Temperature and pressure in nonextensive thermostatistics

2017航海英语复习六Key word 20: Humidity and Dew point（8）B783.Humidity is known as the amount of in the air.A. hydrogenB. moistureC. dustD. temperature【知识点】湿度【解析】湿度是指空气中水分的含量。

C750、Relative humidity is defined as __________A. the maximum vapor content the air is capable of holdingB. the minimum vapor content the air is capable of holdingC. the ratio of the actual vapor content at the current temperature to the air‟s vapor holding capabilityD. the ratio of the moisture content of the air to barometric pressure【知识点】相对湿度【解析】相对湿度定义为特定温度下空气中实际水汽含量与饱和含量之间的比值。

相关题目B751、________is the actual amount of water vapor in the air compared with the saturation amount of water vapor in the air at the same temperature and pressure, the figure is usually expressed as a percentage, with saturated air having a relative humidity of 100%.A. dew point temperatureB. relative humidityC. saturated humidityD. humidityB716、Relative humidity is the percentage of water vapor that is in the air as compared to the maximum amount it can hold at ______.A. a specific barometric pressureB. a specific temperatureC. a specific wind speedD. any timeA682. The expression “the air is saturated” means __.A. the relative humidity is 100%B. the vapor pressure is at its minimum for the prevailing temperatureC. precipitation has commencedD. cloud cover is 100%【知识点】相对湿度【解析】空气饱和是指相对湿度为100%。

The finite temperature trapped dipolar Bose gasR.N.Bisset,D.Baillie,and P.B.BlakieJack Dodd Centre for Quantum Technology,Department of Physics,University of Otago,Dunedin,New Zealand.We develop a finite temperature Hartree theory for the trapped dipolar Bose gas.We use this theory to study thermal effects on the mechanical stability of the system and density oscillating condensate states.We present results for the stability phase diagram as a function of temperature and aspect ratio.In oblate traps above the critical temperature for condensation we find that the Hartree theory predicts significant stability enhancement over the semiclassical result.Below the critical temperature we find that thermal effects are well described by accounting for the thermal depletion of the condensate.Our results also show that density oscillating condensate states occur over a range of interaction strengths that broadens with increasing temperature.PACS numbers:03.75.Hh,64.60.MyI.INTRODUCTIONA significant new area of interest in ultra-cold atomic gases is the study of systems in which the particles interact via a dipole-dipole interaction (DDI)[1].This interest is be-ing driven by a broad range of proposed applications from condensed matter physics to quantum information,e.g.see [2].Experimental progress in the quantum degenerate regime has been driven by seminal work with 52Cr [3],which was Bose condensed in 2005,and more recently the realization of Bose-Einstein condensates of 164Dy [4]and 168Er [5].Po-lar molecules,which have DDIs several orders of magnitude larger than those of the atomic gases,have already been pro-duced in their ground rovibrational state [6,7],and steady progress is being made towards cooling these into the degen-erate regime.We also note the recent achievement of a degen-erate Fermi gas of 161Dy [8].The DDI is long-ranged and anisotropic with both attractive and repulsive components.Therefore,an important consider-ation is under what conditions the system is mechanically sta-ble from collapse to a high density state.Theoretical studies on zero temperature dipolar condensates reveal a rich stabil-ity diagram where,due to the DDI anisotropy,the stability is strongly dependent on the geometry of the trapping potential and the properties of the short ranged (contact)interactions [9–12].Another interesting theoretical observation is that for appropriate parameters (near instability)the condensate mode exhibits spatial oscillations and has a density maximum away from the minimum of the trapping potential [11–14].How-ever,evidence for this density oscillating state has yet to be observed in experiment.In this work we study the properties of a trapped dipolar Bose gas at finite temperature –a regime largely unexplored in theory and experiments.In previous work [15]we stud-ied the stability of a normal Bose gas (i.e.above T c )using a self-consistent semiclassical approximation.In this work we extend this study to below T c and to include quantum pressure (i.e.beyond-semiclassical effects)by numerically solving for the condensate and its ing this theory we study the crossover from the high temperature (above T c )to zero temperature (pure condensate)stability.Our results reveal that beyond semiclassical effects play a significant role above T c in oblate geometry traps and enhance the stability region,andthat the double instability phase diagram in this trap geome-try (predicted in [15])remains prominent.We also study the behavior of the emergent biconcave condensate (density oscil-lating ground state)in the finite temperature regime,and find that thermal effects enhance the density oscillation and en-large the parameter regime over which this type of state exists.We demonstrate that the below T c temperature dependence of the stability boundary is well-characterized by a simple model that accounts for the thermal depletion of the condensate.II.FORMALISM AND NUMERICAL IMPLEMENTATIONA.FormalismHere we consider a set of particles of mass M confined in a cylindrically symmetric harmonic potentialU tr (x )=12M [ω2ρ(x 2+y 2)+ω2z z 2],(1)of aspect ratio λ=ωz /ωρ,with z and ρrepresenting the axial and radial directions,respectively.We take the particles to have dipole moments polarized along the z axis by an external field,such that the DDI potential between particles isU dd (r )=C dd 4π1−3cos 2θ|r |,(2)where C dd =µ0µ2(=d 2/ 0)is the magnetic (electric)dipole-dipole interaction strength and θis the angle between the z di-rection and the relative separation of the dipoles (r =x −x ).It is easy to extend our calculations to include local (con-tact)interactions,however here we focus on the case of pure dipole-dipole interactions,as has been realized in experiments by use of a Feshbach resonance (e.g.see [16]).The Hartree formalism we employ (see Appendix A for a discussion of the relation to Hartree-Fock theory and relevant terms neglected)involves solving for the system modes using the non-local equationj u j (x )= − 22M∇2+V eff(x )u j (x ),(3)a r X i v :1207.1929v 1 [c o n d -m a t .q u a n t -g a s ] 9 J u l 20122whereV eff(x )=U tr (x )+d x U dd (x −x )n (x ),(4)n (x )=jN j |u j (x )|2,(5)are the effective potential and total density,respectively,with N j =[e β( j −µ)−1]−1the equilibrium (Bose-Einstein)oc-cupation of the mode,β=1/k B T the inverse temperature,and µthe chemical potential.Equations (3)-(5)are solved self-consistently while the chemical potential is adjusted to ensure that the desired total number N = d 3x n (x )is ob-tained.Below the critical temperature T c a condensate forms in the lowest mode u 0(x )with N 0∼N ,but the theory,as written in Eqs.(3)-(5),requires no additional adjustment to account for the condensate (due to our neglect of exchange)and smoothly transitions across T c .We emphasize that our motivation for using this theory is that it includes the domi-nant direct interactions and the full discrete character of the low energy modes,yet is more computationally efficient than Bogoliubov-based approaches.This enables us to study chal-lenging problems that have not been explored,in particular fi-nite temperature mechanical stability,in which obtaining con-vergent self-consistent solutions is demanding and time con-suming.Our numerical approach builds on various develop-ments (particularly those described in [17])and includes a number of features to aid calculations in the finite tempera-ture regime where interaction effects dominate (see Appendix B for details).The neglect of dipole exchange is consistent with other work on finite temperature bosons [18]and zero temperature studies of fermion stability [19].We would like to note that there is some justification for this approximation.Studies on a normal trapped dipolar Fermi gas suggest that exchange inter-actions will quantitatively,but not qualitatively,affect stabil-ity [19,20].Indeed,the thermodynamic study of that system presented in [21]found that exchange interactions are typi-cally less important than direct interactions except for traps that are close to being isotropic.Similarly,Ticknor studied the quasi-two-dimensional Bose gas using the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov-Popov (HFBP)meanfield theory [22]and found that exchange terms were generally less important than direct terms.III.RESULTSA.Comparison to previous calculationsTo benchmark our Hartree calculations we perform a quan-titative comparison to the HFBP calculations that Ronen et al.[18]performed for the three-dimensional trapped Bose gas at finite temperature.In Secs.III A 1and III A 2we make this comparison for two different sets of results from [18].We note that those HFBP calculations excluded thermal exchange interactions,although they did include condensate exchange interactions (exchange interaction of condensateatoms on the thermal excitations)[23].We extended ourHartree algorithm to include condensate exchange but found it made negligible difference to the predictions and do not in-clude results with this term here.1.Condensate FractionThe results of the first comparison we perform are presented in Fig.1(a).There we compare the condensate fraction,as a function of temperature,for a system with λ=7.We ob-serve that the Hartree and HFBP theories predict an appre-ciably lower condensate fraction than the ideal case,and are in very good agreement with each other over the full tem-perature range considered.The low energy excitations of a Bose-Einstein condensate are quasi-particles,which are ac-curately described by Bogoliubov theory (such as the HFBP theory),however the thermodynamic properties of the system are dominated by the single particle modes (e.g.see [24]).A comparison of the Bogoliubov and Hartree-Fock spectra of a T =0dipolar Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC)was made in [17].That comparison revealed that the spectra were al-most identical,except for low energy modes with low values of angular momentum,where small differences in the modeFIG.1.(a)Condensate fraction and (b)density oscillation contrast (see text)for a dipolar BEC in a λ=7pancake trap.Hartree re-sults (pluses),HFBP results (solid lines),ideal gas result (dashed line).HFBP data corresponds to results shown in Figs.5and 6of Ref.[18].Other parameters:{ωρ,ωz }=2π×{100,700}s −1,N =16.3×10352Cr atoms with contact interactions tuned tozero.T 0c =3 N/ζ(3) ω/k B is the ideal condensation tempera-ture,where ω=3 ω2ρωz and ζ(α)is the Riemann zeta function with ζ(3)≈1.202.2.Density Oscillating Ground StatesAn interesting feature of dipolar condensates is the occur-rence of ground states with density oscillation features,where the condensate density has a local minimum at trap center.For3 a cylindrically symmetric trap these states are biconcave(redblood cell shaped–surfaces of constant density are shown inFig.6)first predicted for T=0condensates in Ref.[11].In the purely dipolar case such biconcave states occur undercertain conditions of trap and dipole parameters,but notablyonly forλ 6and for dipole strengths close to instability.In[18]the HFBP technique was used to assess the effect oftemperature on the density oscillating states.This was char-acterized by the contrast,a measure of the magnitude of thedensity oscillation,defined asc=1−n(0)n max,(6)where n(0)is the density at trap center and n max is the maxi-mum density of the system.In Fig.1(b)we compare our Hartree and HFBP theories for the contrast.This comparison reveals some small residual dif-ferences between the theories,however the results are in rea-sonable agreement and both predict that the contrast goes to zero(i.e.the condensate returns to having maximum density at trap center)at T≈0.65T0c.B.Mechanical stabilityOurfirst application of the Hartree theory is to study the finite temperature mechanical stability of a trapped dipolar Bose gas.To do this we construct a phase diagram for the range of dipole strengths for which the gas is stable for a num-ber of different trap geometries.Such stability properties,and the dependence on interactions and trap geometry,have been measured accurately in the dipolar system in the zero temper-ature limit(e.g.see[16]).We note theoretical studies[25–27] showing the important role of temperature on the observed stability of7Li condensates[28],which have an attractive con-tact interaction.1.Locating the stability boundaryWe consider a trapped sample offixed mean number N and wish to determine the values of the dipole interaction param-eter for which the system is mechanically stable as a function of temperature.In doing so we construct a phase diagram in{C dd,T}-space that indicates the stable region.In prac-tice we locate the stability boundary(i.e.a curve)that sep-arates the stable and unstable regions.Our procedure to ob-tain this boundary involves a computationally intensive search through parameter space tofind the self-consistent solutions on the verge of instability.Determining the stability boundary forfixed mean number N complicates this process:since we work in the grand-canonical ensemble where the proper vari-ables are{µ,C dd,T},an additional iterative search over the parameterµis required tofix N to the desired target number. In Fig.2we provide some examples to illustrate how we identify the value of the DDI at the stability boundary for a gas with(target number)N=2×105atoms at a particularFIG.2.Locating instability(upper subplots):(a)The total num-ber of atoms of the self-consistent Hartree solution versus chem-ical potential forλ=1/8,k B T=40 ωand C dd=7×10−4 ωa3ho(dashed,case A),1.5×10−4 ωa3ho(solid,case B), with a ho=Each line terminates at the point of in-stability and occurs at the respective critical number N crit.(b) Same results as in(a)but plotted against 0−µ.The dotted line represents the target number,in this case N=2×105.Den-sity Profiles(lower subplots):Solid(dashed)line represents the ra-dial(axial)density n,higher curves are near the stability bound-ary.λ=1,N=2×105.(c)T/T0c=0.82(N0/N≈0.43) and C dd/4πC0={3.65×10−4(gray),1.83×10−4(black)}.(d)T/T0c=1.27and C dd/4πC0={2.91(gray),1.22(black)}. We have introduced the interaction strength unit C0= ωa3ho/6√N which is convenient for cases where N isfixed,and allows our sub-sequent results to be directly compared to those in[15].temperature.To do this we show the dependence of total atom number onµfor two different values of the DDI[Fig.2(a)]. For both curves the total number increases as we move along these curves until some maximum value N crit is reached at which the system becomes unstable.The non-monotonic be-havior of these curves arises because the ground state energy 0changes as the number of atoms increases,and hence the role of DDIs increases.For this reason we also show the same two cases,but as a function of 0−µ,in Fig.2(b).The sharp cusps in Figs.2(a)and(b)correspond to the point where the system condenses[i.e.where 0−µ≈0].The dependence of 0on N0is strongly dependent on the trap ge-ometry,and for the cases we consider here withλ=1/8, 0 decreases with increasing N0.This is because the head-to-tail character,in the cigar geometry,emphasizes the attractive part of the DDI so that as the condensate number increases, 0 (≈µ)decreases.a stringent numerical task and requires careful convergence tests.For condensates with contact interactions this type of numerical instability analysis was applied in Refs.[25–27](also see Ref.[15]).In Fig.2(a)the instability point occurs at the end of the upper horizontal plateau in the N versus µcurves (compare to Fig.1of [25]).We show examples of the spatial density profiles for a spherical trap in Figs.2(c)and (d).The system considered in Fig.2(c)is condensed,while that considered in Fig.2(d)is above the critical temperature.For both cases a result is shown that is well inside the stable region (black curves)and near the stability boundary (gray curves).Despite a large difference in the density scales of the two regimes they both exhibit a similar sharpening of the density profile near instability.An additional consideration emerges for stability calcula-tions below T c in regimes where the condensate is in a density oscillating state.Here the first mode to go soft (and then de-velop imaginary parts)as the stability boundary is reached is a m =0quasi-particle mode [29],where m is the angular mo-mentum projection quantum number (so called angular roton mode [11]).This instability is not revealed in the Hartree exci-tations,and as we solve for the condensate in the m =0space (see Appendix B),the condensate does not exhibit numerical instability.Thus in cases where the condensate exhibits a den-sity oscillating state we perform a Bogoliubov analysis of the condensate mode (within the effective potential of the self-consistent Hartree solution)to determine if any m =0modes have become unstable [30].2.Stability above T cIn Fig.3we show our results for the stability of the normal phase.In previous work we examined this regime using a semiclassical Hartree approach in which the density isn (x )=λ−3dB ζ3/2 e β[µ−V eff (x )],(7)where V eff(x )is the effective potential calculated using n (x )[see Eq.