPT) 3/4 28 to 30 N•m 29.9 mmRc (NPT) 1 36 to 38 N•m 41.0 mm4.6 WiringCaution•Do not perform wiring while the power is on.•Confirm proper insulation of wiring.Poor insulation (interference from another circuit, poor insulationbetween terminals, etc.) can lead to excess voltage or current beingapplied to the product, causing damage.•Do not route wires and cables together with power or high voltagecables.Otherwise the product can malfunction due to interference of noise andsurge voltage from power and high voltage cables to the signal line.Route the wires (piping) of the product separately from power or highvoltage cables.•Keep wiring as short as possible to prevent interference fromelectromagnetic noise and surge voltage.Do not use a cable longer than 30 m. (IO-Link compatible device: 20m or less).•Ensure that the FG terminal is connected to ground when using acommercially available switch-mode power supply.•When an analogue output is used, install a noise filter (line noise filter,ferrite element, etc.) between the switch-mode power supply and thisproduct.4.7 Connector Wiring5 SettingsRefer to the Operation manuals on the SMC website(URL: https://) for the following Settings:Flow switch Setting and Function setting•Integrated display type: PF3W7•Integrated display type (IO-Link compatible): PF3W7-L•Remote type sensor: PF3W56.1 General MaintenanceCaution•Not following proper maintenance procedures could cause the productto malfunction and lead to equipment damage.•If handled improperly, compressed air can be dangerous.•Maintenance of pneumatic systems should be performed only byqualified personnel.•Before performing maintenance, turn off the power supply and be sureto cut off the supply pressure. Confirm that the air is released toatmosphere.•After installation and maintenance, apply operating pressure andpower to the equipment and perform appropriate functional andleakage tests to make sure the equipment is installed correctly.•If any electrical connections are disturbed during maintenance, ensurethey are reconnected correctly and safety checks are carried out asrequired to ensure continued compliance with applicable nationalregulations.•Do not make any modification to the product.•Do not disassemble the product, unless required by installation ormaintenance instructions.•How to reset the product after a power cut or when the power hasbeen unexpectedly removedWhen the flow switch is the integrated display type, the settings of theproduct are retained from before the power cut or de-energizing.The output condition also recovers to that before the power cut or de-energizing, but may change depending on the operating environment.Therefore, check the safety of the whole system before operating theproduct.7 Troubleshooting7.1 Error indication (PF3W7 Integrated display type)When using PF3W7 integrated display or PF3W5 remote sensorWhen PF3W7-L (IO-Link) is used in SIO modeNo. Name Wire colour Function1 DC(+) Brown 12 to 24 VDC2 N.C./ OUT2 White N.C. / Switch output 2 (SIO)3 DC(-) Blue 0 V4 OUT1 Black Switch output 1 (SIO)When PF3W7-L (IO-Link) is used as IO-Link deviceNo. Name Wire colour Function1 L+ Brown 18 to 30 VDC2 N.C./ OUT2 White N.C. / Switch output 2 (SIO)3 L-Blue 0 V4 C/Q BlackIO-Link data /Switch output 1 (SIO)∗: Wire colours are for the lead wire included with the PF3W7 series.Page 3 of 37.2 Error indication (PF3W5 Remote sensor type) If the error cannot be reset after the above measures are taken, or errors other than the above are displayed, please contact SMC.Refer to the Operation manual on the SMC website (URL: https:// ) for more detailed information about Troubleshooting.8 How to OrderRefer to the operation manual or catalogue on the SMC website (URL: https:// ) for How to order information.9 Outline Dimensions (mm)Refer to the Operation manual on the SMC website (URL: https:// ) for outline and mounting dimensions for the PF3WB, PF3WC, PF3WS and PF3WR.10.1 Limited warranty and Disclaimer/Compliance Requirements Refer to Handling Precautions for SMC Products.11 Product disposalThis product should not be disposed of as municipal waste. Check your local regulations and guidelines to dispose of this product correctly, in order to reduce the impact on human health and the environment.12 ContactsRefer to or www.smc.eu for your local distributor / importer.URL: https:// (Global) https:// (Europe) SMC Corporation, 4-14-1, Sotokanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0021, Japan Specifications are subject to change without prior notice from the manufacturer. © 2021 SMC Corporation All Rights Reserved. Template DKP50047-F-085M。

Test 1: Development of Microbiology■Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. The fundamental unit （基本单位）of all living organisms is the: C■.membrane■.cell■.nucleus■.cell wall2. Organisms that do not contain a true nucleus are referred to as:C■.fungi 真菌■.eukaryotic 真核生物■.prokaryotic 原核生物■.nankaryotic3. T he three kingdom classification system （三界分类系统）of organisms was proposed by:D■.Pasteur■.Bacon■.Winogradsky■.Woese4. Fungi differ from bacteria in a number of characteristics. The cell walls in fungi are composedof , while the cell walls of bacteria are composed of peptidoglycan. A■.chitin 壳多糖■.phospholipid 磷脂■.protein 蛋白质■.glucosamine 葡糖胺5. The first microscopes were developed by: C■.Ehrlich■.Metchnikoff■.Leewenhoek■.Lister6. Control of microbial infections can be accomplished by chemical or immune mechanisms. The first report on the production of an antibiotic（抗生素）is credited to:C■.Lister■.Fleming■.Ehrlich■.Koch7. The term "antibiotic" means:C■.a substance produced by the laboratory that kills or inhibits other microorganisms■.a substance produced by microorganisms that kills or inhibits molds（霉菌）■.a substance produced by microorganism that kills or inhibits other microorganisms■.a substance produced by microorganisms that kills or inhibits cancer cells8. The first documented use of a vaccine（疫苗）for smallpox天花was reported by the English physician:D■.Lister■.Florey■.Fleming■.Jenner9. Active immunity （主动免疫）can be distinguished from passive immunity in that the former requires:B■.development of antibodies in one's own body by stimulation with external antibodies■.development of antibodies in one's own body by