(4)],ζα(z )= ∞j =1z j /j αis the Bose function,andλdB =h/√2πMk B T .The semiclassical results are shown as solid lines in Fig.3.FIG.3.(Color online)Stability regions in DDI-temperature space.Shaded regions indicate stability for each geometry,from top to bot-tom λ={8,4,2,1,1/2,1/8},the geometric mean trap frequency is fixed and N =2×105.Actual data points represented by symbols while the shading of the stable regions interpolates to guide the eye,the semiclassical model is given by the solid curves.Error bars rep-resent the 1σspread in the convergence test (see Appendix B 3for more details).We observe that as a general trend the stability region grows with increasing λ.The strong geometry dependence of these results arises from the anisotropy of the dipole interaction:In oblate geometries (λ>1)the dipoles are predominantly side-by-side and interact repulsively (stabilizing),whereas in pro-late geometries (λ<1)the attractive (destabilizing)head-to-tail interaction of the dipoles dominates (a similar geometry dependence is observed for the stability of T =0dipolar con-densates [11,12]).A primary concern is the nature of beyond semiclassi-cal effects,i.e.what differences emerge from our diagonal-ized Hartree theory over the semiclassical formulation.Most prominently in the results of Fig.3we observe that while the Hartree and semiclassical stability boundaries are in good agreement for prolate geometries,in oblate traps the Hartree results are significantly more stable.This difference between the boundaries predicted by the two theories increases with increasing λ.This observation is surprising because our cal-culation is for a rather large number of atoms (N =2×105),where the semiclassical approximation would normally be ex-pected to furnish an accurate description of the above T c be-havior.We attribute this failure of the semiclassical theory to its inappropriate treatment of the interactions between the low energy modes [31].The nature of the DDI,when tightly con-fined along the polarization direction,has been extensively studied in application to pure BECs [14,32],where it has been shown that it confers additional stability on the system,as verified in recent experiments [33].This arises from a con-finement induced momentum dependence of the interaction:the interaction is repulsive (stabilizing)for low momentum interactions,but decays to being attractive with a character-istic wavevector k ∼1/a z set by the z confinement length5a z=zNotably these features of the confined inter-action mediate BEC instability through the softening of radi-ally excited modes with a wavelength∼a z[32,34–37].It is not clear that these confinement effects will be applica-ble at a modestly oblate trap withλ=8,however numerical studies have revealed that quasi-particle modes with a wave-length∼a z soften in a BEC withλ=7[11].Within the limited range of results we have forλ>1we see evidence consistent with confinement induced effects playing an impor-tant role in the above T c Hartree calculations.Notably,that the relative difference between the stability boundaries of the Hartree and semiclassical calculations scale with1/a2z.Also, when the system is unstable,during the self-consistency it-erations(prior to collapse)strong radial densityfluctuations develop in the systemA key prediction from our semiclassical study[15]is a dou-ble instability feature in oblate trapping geometries arising from the interplay of thermal gas saturation and the anisotropy of the DDI.Our Hartree calculations in this oblate regime, despite shifting the stability boundary from the semiclassical prediction by a considerable amount,reveal that the double instability feature is robust to beyond-semiclassical effects.A prominent feature of the semiclassical calculation is that the stability curves for the purely dipolar gas terminate at the critical point with C dd=0(i.e.predicting that without con-tact interactions only an ideal gas is stable below T c).This oc-curs because the local compressibility at trap center diverges at the critical point and the gas is unstable to any attractive in-teraction(see[15]).In the beyond-semiclassical calculations the trap provides afinite momentum cutoff that prevents the divergence of compressibility,and thus the system has afi-nite residual stability at and below T c(which we consider in Sec.III B3).3.Stability below T cIn Fig.4we consider the stability below T c where the semi-classical model does not apply.These results are identical to those shown in Fig.3,but the below T c details are revealed us-ing a logarithmic vertical pared to the above T c gas the condensate is rather fragile,with the critical DDI strength defining the stability boundary decreasing by∼3to4orders of magnitude.In the zero temperature limit our results agree with previ-ous calculations based on solving the Gross-Pitaevskii equa-tion[11].This agreement is expected as the two theories are identical when the excited modes have vanishing population. For a pure condensate,the critical DDI strength depends on the condensate number and trap geometry according to[11]C dd=F(λ)N0,(T=0)(8)with F(λ)a rather interesting function of trap geometry alone, as characterized in Fig.1of[11][41].More generally,beyond the case of pure DDIs,F also depends on the contact interac-tion strength,e.g.see[12,37].FIG.5.(Color online)Stability boundary scaling.The stability boundary results(symbols)have been taken from Fig.4forλ= {8,1,1/8}(top to bottom).Dashed line prediction is based on a non-interacting N0scaling(see text)and the solid line uses the N0calcu-lated from the Hartree solutions.As temperature increases,but focusing on T<T0c,we ob-serve in Fig.4that the stability boundary increases signifi-cantly.This occurs because as the temperature increases the condensate is thermally depleted.Indeed,by simply account-ing for the thermal depletion we can immediately extend result(8)to predict the critical value of the DDI atfinite temperatureC dd(T):C dd(T)=F(λ)N0(T)=C dd(0)NN0(T),(9)where the last expression is obtained using N0(T=0)=N. Equation(9)predicts that the stability atfinite temperaturewas in Ref.[18][which we reproduce in Fig.1(b)].That study considered a single line (at fixed C dd and N and varying T )through the phase diagram,and showed that biconcavity per-sisted at small finite temperatures (T 0.25T 0c ),but then was rapidly washed out as temperature increased further.Using our Hartree theory we provide a broad characteriza-tion of the thermal effects on biconcavity.We focus on the case λ=8,which supports a biconcave condensate at T =0.In Fig.6(a)we present contours of biconcave contrast [as de-fined in Eq.(6)]over the entire range of parameters where this state is stable.These results show that biconcavity is not destroyed as temperature increases.Instead the parameter re-gion over which biconcavity occurs grows,with large bicon-cave contrasts emerging at higher temperature.The general trends seen can be understood by considering the thermal de-pletion of the condensate,using similar arguments to those made to obtain Eq.(9):as the temperature increases the value of C dd required for the condensate to exhibit a biconcave den-sity profile should increase in a manner that is approximately inversely proportional to the condensate occupation.Thus,the washing out observed in [18][our Fig.1(b)]arises because they considered C dd fixed.Thermal depletion of the conden-sate is not sufficient to explain all aspects observed in our re-sults,e.g.the deepening of the biconcave contrast that devel-ops at higher temperatures in Fig.6(a).This arises from ad-ditional effects of the thermal interaction with the condensate,e.g.small changes in the aspect ratio of the effective poten-tial that the condensate experiences can significantly changeeral trends seen can be understood by considering the ther-mal depletion of the condensate,using similar arguments to those made to obtain Eq.(9):as the temperature increases a the value of C dd required for the condensate to exhibit a bi-concave density profile should increase in a manner that is approximately inversely proportional to the condensate occu-pation.Thus,the washing out observed in [18][our Fig.1(b)]arises because they considered C dd fixed.Thermal depletion of the condensate is not sufficient to explain all aspects ob-served,e.g.the deepening of the biconcave contrast.This arises from additional effects of the thermal interaction with the condensate,e.g.small changes in the aspect ratio of the ef-fective potential from the condensate can significantly change the contrast (c.f.Fig.1of Ref.[11]).In Fig.6(lower)we show two examples of the biconcave density profiles at different temperatures.Case B displays the very pronounced biconcavity for a system at T ≈0.9T 0c ,where the condensate fraction is N 0/N ≈0.07.IV .CONCLUSIONSIn this paper we have developed a Hartree theory for a trapped dipolar Bose gas that can be applied to make predic-tions above and below the critical temperature T c for conden-sation.We have used this theory to quantify the role of ther-mal fluctuations on the mechanical stability of the cloud,and present results for the stability phase diagram as a function of 6810ρ/a h o(b)FIG.6.(Color online)Biconcave characteristics for λ=8and N =2×105at finite temperature.(a)Stability diagram for λ=8from Fig.3with biconcave contrast contours {0,0.05,0.1,0.15,0.2,0.25}(bottom to top)added.The solid curves are interpolations be-tween the calculated contours points.The white dotted line marks where we terminate the contours due to the condensate fraction be-coming negligibly small.Triangles indicate the stability boundary from Fig.5.Inset:Magnification of the high temperature region.(b)Radial densities for phase space points marked by A and B of the upper figure.A:T/T 0c=0.0910,C dd /4πC 0=0.00268and N 0/N =1.00(thermal depletion <1%).B:T/T 0c =0.910,C dd/4πC 0=0.0291and N 0/N =0.0716.Solid (dashed)lines represent the total (condensate)density.Insets:corresponding sur-face contour at 67%of the peak density.temperature and aspect ratio.Our results show that the ther-mal depletion of the condensate can lead to an enhancement of the parameter regime over which biconcave density oscil-lations are found.Furthermore,a large thermal cloud may actually enhance the biconcave contrast making direct imag-ing of an in situ blood cell more feasible,see Fig.6(lower).Above T c we find that the results of our theory predict signif-icant corrections to the stability boundary over the equivalent Hartree semiclassical theory.Most notably,the semiclassical theory underestimates the size of the stability region for oblate FIG.6.(Color online)Biconcave characteristics for λ=8and N =2×105at finite temperature.(a)Stability diagram with bi-concave contrast contours {0,0.05,0.1,0.15,0.2,0.25}(bottom to top)added.The solid curves are interpolations between the cal-culated contour points.The white dotted line marks where we ter-minate the contours due to the condensate fraction becoming negli-gibly small.Triangles indicate the stability boundary from Fig.4.Inset:Magnification of the high temperature region.(b)Radial densities for phase space points marked by A and B in (a).A:T/T 0c =0.0910,C dd /4πC 0=0.00268and N 0/N =1.00(ther-mal depletion <1%).B:T/T 0c =0.910,C dd /4πC 0=0.0291and N 0/N =0.0716.Solid (dashed)lines represent the total (conden-sate)density.Insets:corresponding surface contours at 67%of the peak density.the contrast (c.f.the strong dependence of biconcavity on trap aspect ratio near λ=8in Fig.1of Ref.[11]).In Fig.6(b)we show two examples of the biconcave density profiles at different temperatures.Case B displays the verypronounced biconcavity for a system at T ≈0.9T 0c ,wherethe condensate fraction is N 0/N ≈0.07.IV .CONCLUSIONSIn this paper we have developed a Hartree theory for a trapped dipolar Bose gas that can be applied to make predic-。

a rXiv:h ep-ph/9911451v123Nov1999FIUN-CP-99/2Dispersion relations at finite temperature and density for nucleons and pions R.Hurtado 1Department of Physics,University of Wales Singleton Park,Swansea,SA28PP,United Kingdom J.Morales 1and C.Quimbay 1Departamento de F´ısica,Universidad Nacional de Colombia Ciudad Universitaria,Santaf´e de Bogot´a ,D.C.,Colombia November 21,1999To be published in Heavy Ion Physics Abstract We calculate the nucleonic and pionic dispersion relations at finite tem-perature (T )and non-vanishing chemical potentials (µf )in the context of an effective chiral theory that describes the strong and electromagnetic interac-tions for nucleons and pions.The dispersion relations are calculated in thebroken chiral symmetry phase,where the nucleons are massive and pions are taken as massless.The calculation is performed at lowest order in the energy expansion,working in the framework of the real time formalism of thermal field theory in the Feynman gauge.These one-loop dispersion relations are ob-tained at leading order with respect to T and µf .We also evaluate the effective masses of the quasi-nucleon and quasi-pion excitations in thermal and chemical conditions as the ones of a neutron star.Keywords:Chiral Lagrangians,Dispersion Relations,Finite Temperature,Chemical Potentials,Nucleons,Pions.1IntroductionEffective chiral theories have become a major conceptual and analytical tool in par-ticle physics driven by the need of a theory to describe the low–energy phenomenology of QCD.The foundations were formulated originally by Weinberg[1]to characterise the most general S-matrix elements for soft pion interactions and later it was further developed by Gasser and Leutwyler[2].Effective chiral theories have shown to be an adequate framework to treat low–energy phenomenology[3]-[6],as they reproduce,at lowest order in the chiral expansion,the most important results from current algebras including the low–energy theorems,and at next-to-leading order,they give precise corrections to these results[3].They have been widely applied to different problems as meson–meson,meson–baryon,photon–photon,photon–meson and photon–baryon scattering,photoproduction processes and rare kaon decays[7,18].The propagation properties of relativistic particles in plasmas atfinite tempera-ture is also a subject of increasing interest.It is well known that the interaction of a particle with a plasma in thermal equilibrium at temperature T modifies the Disper-sion Relations(DR)with respect to the zero temperature situation.This phenomenon has been extensively investigated for the non-dense plasma case[19]-[30],i.e.when the chemical potential(µf)associated to the fermions of the thermal plasma is equal to zero:µf=0and T=0.In this case the Fermionic Dispersion Relations(FDR) have been studied for massless fermions in[19]-[22]and massive fermions in[23]-[30]. The FDR describe the propagation of the fermionic excitations of the plasma(quasi-fermions and quasi-holes)through the thermal background.These excitations are originated in the collective behaviour of the plasma system at low momentum.On the other hand,DR describing the propagation of the fermionic excitations of a dense plasma atfinite temperature can be found in literature[31]-[35].For the dense plasma case atfinite temperature,i.e.µf=0and T=0,the FDR have been calculated both for massless fermions in[31]-[34]and for massive fermions in[35]. These FDR have been calculated in the context of realistic physical models,as for instance,the Minimal Standard Model[29,34].In the present work we calculate the DR for quasi–nucleons and quasi–pions prop-agating in a plasma atfinite temperature and non–vanishing chemical potentials. The calculation is performed for a SU(2)L×SU(2)R effective chiral Lagrangian with the chiral symmetry broken into SU(2)L+R.This Lagrangian,which we introduce in section2,describe the strong and electromagnetic interactions of massive nucleons and massless pions.The calculation is performed using the real time formalism of the thermalfield theory[36]-[38]in the Feynman gauge.The one–loop DR are calculated at lowest order in the energy expansion and obtained taking the T2andµ2f terms from the self–energy,as shown in section3.As an application of the DR obtained,we evaluate the effective masses of the quasi–nucleon and quasi–pion excitations takingthe following values:T=150MeV,µp=100MeV andµn=2µp,beingµp(µn)the chemical potential for protons(neutrons)[43].This evaluation is shown in section4, as well as the discussion of the main results and conclusions.2Effective chiral Lagrangian at leading order in the energy expansionEffective chiral theories are founded in the existence of an energy scaleΛχat which chiral symmetry SU(N f)L×SU(N f)R,with N f the number offlavours,breaks into SU(N f)L+R leading to N2f−1Goldstone bosons associated to the N f broken generators.These Goldstone bosons are identified with the meson ground state octet for N f=3,and with the triplet of pions[2,6]in the case of N f=2.The chiral symmetry of the Lagrangian is broken through the introduction of an explicit mass term for the nucleons.A general form for a Lagrangian with SU(2)L+R symmetry describing the strong and electromagnetic interactions for massive nucleons and massless pions is[39,40]:L=F2π4FµνFµν,(2.1)whereLπN=¯Niγµ∂µN−ie¯NγµAµ 1+τ32FπN+Mg2A¯N τ·πFπ,(2.4) where the covariant derivative and electromagnetic charge are defined asDµΣ=∂µΣ+ieAµ[Q,Σ],(2.5)Q= 23 .