stimulation with external antigens（抗原）■.Flemingdevelopment of antibodies in a foreign host and transfer to one' s own body■.development of antigens in one's own body by stimulation with external antibodies10. The process of nitrification（硝化作用）by bacteria described by Winogradsky converts:A■.ammonia to nitrate ions 将氨转化成硝酸盐■.nitrate ions to ammonia 将硝酸盐转化成氨■.N2 to ammonia 将氮气转化成氨■.ammonia to urea 将氨转化成尿素11. The transfer of DNA from one organism to another through the use of a viral vector（病毒载体）is referred to as:B■.electroporation 电穿孔■.conjugation 接合生殖■.transformation 转化■.transduction 转导12. The genetic material of a bacteria is located in the molecule:B■.RNA■.DNA■.protein■.lipid■Fill in the Blank1. Organisms that contain a true nucleus are called__eukaryotic_____2. Bacteria do not have a true nucleus and are considered _____prokaryotic__3. Bacteria can be divided into two groups, the ___archeabacteria____and the ____eubacteria（真细菌）___.4.___anaerobes（厌氧菌）___ are organisms that can grow without using molecular oxygen.5. Microorganisms that can synthesize complex organic compounds from CO2:are called ___autotrophs_（自养菌）__.6. _photoautotrophs（光能自养生物）_____ are microorganisms that obtain their energy to synthesize organic compounds from light.7. _heterotroph_（异养菌）___ require organic compounds for growth.8. Organisms that survive only at very high temperatures are referred to as__thermophile_（适温性）___.9. _methanogen_（产甲烷菌）____ are organisms that produce methane（甲烷）from CO2.10. ___halophile_（好盐的）__organisms grow under conditions of high salinity.11. Eubacteria can exhibit a number of morphological shapes. Identify four: a._spherical or cocci_____ b._cylindrical or rod_____ c.__spirals____ d.___irregular__12. Fungi, algae and protozoa can be differentiated from bacteria by the following characteristic:___eukaryotic____ .13. Fungi have cell wall consisting of __chitin（壳多糖）_____.14. Viruses consist of _nucleic acid_____surrounded by a protein coat.15. The scientific method utilizes deductive reasoning（演绎推理）and observations or experiments to prove or disprove a _hypothesis_（假说）___.16. The theory _spontaneous generation______of held that living organisms could arise from nonliving matter.（非生命物质）17. The process used to reduce the number of viable organisms（活菌）by moderate heating is called:_pasteurization__（巴士消毒法）___ .18. The process of tyndallization（间歇灭菌法）uses repeated heating to eliminate or___sterilize （杀菌）____ microorganisms from solutions.19.An _antibiotic（抗生素）______is a substance produced by microorganisms that inhibits or kills other microorganisms.20. The process of stimulating the immune defenses of the body is referred to as__immunization_____.21. White blood cells that engulf（吞食）foreign particles（异物颗粒）are referred to as_phagocytes___（吞噬细胞）__.22. A substance in serum（免疫血清）that can neutralize（中和）foreign material is referred to as __antitoxin_（抗毒素）___or __antibody__（抗体）__.23. Cells infected with a virus produce a substance called __interfewn____ that inhibits viral replication.24. Avery, Colin and MacLeod first demonstrated that transformation of nonpathogenic（非病原的）to pathogenic strains （致病菌株）of bacteria could be carried out by the transfer of ___DNA___.25. Exchange of genetic information by direct contact is referred to as__conjugation____.26. _transformation_（转化）____ is the process in which DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another.■Matchingl. Francis Bacon a. phagocytosis 吞噬作用2. Anton Leeuwenhoek b. antibody 抗体3. Paul Ehrlich c. nitrification 硝化作用4. Hans Gram d. immunization 免疫法5. Louis Pasteur e. three kingdom classification based on rRNA6. Robert Koch f. structure of DNA7. Joseph Lister g. first microscope 第一台显微镜8. Alexander Fleming h. conjugation or transduction 接合和转导作用9. Edward Jenner i. differential stain for bacteria10. Eli Metchnikoff j. interferon 干扰素11. Emil von Behring k. rabies vaccine 狂犬病疫苗12. Alick Isaac 1. penicillin 青霉素13. Sergei Winogradsky m. antiseptic（防腐剂）technique14. Joshua Lederberg n. established that bacteria can cause disease15. Watson and Crick o. magic bullet16. Carl Woese p. scientific method1.p2.g3.o4.i5.k6.n7.m8.l9.d 10.a 11.b 12.j13.c 14.h 15.f 16.eTest 2: Methods for Studying Microorganisms■Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. Light microscopy （光学显微镜术）is dependent on the interaction of light with on object. The ability of light to pass through an object is referred to as:B■.transported light■.transmitted light 透射光■.reflected light 反射光■.refracted light 折射光2. The resolving power (R)（分辨率）of a microscope is dependent on the wavelength（波长）of light (;~) and the numerical aperture (NA) of the lens. The formula （公式）for R is: B ■.R = 0.5~. xNA■.R = 0.5;~/NA■.R = NA/0.5Jr■.R = Square root of 0.5)./NA？3. The gram stain（革兰氏染色）uses ~ as a mordant（媒染剂）to fix the primary stain:A ■.iodine 碘■.alcohol 乙醇■.acetone 丙酮■.safranin 番红4. The acid-fast stain （抗酸性染色）is useful in the identification of which of the following organisms:C■.Staphylococcus aureus 金黄色葡萄球菌■.Mycoplasma mycoides 霉菌样支原体■.Mycobacteria tuberculosis 结核分枝杆菌■.Moraxella osloensis 奥斯陆摩拉克菌,5. Botulism（肉毒中毒）is a serious disease that can develop from the improper cooking of food containing bacterial spores（孢子）. Which of the following genera （属）are capable of producing spores?D■.Salmonella 沙门氏菌属■.Listeria 利斯塔氏菌属■.Escherichia 埃希氏菌属■.Clostridia 梭菌属6. Which of the following types of microscopes utilizes electron beams （电子束）to visualize （使可见）objects?B■.Nomarski■.TEM 投射型电子显微镜■.PCM 脉冲■.Confocal 共焦的7. A mixture of organisms was isolated from a patient suspected of having "Strep Throat." （脓毒性咽喉炎）Which type of media would you use to isolate the suspected pathogen（病原体）? D ■.defined■.enriched■.selective■.differential8. Sterilization（灭菌）of material with an autoclave（高压灭菌锅）utilizes steam to kill microorganisms. The correct procedure for sterilization with an autoclave is:A■.15 min at 121℃at 15 lb/in2■.15 min at 256℃at 15 lb/in2■.15 min at 121℃at 1 lb/in2■.15 rain at 121℃at 30 lb/in29. An antibiotic was added to a culture of bacteria to determine its effect. What method of enumeration would you use to determine the efficacy of the antibiotic? B■.direct count 直接计数■.viable count 活菌数■.turbidimetric count 浊度计数■.absorbance 吸光度10. Identification of microorganisms（微生物）can be accomplished（完成）by a number of techniques. Which of the following requires the growth of the organism?C■.enzyme linked assay（含量测定）■.gene probe 基因探针■.metabolic 代谢■.fluorescent 荧光■Fill in the Blank1. A media （培养基）where all the ingredients（成分）are known is called a _defined_____media.2. __aseptic（无菌的）____technique is used to maintain a pure culture（纯培养物）and avoid contamination.