(2.6)Hereπ,N and Aµrepresent the pion,nucleon and electromagneticfields,Fπ=93MeV is the pion decay constant,e is the electromagnetic coupling constant,g A=1.26is the axial coupling constant,and M is the average nucleon mass.3Dispersion relations for nucleons and pionsIn this section we calculate the DR for nucleons and pions in the framework of the Lagrangian given by(2.1).We consider the propagation of the nucleonic and pionic excitations in a dense thermal plasma constituted by protons,neutrons,charged pions,=0,where f i neutral pions and photons,being this plasma characterised byµfirepresents the different fermion species.The calculation is performed in the real time formalism of the thermalfield theory in the Feynman gauge.The real part of the nucleonic and pionic self-energies are evaluated at lowest order in the energy expansion and at one-loop order(g A/Fπ)2,considering only the leading contributions in T andµf.The Feynman rules for the vertices atfinite temperature and density(Fig.1)are the same as those at T=0andµf=0,while the propagators in the Feynman gauge for photons Dµν(p),pions D(p)and massive nucleons S(p)are[41]:Dµν(p)=−gµν 1−iΓb(p),(3.2)p2+iǫp/S(p)=,(3.6)e(p·u)/T−1n f(p)=θ(p·u)n−f(p)+θ(−p·u)n+f(p),(3.7) being n b(p)the Bose–Einstein distribution function,and the Fermi–Dirac distribution functions for fermions(n−f(p))and anti-fermions(n+f(p))are:1n∓f(p)=3.1Nucleonic Dispersion RelationUsing the Feynman diagrams given in Fig.(2),we calculate the FDR for quasi–protons and quasi–neutrons.In order to apply a similar procedure to that followed in[21,29,34],wefirst consider the hypothetical case of massless nucleons.In this case,we obtain two solutions:one describing the propagation of quasi-fermionsw(k)=M p,n+k3M p,n+O(k3),(3.9)and another one describing the propagation of quasi-holesw(k)=M p,n−k3M p,n+O(k3).(3.10)We observe that if k=0,w(k)=M p,n.Then M p(M n)can be interpreted as the effective mass of the quasi-protons(quasi-neutrons),and their expressions are: M2p= 3g2A M28 T2+g2A M22 +e2µ2p64F2πT2+g2A M22+µ2p .(3.12)For the limit k>>M p,n the FDR are:w(k)=k+M2p,n2k3Log(2k2of the chiral phase transition in non–zero hadronic density [42].We observe that m p,n>Mp,n ,where m p (m n )is the rest mass of the proton (neutron)and M p,n aregiven by (3.11)and (3.12).In the limit m 2p,n >>M 2p,n the FDR become [24]:w (k )2=k 2+m 2p,n +M 2p,n .(3.15)Starting from relation (3.15)and equations (3.11),(3.12),we obtain a generalexpression for the nucleon effective mass splitting ∆M 2N :∆M 2N =m 2p −m 2n +e 2T 28π2 g 2A M 2µ2n 8F 2π+e 2µ2p .(3.16)3.2Pionic Dispersion RelationUsing the Feynman rules given in Fig.(1),we obtain the following DR for quasi-pions:w (k )2=k 2+M 2π±,π0,(3.17)where M π±(M π0)is the effective mass for charged (neutral)quasi–pions,and their expressions are:M 2π±=T 2F 2π+e2 +g 2A M 28π2F 2π2π2T 212.(3.20)4Results and conclusionsWe now give the results of the calculation for the effective masses of quasi–nucleons and quasi–pions.We have used the following values m p =938.271MeV,m n =939.566MeV,M =938.919MeV,T =150MeV,µp =100MeV,µn =200MeV,e 2=0.095.The temperature and chemical potential values are of the order of those in a neutron star [43].The results for the effective masses are:M p=1036.5133MeV M n=1033.8394MeV M π±=637.2312MeV M π0=637.0914MeVwhere M p,M n,Mπ±and Mπ0are the effective masses for the proton,neutron,charged pions and the neutral pion,including the strong and electromagnetic interactions.The effective mass splitting for nucleons and pions are:∆(M p−M n)=2.6740MeV∆(Mπ±−Mπ0)=0.1398MeVwhere∆(Mπ±−Mπ0)is due exclusively to the combined electromagnetic interaction and temperature effects,as shown at(3.20).For the nucleons,from the total effective mass splitting∆(M p−M n),the combined electromagnetic and temperature contribute is∆em(M p−M n)=0.0058MeV.In conclusion,temperature effects enter into the effective mass splitting relations (3.16)and(3.20)exclusively in the electromagnetic interaction term,which at T=0vanishes.Also,in the framework of our model we found that,for the chemical potentials and temperature used,the effective mass on the proton is bigger than the one of the neutron.Our results should be improved by considering massive pions and introducing the weak interaction,as well as using a realistic model for neutron stars, to be presented in short.AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by COLCIENCIAS(Colombia),Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Centro Internacional de F´ısica.We want also to thank to Fernando Cristancho by invitation to participate in the Third Latinamerican Workshop on Nuclear and Heavy Ion Physics,San Andr´e s,Colombia.References[1]Weinberg,Physica A96(1979)327.[2]J.Gasser and Leutwyler,Ann.Phys(N.Y)(1984)158;Nucl.Phys.B250(1985)465.[3]J.F.Donoghue,E.Golowich and B.R.Holstein,“Dynamics of the StandardModel”,Cambridge University Press,1992.[4]U.G.Meissner,Rep.Prog.Phys.56(1993)903.[5]A.Pich,Rep.Prog.Phys.58(1995)563.[6]G.Ecker,Prog.Part.Nucl.Phys.35(1995)1;G.Ecker and M.Mojzis,Phys.Lett.B365(1996)312.[7]M.Wise,Phys.Rev.D45(1992)R2188.[8]G.Bardman and J.Donoghue,Phys.Lett.B280(1992)287.[9]T.M.Yan,H.Y.Chang and C.Y.Cheung,Phys.Rev.D46(1992)1148.[10]P.Cho,Phys.Lett.B285(1992)145.[11]Chungsik Song,Phys.Rev.D49(1994)1556.[12]E.Oset,J.A.Oller,J.R.Pelaez and A.Ramos,Acta Phys.Polon.B29(1998)3101.[13]J.A.Oller and E.Oset,Nucl.Phys.A620(1997)438.[14]N.Kaiser and P.B.Siegel,Nucl.Phys.A594(1995)325.[15]N.Kaiser and T.Waas,Nucl Phys A612(1997)297.[16]T.S.Park and D.P.Min,Phys.Rep.233(1993)341.[17]V.Bernard and N.Kaiser.Phys.Rep.246(1994)315;J.Modern of Physics E4(1995)193.[18]U.Mosel,“Fields,Symmetries,and Quarks”.Springer(1998).[19]O.K.Kalashnikov and V.V.Klimov,Sov.J.Nucl.Phys.31(1980)699.[20]V.V.Klimov,Sov.J.Nucl.Phys.33(1981)934;Sov.Phys.JETP55(1982)199.[21]H.A.Weldon,Phys.Rev.D26,2789(1982);Physica A158(1989)169;Phys.Rev.D40(1989)2410.[22]G.Gatoffand J.Kapusta,Phys.Rev.D41(1990)611.[23]R.Pisarski,Nucl.Phys.A498(1989)423c.[24]T.Altherr and P.Aurenche,Phys.Rev.D40(1989)4171.[25]V.V.Lebedev and A.V.Smilga,Ann.Phys.(NY)202(1980)229.[26]G.Baym,J.P.Blaizot and B.Svetitsky,Phys.Rev.D46(1992)4043.[27]E.Petitgirard,Z.Phys.C54(1992)673.[28]K.Enqvist,P.Elmforms and I.Vilja,Nucl.Phys.B412(1994)459.[29]C.Quimbay and S.Vargas-Castrillon,Nucl.Phys.B451(1995)265.[30]A.Riotto and I.Vilja,Phys.Lett.B402(1997)314.[31]E.J.Levinson and D.H.Boal,Phys.Rev.D31(1985)3280.[32]J.P.Blaizot and J.Y.Ollitrault,Phys.Rev.D48(1993)1390.[33]A.Erdas,C.W.Kim and J.A.Lee,Phys.Rev.D48(1993)3901.[34]J.Morales,C.Quimbay and F.Fonseca,Nucl.Phys.B560(1999)601.[35]O.K.Kalashnikov,Mod.Phys.Lett.A12(1997)347;JETP Lett.67(1998)1;Phys.Scripta58(1998)310;Mod.Phys.Lett.A13(1998)1719.[36]S.L.Dolan and R.Jackiw,Phys.Rev.D9(1974)3320.[37]A.J.Niemi and G.W.Semenoff,Ann.Phys.(N.Y.)152(1984)105.[38]ndsman and Ch.G.van Weert,Phys.Rep.145(1987)141.[39]M.K.Volkov and V.N.Pervushin,Yad.Fiz.22(1975)346[40]P.Chang and F.Gursey,Phys.Rev.164(1967)1752.[41]R.L.Kobes,G.W.Semenoffand N.Weiss,Z.Phys.C29(1985)371.[42]L.D.McLerran and B.Svetitsky,Phys.Lett.B98(1981)195;J.Kogut at al.,Phys.Rev.Lett.48(1982)1140;J.Polonyi et al.,Phys.Rev.Lett.53(1984), 664.[43]J.Byrne,”Neutrons,Nuclei and Matter and Exploration of the Physics of SlowNeutrons”,Institute of Physics Publishing,Bristol and Philadelphia,1996.Figure1:Feynman Rules of the LπN.Figure2:Self–energy contributions for the calculation of FDR for:(a)Protons(b) Neutrons.。

Evaporator.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 11 Compressor ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Compressor, method of operation .................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Condenser .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 12 Expansion process................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 High and low pressure sides of the refrigeration plant .....................................................................................................................................................12

Page 1 of 3Instruction ManualDigital Flow Switch – Manifold type PF3WB / PF3WC PF3WS / PF3WRThe intended use of thedigital flow switch manifoldis to monitor and adjust fluid flow to a device while connected to the IO-Link protocol.These safety instructions are intended to prevent hazardous situations and/or equipment damage. These instructions indicate the level of potential hazard with the labels of “Caution,” “Warning” or “Danger.”They are all important notes for safety and must be followed in addition to International Standards (ISO/IEC) *1), and other safety regulations. *1)ISO 4414: Pneumatic fluid power - General rules relating to systems. ISO 4413: Hydraulic fluid power - General rules relating to systems.IEC 60204-1: Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines. (Part 1: General requirements)ISO 10218-1: Manipulating industrial robots -Safety. etc.• Refer to product catalogue, Operation Manual and Handling Precautions for SMC Products for additional information. • Keep this manual in a safe place for future reference.CautionCaution indicates a hazard with a low level of risk which, ifnot avoided, could result in minor or moderate injury.WarningWarning indicates a hazard with a medium level of riskwhich, if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury.DangerDanger indicates a hazard with a high level of risk which, ifnot avoided, will result in death or serious injury.Warning• Always ensure compliance with relevant safety laws and standards.• All work must be carried out in a safe manner by a qualified person in compliance with applicable national regulations.• This product is class A equipment intended for use in an industrial environment. There may be potential difficulties in ensuring electromagnetic compatibility in other environments due to conducted or radiated disturbances.• Refer to the operation manuals on the SMC website (URL: https:// ) for more safety instructions.Warning• Special products (-X) might have specifications different from those shown in the following section. Contact SMC for specific drawings.2 Specifications2.1 Manifold Common Specifications2.2 IO-Link specifications (for PF3W7##-L flow switch)• Refer to the PF3WB Operation Manual and the Operation Manual for the PF3W7, PF3W7-L or PF3W5 series on the SMC website (URL: https:// ) for more Specification details.3.1 PF3WB type ManifoldPart DescriptionSupply(Supply unit)This unit supplies the fluid from the supply side main piping to the application.Flow adjustment valve and stop valve can be combined to comprise the equipment.• The supply unit is not suitable for a flow switch. Return(Return unit)This unit returns the fluid exhausted from the application.Flow adjustment valve and stop valve can be combined to comprise the equipment.Flow switch The flow switch displays or outputs the flow rate when flow is applied.• Applicable to integrated display type / remote sensor type (temperature sensor type can be selected).• IO-Link compatible (Integrated display type PF3W7##-L only).• Cannot be used for the supply unit.Display The integrated display type displays flow rate, set value and error codes.The remote type displays POWER indicator and FLOW indicator.For display, refer to the Operation Manual.(Display integrated type: PF3W7, remote sensor type sensor: PF3W5)Connector This is for connecting the lead wire.PartDescriptionLead wire with M8 connectorLead wire to supply power to and obtain output signals from the flow switchFlow adjustment valveOrifice mechanism to adjust the flow rate.• The flow adjustment valve is not suitable for applications which require constant adjustment of flow rate.• This valve is not suitable for stopping the flow. • Applicable to both the supply and return unit. Flow adjustment knob This knob is for adjusting the flow rate. Lock ringThis is used for holding the flow adjustment valve.Stop valveThis is the mechanism for stopping the flow rate. ∗: Not suitable for adjusting the flow rate. ∗: Applicable to supply/return unit.Stop valve handleThis handle is for stopping the flow rate. When the handle is rotated by 90°, it is possible to stop the flow rate.AttachmentTo connect the piping of the supply/return units. Main pipingTo connect the piping of the manifold body. Open or close cannot be selected.• PF3WC series is not applicable to “Close”. • It is not possible to change the main piping after ordering.ORIGINAL INSTRUCTIONSModel PF3WBPF3WCPF3WSPF3WRManifold specifications Integrated type Remote type Arrangement 1 to 10 stationSupply or Return: 1 to 5 station1 to 10 station1 to 10 stationU n i t Rated flow range 0.5 to 4 L/min, 2 to 16 L/min, 5 to 40 L/min Supply unit construction With flow adjustment valve / stop valve- Return unit construction Flow switch,flow adjustment valve,stop valve-Flow switch, adjustment valve, stop valveF l u i d Applicable fluid Water and ethylene glycol solution with aviscosity of 3 mPa •s(3 cP) or less Fluid temp. 0 to 90 o C (No freezing and condensation)P r e s s u r e Operating pressure range 0 to 1 MPa Proof pressure 1.5 MPaPressure loss Refer to graph for pressure lossE n v i r o n m e n tEnclosure IP65Operating temp. range 0 to 50 oC (No freezing and condensation)Operating humidity range Operation, Storage: 85%R.H. (No condensation)Materials in contact with fluidPPS, SUS304, FKMGrease free P i p i n g p o r tMain piping 1 inch Attachments 3/8, 1/2, 3/4 inch•The PF3WB type manifold is shown .The individual parts of the PF3WC, PF3WS and PF3WR are the same.4.1 InstallationWarning•Do not install the product unless the safety instructions havebeen read and understood.•Use the product within the specified operating pressure andtemperature range.•Tighten to the specified tightening torque.If the tightening torque is exceeded the mounting screws, brackets andthe product can be broken. Insufficient torque can cause displacementof the product from its correct position.•Do not drop, hit or apply excessive shock to the product.Otherwise damage to the internal parts can result, causing malfunction.•Do not pull the lead wire forcefully, and do not lift the product bypulling the lead wire (tensile force 49 N or less).4.2 EnvironmentWarning•Do not use in an environment where corrosive gases, chemicals, saltwater or steam are present.•Do not use in an explosive atmosphere.•Do not expose to direct sunlight. Use a suitable protective cover.•Do not install in a location subject to vibration or impact in excess ofthe product’s specifications.•Do not mount in a location exposed to radiant heat that would result intemperatures in excess of the product’s specifications.•Do not use the product in places where there are cyclic temperaturechanges.Heat cycles other than ordinary changes in temperature can adverselyaffect the inside of the product.4.3 Mounting•Never mount the product in a location where it will be used as a support.•Mount the product so that the fluid flows in the direction indicated bythe arrow on the product label or on the product body.•Check the flow characteristics data for pressure loss and the straightinlet pipe length effect on accuracy, to determine inlet pipingrequirements.•Do not sharply reduce the piping size.•The monitor with integrated display can be rotated. It can be set at 90ointervals clock and anticlockwise, and also at 45o and 225o clockwise.Rotating the display with excessive force will damage the end stop.•When a stop valve is mounted, rotate the monitor after closing the stopvalve handle.Rotating the monitor with excessive force with the stop valve open, themonitor and stop valve will interfere with each other, causing damage(refer to the figure below).4.4 Direct mounting (PF3W704 / 720 / 740)•When mounting the product, mount it to a panel with screws(equivalent to M6) using the mounting holes provided.•Mounting plate thickness should be approximately 3 mm.•Screws and nuts must be prepared by the user.The PF3WB uses 6 mounting screws, and the PF3WC, PF3WS and4.5 PipingCaution•Before connecting piping make sure to clean up chips, cutting oil, dustetc.•When installing piping or fittings, ensure sealant material does notenter inside the port.•Eliminate any dust left in the piping using an air blow before connectingthe piping to the product.•Ensure there is no leakage after piping.•When connecting piping to the product, hold the piping with a wrenchon the metal part of the piping (piping attachment) and main port of themain piping, which is integrated into the piping.•Using a spanner on other parts may damage the product.In particular, do not let the spanner come into contact with the M8connector. The connector can be easily damaged.After hand tightening, apply a spanner of the correct size to thespanner flats on the product, and tighten it for 2 to 3 rotations, to thetightening torque shown in the table below.If the tightening torque is exceeded, the product can be damaged. Ifthe correct tightening torque is not applied, the fittings may becomeloose.Nominal Thread size Tightening torque Width across flatsRc (NPT) 3/8 15 to 20 N•m 20.9 mmRc (NPT) 1/2 20 to 25 N•m 23.9 mmRc (NPT) 3/4 28 to 30 N•m 29.9 mmRc (NPT) 1 36 to 38 N•m 41.0 mm4.6 WiringCaution•Do not perform wiring while the power is on.•Confirm proper insulation of wiring.Poor insulation (interference from another circuit, poor insulationbetween terminals, etc.) can lead to excess voltage or current beingapplied to the product, causing damage.•Do not route wires and cables together with power or high voltagecables.Otherwise the product can malfunction due to interference of noise andsurge voltage from power and high voltage cables to the signal line.Route the wires (piping) of the product separately from power or highvoltage cables.•Keep wiring as short as possible to prevent interference fromelectromagnetic noise and surge voltage.Do not use a cable longer than 30 m. (IO-Link compatible device: 20m or less).•Ensure that the FG terminal is connected to ground when using acommercially available switch-mode power supply.•When an analogue output is used, install a noise filter (line noise filter,ferrite element, etc.) between the switch-mode power supply and thisproduct.4.7 Connector Wiring5 SettingsRefer to the Operation manuals on the SMC website(URL: https://) for the following Settings:Flow switch Setting and Function setting•Integrated display type: PF3W7•Integrated display type (IO-Link compatible): PF3W7-L•Remote type sensor: PF3W56.1 General MaintenanceCaution•Not following proper maintenance procedures could cause the productto malfunction and lead to equipment damage.•If handled improperly, compressed air can be dangerous.•Maintenance of pneumatic systems should be performed only byqualified personnel.•Before performing maintenance, turn off the power supply and be sureto cut off the supply pressure. Confirm that the air is released toatmosphere.•After installation and maintenance, apply operating pressure andpower to the equipment and perform appropriate functional andleakage tests to make sure the equipment is installed correctly.•If any electrical connections are disturbed during maintenance, ensurethey are reconnected correctly and safety checks are carried out asrequired to ensure continued compliance with applicable nationalregulations.•Do not make any modification to the product.•Do not disassemble the product, unless required by installation ormaintenance instructions.•How to reset the product after a power cut or when the power hasbeen unexpectedly removedWhen the flow switch is the integrated display type, the settings of theproduct are retained from before the power cut or de-energizing.The output condition also recovers to that before the power cut or de-energizing, but may change depending on the operating environment.Therefore, check the safety of the whole system before operating theproduct.7 Troubleshooting7.1 Error indication (PF3W7 Integrated display type)When using PF3W7 integrated display or PF3W5 remote sensorWhen PF3W7-L (IO-Link) is used in SIO modeNo. Name Wire colour Function1 DC(+) Brown 12 to 24 VDC2 N.C./ OUT2 White N.C. / Switch output 2 (SIO)3 DC(-) Blue 0 V4 OUT1 Black Switch output 1 (SIO)When PF3W7-L (IO-Link) is used as IO-Link deviceNo. Name Wire colour Function1 L+ Brown 18 to 30 VDC2 N.C./ OUT2 White N.C. / Switch output 2 (SIO)3 L-Blue 0 V4 C/Q BlackIO-Link data /Switch output 1 (SIO)∗: Wire colours are for the lead wire included with the PF3W7 series.Page 3 of 37.2 Error indication (PF3W5 Remote sensor type) If the error cannot be reset after the above measures are taken, or errors other than the above are displayed, please contact SMC.Refer to the Operation manual on the SMC website (URL: https:// ) for more detailed information about Troubleshooting.8 How to OrderRefer to the operation manual or catalogue on the SMC website (URL: https:// ) for How to order information.9 Outline Dimensions (mm)Refer to the Operation manual on the SMC website (URL: https:// ) for outline and mounting dimensions for the PF3WB, PF3WC, PF3WS and PF3WR.10.1 Limited warranty and Disclaimer/Compliance Requirements Refer to Handling Precautions for SMC Products.11 Product disposalThis product should not be disposed of as municipal waste. Check your local regulations and guidelines to dispose of this product correctly, in order to reduce the impact on human health and the environment.12 ContactsRefer to or www.smc.eu for your local distributor / importer.URL: https:// (Global) https:// (Europe) SMC Corporation, 4-14-1, Sotokanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0021, Japan Specifications are subject to change without prior notice from the manufacturer. © 2021 SMC Corporation All Rights Reserved. Template DKP50047-F-085M。

Test 1: Development of Microbiology■Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. The fundamental unit （基本单位）of all living organisms is the: C■.membrane■.cell■.nucleus■.cell wall2. Organisms that do not contain a true nucleus are referred to as:C■.fungi 真菌■.eukaryotic 真核生物■.prokaryotic 原核生物■.nankaryotic3. T he three kingdom classification system （三界分类系统）of organisms was proposed by:D■.Pasteur■.Bacon■.Winogradsky■.Woese4. Fungi differ from bacteria in a number of characteristics. The cell walls in fungi are composedof , while the cell walls of bacteria are composed of peptidoglycan. A■.chitin 壳多糖■.phospholipid 磷脂■.protein 蛋白质■.glucosamine 葡糖胺5. The first microscopes were developed by: C■.Ehrlich■.Metchnikoff■.Leewenhoek■.Lister6. Control of microbial infections can be accomplished by chemical or immune mechanisms. The first report on the production of an antibiotic（抗生素）is credited to:C■.Lister■.Fleming■.Ehrlich■.Koch7. The term "antibiotic" means:C■.a substance produced by the laboratory that kills or inhibits other microorganisms■.a substance produced by microorganisms that kills or inhibits molds（霉菌）■.a substance produced by microorganism that kills or inhibits other microorganisms■.a substance produced by microorganisms that kills or inhibits cancer cells8. The first documented use of a vaccine（疫苗）for smallpox天花was reported by the English physician:D■.Lister■.Florey■.Fleming■.Jenner9. Active immunity （主动免疫）can be distinguished from passive immunity in that the former requires:B■.development of antibodies in one's own body by stimulation with external antibodies■.development of antibodies in one's own body by stimulation with external antigens（抗原）■.Flemingdevelopment of antibodies in a foreign host and transfer to one' s own body■.development of antigens in one's own body by stimulation with external antibodies10. The process of nitrification（硝化作用）by bacteria described by Winogradsky converts:A■.ammonia to nitrate ions 将氨转化成硝酸盐■.nitrate ions to ammonia 将硝酸盐转化成氨■.N2 to ammonia 将氮气转化成氨■.ammonia to urea 将氨转化成尿素11. The transfer of DNA from one organism to another through the use of a viral vector（病毒载体）is referred to as:B■.electroporation 电穿孔■.conjugation 接合生殖■.transformation 转化■.transduction 转导12. The genetic material of a bacteria is located in the molecule:B■.RNA■.DNA■.protein■.lipid■Fill in the Blank1. Organisms that contain a true nucleus are called__eukaryotic_____2. Bacteria do not have a true nucleus and are considered _____prokaryotic__3. Bacteria can be divided into two groups, the ___archeabacteria____and the ____eubacteria（真细菌）___.4.___anaerobes（厌氧菌）___ are organisms that can grow without using molecular oxygen.5. Microorganisms that can synthesize complex organic compounds from CO2:are called ___autotrophs_（自养菌）__.6. _photoautotrophs（光能自养生物）_____ are microorganisms that obtain their energy to synthesize organic compounds from light.7. _heterotroph_（异养菌）___ require organic compounds for growth.8. Organisms that survive only at very high temperatures are referred to as__thermophile_（适温性）___.9. _methanogen_（产甲烷菌）____ are organisms that produce methane（甲烷）from CO2.10. ___halophile_（好盐的）__organisms grow under conditions of high salinity.11. Eubacteria can exhibit a number of morphological shapes. Identify four: a._spherical or cocci_____ b._cylindrical or rod_____ c.__spirals____ d.___irregular__12. Fungi, algae and protozoa can be differentiated from bacteria by the following characteristic:___eukaryotic____ .13. Fungi have cell wall consisting of __chitin（壳多糖）_____.14. Viruses consist of _nucleic acid_____surrounded by a protein coat.15. The scientific method utilizes deductive reasoning（演绎推理）and observations or experiments to prove or disprove a _hypothesis_（假说）___.16. The theory _spontaneous generation______of held that living organisms could arise from nonliving matter.（非生命物质）17. The process used to reduce the number of viable organisms（活菌）by moderate heating is called:_pasteurization__（巴士消毒法）___ .18. The process of tyndallization（间歇灭菌法）uses repeated heating to eliminate or___sterilize （杀菌）____ microorganisms from solutions.19.An _antibiotic（抗生素）______is a substance produced by microorganisms that inhibits or kills other microorganisms.20. The process of stimulating the immune defenses of the body is referred to as__immunization_____.21. White blood cells that engulf（吞食）foreign particles（异物颗粒）are referred to as_phagocytes___（吞噬细胞）__.22. A substance in serum（免疫血清）that can neutralize（中和）foreign material is referred to as __antitoxin_（抗毒素）___or __antibody__（抗体）__.23. Cells infected with a virus produce a substance called __interfewn____ that inhibits viral replication.24. Avery, Colin and MacLeod first demonstrated that transformation of nonpathogenic（非病原的）to pathogenic strains （致病菌株）of bacteria could be carried out by the transfer of ___DNA___.25. Exchange of genetic information by direct contact is referred to as__conjugation____.26. _transformation_（转化）____ is the process in which DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another.■Matchingl. Francis Bacon a. phagocytosis 吞噬作用2. Anton Leeuwenhoek b. antibody 抗体3. Paul Ehrlich c. nitrification 硝化作用4. Hans Gram d. immunization 免疫法5. Louis Pasteur e. three kingdom classification based on rRNA6. Robert Koch f. structure of DNA7. Joseph Lister g. first microscope 第一台显微镜8. Alexander Fleming h. conjugation or transduction 接合和转导作用9. Edward Jenner i. differential stain for bacteria10. Eli Metchnikoff j. interferon 干扰素11. Emil von Behring k. rabies vaccine 狂犬病疫苗12. Alick Isaac 1. penicillin 青霉素13. Sergei Winogradsky m. antiseptic（防腐剂）technique14. Joshua Lederberg n. established that bacteria can cause disease15. Watson and Crick o. magic bullet16. Carl Woese p. scientific method1.p2.g3.o4.i5.k6.n7.m8.l9.d 10.a 11.b 12.j13.c 14.h 15.f 16.eTest 2: Methods for Studying Microorganisms■Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. Light microscopy （光学显微镜术）is dependent on the interaction of light with on object. The ability of light to pass through an object is referred to as:B■.transported light■.transmitted light 透射光■.reflected light 反射光■.refracted light 折射光2. The resolving power (R)（分辨率）of a microscope is dependent on the wavelength（波长）of light (;~) and the numerical aperture (NA) of the lens. The formula （公式）for R is: B ■.R = 0.5~. xNA■.R = 0.5;~/NA■.R = NA/0.5Jr■.R = Square root of 0.5)./NA？3. The gram stain（革兰氏染色）uses ~ as a mordant（媒染剂）to fix the primary stain:A ■.iodine 碘■.alcohol 乙醇■.acetone 丙酮■.safranin 番红4. The acid-fast stain （抗酸性染色）is useful in the identification of which of the following organisms:C■.Staphylococcus aureus 金黄色葡萄球菌■.Mycoplasma mycoides 霉菌样支原体■.Mycobacteria tuberculosis 结核分枝杆菌■.Moraxella osloensis 奥斯陆摩拉克菌,5. Botulism（肉毒中毒）is a serious disease that can develop from the improper cooking of food containing bacterial spores（孢子）. Which of the following genera （属）are capable of producing spores?D■.Salmonella 沙门氏菌属■.Listeria 利斯塔氏菌属■.Escherichia 埃希氏菌属■.Clostridia 梭菌属6. Which of the following types of microscopes utilizes electron beams （电子束）to visualize （使可见）objects?B■.Nomarski■.TEM 投射型电子显微镜■.PCM 脉冲■.Confocal 共焦的7. A mixture of organisms was isolated from a patient suspected of having "Strep Throat." （脓毒性咽喉炎）Which type of media would you use to isolate the suspected pathogen（病原体）? D ■.defined■.enriched■.selective■.differential8. Sterilization（灭菌）of material with an autoclave（高压灭菌锅）utilizes steam to kill microorganisms. The correct procedure for sterilization with an autoclave is:A■.15 min at 121℃at 15 lb/in2■.15 min at 256℃at 15 lb/in2■.15 min at 121℃at 1 lb/in2■.15 rain at 121℃at 30 lb/in29. An antibiotic was added to a culture of bacteria to determine its effect. What method of enumeration would you use to determine the efficacy of the antibiotic? B■.direct count 直接计数■.viable count 活菌数■.turbidimetric count 浊度计数■.absorbance 吸光度10. Identification of microorganisms（微生物）can be accomplished（完成）by a number of techniques. Which of the following requires the growth of the organism?C■.enzyme linked assay（含量测定）■.gene probe 基因探针■.metabolic 代谢■.fluorescent 荧光■Fill in the Blank1. A media （培养基）where all the ingredients（成分）are known is called a _defined_____media.2. __aseptic（无菌的）____technique is used to maintain a pure culture（纯培养物）and avoid contamination.（污染）3. Sterilization instrument（灭菌器械）that utilizes steam under pressure: _autoclave_（高压灭菌锅）_____.4.A___streak___ plate utilizes a loop（接种环）or needle（接种针）to distribute and isolate colonies on a culture plate.（培养皿）5.__serological（血清学的）____ identification utilizes antibodies（抗体）for naming of bacterial species.6. Bacteria can be preserved（保藏）for long periods of time by freeze-drying（冷冻干燥）or__lyophilization____（冻干保藏法）.7. The mrbidimetric method of counting bacteria utilizes a _spectrophotometer（分光光度计）_____ to measure the amount of light passing through a solution.8. The viable plate（平板细菌计数）count counts live bacterial colonies（菌落）in the range or____30__ to__300____ .9. A counting chamber（计数板）and a microscope （显微镜）are used in the_direct_____ count of bacteria.10. The _gene probe_（基因探针）____technique utilizes a labeled（示踪的）complementary strand of nucleic acid to identify specific bacteria in a specimen.（样本）■MatchingMatching I:l. Primary stain for gram stain a. Negative stain 负染色2. Stains bacterial cell b. Carbohl fuchsin 品红3. Used to fix stain c. Crystal violet 结晶紫4. Decolorize脱色 d. Malachite green 孔雀绿5. Spore stain e. Safranin 番红6. Acid-fast stain f. Positive stain 正染7. Gram- bacteria take up this counterstain g. Alcohol 乙醇8. Stains background h. Mordant 媒染剂Matching II:1. Media used to inhibit growth of unwanted organisms a. Enrichment 富集2. Media where all components are not known b. Selective 选择性的3. Media used to contrast organisms on same plate c. Differential4. Media used to enhance growth d. ComplexMatching I:1.c2.f.3.h4.g5.d.6. b7.e8.aMatching II:1.b2.d3.c4.aTest 3: Organization and Structure of Microorganisms■Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. Eukaryotic membranes can be differentiated from prokaryotic membranes because eukaryotic membranes contain____as part of the lipid（脂质）component of the membrane. D ■.phosphates 磷酸盐类■.fatty acids 脂肪酸类■.proteins 蛋白类■.sterols 甾醇类2. The arrangement of proteins and lipids in the membrane is referred to as the:B■.bilayer model 双层膜模型■.fluid mosaic model 流动镶嵌模型■.trilayer model■.permeable（有渗透性的）model3. The movement of water molecules across the membrane in response to a concentration gradient is referred to as: B■.diffusion 扩散■.osmosis 渗透■.translocation 易位■.transport 运输4. The membrane of a cell is able to differentiate molecules that enter or exit the cell and act as a ____ barrier（屏障）. C■.semipermanent 半永久性■.semitransparent 半透明的■.semipermeable 半渗透性的■.semidiffuse5. Movement of molecules at an enhanced rate across the membrane is called: A■.facilitated diffusion 易化扩散■.passive diffusion 被动扩散■.osmosis 渗透作用■.permeation6. Which of the following mechanisms transports molecules without chemical alteration? A■.active transport 主动运输■.group translocation基团转位■.facilitated diffusion易化扩散■.binding protein transport 蛋白质转运7. Which of the following transport mechanism occurs only in Gram-negative bacteria?D■.active transport 主动运输■.group translocation 基团转位■.facilitated diffusion 易化扩散■.binding protein transport蛋白质转运8. Which of the following transport mechanisms occurs only in prokaryotes? B■.active transport■.group translocation■.facilitated diffusion■.binding protein transport9. Lysozyme（溶菌酶）and penicillin （青霉素）have activity against the cell wall. Lysozyme breaks this component;penicillin prevents its formation. C■.lipopolysaccharide 脂多糖■.phospholipid 磷脂■.peptidoglycan 肽聚糖■.teichoic acid 磷壁酸10. Partial destruction of the cell wall with lysozyme leaves a cell called a: B■.protoplast 原生质体■.spheroplast 原生质球■.periplast 周质体■.capsule 荚膜11. A capsule（荚膜）can be differentiated from a slime layers（粘液层）since the capsule: D■.is made up of complex carbohydrates（复合糖）and the slime layer contains protein ■.is bound to the cell membrane■.is bound to the cell wall■.is bound to the outer membrane12. The chromatin of eukaryotic cells is composed of DNA and____ A■.histone proteins 组蛋白■.non histone proteins■.RNA■.ribosomes13. DNA transfers information to make proteins in molecules referred to as:B■.iRNA■.mRNA■.rRNA■.tRNA14. Mitochondrial ribosomes （线粒体核糖体）are____in size. C■.40S■.60S■.70S■.80S15. The process whereby ATP is generated by the flow of protons （质子）across a membrane is: B■.substrate level phosphorylation 底物水平磷酸化■.chemiosmosis 化学渗透作用■.protokinesis■.glycolysis 糖酵解16. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)（内质网）is a membranous structure within eukaryotic cells. It is the site for protein synthesis and for storage and transportation of molecules out of the cell. Which part of the ER is used for protein synthesis? B■.golgi apparatus 高尔基体■.rough ER 粗面内质网■.smooth ER 光面内质网■.microbody 微体17. Flagella of bacteria are composed of protein subunits called flagellin（鞭毛蛋白）; eukaryotic flagella are composed of subunits called: D■.flagellin鞭毛蛋白■.cilin■.spectrin 血影蛋白■.tubulin 微管蛋白18. Flagella（鞭毛）are used to propel the cell in response to an environmental signal. Bacterial flagella and eukaryotic flagella can be differentiated since the former moves by:A ■.rotating around its base■.pulling itself once it is attached to a surface or mate■.waving or whipping to move the cell■.twisting and releasing similar to a rubber band19. Endospores（内生孢子）are multilayered structures that provide protection from environmental stress and are composed of: B■.peptidoglycan（肽聚糖）and lipopolysaccharide （脂多糖）■.peptidoglycan and calcium dipicolonate■.peptidoglycan and calcium bicarbonate碳酸脂■.lipopolysaccharide and succinic acid （琥珀酸）20. Gram-positive bacteria can be differentiated from Gram-negative bacteria since the peptidoglycan （肽聚糖）layer of later comprises____% of the cell wall. D■.90■.50■.30■.10■Fill in the Blank1. Most cells use energy in the form of__ATP____ to run the cell.2. Phospholipids（磷脂类）of eubacterial cells are composed of a __phosphate （磷酸盐）____group and a _fatty acid____on a glycerol（甘油）backbone.3. Membrane proteins found on the surface are called __peripheral（次要的）____ proteins.4.The energy source for active transport in eukaryotes is derived from ATP.The energy for active transport in prokaryotes is derived from __protomotive force____.5. The region between the outermembrane in Gram-negative（革兰阴性）bacteria and the cell wall is called the ___periplasmic space_（壁膜间隙）___.6. Extrachromosomal（染色体外的）DNA elements found in bacteria are called____plasmids____.7. Ribosomes are structures composed of ____proteins___ and ____rRNA__.8. The fluid inside a cell is referred to as the ___cytoplasm_____.9.The hereditary organelle （具遗传效应的细胞器）of eukaryotic cells is called the __nucleus____.10. The process by which a cell engulfs（吞食）and internalizes（陷入）particles such as bacteria or other cells is called ____phagocytosis_（吞噬作用）_.■Matchingl. Prokaryotes原核生物 a. hook and basal body2. Eukaryotes真核生物 b. end of cell3. hydrophobic 疏水的 c. microtubles4. Hydrophilic亲水的 d. pill5. Permease通透酶 e. eukaryotes6. eubacteria 真细菌 f. surrounding cell7. Archeobacteria古细菌g. 9 + 2 arrangement8. cellulose 纤维素h. prokaryotes9. chitin 几丁质i. fatty acid10. circular chromosome 环状染色体j. algae11.linear chromosome线状染色体k. transport protein12. 70 S ribosomes 1. lack organelles无细胞器13. 80 S ribosomes m. posses nucleus14. Polar（两极的）flagella n. water loving 亲水性15. Peritrichous（周围的）flagella o. fungi 真菌16.bacterial flagella p. L-amino acids17. eukaryotic flagella q. D-amino acids18. fimbria 菌毛19. cilia 纤毛20. cytoskeleton 细胞骨架1.l2.m,j,o3.n4.i5.k6.p7.q8.j9.o 10.h 11.e,j,o 12.h,j,o13.e 14.b 15.f 16.a17.g 18.d 19.e 20.cTest 4 : Prokaryotes■Genus Match: (Match the Genus with the Appropriate Group)Match the Genus with the Appropriate Group:l. Spirochete 螺旋体 a. Halococcus 噬盐球菌属2.Gm- aerobic（好氧的）, motile, vibroid b. Clostridium 梭菌属3.3. Gm- aerobic cocci （球菌） c. VeiUonella4.Gm- facultative （兼性的）rod （杆状） d. Caulobacter 柄杆菌属5.5. Gm- anerobic（厌氧的）rod e. Treponema 密螺旋体6. Gm- anaerobic cocci f. Myxococcus 粘球菌7. Budding（芽殖）/appendaged g. Streptococcus 链球菌8. Fruiting body子实体h. Pyrobaculum 热棒菌属9. Gm+ cocci i. Campylobacter 弯曲杆菌10. Gm+ rods (no spores) j. Methanococcus 产甲烷球菌11. Gm+ rods (endospores内孢子) k. Listeria 李斯特菌属12. Gm+ irregular rod 1. Bacteroides 拟杆菌属13. Halophile 喜盐生物m. Neisseria 奈瑟氏菌14. Thermophile 噬热生物n. Salmonella 沙门氏菌15. Methanogen 产烷生物o. Corynebacteria 棒状杆菌l.e 2.I 3.m4.n5.16.c7.d 8.d 9.g10.k 11.b 12.o13.a 14.h 15.j■Characteristic Match: (Match the Characteristic with the Appropriate Genus or Group)Match the Characteristic with the Appropriate Genus or Group:l. Borrelia 包柔氏螺旋体 a. sulfur reducing 硫降低2. Helicobacter 螺杆菌 b. acid fast 耐酸的3. Shigella 志贺氏杆菌 c. Gm+ rod（杆状）, aerobic（需氧）,endospores （内孢子）4.Desulfovibrio 硫磷弧菌属 d. gliding 滑动5. Chlamydia 衣原体 e. psedomurein6. Anabaena 鱼腥藻 f. cyanobacteria 蓝藻细菌7. Chemolithotrophic无机化能营g. Helical（螺旋形）rod, no central fibrils （中央纤维）8. Caulobacter 柄杆菌属h. helical rod, central fibrils9. Cytophaga 纤维菌属i. filamentous 丝状的10. Staphylococcus葡萄球菌j. obligate intracellular parasite必须寄生在细胞的寄生虫11. Bacillus 芽孢杆菌k. Gm+ cocci in clusters12. Actimomycetes 1. Enterobacteriacea13. Mycoplasma 支原体m. Nitrobacter 硝化杆菌属14. Mycobacteria 分枝杆菌n. prosthecae 菌柄15. Methanogen 产甲烷菌o. fried egg1.h2.g3.14.a5.j6.f7.m 8.n 9.d10.k 11.c 12.f13.o 14.b 15.eTest 5: Eukaryotes■Multiple Choice (choose one answer)l. Fungi are considered heterotrophic（非自养的）because they obtain nutrition through: C ■. phagocytosis 吞噬作用■. endocytosis 内吞作用■. adsorption 吸附作用■. photosynthesis 光合作用2. The separation between filamentous（丝状的）fungal cells are referred to as:B■. cell walls■. septa 隔膜■. chitin 几丁质■. side walls 侧壁3. Fungi that can appear as a yeast or filamentous are referred to as:D■. Fungi imperfecti 半知菌纲■. Fungi perfecti■. cheterotrophic fungi■. dimorphic fungi4. Thick walled spores（厚壁孢子）formed within fungal cells are called:D■. Arthrospores分节孢子■. sporangiospores 包囊孢子■. blastospores 芽生孢子■. chlamydospores 后垣孢子5. Asexual fungal spores that are formed from fragmented hyphae（支离破碎的菌丝）are called:A■. arthrospores■. sporangiospores■. ascospores■. chlamydospores6. Asexual fungal spores formed within a sac-like structure are called:B■. arthrospores■. sporangiospores■. blastospores■. ascospores7. Sexual fungal spores（孢子）formed within a sac-like structure are called:D■. Chlamydospores厚垣孢子■. sporangiospores 包囊孢子■. blastospores 芽孢子■. ascospores 子囊孢子8. Which of the following classes of fungi cause hypertrophy （肥大）of cells similar to the bacterium A. tumifaciens?C■. Oomycetes■. Ascomycetes■. Chytridiomycetes■. Deuteromycetes9. Which of the following fungi are motile by two flagella（鞭毛）? A■. Oomycetes 卵菌■. Ascomycetes 子囊菌■. Chytridiomycetes 壶菌纲■. Deuteromycetes 半知菌纲10. Common bread mold（发霉）is caused by Rhizopus stolonifer匍枝根霉which is a: D■. Deuteromycete■. Ascomycete■. Basidiomycete■. Zygomycete11. Ascomycetes子囊菌can be differentiated from zygomycetes 接合菌since the ascomycetes have hyphae菌丝.B■. septated 有隔膜■. aseptated 无隔膜12. Which of the following fungi have a sexual reproductive phase? B■. Coccidiodes 球孢子菌■. Histoplasma 组织浆胞菌■. Aspergillus 曲霉■. Alternaria 链格孢属13. Which class of fungi do not have a sexual reproductive phase（有性生殖阶段）? A■. Deuteromycete 半知菌■. Ascomycete 子囊菌■. Basidiomycete 担子菌■. Zygomycete 结合菌14. The cell structures of bracket（多孔菌）fungi are referred to as: A■. Septa隔膜■. basidiocarp 担子果■. anteridium■. Zygomycet15. The toxin （毒素）from which of the following mushrooms inhibits polymerase activity（聚合酶活性）?A■. Agaricus bisporous■. Ischnorderma resinosum■. anteridium■. Zygomycet16. The common mushroom（蘑菇）belongs to which group of fungi? B■. Ascomycetes 子囊菌纲■. Basidiomycetes 担子菌纲■. Chytridiomycetes 壶菌纲■. Deuteromycetes 半知菌纲17. Which of the following Deuteromycetes（半知菌）are often colored green and the conidiospores（分生孢子）are arranged in a brush shape?A■. Penicillium 青霉菌■. Alternaria 链格孢属■. Coccidiodes 球孢子菌■. Geotrichum 地霉菌属18. All of the following algae are green with the exception of D■. Euglena 裸藻■. Volvox 团藻■. Spirogyra 绿藻■. Nemalion19. Which algae contain a red pigmented area known as the eyespot?（眼点） B■. Euglenoids■. Chlorophycophyta■. Rhodophycophyta■. Phaeophycophyta20. The outer layer of Euglena（裸藻）is called: C■. cell wall■. fmstule■. pellicle 菌膜■. blade21. Xanthophyll pigments give algae a color. C■. red■. blue■. yellow■. green22. Which of the following algae are closer phylogenetically（系统发育）to higher plants（高等植物）? C■. brown algae■. yellow-green algae■. red algae■. green algae23. The storage material, paramylon, is made in which of the following groups of algae（藻类）?A■. euglenoid 眼虫藻■. red algae 红藻■. green algae 绿藻■. brown algae 褐藻24. The mouth of a ciliated protozoa（有纤毛的原生动物）is called a: B■. Phagosome吞噬体■. cytosome 胞质体■. lysosome 溶酶体■. porosome25. Sarcodina （肉足纲）are protozoa that are propelled （推进）by:B■. flagella■. cilia■. pseudopodia■. they are technically nonmotile26. Trypanosomes（椎体虫）belong to which group of protozoa: A■. pseudopodia formers■. ciliates■. spore formers27. Plasmodium 疟原虫is grouped as a:D■. flagellates■. pseudopodia formers■. ciliates■. spore formers28. The mature form of spore （孢子）forming protozoa （原生动物）are called: C■. protozoites■. sporozoites■. trophozoites■. cytozoite29. Paramecium （草履虫）are classified as: C■. Flagellates鞭毛虫类■. pseudopodia（伪足）formers■. ciliates 纤毛虫类■. spore formers 芽孢菌30. The resting stage of a protozoa （原生动物）are called:D■. Trophozoites营养体■. sporozoites 孢子体■. saprozoites 腐生动物■. cysts 囊肿■Fill in the Blank1. Unicellular fungi are called __yeasts____.2. Filamentous fungi form branching structures called _hyphae_____.3. The most common form of reproduction in yeasts occurs by __budding____.4.Silica is found in the cell wall of __diatoms____.5. The external structures of mushrooms are referred to as ___fruiting_bodies_.6. The growth of fungi can be expressed by (_measuring the increase in the mass of the fungus____).7. Red tide is caused by a toxin released by the organism, Gonyaulax, which belongs to the __fire algae____ group of fungi.8. Agar is made from this group of algae: __brown algae____.9.Trypanosoma gambiense causes the disease __African sleeping sickness____.10. A flagellate protozoa that can be found in mountain streams and causes diarrhea is __Giardia____.Test 6: Bacterial Growth and Reproduction■Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1.In bacterial cultures, growth can be demonstrated by an increase in: C■.mass■.cell size■.cell number2.DNA replication in bacteria is controlled by: B■.cell size■.cell division 细胞分裂■.cell separation■.cell initiation3.During which phase of bacterial growth is there an increase in cell size but not in cell number? A■.lag 滞后■.log 对数■.stationary 稳定期■.exponential 指数期4. The generation time（寿命）for bacteria is determined by: D■.measuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from the time the culture （培养）was initiated until the beginning of stationary phase 稳定期■.measuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from lag phase（迟滞期）to death phase衰亡期■.measuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from log phase to the end of stationary phase■.measuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from log phase to the beginning of stationary phase5. Most pathogenic bacteria（致病菌）are considered: B■.psychrophiles 嗜冷微生物■.mesophiles 嗜温微生物■.thermophiles 嗜熱菌■.merophiles6. Bacteria that grow at low nutrient concentrations（营养浓度）are referred to as:D■.autotrophs 自养生物■.phototrophs 光合自养微生物■.copiotrophs■.oligotrophs7. In times of nutrient deficiencies（营养不足）, the bacteria Clostridium（芽孢杆菌）produce____until conditions are permissive for vegetative growth.（营养生长）B ■.prosthecae 菌柄■.spores 芽孢■.stalks 茎杆■.fruiting bodies 子实体8. The temperature of the incubator（恒温箱）was raised from 15~(2 to 35~(2. The cultures（培养物）in the incubator demonstrated a____fold increase in enzymatic（酶活性）activity. B ■.two■.four■.eight■.twenty9. Organisms that grow at or near their optimal（最佳的）growth temperature are called:B■.stenothermal（狭温性的）bacteria■.euthermal bacteria■.cauldoactive bacteria■.mesophilic bacteria 嗜常温菌10. All of the following are toxic oxygen products（有毒氧化产物）except: D■.02■.OH-■.H20■.H20211.Catalase（过氧化氢酶）, which is produced by Staphylococci（葡萄球菌）, catalyzes（催化）which of the following reactions?C■.202+ 2H+ →2H202 + 02■.2H202→2H20 + 02■.H202 + NADH + H+→2H20 + NAD■.H202 + e- + H+→H2O + OH-12. A saturated solution（饱和溶液）of NaC1 has a water activity index of:C■.1.0■.0.90■.0.80■.0.7013. Organisms that can grow at a water index（指数，标准）at or below that of NaCI are called:A■.xero tolerant 耐旱的■.salt tolerant 耐盐的■.meso tolerant■.salo tolerant14. All of the following organisms will survive an environment of 0.9 Aw（水分活度）except: D■.Lactobacillus 乳酸菌■.Staphylococcus 葡萄球菌■.Saccharomyces 酵母菌■.SpiriUum15. Halophiles （嗜盐微生物）are classified as organisms that require ____for growth. B■.sugar■.salt■.water■.air16. Osmophiles （嗜高渗菌）require a ____Aw水分活度for growth. B■.low■.high17. The pressure exerted on a cell due to high solute concentrations is referred to as:A■.osmotic pressure 渗透压■.hydrostatic pressure 液体静压力■.barometric pressure 气压■.surface tension 表面张力18. A diver encountered a new bacterial isolate while she was diving at 1000 m. The organism will be classified （归类为）as: D■.marine■.barotolerant■.barophilic 适压的■.normal19. Fungi can be differentiated from most bacteria by culturing（培养）at:B■.marine 海洋■.low pH■.neutral pH20. All phototacfic bacteria respond to light by: D■.moving away from the source of light 远离光源■.moving toward the source of light 向光源移动■.increasing the movement of their flagella 增加鞭毛■.creating gas vesicles to rise to the surface 产生气泡浮出水面■Fill in the Blank1. Organisms that grow best above 40oC are called__thermophile____.2. Organisms that grow best below 20oC are called___psychrophile___.3. Organisms that grow best between 20 and 40oC are called _mesophile_____.4.Myxobacteria form unique structures called _fruiting body_____ to cope with nutrient deficiencies.5. Bacteria that grow only at reduced oxygen concentrations are called __obligate anaerobe_____.6. Bacteria that require oxygen for growth are called__obligate aerobe___.7. Bacteria that grow at high nutrient concentrations are called __copiotroph____.8. Caulobacter is an example of a _stalked_____ bacteria.9.At temperatures above the optimum, E. coli and other bacteria induce a change in gene expression called___heat shock response___.10. A change in hydrostatic pressure of 10 atm is experience with an increase in depth of ___100___ m.■MatchingCell Cycle Matching:l. C a. cell enlargement2. M b. condensation of chromosomes 染色质的浓缩3. G1 c. replication of the genome 基因组的复制4. G2 d. separation of chromosomes 染色体的分离5. S e. cell division 细胞分裂1.e2.d3.a4.b5.cTest 7: Control of Microbial Growth■Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1.Chemicals used on the body to control microorganisms are called:A(使用于尸体上用以抑制细菌生长的化学物质被称为）■.antiseptics 防腐剂■.disinfectants 消毒剂■.antibiotics 抗生素。

USERS MANUALStop valve zGLO Fig. 201Edition: 07/2016 Date: 01.07.2016CONTENTS1. Product description2. Requirement for maintenance staff3. Transport and storage4. Function5. Application6. Assembly7. Maintenance8. Service and repair9. Reasons of operating disturbances and remedy 10. Valve service discountinuity 11.Warranty terms1. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION201figureends threaded form straightStop valves are manufactured at different executions, they are designed for shut off and open the flowStop valves are provided with casted marking according to requirements of PN-EN19 standard. The marking facilitates technical identification and contains:∙ diameter nominal DN (mm), ∙ pressure nominal PN (bar),∙ body and bonnet material marking,∙ arrow indicating medium flow direction, ∙ manufacturer marking, ∙ heat number,∙ CE marking, for valves subjected 2014/68/UE directive. CE marking starts from DN322. REQUIREMENTS FOR MAINTENANCE STAFFThe staff assigned to assembly, operating and maintenance tasks should be qualified to carry out such jobs. If during valve operation heat parts of the valve, for example handwheel, body or bonnet parts could cause burn, user is obliged to protect them against touch.3. TRANSPORT AND STORAGETransport and storage should be carried out at temperature from –200 to 650C, and valves should be protected against external forces influence and destruction of painting layer as well. The aim of painting layer is to protect the valves against rust during transport and storage. Valves should be kept at unpolluted rooms and they should be also protected against influence of atmospheric conditions. There should be applied drying agent or heating at damp rooms in order to prevent condensate formation. The valves should be transported in such a way to avoid handwheel and valve stem damage.4. FUNCTIONApplication range was mentioned at catalogue card. The kind of working medium makes some materials to be use or to be prohibited for use. Valves were designed for normal working conditions. In the case that working conditions exceed these requirements (for example for aggressive or abrasive medium) user should ask manufacturer before placing an order.When selecting the valve for specific medium,”List of Chemical Resistan ce ” can be helpful. It can be found at manufacturer website near catalogue cards.Working pressure should be adapted to maximum medium temperature according to the table as below.ZETKAMA Sp. z o.o. ul. 3 Maja 12PL 57-410 Ścinawka ŚredniaAcc. to EN 1092-2 Temperature [º C]Material PN -10 do 120 150 200EN-GJL250 16 16 bar 14,4 bar 12,8 barPlant designer is responsible for valve selection suitable for working conditions.5.APPLICATIONApplication range was mentioned at catalogue card.6.ASSEMBLYDuring the assembly of balancing valves following rules should be observed:-to evaluate before an assembly if the valves were not damaged during the transport or storage,-to make sure that applied valves are suitable for working conditions and medium used in the plant,-to take off dust caps if the valves are provided with them,-to protect the valves during welding jobs against splinters and used plastics against excessive temperature,-steam pipelines should be fitted in such a way to avoid condensate collection; in order to avoid water hammer steam trap should be applied.Pipeline where the valves are fitted should be conducted and assembled in such a way that the valve body is not subjected to bending moment and stretching forces.Bolted joints on the pipeline must not cause additional stress resulted from excessive tightening, and fastener materials must comply with working conditions of the plant,-during pipeline painting valve stem should be protected,-stop valves can be assembled in any position, however it is recommended to install the valve with handwheel upwards, -screw down and non-return valves (version with spring) can be assembled in any position, screw down and non-return valves (version without spring) should be assembled only on the horizontal pipelines with handwheel upwardsIt should be take note of medium flow direction, marked with an arrow on the body.