（污染）3. Sterilization instrument（灭菌器械）that utilizes steam under pressure: _autoclave_（高压灭菌锅）_____.4.A___streak___ plate utilizes a loop（接种环）or needle（接种针）to distribute and isolate colonies on a culture plate.（培养皿）5.__serological（血清学的）____ identification utilizes antibodies（抗体）for naming of bacterial species.6. Bacteria can be preserved（保藏）for long periods of time by freeze-drying（冷冻干燥）or__lyophilization____（冻干保藏法）.7. The mrbidimetric method of counting bacteria utilizes a _spectrophotometer（分光光度计）_____ to measure the amount of light passing through a solution.8. The viable plate（平板细菌计数）count counts live bacterial colonies（菌落）in the range or____30__ to__300____ .9. A counting chamber（计数板）and a microscope （显微镜）are used in the_direct_____ count of bacteria.10. The _gene probe_（基因探针）____technique utilizes a labeled（示踪的）complementary strand of nucleic acid to identify specific bacteria in a specimen.（样本）■MatchingMatching I:l. Primary stain for gram stain a. Negative stain 负染色2. Stains bacterial cell b. Carbohl fuchsin 品红3. Used to fix stain c. Crystal violet 结晶紫4. Decolorize脱色 d. Malachite green 孔雀绿5. Spore stain e. Safranin 番红6. Acid-fast stain f. Positive stain 正染7. Gram- bacteria take up this counterstain g. Alcohol 乙醇8. Stains background h. Mordant 媒染剂Matching II:1. Media used to inhibit growth of unwanted organisms a. Enrichment 富集2. Media where all components are not known b. Selective 选择性的3. Media used to contrast organisms on same plate c. Differential4. Media used to enhance growth d. ComplexMatching I:1.c2.f.3.h4.g5.d.6. b7.e8.aMatching II:1.b2.d3.c4.aTest 3: Organization and Structure of Microorganisms■Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. Eukaryotic membranes can be differentiated from prokaryotic membranes because eukaryotic membranes contain____as part of the lipid（脂质）component of the membrane. D ■.phosphates 磷酸盐类■.fatty acids 脂肪酸类■.proteins 蛋白类■.sterols 甾醇类2. The arrangement of proteins and lipids in the membrane is referred to as the:B■.bilayer model 双层膜模型■.fluid mosaic model 流动镶嵌模型■.trilayer model■.permeable（有渗透性的）model3. The movement of water molecules across the membrane in response to a concentration gradient is referred to as: B■.diffusion 扩散■.osmosis 渗透■.translocation 易位■.transport 运输4. The membrane of a cell is able to differentiate molecules that enter or exit the cell and act as a ____ barrier（屏障）. C■.semipermanent 半永久性■.semitransparent 半透明的■.semipermeable 半渗透性的■.semidiffuse5. Movement of molecules at an enhanced rate across the membrane is called: A■.facilitated diffusion 易化扩散■.passive diffusion 被动扩散■.osmosis 渗透作用■.permeation6. Which of the following mechanisms transports molecules without chemical alteration? A■.active transport 主动运输■.group translocation基团转位■.facilitated diffusion易化扩散■.binding protein transport 蛋白质转运7. Which of the following transport mechanism occurs only in Gram-negative bacteria?D■.active transport 主动运输■.group translocation 基团转位■.facilitated diffusion 易化扩散■.binding protein transport蛋白质转运8. Which of the following transport mechanisms occurs only in prokaryotes? B■.active transport■.group translocation■.facilitated diffusion■.binding protein transport9. Lysozyme（溶菌酶）and penicillin （青霉素）have activity against the cell wall. Lysozyme breaks this component;penicillin prevents its formation. C■.lipopolysaccharide 脂多糖■.phospholipid 磷脂■.peptidoglycan 肽聚糖■.teichoic acid 磷壁酸10. Partial destruction of the cell wall with lysozyme leaves a cell called a: B■.protoplast 原生质体■.spheroplast 原生质球■.periplast 周质体■.capsule 荚膜11. A capsule（荚膜）can be differentiated from a slime layers（粘液层）since the capsule: D■.is made up of complex carbohydrates（复合糖）and the slime layer contains protein ■.is bound to the cell membrane■.is bound to the cell wall■.is bound to the outer membrane12. The chromatin of eukaryotic cells is composed of DNA and____ A■.histone proteins 组蛋白■.non histone proteins■.RNA■.ribosomes13. DNA transfers information to make proteins in molecules referred to as:B■.iRNA■.mRNA■.rRNA■.tRNA14. Mitochondrial ribosomes （线粒体核糖体）are____in size. C■.40S■.60S■.70S■.80S15. The process whereby ATP is generated by the flow of protons （质子）across a membrane is: B■.substrate level phosphorylation 底物水平磷酸化■.chemiosmosis 化学渗透作用■.protokinesis■.glycolysis 糖酵解16. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)（内质网）is a membranous structure within eukaryotic cells. It is the site for protein synthesis and for storage and transportation of molecules out of the cell. Which part of the ER is used for protein synthesis? B■.golgi apparatus 高尔基体■.rough ER 粗面内质网■.smooth ER 光面内质网■.microbody 微体17. Flagella of bacteria are composed of protein subunits called flagellin（鞭毛蛋白）; eukaryotic flagella are composed of subunits called: D■.flagellin鞭毛蛋白■.cilin■.spectrin 血影蛋白■.tubulin 微管蛋白18. Flagella（鞭毛）are used to propel the cell in response to an environmental signal. Bacterial flagella and eukaryotic flagella can be differentiated since the former moves by:A ■.rotating around its base■.pulling itself once it is attached to a surface or mate■.waving or whipping to move the cell■.twisting and releasing similar to a rubber band19. Endospores（内生孢子）are multilayered structures that provide protection from environmental stress and are composed of: B■.peptidoglycan（肽聚糖）and lipopolysaccharide （脂多糖）■.peptidoglycan and calcium dipicolonate■.peptidoglycan and calcium bicarbonate碳酸脂■.lipopolysaccharide and succinic acid （琥珀酸）20. Gram-positive bacteria can be differentiated from Gram-negative bacteria since the peptidoglycan （肽聚糖）layer of later comprises____% of the cell wall. D■.90■.50■.30■.10■Fill in the Blank1. Most cells use energy in the form of__ATP____ to run the cell.2. Phospholipids（磷脂类）of eubacterial cells are composed of a __phosphate （磷酸盐）____group and a _fatty acid____on a glycerol（甘油）backbone.3. Membrane proteins found on the surface are called __peripheral（次要的）____ proteins.4.The energy source for active transport in eukaryotes is derived from ATP.The energy for active transport in prokaryotes is derived from __protomotive force____.5. The region between the outermembrane in Gram-negative（革兰阴性）bacteria and the cell wall is called the ___periplasmic space_（壁膜间隙）___.6. Extrachromosomal（染色体外的）DNA elements found in bacteria are called____plasmids____.7. Ribosomes are structures composed of ____proteins___ and ____rRNA__.8. The fluid inside a cell is referred to as the ___cytoplasm_____.9.The hereditary organelle （具遗传效应的细胞器）of eukaryotic cells is called the __nucleus____.10. The process by which a cell engulfs（吞食）and internalizes（陷入）particles such as bacteria or other cells is called ____phagocytosis_（吞噬作用）_.■Matchingl. Prokaryotes原核生物 a. hook and basal body2. Eukaryotes真核生物 b. end of cell3. hydrophobic 疏水的 c. microtubles4. Hydrophilic亲水的 d. pill5. Permease通透酶 e. eukaryotes6. eubacteria 真细菌 f. surrounding cell7. Archeobacteria古细菌g. 9 + 2 arrangement8. cellulose 纤维素h. prokaryotes9. chitin 几丁质i. fatty acid10. circular chromosome 环状染色体j. algae11.linear chromosome线状染色体k. transport protein12. 70 S ribosomes 1. lack organelles无细胞器13. 80 S ribosomes m. posses nucleus14. Polar（两极的）flagella n. water loving 亲水性15. Peritrichous（周围的）flagella o. fungi 真菌16.bacterial flagella p. L-amino acids17. eukaryotic flagella q. D-amino acids18. fimbria 菌毛19. cilia 纤毛20. cytoskeleton 细胞骨架1.l2.m,j,o3.n4.i5.k6.p7.q8.j9.o 10.h 11.e,j,o 12.h,j,o13.e 14.b 15.f 16.a17.g 18.d 19.e 20.cTest 4 : Prokaryotes■Genus Match: (Match the Genus with the Appropriate Group)Match the Genus with the Appropriate Group:l. Spirochete 螺旋体 a. Halococcus 噬盐球菌属2.Gm- aerobic（好氧的）, motile, vibroid b. Clostridium 梭菌属3.3. Gm- aerobic cocci （球菌） c. VeiUonella4.Gm- facultative （兼性的）rod （杆状） d. Caulobacter 柄杆菌属5.5. Gm- anerobic（厌氧的）rod e. Treponema 密螺旋体6. Gm- anaerobic cocci f. Myxococcus 粘球菌7. Budding（芽殖）/appendaged g. Streptococcus 链球菌8. Fruiting body子实体h. Pyrobaculum 热棒菌属9. Gm+ cocci i. Campylobacter 弯曲杆菌10. Gm+ rods (no spores) j. Methanococcus 产甲烷球菌11. Gm+ rods (endospores内孢子) k. Listeria 李斯特菌属12. Gm+ irregular rod 1. Bacteroides 拟杆菌属13. Halophile 喜盐生物m. Neisseria 奈瑟氏菌14. Thermophile 噬热生物n. Salmonella 沙门氏菌15. Methanogen 产烷生物o. Corynebacteria 棒状杆菌l.e 2.I 3.m4.n5.16.c7.d 8.d 9.g10.k 11.b 12.o13.a 14.h 15.j■Characteristic Match: (Match the Characteristic with the Appropriate Genus or Group)Match the Characteristic with the Appropriate Genus or Group:l. Borrelia 包柔氏螺旋体 a. sulfur reducing 硫降低2. Helicobacter 螺杆菌 b. acid fast 耐酸的3. Shigella 志贺氏杆菌 c. Gm+ rod（杆状）, aerobic（需氧）,endospores （内孢子）4.Desulfovibrio 硫磷弧菌属 d. gliding 滑动5. Chlamydia 衣原体 e. psedomurein6. Anabaena 鱼腥藻 f. cyanobacteria 蓝藻细菌7. Chemolithotrophic无机化能营g. Helical（螺旋形）rod, no central fibrils （中央纤维）8. Caulobacter 柄杆菌属h. helical rod, central fibrils9. Cytophaga 纤维菌属i. filamentous 丝状的10. Staphylococcus葡萄球菌j. obligate intracellular parasite必须寄生在细胞的寄生虫11. Bacillus 芽孢杆菌k. Gm+ cocci in clusters12. Actimomycetes 1. Enterobacteriacea13. Mycoplasma 支原体m. Nitrobacter 硝化杆菌属14. Mycobacteria 分枝杆菌n. prosthecae 菌柄15. Methanogen 产甲烷菌o. fried egg1.h2.g3.14.a5.j6.f7.m 8.n 9.d10.k 11.c 12.f13.o 14.b 15.eTest 5: Eukaryotes■Multiple Choice (choose one answer)l. Fungi are considered heterotrophic（非自养的）because they obtain nutrition through: C ■. phagocytosis 吞噬作用■. endocytosis 内吞作用■. adsorption 吸附作用■. photosynthesis 光合作用2. The separation between filamentous（丝状的）fungal cells are referred to as:B■. cell walls■. septa 隔膜■. chitin 几丁质■. side walls 侧壁3. Fungi that can appear as a yeast or filamentous are referred to as:D■. Fungi imperfecti 半知菌纲■. Fungi perfecti■. cheterotrophic fungi■. dimorphic fungi4. Thick walled spores（厚壁孢子）formed within fungal cells are called:D■. Arthrospores分节孢子■. sporangiospores 包囊孢子■. blastospores 芽生孢子■. chlamydospores 后垣孢子5. Asexual fungal spores that are formed from fragmented hyphae（支离破碎的菌丝）are called:A■. arthrospores■. sporangiospores■. ascospores■. chlamydospores6. Asexual fungal spores formed within a sac-like structure are called:B■. arthrospores■. sporangiospores■. blastospores■. ascospores7. Sexual fungal spores（孢子）formed within a sac-like structure are called:D■. Chlamydospores厚垣孢子■. sporangiospores 包囊孢子■. blastospores 芽孢子■. ascospores 子囊孢子8. Which of the following classes of fungi cause hypertrophy （肥大）of cells similar to the bacterium A. tumifaciens?C■. Oomycetes■. Ascomycetes■. Chytridiomycetes■. Deuteromycetes9. Which of the following fungi are motile by two flagella（鞭毛）? A■. Oomycetes 卵菌■. Ascomycetes 子囊菌■. Chytridiomycetes 壶菌纲■. Deuteromycetes 半知菌纲10. Common bread mold（发霉）is caused by Rhizopus stolonifer匍枝根霉which is a: D■. Deuteromycete■. Ascomycete■. Basidiomycete■. Zygomycete11. Ascomycetes子囊菌can be differentiated from zygomycetes 接合菌since the ascomycetes have hyphae菌丝.B■. septated 有隔膜■. aseptated 无隔膜12. Which of the following fungi have a sexual reproductive phase? B■. Coccidiodes 球孢子菌■. Histoplasma 组织浆胞菌■. Aspergillus 曲霉■. Alternaria 链格孢属13. Which class of fungi do not have a sexual reproductive phase（有性生殖阶段）? A■. Deuteromycete 半知菌■. Ascomycete 子囊菌■. Basidiomycete 担子菌■. Zygomycete 结合菌14. The cell structures of bracket（多孔菌）fungi are referred to as: A■. Septa隔膜■. basidiocarp 担子果■. anteridium■. Zygomycet15. The toxin （毒素）from which of the following mushrooms inhibits polymerase activity（聚合酶活性）?A■. Agaricus bisporous■. Ischnorderma resinosum■. anteridium■. Zygomycet16. The common mushroom（蘑菇）belongs to which group of fungi? B■. Ascomycetes 子囊菌纲■. Basidiomycetes 担子菌纲■. Chytridiomycetes 壶菌纲■. Deuteromycetes 半知菌纲17. Which of the following Deuteromycetes（半知菌）are often colored green and the conidiospores（分生孢子）are arranged in a brush shape?A■. Penicillium 青霉菌■. Alternaria 链格孢属■. Coccidiodes 球孢子菌■. Geotrichum 地霉菌属18. All of the following algae are green with the exception of D■. Euglena 裸藻■. Volvox 团藻■. Spirogyra 绿藻■. Nemalion19. Which algae contain a red pigmented area known as the eyespot?