-before plant startup, especially after repairs carried out, flash out the pipeline through entirely open valve, in order to avoid solid particles or welding splinters which may be harmful for sealing surfaces,-strainer ( wire mesh filter) installed before the valve increases certainty of its correct action.7.MAINTENANCEDuring maintenance following rules should be observed:-startup process – sudden changes of pressure and temperature should be avoided when starting the plant,- valve is closed by turning the handwheel clockwise when looking from above the handwheel (according to arrow direction marked on the handwheel),-valve is opened by turning the handwheel counter-clockwise,It is prohibited to use additional lever when turning the handwheel,-performance of fitted valves can be checked by multiple closing and opening,-if leakage on stem occurs for valves Fig.201 packing rings are pressed by tightening threaded gland nut screwed in the bonnet, the nut press the rings by gland,Tighten the nuts-in the case of necessity to replace packing rings, it should be done without overpressure inside the valve, when the valve is completely open. In this position inner space of the valve is entirely shut off,-in order to refill packing rings of valves can be refilled when gland nut is unscrewed.In order to assure safety performance, each valve (especially rarely used) should be surveyed on regular basis.Inspection frequency should be laid down by user, but not less than one time per month.8.SERVICE AND REPAIRAll service and repair jobs should be carried out by authorized staff using suitable tools and original spare parts. Before disassembly of complete valve from the pipeline or before service, the pipeline should be out of operation. During service and repair jobs it is necessary to decrease pressure to 0 bars , valve temperature to ambient temperature and to use personal health protectives in pursuance of existing threat. After valve disassembly it is necessary to replace flange connection gaskets between valve and pipelineEverytime when valve bonnet was disassembled sealing surface should be cleaned. During assembly it should be applied new gasket of the same type as previously used. Body-bonnet bolt connections should be tighten when the valve is at open position.The bolts should be tighten evenly and crosswise by torque wrench.Tightness test should be carried out with water pressure of 1,5 nominal pressure of the valve.9.REASONS OF OPERATING DISTURBANCES AND REMEDY-When seeking of valve malfunction reasons safety rules should be strictly obeyedFault Possible reason RemedyNo flow Valve closed Open the valveFlange dust caps were not removed Remove dust caps on the flangesPoor flow Valve is not open enough Open the valveDirty filter Clean or replace the screenClogged pipeline Check the pipelineControl difficulties Dry stem Grease the stemGland packing tighten too much Slightly slacken gland nuts. Put attention tokeep stuffing box tightnessStem leakage Too much loose on the gland Tighten the gland untill tightness willbe reachedIf necessary add packing rings instuffing box. Keep special caution. Seat leakage Shut off not correct Tighten the handwheel without anyauxiliary toolsUszkodzone gniazdo lub grzybekSeat or disc damage Replace the valve and contact supplieror manufacturerApply the valve with balancing disc.Pressure difference too muchCheck if the valve was assembledaccording to arrow direction markedon the valve.Clean the valve. Fit strainer before the Medium polluted with solid particlesvalve.10.V ALVE SERVICE DISCOUNTINUITYAll obsolete and dismantled valves must not be disposed with houshold waste. ZETKAMA valves are made of materials which can be re-used and should be delivered to designated recycling centres.11.WARRANTY TERMS- ZETKAMA grants quality warranty with assurance for proper operation of its products, providing that assembly of them is done according to the users manual and they are operated according to technical conditions and parameters des cribed in ZETKAMA’s catalogue cards. Warranty period is 18 months starting from assembly date, however not longer than 24 months from the sales date. - warranty claim does not cover assembly of foreign parts and design changes done by user as well as natural wear.- immediately after detection the user should inform ZETKAMA about hidden defects of the product- a claim should be prepared in written form.Address for correspondence :ZETKAMA Sp. z o.o.ul. 3 Maja 1257-410 Ścinawka ŚredniaPhone +48 74 86 52 111Fax +48 74 86 52 101Website: 。

OM-40 Series Portable Low Cost Data Loggers Part of the NOMAD ®FamilyߜMeasure and RecordTemperature,Relative Humidity,DC Voltage or DC Current Input ߜStores up to 7943ReadingsߜCompact Size ߜEasy-to-UseWindows SoftwareThe OM-40 Series data loggers can record temperature, relative humidity, 4 to 20 mA and 0 to 2.5 Vdc signals. Model OM-41 measures temperature only (internal temperature sensor).Model OM-42 is a two channel data logger that measurestemperature (internal sensor) and also one external signal which can be an external temperature probe, 4 to 20 mA signal or 0 to 2.5 Vdc signal. Model OM-43 measures temperature and relative humidity (internal sensors). Model OM-44 is a four channel data logger that measures temperature and relative humidity (internal sensors) and also up to two external signals which can be external temperature probes, 4 to 20 mA signals or 0 to 2.5 Vdc signals.The internal temperature sensor is on a 10.6 cm (4") wire which is mounted on the circuit board inside the snap lid of the data logger case.Typically this sensor is left inside the case and measures ambient air temperature over the operating temperature range of the logger -20 to 70°C (-4 to 158°F). The internal temperature sensor can also be placed outside of the case, for faster response time.When the sensor is placed outside of the case it is capable of measuring temperatures from -40 to 120°C (-40 to 248°F).$65Basic UnitMeasurement SpecificationsTemperature (internal sensor) - All ModelsMeasurement Range:Sensor inside case, -20 to 70°C (-4 to 158°F); sensor outside case, -40 to 120°C (-40 to 248°F)Sensor Type:Thermistor Accuracy: +0.7°C@21°C (+1.27°F @ 70°F) (see plot)OM-41 data logger, $65, shown larger than actual sizeSpecificationsGENERALMeasurement Capacity:7943 readingsMeasurement Interval:User selectable from 0.5 sec to 9 hrs Memory Modes:Stop when full, wrap-around when full (user selectable)Memory:Non-volatile EEPROM memory retains data even if battery failsOperation:Blinking LED light confirms operationTime Accuracy:±1 minute per week at 20°C (68°F)Operating Temperature: -20 to 70°C (-4 to 158°F) Operating Humidity:0 to 95% non-condensing Storage Temperature:-20 to 70°C (-4 to 158°F) Power:3.0 V lithium battery (included)Battery Life:1 year Dimensions:68 H x 48 W x 19 mm D (2.4 x 1.9 x 0.8") Weight:29 g (1 oz)Resolution:0.4°C (0.7°F) at 70°FResponse Time (Still Air):15 min typical with sensor inside case; 1 min typical with sensor outside caseRelative Humidity(user-replaceable internal sensor) Models OM-43 and OM-44Measurement Range:25 to 95% RH at 80°F for intervals of 10 seconds or greater, non-condensing and non-fogging(see plot)E-37Temperature Measurement Accuracy/ResolutionRange vs. TemperatureESensor Type:Resistive Accuracy: ±5%5 to 50°C (41 to 122°F)Resolution:0.4% 5 to 50°C (41 to 122°F)Response Time:10 min typical in airExternal Temperature Sensors (for use with Models OM-42 and OM-44)Measurement Range: OM-40-C-HT-B (for use in water or soil): -40 to 50°C (-40 to 122°F)OM-40-C-HT-B (for use in air):-40 to 100°C (-40 to 212°F)Sensor Type:Thermistor Input Connection:2.5 mm stereo phone jackData loggers are supplied with complete operator's manual and mounting kit (hook/loop, magnet and tape).Ordering Example: OM-44 data logger,OM-40-C-HT-B external temperature sensor, OM-40-C-V voltage input cable, and RD-TEMP-SW-A Windows software, $109 + 39 + 11 + 59 = $218.E-38External 4 to 20 mA Input(for use with Models OM-42and OM-44) Measurement Range:0 to 20.1 mA Input Connection:2.5 mm stereo phone jackAccuracy:±0.1 mA ±1% rdg Resolution: 0.4% of fs External 0 to 2.5 VdcInput (for use with Models OM-42 and OM-44)Measurement Range:0 to 2.5 Vdc Input Connection:2.5 mm stereo phone jack; external input ground, input,switched 2.5 V output; external input ground connection is not the same as PC interfaceconnection ground and should not be connected to any external groundInput Impedance:10 k ΩAccuracy:±10 mV ±1% rdg Resolution:10 mV (8-bit)Output Power:2.5 Vdc at 2 mA, active only during measurementsWindows Software-Data logger Setup.Windows Software-Data Plot.OM-44 data logger,$109, shown smaller than actual size.CANADA www.omega.ca Laval(Quebec) 1-800-TC-OMEGA UNITED KINGDOM www. Manchester, England0800-488-488GERMANY www.omega.deDeckenpfronn, Germany************FRANCE www.omega.frGuyancourt, France088-466-342BENELUX www.omega.nl Amstelveen, NL 0800-099-33-44UNITED STATES 1-800-TC-OMEGA Stamford, CT.CZECH REPUBLIC www.omegaeng.cz Karviná, Czech Republic596-311-899TemperatureCalibrators, Connectors, General Test and MeasurementInstruments, Glass Bulb Thermometers, Handheld Instruments for Temperature Measurement, Ice Point References,Indicating Labels, Crayons, Cements and Lacquers, Infrared Temperature Measurement Instruments, Recorders Relative Humidity Measurement Instruments, RTD Probes, Elements and Assemblies, Temperature & Process Meters, Timers and Counters, Temperature and Process Controllers and Power Switching Devices, Thermistor Elements, Probes andAssemblies,Thermocouples Thermowells and Head and Well Assemblies, Transmitters, WirePressure, Strain and ForceDisplacement Transducers, Dynamic Measurement Force Sensors, Instrumentation for Pressure and Strain Measurements, Load Cells, Pressure Gauges, PressureReference Section, Pressure Switches, Pressure Transducers, Proximity Transducers, Regulators,Strain Gages, Torque Transducers, ValvespH and ConductivityConductivity Instrumentation, Dissolved OxygenInstrumentation, Environmental Instrumentation, pH Electrodes and Instruments, Water and Soil Analysis InstrumentationHeatersBand Heaters, Cartridge Heaters, Circulation Heaters, Comfort Heaters, Controllers, Meters and SwitchingDevices, Flexible Heaters, General Test and Measurement Instruments, Heater Hook-up Wire, Heating Cable Systems, Immersion Heaters, Process Air and Duct, Heaters, Radiant Heaters, Strip Heaters, Tubular HeatersFlow and LevelAir Velocity Indicators, Doppler Flowmeters, LevelMeasurement, Magnetic Flowmeters, Mass Flowmeters,Pitot Tubes, Pumps, Rotameters, Turbine and Paddle Wheel Flowmeters, Ultrasonic Flowmeters, Valves, Variable Area Flowmeters, Vortex Shedding FlowmetersData AcquisitionAuto-Dialers and Alarm Monitoring Systems, Communication Products and Converters, Data Acquisition and Analysis Software, Data LoggersPlug-in Cards, Signal Conditioners, USB, RS232, RS485 and Parallel Port Data Acquisition Systems, Wireless Transmitters and Receivers。

1. What is the purpose of a penetrameter or IQI?Indicates radiographic sensitivity and quality of the techniques.2. What is meant by the term sensitivity with regard to radiography?The ability of a radiographic technique to reveal defects of a specific size.3. What are the limitations of magnetic particle inspection and liquid penetrant inspection?M.P. can be used only on ferromagnetic materials to detect surface subsurface discontinuities.L.P. can be used to detect defects open to the surface.Both M.P. and L.P. require surface preparations before testing.4. What information is contained in a Welding Procedure Specification?Process type, groove (joint) design, material type, material thickness, position of groove, filler metal type, pre-heat requirements, interpass temperature, post weld heat treatment requirements, shielding gas or flux type, electrical characteristics, techniques of welding.5. Why is post weld heat treatment required for some type weldments?Relieve stresses, lower hardness6. What is the basic difference between a DIN and an ASME penetrameter?DIN penetrameter is a wire type penetrameter,ASME penetrameter is a hole type penetrameter.7. What type of defects would you expect to find during visual inspection of a completed weld? Undercutting, excessive or insufficient weld reinforcement, excessive irregularities, incomplete penetration on a single butt-weld, weld spatter, etc..8. What precaution must be taken with low hydrogen welding electrodes?Store in oven when not in use, kept in heated container by welder awaiting use.9. What information normally appears on radiography?Penetrameter identification, Location of markers to ensure complete coverage, the name of the inspecting laboratory, the date, the part number, whether original or subsequent exposure.10. What is the rule of thumb used to determine the amperage for the dry, prod method of magnetic particle inspection?100 – 125 amps / inch.11. What materials are the transducer made from?Quartz, Barium Titanate, Lithium Sulphate and Ceramics.12. What is a film defect?A mark on the film usually caused by improper handling or processing.13. If you were inspecting an item using the prod method and located a weak crack pattern, where would you place the prods to obtain a stronger location?Relocate prods 90 degrees to the crack pattern and re-inspect.14. What typical defects would you expect while inspecting a casting?Sand and slag inclusions, gas porosity, shrinkage, hot tears.15. Describe the pulse echo technique.When an electric current is applied to the crystal, the crystal vibrates transforming the electric energy into mechanical vibrations which are transmitted through a coupling medium into the test material. These pulse vibrations propogate through the object and are reflected as echoes from both discontinuities and the back surface of the test piece and will appear as a vertical deflection on the cathode ray tube or oscilloscope. 16. Which method i.e. magnetic particle examination or liquid penetrant examination, locate non-metallic inclusions open to the surface.Both.17. What is a ―Weld Procedure Qual ification Record?A document which contains, essentially the same information as a WPS but includes the results of the tests necessary to qualify the WPS. Also listed are the ―essential variable‖ of the specific process of processes. 18. What is meant by t he term ―Film Density‖?Measurement or film blackening.测量或胶片的发黑度。

absorber plate width (m) mass flow rate (kg sÀ1)
mass (kg)
pressure (Pa)
thermal energy or heat (kW h or MJ)
heat load or heat transfer rate (kW)
correction factor of solar radiation energy storage density (kW h mÀ3)
Communicated by: Associate Editor Ruzhu Wang
Abstract
This paper presented a new solar powered absorption refrigeration (SPAR) system with advanced energy storage technology. The advanced energy storage technology referred to the Variable Mass Energy Transformation and Storage (VMETS) technology. The VMETS technology helped to balance the inconsistency between the solar radiation and the air conditioning (AC) load. The aqueous lithium bromide (H2O–LiBr) was used as the working fluid in the system. The energy collected from the solar radiation was first transformed into the chemical potential of the working fluid and stored in the system. Then the chemical potential was transformed into thermal energy by absorption refrigeration when AC was demanded. In the paper, the working principle and the flow of the SPAR system were explained and the dynamic models for numerical simulation were developed. The numerical simulation results can be used to investigate the behavior of the system, including the temperature and concentration of the working fluid, the mass and energy in the storage tanks, the heat loads of heat exchanger devices and so on. An example was given in the paper. In the example, the system was used in a subtropical city like Shanghai in China and its operating conditions were set as a typical summer day: the outdoor temperature varied between 29.5 °C and 38 °C, the maximum AC load was 15.1 kW and the total AC capacity was 166.1 kW h (598.0 MJ). The simulation results indicated that the coefficient of performance (COP) of the system was 0.7525 or 0.7555 when the condenser was cooled by cooling air or by cooling water respectively and the storage density (SD) was about 368.5 MJ/m3. As a result, the required solar collection area was 66 m2 (cooling air) or 62 m2 (cooling water) respectively. The study paves the road for system design and operation control in the future. Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

ALD前驱体概述
In summary, there are some general requirements for ALD precursors, which include: sufficient volatility at the deposition temperature no self-decomposition allowed at the deposition temperature precursors must adsorb or react with the surface sites sufficient reactivity towards the other precursor, e.g. H2O no etching of the substrate or the growing film availability at a reasonable price safe handling and preferably non-toxicity.