（眼点） B■. Euglenoids■. Chlorophycophyta■. Rhodophycophyta■. Phaeophycophyta20. The outer layer of Euglena（裸藻）is called: C■. cell wall■. fmstule■. pellicle 菌膜■. blade21. Xanthophyll pigments give algae a color. C■. red■. blue■. yellow■. green22. Which of the following algae are closer phylogenetically（系统发育）to higher plants（高等植物）? C■. brown algae■. yellow-green algae■. red algae■. green algae23. The storage material, paramylon, is made in which of the following groups of algae（藻类）?A■. euglenoid 眼虫藻■. red algae 红藻■. green algae 绿藻■. brown algae 褐藻24. The mouth of a ciliated protozoa（有纤毛的原生动物）is called a: B■. Phagosome吞噬体■. cytosome 胞质体■. lysosome 溶酶体■. porosome25. Sarcodina （肉足纲）are protozoa that are propelled （推进）by:B■. flagella■. cilia■. pseudopodia■. they are technically nonmotile26. Trypanosomes（椎体虫）belong to which group of protozoa: A■. pseudopodia formers■. ciliates■. spore formers27. Plasmodium 疟原虫is grouped as a:D■. flagellates■. pseudopodia formers■. ciliates■. spore formers28. The mature form of spore （孢子）forming protozoa （原生动物）are called: C■. protozoites■. sporozoites■. trophozoites■. cytozoite29. Paramecium （草履虫）are classified as: C■. Flagellates鞭毛虫类■. pseudopodia（伪足）formers■. ciliates 纤毛虫类■. spore formers 芽孢菌30. The resting stage of a protozoa （原生动物）are called:D■. Trophozoites营养体■. sporozoites 孢子体■. saprozoites 腐生动物■. cysts 囊肿■Fill in the Blank1. Unicellular fungi are called __yeasts____.2. Filamentous fungi form branching structures called _hyphae_____.3. The most common form of reproduction in yeasts occurs by __budding____.4.Silica is found in the cell wall of __diatoms____.5. The external structures of mushrooms are referred to as ___fruiting_bodies_.6. The growth of fungi can be expressed by (_measuring the increase in the mass of the fungus____).7. Red tide is caused by a toxin released by the organism, Gonyaulax, which belongs to the __fire algae____ group of fungi.8. Agar is made from this group of algae: __brown algae____.9.Trypanosoma gambiense causes the disease __African sleeping sickness____.10. A flagellate protozoa that can be found in mountain streams and causes diarrhea is __Giardia____.Test 6: Bacterial Growth and Reproduction■Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1.In bacterial cultures, growth can be demonstrated by an increase in: C■.mass■.cell size■.cell number2.DNA replication in bacteria is controlled by: B■.cell size■.cell division 细胞分裂■.cell separation■.cell initiation3.During which phase of bacterial growth is there an increase in cell size but not in cell number? A■.lag 滞后■.log 对数■.stationary 稳定期■.exponential 指数期4. The generation time（寿命）for bacteria is determined by: D■.measuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from the time the culture （培养）was initiated until the beginning of stationary phase 稳定期■.measuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from lag phase（迟滞期）to death phase衰亡期■.measuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from log phase to the end of stationary phase■.measuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from log phase to the beginning of stationary phase5. Most pathogenic bacteria（致病菌）are considered: B■.psychrophiles 嗜冷微生物■.mesophiles 嗜温微生物■.thermophiles 嗜熱菌■.merophiles6. Bacteria that grow at low nutrient concentrations（营养浓度）are referred to as:D■.autotrophs 自养生物■.phototrophs 光合自养微生物■.copiotrophs■.oligotrophs7. In times of nutrient deficiencies（营养不足）, the bacteria Clostridium（芽孢杆菌）produce____until conditions are permissive for vegetative growth.（营养生长）B ■.prosthecae 菌柄■.spores 芽孢■.stalks 茎杆■.fruiting bodies 子实体8. The temperature of the incubator（恒温箱）was raised from 15~(2 to 35~(2. The cultures（培养物）in the incubator demonstrated a____fold increase in enzymatic（酶活性）activity. B ■.two■.four■.eight■.twenty9. Organisms that grow at or near their optimal（最佳的）growth temperature are called:B■.stenothermal（狭温性的）bacteria■.euthermal bacteria■.cauldoactive bacteria■.mesophilic bacteria 嗜常温菌10. All of the following are toxic oxygen products（有毒氧化产物）except: D■.02■.OH-■.H20■.H20211.Catalase（过氧化氢酶）, which is produced by Staphylococci（葡萄球菌）, catalyzes（催化）which of the following reactions?C■.202+ 2H+ →2H202 + 02■.2H202→2H20 + 02■.H202 + NADH + H+→2H20 + NAD■.H202 + e- + H+→H2O + OH-12. A saturated solution（饱和溶液）of NaC1 has a water activity index of:C■.1.0■.0.90■.0.80■.0.7013. Organisms that can grow at a water index（指数，标准）at or below that of NaCI are called:A■.xero tolerant 耐旱的■.salt tolerant 耐盐的■.meso tolerant■.salo tolerant14. All of the following organisms will survive an environment of 0.9 Aw（水分活度）except: D■.Lactobacillus 乳酸菌■.Staphylococcus 葡萄球菌■.Saccharomyces 酵母菌■.SpiriUum15. Halophiles （嗜盐微生物）are classified as organisms that require ____for growth. B■.sugar■.salt■.water■.air16. Osmophiles （嗜高渗菌）require a ____Aw水分活度for growth. B■.low■.high17. The pressure exerted on a cell due to high solute concentrations is referred to as:A■.osmotic pressure 渗透压■.hydrostatic pressure 液体静压力■.barometric pressure 气压■.surface tension 表面张力18. A diver encountered a new bacterial isolate while she was diving at 1000 m. The organism will be classified （归类为）as: D■.marine■.barotolerant■.barophilic 适压的■.normal19. Fungi can be differentiated from most bacteria by culturing（培养）at:B■.marine 海洋■.low pH■.neutral pH20. All phototacfic bacteria respond to light by: D■.moving away from the source of light 远离光源■.moving toward the source of light 向光源移动■.increasing the movement of their flagella 增加鞭毛■.creating gas vesicles to rise to the surface 产生气泡浮出水面■Fill in the Blank1. Organisms that grow best above 40oC are called__thermophile____.2. Organisms that grow best below 20oC are called___psychrophile___.3. Organisms that grow best between 20 and 40oC are called _mesophile_____.4.Myxobacteria form unique structures called _fruiting body_____ to cope with nutrient deficiencies.5. Bacteria that grow only at reduced oxygen concentrations are called __obligate anaerobe_____.6. Bacteria that require oxygen for growth are called__obligate aerobe___.7. Bacteria that grow at high nutrient concentrations are called __copiotroph____.8. Caulobacter is an example of a _stalked_____ bacteria.9.At temperatures above the optimum, E. coli and other bacteria induce a change in gene expression called___heat shock response___.10. A change in hydrostatic pressure of 10 atm is experience with an increase in depth of ___100___ m.■MatchingCell Cycle Matching:l. C a. cell enlargement2. M b. condensation of chromosomes 染色质的浓缩3. G1 c. replication of the genome 基因组的复制4. G2 d. separation of chromosomes 染色体的分离5. S e. cell division 细胞分裂1.e2.d3.a4.b5.cTest 7: Control of Microbial Growth■Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1.Chemicals used on the body to control microorganisms are called:A(使用于尸体上用以抑制细菌生长的化学物质被称为）■.antiseptics 防腐剂■.disinfectants 消毒剂■.antibiotics 抗生素。