compounds, such as (CH3)NNH2,tBuNH2,and CH2CHCH2NH, have also been studied.
非金属前驱体
For chalcogenide thin films it is possible to use elemental S, Se, and Te as precursors provided that the other source is a volatile and reactive metal. The first ALD process to be developed was ZnS deposition using elemental zinc and sulfur. For other precursor types, including halides, β-diketonates,

AA-weighted sound pressure level||A声级absolute humidity||绝对湿度absolute roughness||绝对粗糙度absorbate 吸收质absorbent 吸收剂absorbent||吸声材料absorber||吸收器absorptance for solar radiation||太阳辐射热吸收系数absorption equipment||吸收装置absorption of gas and vapor||气体吸收absorptiong refrige rationg cycle||吸收式制冷循环absorption-type refrigerating machine||吸收式制冷机access door||检查门acoustic absorptivity||吸声系数actual density||真密度actuating element||执行机构actuator||执行机构adaptive control system||自适应控制系统additional factor for exterior door||外门附加率additional factor for intermittent heating||间歇附加率additional factor for wind force||高度附加率additional heat loss||风力附加率adiabatic humidification||附加耗热量adiabatic humidiflcation||绝热加湿adsorbate||吸附质adsorbent||吸附剂adsorber||吸附装置adsorption equipment||吸附装置adsorption of gas and vapor||气体吸附aerodynamic noise||空气动力噪声aerosol||气溶胶air balance||风量平衡air changes||换气次数air channel||风道air cleanliness||空气洁净度air collector||集气罐air conditioning||空气调节air conditioning condition||空调工况air conditioning equipment||空气调节设备air conditioning machine room||空气调节机房air conditioning system||空气调节系统air conditioning system cooling load||空气调节系统冷负荷air contaminant||空气污染物air-cooled condenser||风冷式冷凝器air cooler||空气冷却器air curtain||空气幕air cushion shock absorber||空气弹簧隔振器air distribution||气流组织air distributor||空气分布器air-douche unit with water atomization||喷雾风扇air duct||风管、风道air filter||空气过滤器air handling equipment||空气调节设备air handling unit room||空气调节机房air header||集合管air humidity||空气湿度air inlet||风口air intake||进风口air manifold||集合管air opening||风口air pollutant||空气污染物air pollution||大气污染air preheater||空气预热器air return method||回风方式air return mode||回风方式air return through corridor||走廊回风air space||空气间层air supply method||送风方式air supply mode||送风方式||air supply (suction) opening with slide plate||插板式送（吸）风口||air supply volume per unit area||单位面积送风量||air temperature||空气温度air through tunnel||地道风||air-to-air total heat exchanger||全热换热器air-to-cloth ratio||气布比air velocity at work area||作业地带空气流速air velocity at work place||工作地点空气流速air vent||放气阀air-water systen||空气—水系统airborne particles||大气尘air hater||空气加热器airspace||空气间层alarm signal||报警信号ail-air system||全空气系统all-water system||全水系统allowed indoor fluctuation of temperature and relative humidity||室内温湿度允许波动范围ambient noise||环境噪声ammonia||氨amplification factor of centrolled plant||调节对象放大系数amplitude||振幅anergy||x||angle of repose||安息角ange of slide||滑动角angle scale||热湿比angle valve||角阀annual [value]||历年值annual coldest month||历年最冷月annual hottest month||历年最热月anticorrosive||缓蚀剂antifreeze agent||防冻剂antifreeze agent||防冻剂apparatus dew point||机器露点apparent density||堆积密度aqua-ammonia absorptiontype-refrigerating machine||氨—水吸收式制冷机aspiation psychrometer||通风温湿度计Assmann aspiration psychrometer||通风温湿度计atmospheric condenser||淋激式冷凝器atmospheric diffusion||大气扩散atmospheric dust||大气尘atmospheric pollution||大气污染atmospheric pressure||大气压力（atmospheric stability||大气稳定度atmospheric transparency||大气透明度atmospheric turblence||大气湍流automatic control||自动控制automatic roll filter||自动卷绕式过滤器automatic vent||自动放气阀available pressure||资用压力average daily sol-air temperature||日平均综合温度axial fan||轴流式通风机azeotropic mixture refrigerant||共沸溶液制冷剂Bback-flow preventer||防回流装置back pressure of steam trap||凝结水背压力back pressure return余压回水background noise||背景噪声back plate||挡风板bag filler||袋式除尘器baghouse||袋式除尘器barometric pressure||大气压力basic heat loss||基本耗热量hend muffler||消声弯头bimetallic thermometer||双金属温度计black globe temperature||黑球温度blow off pipe||排污管blowdown||排污管boiler||锅炉boiller house||锅炉房boiler plant||锅炉房boiler room||锅炉房booster||加压泵branch||支管branch duct||(通风) 支管branch pipe||支管building envelope||围护结构building flow zones||建筑气流区building heating entry||热力入口bulk density||堆积密度bushing||补心butterfly damper||蝶阀by-pass damper||空气加热器）旁通阀by-pass pipe||旁通管Ccanopy hood ||伞形罩capillary tube||毛细管capture velocity||控制风速capture velocity||外部吸气罩capturing hood ||卡诺循环Carnot cycle||串级调节系统cascade control system||铸铁散热器cast iron radiator||催化燃烧catalytic oxidation ||催化燃烧ceilling fan||吊扇ceiling panelheating||顶棚辐射采暖center frequency||中心频率central air conditionint system ||集中式空气调节系统central heating||集中采暖central ventilation system||新风系统centralized control||集中控制centrifugal compressor||离心式压缩机entrifugal fan||离心式通风机||check damper||(通风)止回阀||check valve||止回阀||chilled water||冷水chilled water system with primary-secondary pumps||一、二次泵冷水系统chimney||(排气)烟囱circuit||环路circulating fan||风扇circulating pipe||循环管circulating pump||循环泵clean room||洁净室cleaning hole||清扫孔cleaning vacuum plant||真空吸尘装置cleanout opening||清扫孔clogging capacity||容尘量close nipple||长丝closed booth||大容积密闭罩closed full flow return||闭式满管回水closed loop control||闭环控制closed return||闭式回水closed shell and tube condenser||卧式壳管式冷凝器closed shell and tube evaporator||卧式壳管式蒸发器closed tank||闭式水箱coefficient of accumulation of heat||蓄热系数coefficient of atmospheric transpareney||大气透明度coefficient of effective heat emission||散热量有效系数coficient of effective heat emission||传热系数coefficient of locall resistance||局部阻力系数coefficient of thermal storage||蓄热系数coefficient of vapor||蒸汽渗透系数coefficient of vapor||蒸汽渗透系数coil||盘管collection efficiency||除尘效率combustion of gas and vapor||气体燃烧comfort air conditioning||舒适性空气调节common section||共同段compensator||补偿器components||(通风〕部件compression||压缩compression-type refrigerating machine||压缩式制冷机compression-type refrigerating system||压缩式制冷系统compression-type refrigeration||压缩式制冷compression-type refrigeration cycle||压缩式制冷循环compression-type water chiller||压缩式冷水机组concentratcd heating||集中采暖concentration of narmful substance||有害物质浓度condensate drain pan||凝结水盘condensate pipe||凝结水管condensate pump||凝缩水泵condensate tank||凝结水箱condensation||冷凝condensation of vapor||气体冷凝condenser||冷凝器condensing pressure||冷凝压力condensing temperature||冷凝温度condensing unit||压缩冷凝机组conditioned space||空气调节房间conditioned zone||空气调节区conical cowl||锥形风帽constant humidity system||恒湿系统constant temperature and humidity system||恒温恒湿系统constant temperature system 恒温系统constant value control 定值调节constant volume air conditioning system||定风量空气调节系统continuous dust dislodging||连续除灰continuous dust dislodging||连续除灰continuous heating||连续采暖contour zone||稳定气流区control device||控制装置control panel||控制屏control valve||调节阀control velocity||控制风速controlled natural ventilation||有组织自然通风controlled plant||调节对象controlled variable||被控参数controller||调节器convection heating||对流采暖convector||对流散热器cooling||降温、冷却（、）cooling air curtain||冷风幕cooling coil||冷盘管cooling coil section||冷却段cooling load from heat||传热冷负荷cooling load from outdoor air||新风冷负荷cooling load from ventilation||新风冷负荷cooling load temperature||冷负荷温度cooling system||降温系统cooling tower||冷却塔cooling unit||冷风机组cooling water||冷却水correcting element||调节机构correcting unit||执行器correction factor for orientaion||朝向修正率corrosion inhibitor||缓蚀剂coupling||管接头cowl||伞形风帽criteria for noise control cross||噪声控频标准cross fan||四通crross-flow fan||贯流式通风机cross-ventilation||穿堂风cut diameter||分割粒径cyclone||旋风除尘器cyclone dust separator||旋风除尘器cylindrical ventilator||筒形风帽Ddaily range||日较差damping factot||衰减倍数data scaning||巡回检测days of heating period||采暖期天数deafener||消声器decibel(dB)||分贝degree-days of heating period||采暖期度日数degree of subcooling||过冷度degree of superheat||过热度dehumidification||减湿dehumidifying cooling||减湿冷却density of dust particle||真密度derivative time||微分时间design conditions||计算参数desorption||解吸detecting element||检测元件detention period||延迟时间deviation||偏差dew-point temperature||露点温度dimond-shaped damper||菱形叶片调节阀differential pressure type flowmeter||差压流量计diffuser air supply||散流器diffuser air supply||散流器送风direct air conditioning system 直流式空气调节系统direct combustion 直接燃烧direct-contact heat exchanger 汽水混合式换热器direct digital control (DDC) system 直接数字控制系统direct evaporator 直接式蒸发器direct-fired lithiumbromide absorption-type refrigerating machine 直燃式溴化锂吸收式制冷机direct refrigerating system 直接制冷系统direct return system 异程式系统direct solar radiation 太阳直接辐射discharge pressure 排气压力||discharge temperature 排气温度dispersion 大气扩散district heat supply 区域供热district heating 区域供热disturbance frequency 扰动频率dominant wind direction 最多风向double-effect lithium-bromide absorption-type refigerating machine 双效溴化锂吸收式制冷机double pipe condenser 套管式冷凝器down draft 倒灌downfeed system 上分式系统downstream spray pattern 顺喷drain pipe 泄水管drain pipe 排污管droplet 液滴drv air 干空气dry-and-wet-bulb thermometer 干湿球温度表dry-bulb temperature 干球温度dry cooling condition 干工况dry dust separator 干式除尘器dry expansion evaporator 干式蒸发器dry return pipe 干式凝结水管dry steam humidifler 干蒸汽加湿器dualductairconing ition 双风管空气调节系统dual duct system 双风管空气调节系统duct 风管、风道dust 粉尘dust capacity 容尘量dust collector 除尘器dust concentration 含尘浓度dust control 除尘dust-holding capacity 容尘量dust removal 除尘dust removing system 除尘系统dust sampler 粉尘采样仪dust sampling meter 粉尘采样仪dust separation 除尘dust separator 除尘器dust source 尘源dynamic deviation||动态偏差Eeconomic resistance of heat transfer||经济传热阻economic velocity||经济流速efective coefficient of local resistance||折算局部阻力系数effective legth||折算长度effective stack height||烟囱有效高度effective temperature difference||送风温差ejector||喷射器ejetor||弯头elbow||电加热器electric heater||电加热段electric panel heating||电热辐射采暖electric precipitator||电除尘器electricradian theating 电热辐射采暖electricresistance hu-midkfier||电阻式加湿器electro-pneumatic convertor||电—气转换器electrode humidifler||电极式加湿器electrostatic precipi-tator||电除尘器eliminator||挡水板emergency ventilation||事故通风emergency ventilation system||事故通风系统emission concentration||排放浓度enclosed hood||密闭罩enthalpy||焓enthalpy control system||新风)焓值控制系统enthalpy entropy chart||焓熵图entirely ventilation||全面通风entropy||熵environmental noise||环境噪声equal percentage flow characteristic||等百分比流量特性equivalent coefficient of local resistance||当量局部阻力系数equivalent length||当量长度equivalent[continuous A] sound level||等效〔连续A〕声级evaporating pressure||蒸发压力evaporating temperature||蒸发温度evaporative condenser||蒸发式冷凝器||evaporator||蒸发器excess heat||余热excess pressure||余压excessive heat ||余热cxergy||xexhaust air rate||排风量exhaust fan||排风机exhaust fan room||排风机室exhaust hood||局部排风罩exhaust inlet||吸风口exhaust opening||吸风口exhaust opening orinlet||风口exhaust outlet||排风口exaust vertical pipe||排气〕烟囱exhausted enclosure||密闭罩exit||排风口expansion||膨胀expansion pipe||膨胀管explosion proofing||防爆expansion steam trap||恒温式疏水器expansion tank||膨胀水箱extreme maximum temperature||极端最高温度extreme minimum temperature||极端最低温度Ffabric collector||袋式除尘器face tube||皮托管face velocity||罩口风速fan||通风机fan-coil air-conditioning system||风机盘管空气调节系统fan-coil system||风机盘管空气调节系统fan-coil unit||风机盘管机组fan house||通风机室fan room||通风机室fan section||风机段feed-forward control||前馈控制feedback||反馈feeding branch tlo radiator||散热器供热支管fibrous dust||纤维性粉尘fillter cylinder for sampling||滤筒采样管fillter efficiency||过滤效率fillter section||过滤段filltration velocity||过滤速度final resistance of filter||过滤器终阻力fire damper||防火阀fire prevention||防火fire protection||防火fire-resisting damper||防火阀fittings||(通风〕配件fixed set-point control||定值调节fixed support||固定支架fixed time temperature (humidity)||定时温（湿）度flame combustion||热力燃烧flash gas||闪发气体flash steam||二次蒸汽flexible duct||软管flexible joint||柔性接头float type steam trap||浮球式疏水器float valve||浮球阀floating control||无定位调节flooded evaporator||满液式蒸发器floor panel heating||地板辐射采暖flow capacity of control valve||调节阀流通能力flow characteristic of control valve||调节阀流量特性foam