USERS MANUALStop valve zGLO Fig. 201Edition: 07/2016 Date: 01.07.2016CONTENTS1. Product description2. Requirement for maintenance staff3. Transport and storage4. Function5. Application6. Assembly7. Maintenance8. Service and repair9. Reasons of operating disturbances and remedy 10. Valve service discountinuity 11.Warranty terms1. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION201figureends threaded form straightStop valves are manufactured at different executions, they are designed for shut off and open the flowStop valves are provided with casted marking according to requirements of PN-EN19 standard. The marking facilitates technical identification and contains:∙ diameter nominal DN (mm), ∙ pressure nominal PN (bar),∙ body and bonnet material marking,∙ arrow indicating medium flow direction, ∙ manufacturer marking, ∙ heat number,∙ CE marking, for valves subjected 2014/68/UE directive. CE marking starts from DN322. REQUIREMENTS FOR MAINTENANCE STAFFThe staff assigned to assembly, operating and maintenance tasks should be qualified to carry out such jobs. If during valve operation heat parts of the valve, for example handwheel, body or bonnet parts could cause burn, user is obliged to protect them against touch.3. TRANSPORT AND STORAGETransport and storage should be carried out at temperature from –200 to 650C, and valves should be protected against external forces influence and destruction of painting layer as well. The aim of painting layer is to protect the valves against rust during transport and storage. Valves should be kept at unpolluted rooms and they should be also protected against influence of atmospheric conditions. There should be applied drying agent or heating at damp rooms in order to prevent condensate formation. The valves should be transported in such a way to avoid handwheel and valve stem damage.4. FUNCTIONApplication range was mentioned at catalogue card. The kind of working medium makes some materials to be use or to be prohibited for use. Valves were designed for normal working conditions. In the case that working conditions exceed these requirements (for example for aggressive or abrasive medium) user should ask manufacturer before placing an order.When selecting the valve for specific medium,”List of Chemical Resistan ce ” can be helpful. It can be found at manufacturer website near catalogue cards.Working pressure should be adapted to maximum medium temperature according to the table as below.ZETKAMA Sp. z o.o. ul. 3 Maja 12PL 57-410 Ścinawka ŚredniaAcc. to EN 1092-2 Temperature [º C]Material PN -10 do 120 150 200EN-GJL250 16 16 bar 14,4 bar 12,8 barPlant designer is responsible for valve selection suitable for working conditions.5.APPLICATIONApplication range was mentioned at catalogue card.6.ASSEMBLYDuring the assembly of balancing valves following rules should be observed:-to evaluate before an assembly if the valves were not damaged during the transport or storage,-to make sure that applied valves are suitable for working conditions and medium used in the plant,-to take off dust caps if the valves are provided with them,-to protect the valves during welding jobs against splinters and used plastics against excessive temperature,-steam pipelines should be fitted in such a way to avoid condensate collection; in order to avoid water hammer steam trap should be applied.Pipeline where the valves are fitted should be conducted and assembled in such a way that the valve body is not subjected to bending moment and stretching forces.Bolted joints on the pipeline must not cause additional stress resulted from excessive tightening, and fastener materials must comply with working conditions of the plant,-during pipeline painting valve stem should be protected,-stop valves can be assembled in any position, however it is recommended to install the valve with handwheel upwards, -screw down and non-return valves (version with spring) can be assembled in any position, screw down and non-return valves (version without spring) should be assembled only on the horizontal pipelines with handwheel upwardsIt should be take note of medium flow direction, marked with an arrow on the body.-before plant startup, especially after repairs carried out, flash out the pipeline through entirely open valve, in order to avoid solid particles or welding splinters which may be harmful for sealing surfaces,-strainer ( wire mesh filter) installed before the valve increases certainty of its correct action.7.MAINTENANCEDuring maintenance following rules should be observed:-startup process – sudden changes of pressure and temperature should be avoided when starting the plant,- valve is closed by turning the handwheel clockwise when looking from above the handwheel (according to arrow direction marked on the handwheel),-valve is opened by turning the handwheel counter-clockwise,It is prohibited to use additional lever when turning the handwheel,-performance of fitted valves can be checked by multiple closing and opening,-if leakage on stem occurs for valves Fig.201 packing rings are pressed by tightening threaded gland nut screwed in the bonnet, the nut press the rings by gland,Tighten the nuts-in the case of necessity to replace packing rings, it should be done without overpressure inside the valve, when the valve is completely open. In this position inner space of the valve is entirely shut off,-in order to refill packing rings of valves can be refilled when gland nut is unscrewed.In order to assure safety performance, each valve (especially rarely used) should be surveyed on regular basis.Inspection frequency should be laid down by user, but not less than one time per month.8.SERVICE AND REPAIRAll service and repair jobs should be carried out by authorized staff using suitable tools and original spare parts. Before disassembly of complete valve from the pipeline or before service, the pipeline should be out of operation. During service and repair jobs it is necessary to decrease pressure to 0 bars , valve temperature to ambient temperature and to use personal health protectives in pursuance of existing threat. After valve disassembly it is necessary to replace flange connection gaskets between valve and pipelineEverytime when valve bonnet was disassembled sealing surface should be cleaned. During assembly it should be applied new gasket of the same type as previously used. Body-bonnet bolt connections should be tighten when the valve is at open position.The bolts should be tighten evenly and crosswise by torque wrench.Tightness test should be carried out with water pressure of 1,5 nominal pressure of the valve.9.REASONS OF OPERATING DISTURBANCES AND REMEDY-When seeking of valve malfunction reasons safety rules should be strictly obeyedFault Possible reason RemedyNo flow Valve closed Open the valveFlange dust caps were not removed Remove dust caps on the flangesPoor flow Valve is not open enough Open the valveDirty filter Clean or replace the screenClogged pipeline Check the pipelineControl difficulties Dry stem Grease the stemGland packing tighten too much Slightly slacken gland nuts. Put attention tokeep stuffing box tightnessStem leakage Too much loose on the gland Tighten the gland untill tightness willbe reachedIf necessary add packing rings instuffing box. Keep special caution. Seat leakage Shut off not correct Tighten the handwheel without anyauxiliary toolsUszkodzone gniazdo lub grzybekSeat or disc damage Replace the valve and contact supplieror manufacturerApply the valve with balancing disc.Pressure difference too muchCheck if the valve was assembledaccording to arrow direction markedon the valve.Clean the valve. Fit strainer before the Medium polluted with solid particlesvalve.10.V ALVE SERVICE DISCOUNTINUITYAll obsolete and dismantled valves must not be disposed with houshold waste. ZETKAMA valves are made of materials which can be re-used and should be delivered to designated recycling centres.11.WARRANTY TERMS- ZETKAMA grants quality warranty with assurance for proper operation of its products, providing that assembly of them is done according to the users manual and they are operated according to technical conditions and parameters des cribed in ZETKAMA’s catalogue cards. Warranty period is 18 months starting from assembly date, however not longer than 24 months from the sales date. - warranty claim does not cover assembly of foreign parts and design changes done by user as well as natural wear.- immediately after detection the user should inform ZETKAMA about hidden defects of the product- a claim should be prepared in written form.Address for correspondence :ZETKAMA Sp. z o.o.ul. 3 Maja 1257-410 Ścinawka ŚredniaPhone +48 74 86 52 111Fax +48 74 86 52 101Website: 。

OM-40 Series Portable Low Cost Data Loggers Part of the NOMAD ®FamilyߜMeasure and RecordTemperature,Relative Humidity,DC Voltage or DC Current Input ߜStores up to 7943ReadingsߜCompact Size ߜEasy-to-UseWindows SoftwareThe OM-40 Series data loggers can record temperature, relative humidity, 4 to 20 mA and 0 to 2.5 Vdc signals. Model OM-41 measures temperature only (internal temperature sensor).Model OM-42 is a two channel data logger that measurestemperature (internal sensor) and also one external signal which can be an external temperature probe, 4 to 20 mA signal or 0 to 2.5 Vdc signal. Model OM-43 measures temperature and relative humidity (internal sensors). Model OM-44 is a four channel data logger that measures temperature and relative humidity (internal sensors) and also up to two external signals which can be external temperature probes, 4 to 20 mA signals or 0 to 2.5 Vdc signals.The internal temperature sensor is on a 10.6 cm (4") wire which is mounted on the circuit board inside the snap lid of the data logger case.Typically this sensor is left inside the case and measures ambient air temperature over the operating temperature range of the logger -20 to 70°C (-4 to 158°F). The internal temperature sensor can also be placed outside of the case, for faster response time.When the sensor is placed outside of the case it is capable of measuring temperatures from -40 to 120°C (-40 to 248°F).$65Basic UnitMeasurement SpecificationsTemperature (internal sensor) - All ModelsMeasurement Range:Sensor inside case, -20 to 70°C (-4 to 158°F); sensor outside case, -40 to 120°C (-40 to 248°F)Sensor Type:Thermistor Accuracy: +0.7°C@21°C (+1.27°F @ 70°F) (see plot)OM-41 data logger, $65, shown larger than actual sizeSpecificationsGENERALMeasurement Capacity:7943 readingsMeasurement Interval:User selectable from 0.5 sec to 9 hrs Memory Modes:Stop when full, wrap-around when full (user selectable)Memory:Non-volatile EEPROM memory retains data even if battery failsOperation:Blinking LED light confirms operationTime Accuracy:±1 minute per week at 20°C (68°F)Operating Temperature: -20 to 70°C (-4 to 158°F) Operating Humidity:0 to 95% non-condensing Storage Temperature:-20 to 70°C (-4 to 158°F) Power:3.0 V lithium battery (included)Battery Life:1 year Dimensions:68 H x 48 W x 19 mm D (2.4 x 1.9 x 0.8") Weight:29 g (1 oz)Resolution:0.4°C (0.7°F) at 70°FResponse Time (Still Air):15 min typical with sensor inside case; 1 min typical with sensor outside caseRelative Humidity(user-replaceable internal sensor) Models OM-43 and OM-44Measurement Range:25 to 95% RH at 80°F for intervals of 10 seconds or greater, non-condensing and non-fogging(see plot)E-37Temperature Measurement Accuracy/ResolutionRange vs. TemperatureESensor Type:Resistive Accuracy: ±5%5 to 50°C (41 to 122°F)Resolution:0.4% 5 to 50°C (41 to 122°F)Response Time:10 min typical in airExternal Temperature Sensors (for use with Models OM-42 and OM-44)Measurement Range: OM-40-C-HT-B (for use in water or soil): -40 to 50°C (-40 to 122°F)OM-40-C-HT-B (for use in air):-40 to 100°C (-40 to 212°F)Sensor Type:Thermistor Input Connection:2.5 mm stereo phone jackData loggers are supplied with complete operator's manual and mounting kit (hook/loop, magnet and tape).Ordering Example: OM-44 data logger,OM-40-C-HT-B external temperature sensor, OM-40-C-V voltage input cable, and RD-TEMP-SW-A Windows software, $109 + 39 + 11 + 59 = $218.E-38External 4 to 20 mA Input(for use with Models OM-42and OM-44) Measurement Range:0 to 20.1 mA Input Connection:2.5 mm stereo phone jackAccuracy:±0.1 mA ±1% rdg Resolution: 0.4% of fs External 0 to 2.5 VdcInput (for use with Models OM-42 and OM-44)Measurement Range:0 to 2.5 Vdc Input Connection:2.5 mm stereo phone jack; external input ground, input,switched 2.5 V output; external input ground connection is not the same as PC interfaceconnection ground and should not be connected to any external groundInput Impedance:10 k ΩAccuracy:±10 mV ±1% rdg Resolution:10 mV (8-bit)Output Power:2.5 Vdc at 2 mA, active only during measurementsWindows Software-Data logger Setup.Windows Software-Data Plot.OM-44 data logger,$109, shown smaller than actual size.CANADA www.omega.ca Laval(Quebec) 1-800-TC-OMEGA UNITED KINGDOM www. Manchester, England0800-488-488GERMANY www.omega.deDeckenpfronn, Germany************FRANCE www.omega.frGuyancourt, France088-466-342BENELUX www.omega.nl Amstelveen, NL 0800-099-33-44UNITED STATES 1-800-TC-OMEGA Stamford, CT.CZECH REPUBLIC www.omegaeng.cz Karviná, Czech Republic596-311-899TemperatureCalibrators, Connectors, General Test and MeasurementInstruments, Glass Bulb Thermometers, Handheld Instruments for Temperature Measurement, Ice Point References,Indicating Labels, Crayons, Cements and Lacquers, Infrared Temperature Measurement Instruments, Recorders Relative Humidity Measurement Instruments, RTD Probes, Elements and Assemblies, Temperature & Process Meters, Timers and Counters, Temperature and Process Controllers and Power Switching Devices, Thermistor Elements, Probes andAssemblies,Thermocouples Thermowells and Head and Well Assemblies, Transmitters, WirePressure, Strain and ForceDisplacement Transducers, Dynamic Measurement Force Sensors, Instrumentation for Pressure and Strain Measurements, Load Cells, Pressure Gauges, PressureReference Section, Pressure Switches, Pressure Transducers, Proximity Transducers, Regulators,Strain Gages, Torque Transducers, ValvespH and ConductivityConductivity Instrumentation, Dissolved OxygenInstrumentation, Environmental Instrumentation, pH Electrodes and Instruments, Water and Soil Analysis InstrumentationHeatersBand Heaters, Cartridge Heaters, Circulation Heaters, Comfort Heaters, Controllers, Meters and SwitchingDevices, Flexible Heaters, General Test and Measurement Instruments, Heater Hook-up Wire, Heating Cable Systems, Immersion Heaters, Process Air and Duct, Heaters, Radiant Heaters, Strip Heaters, Tubular HeatersFlow and LevelAir Velocity Indicators, Doppler Flowmeters, LevelMeasurement, Magnetic Flowmeters, Mass Flowmeters,Pitot Tubes, Pumps, Rotameters, Turbine and Paddle Wheel Flowmeters, Ultrasonic Flowmeters, Valves, Variable Area Flowmeters, Vortex Shedding FlowmetersData AcquisitionAuto-Dialers and Alarm Monitoring Systems, Communication Products and Converters, Data Acquisition and Analysis Software, Data LoggersPlug-in Cards, Signal Conditioners, USB, RS232, RS485 and Parallel Port Data Acquisition Systems, Wireless Transmitters and Receivers。

1. What is the purpose of a penetrameter or IQI?Indicates radiographic sensitivity and quality of the techniques.2. What is meant by the term sensitivity with regard to radiography?The ability of a radiographic technique to reveal defects of a specific size.3. What are the limitations of magnetic particle inspection and liquid penetrant inspection?M.P. can be used only on ferromagnetic materials to detect surface subsurface discontinuities.L.P. can be used to detect defects open to the surface.Both M.P. and L.P. require surface preparations before testing.4. What information is contained in a Welding Procedure Specification?Process type, groove (joint) design, material type, material thickness, position of groove, filler metal type, pre-heat requirements, interpass temperature, post weld heat treatment requirements, shielding gas or flux type, electrical characteristics, techniques of welding.5. Why is post weld heat treatment required for some type weldments?Relieve stresses, lower hardness6. What is the basic difference between a DIN and an ASME penetrameter?DIN penetrameter is a wire type penetrameter,ASME penetrameter is a hole type penetrameter.7. What type of defects would you expect to find during visual inspection of a completed weld? Undercutting, excessive or insufficient weld reinforcement, excessive irregularities, incomplete penetration on a single butt-weld, weld spatter, etc..8. What precaution must be taken with low hydrogen welding electrodes?Store in oven when not in use, kept in heated container by welder awaiting use.9. What information normally appears on radiography?Penetrameter identification, Location of markers to ensure complete coverage, the name of the inspecting laboratory, the date, the part number, whether original or subsequent exposure.10. What is the rule of thumb used to determine the amperage for the dry, prod method of magnetic particle inspection?100 – 125 amps / inch.11. What materials are the transducer made from?Quartz, Barium Titanate, Lithium Sulphate and Ceramics.12. What is a film defect?A mark on the film usually caused by improper handling or processing.13. If you were inspecting an item using the prod method and located a weak crack pattern, where would you place the prods to obtain a stronger location?Relocate prods 90 degrees to the crack pattern and re-inspect.14. What typical defects would you expect while inspecting a casting?Sand and slag inclusions, gas porosity, shrinkage, hot tears.15. Describe the pulse echo technique.When an electric current is applied to the crystal, the crystal vibrates transforming the electric energy into mechanical vibrations which are transmitted through a coupling medium into the test material. These pulse vibrations propogate through the object and are reflected as echoes from both discontinuities and the back surface of the test piece and will appear as a vertical deflection on the cathode ray tube or oscilloscope. 16. Which method i.e. magnetic particle examination or liquid penetrant examination, locate non-metallic inclusions open to the surface.Both.17. What is a ―Weld Procedure Qual ification Record?A document which contains, essentially the same information as a WPS but includes the results of the tests necessary to qualify the WPS. Also listed are the ―essential variable‖ of the specific process of processes. 18. What is meant by t he term ―Film Density‖?Measurement or film blackening.测量或胶片的发黑度。