dust separator||泡沫除尘器follow-up control system||随动系统forced ventilation||机械通风forward flow zone||射流区foul gas||不凝性气体four-pipe water system||四管制水系统fractional separation efficiency||分级除尘效率free jet||自由射流free sillica||游离二氧化硅free silicon dioxide||游离二氧化硅freon||氟利昂frequency interval||频程frequency of wind direction||风向频率fresh air handling unit||新风机组resh air requirement||新风量friction factor||摩擦系数friction loss||摩擦阻力frictional resistance||摩擦阻力fume||烟〔雾〕fumehood||排风柜fumes||烟气Ggas-fired infrared heating 煤气红外线辐射采暖gas-fired unit heater 燃气热风器gas purger 不凝性气体分离器gate valve 闸阀general air change 全面通风general exhaust ventilation (GEV) 全面排风general ventilation 全面通风generator 发生器global radiation||总辐射grade efficiency||分级除尘效率granular bed filter||颗粒层除尘器granulometric distribution||粒径分布gravel bed filter||颗粒层除尘器gravity separator||沉降室ground-level concentration||落地浓度guide vane||导流板Hhair hygrometor||毛发湿度计hand pump||手摇泵harmful gas andvapo||有害气体harmful substance||有害物质header||分水器、集水器（、）heat and moisture||热湿交换transfer||热平衡heat conduction coefficient||导热系数heat conductivity||导热系数heat distributing network||热网heat emitter||散热器heat endurance||热稳定性heat exchanger||换热器heat flowmeter||热流计heat flow rate||热流量heat gain from lighting||设备散热量heat gain from lighting||照明散热量heat gain from occupant||人体散热量heat insulating window||保温窗heat(thermal)insuation||隔热heat(thermal)lag||延迟时间heat loss||耗热量heat loss by infiltration||冷风渗透耗热量heat-operated refrigerating system||热力制冷系统heat-operated refrigetation||热力制冷heat pipe||热管heat pump||热泵heat pump air conditioner||热泵式空气调节器heat release||散热量heat resistance||热阻heat screen||隔热屏heat shield||隔热屏heat source||热源heat storage||蓄热heat storage capacity||蓄热特性heat supply||供热heat supply network||热网heat transfer||传热heat transmission||传热heat wheel||转轮式换热器heated thermometer anemometer||热风速仪heating||采暖、供热、加热（、、）heating appliance||采暖设备heating coil||热盘管heating coil section||加热段heating equipment||采暖设备heating load||热负荷heating medium||热媒heating medium parameter||热媒参数heating pipeline||采暖管道heating system||采暖系统heavy work||重作业high-frequency noise||高频噪声high-pressure ho twater heating||高温热水采暖high-pressure steam heating||高压蒸汽采暖high temperature water heating||高温热水采暖hood||局部排风罩horizontal water-film syclonet||卧式旋风水膜除尘器hot air heating||热风采暖hot air heating system||热风采暖系统hot shop||热车间hot water boiler||热水锅炉hot water heating||热水采暖hot water system||热水采暖系统hot water pipe||热水管hot workshop||热车间hourly cooling load||逐时冷负荷hourly sol-air temperature||逐时综合温度humidification||加湿humidifier||加湿器humididier section||加湿段humidistat||恒湿器humidity ratio||含湿量hydraulic calculation||水力计算hydraulic disordeer||水力失调hydraulic dust removal||水力除尘hydraulic resistance balance||阻力平衡hydraulicity||水硬性hydrophilic dust||亲水性粉尘hydrophobic dust||疏水性粉尘Iimpact dust collector||冲激式除尘器impact tube||皮托管impedance muffler||阻抗复合消声器inclined damper||斜插板阀index circuit||最不利环路indec of thermal inertia (valueD)||热惰性指标（D值）indirect heat exchanger||表面式换热器indirect refrigerating sys||间接制冷系统indoor air design conditions||室内在气计算参数indoor air velocity||室内空气流速indoor and outdoor design conditions||室内外计算参数indoor reference for air temperature and relative humidity||室内温湿度基数indoor temperature (humidity)||室内温（湿）度induction air-conditioning system||诱导式空气调节系统induction unit||诱导器inductive ventilation||诱导通风industral air conditioning||工艺性空气调节industrial ventilation||工业通风inertial dust separator||惯性除尘器infiltration heat loss||冷风渗透耗热量infrared humidifier||红外线加湿器infrared radiant heater||红外线辐射器inherent regulation of controlled plant||调节对象自平衡initial concentration of dust||初始浓度initial resistance of filter||过滤器初阻力imput variable||输入量insulating layer||保温层integral enclosure||整体密闭罩integral time||积分时间interlock protection||联锁保护intermittent dust removal||定期除灰intermittent heating||间歇采暖inversion layer||逆温层inverted bucket type steam trap||倒吊桶式疏水器irradiance||辐射照度isoenthalpy||等焓线isobume||等湿线isolator||隔振器isotherm||等温线isothermal humidification||等温加湿isothermal jet||等温射流Jjet||射流jet axial velocity||射流轴心速度jet divergence angle||射流扩散角jet in a confined space||受限射流Kkatathermometer||卡他温度计Llaboratory hood||排风柜lag of controlled plant||调节对象滞后large space enclosure||大容积密闭罩latent heat||潜热lateral exhaust at the edge of a bath||槽边排风罩lateral hoodlength of pipe section||侧吸罩length of pipe section||管段长度light work||轻作业limit deflection||极限压缩量limit switch||限位开关limiting velocity||极限流速linear flow characteristic||线性流量特性liquid-level gage||液位计liquid receiver||贮液器lithium bromide||溴化锂lithium-bromide absorption-type refrigerating machine||溴化锂吸收式制冷机lithium chloride resistance hygrometer||氯化锂电阻湿度计load pattern||负荷特性local air conditioning||局部区域空气调节local air suppiy system||局部送风系统local exhaustventilation (LEV)||局部排风local exhaust system||局部排风系统local heating||局部采暖local relief||局部送风local relief system||局部送风系统local resistance||局部阻力local solartime||地方太阳时local ventilation||局部通风||local izedairsupply for air-heating||集中送风采暖local ized air control||就地控制loop||环路louver||百叶窗low-frequencynoise||低频噪声low-pressure steam heating||低压蒸汽采暖lyophilic dust||亲水性粉尘lyophobic dust||疏水性粉尘Mmain ||总管、干管main duct||通风〕总管、〔通风〕干管main pipe||总管、干管make-up water pump||补给水泵manual control||手动控制mass concentration||质量浓度maximum allowable concentration (MAC)||最高容许浓度maximum coefficient of heat transfer||最大传热系数maximum depth of frozen ground||最大冻土深度maximum sum of hourly colling load||逐时冷负荷综合最大值mean annual temperature (humidity)||年平均温（湿）度mean annual temperature (humidity)||日平均温（湿）度mean daily temperature (humidity)||旬平均温（湿）度mean dekad temperature (humidity)||月平均最高温度mean monthly maximum temperature||月平均最低温度mean monthly minimum temperature||月平均湿（湿）度mean monthly temperature (humidity)||平均相对湿度mean relative humidity||平均风速emchanical air supply system||机械送风系统mechanical and hydraulic||联合除尘combined dust removal||机械式风速仪mechanical anemometer||机械除尘mechanical cleaning off dust||机械除尘mechanical dust removal||机械排风系统mechanical exhaust system||机械通风系统mechanical ventilation||机械通风media velocity||过滤速度metal radiant panel||金属辐射板metal radiant panel heating||金属辐射板采暖micromanometer||微压计micropunch plate muffler||微穿孔板消声器mid-frequency noise||中频噪声middle work||中作业midfeed system||中分式系统minimum fresh air requirmente||最小新风量minimum resistance of heat transfer||最小传热阻mist||雾mixing box section||混合段modular air handling unit||组合式空气调节机组moist air||湿空气||moisture excess||余湿moisure gain||散湿量moisture gain from appliance and equipment||设备散湿量||moisturegain from occupant||人体散湿量motorized valve||电动调节阀motorized (pneumatic)||电（气）动两通阀-way valvemotorized (pneumatic)-way valve||电（气）动三通阀movable support||活动支架muffler||消声器muffler section||消声段multi-operating mode automtic conversion||工况自动转换multi-operating mode control system||多工况控制系统multiclone||多管〔旋风〕除尘器multicyclone||多管〔旋风〕除尘器multishell condenser||组合式冷凝器Nnatural and mechanical combined ventilation||联合通风natural attenuation quantity of noise||噪声自然衰减量natural exhaust system||自然排风系统natural freguency||固有频率natural ventilation||自然通风NC-curve[s]||噪声评价NC曲线negative freedback||负反馈neutral level||中和界neutral pressure level||中和界neutral zone||中和界noise||噪声noise control||噪声控制noise criter ioncurve(s)||噪声评价NC曲线noisc rating number||噪声评价NR曲线noise reduction||消声non azeotropic mixture refragerant||非共沸溶液制冷剂non-commonsection||非共同段non condensable gas ||不凝性气体non condensable gas purger||不凝性气体分离器non-isothermal jet||非等温射流nonreturn valve||通风〕止回阀normal coldest month||止回阀normal coldest month||累年最冷月normal coldest -month period||累年最冷三个月normal hottest month||累年最热月（３）normal hottest month period||累年最热三个月normal three summer months||累年最热三个月normal three winter months||累年最冷三个月normals||累年值nozzle outlet air suppluy||喷口送风number concentration||计数浓度number of degree-day of heating period||采暖期度日数Ooctave||倍频程/ octave||倍频程octave band||倍频程oil cooler||油冷却器oill-fired unit heater||燃油热风器one-and-two pipe combined heating system||单双管混合式采暖系统one (single)-pipe circuit (cross-over) heating system||单管跨越式采暖系统one(single)-pipe heating system||单管采暖系统pne(single)-pipe loop circuit heating system||水平单管采暖系统one(single)-pipe seriesloop heating system||单管顺序式采暖系统one-third octave band||倍频程on-of control||双位调节open loop control||开环控制open return||开式回水open shell and tube condenser||立式壳管式冷凝器open tank||开式水箱operating pressure||工作压力operating range||作用半径opposed multiblade damper||对开式多叶阀organized air supply||有组织进风organized exhaust||有组织排风organized natural ventilation||有组织自然通风outdoor air design conditions||室外空气计算参数outdoor ctitcal air temperature for heating||采暖室外临界温度outdoor design dry-bulb temperature for summer air conlitioning||夏季空气调节室外计算干球温度outdoor design hourly temperature for summer air conditioning||夏季空气调节室外计算逐时温度outdoor design mean daily temperature for summer air conditioning||夏季空气调节室外计算日平均温度outdoor design relative humidityu for summer ventilation||夏季通风室外计算相对湿度outdoor design relative humidity for winter air conditioning||冬季空气调节室外计算相对湿度outdoor design temperature ture for calculated envelope in winter冬季围护结构室外计算温度outdoor design temperature ture for heating||采暖室外计算温度outdoor design temperature for summer ventilation||夏季通风室外计算温度outdoor design temperature for winter air conditioning||冬季空气调节室外计算温度outdoor design temperature for winter vemtilation||冬季通风室外计算温度outdoor designwet-bulb temperature for summer air conditioning夏季空气调节室外计算湿球温度outdoor mean air temperature during heating period||采暖期室外平均温度outdoor temperature(humidity)||室外温（湿）度outlet air velocity||出口风速out put variable||输出量overall efficiency of separation||除尘效率overall heat transmission coefficient||传热系数ouvrflow pipe||溢流管overheat steam||过热蒸汽overlapping averages||滑动平均overshoot||超调量Ppackaged air conditioner||整体式空气调节器packaged heat pump||热泵式空气调节器packed column||填料塔packed tower||填料塔panel heating||辐射采暖parabolic flow character||抛物线流量特性isticparallel multiblade damperin||平行式多叶阀parameter detection||参数检测part||通风〕部件partial enclosure||局部密闭罩partial pressure of water vapor||水蒸汽分压力particle||粒子particle counter||粒子计数器particle number concentration||计数浓度particle size||粒径particle size distribution||粒径分布particulate||粒子particulate collector||除尘器particulates||大气尘passage ventilating duct||通过式风管penetration rate||穿透率percentage of men，women and children||群集系数and childrenpercentage of possible sunshine||日照率percentage of return air ||回风百分比cerforated ceiling air suppyl||孔板送风perforated plate tower||筛板塔periodic dust dislodging||定期除灰piece||(通风〕部件pipe fittings||管道配件pipe radiator||光面管散热器pipe section||管段pipe coil||光面管放热器pitot tube||皮托管plate heat exchanger||板式换热器plenum chamber||静压箱plenum space||稳压层plug||丝堵plume||烟羽plume rise height||烟羽抬升高度PNC-curve[s]||噪声评价PNC曲线pneumatic conveying||气力输送pueumatic transport||气力输送pneumatic valve||气动调节阀pneumo-electrical convertor||气-电转换器positioner||定位器positive feedback||正反馈powerroof ventilator||屋顶通风机preferred noise criteria curve[s]||噪声评价PNC曲线pressure drop||压力损失pressure enthalpy chart||压焓图pressure gage||压力表pressure of steam supply||供汽压力pressure reducing valve||减压阀pressure relief device||泄压装置pressure relief valve||安全阀pressure thermometer||压力式温度计pressure volume chart||压容图primary air fan-coil system||风机盘管加新风系统primary air system||新风系统primary retirn air||一次回风process air conditioning||工艺性空气调节program control||程序控制proportional band||比例带proportional control||比例调节proportional-integral (PI)control||比例积分调节proportional-integralderivative(PID)control||比例积分微分调节protected(roof)monitor||避风天窗psychrometric chart||声级计pulvation action||干湿球温度表push-pull hood||焓湿图pulvation action||尘化作用push-pull hood||吹吸式排风罩Qquick open flow characteristic||快开流量特性Rradiant heating||辐射采暖radiant intensity||辐射强度sadiation intensity||辐射强度radiator||散热器radiator heating||散热器采暖radiator heating system||散热器采暖系统radiator valve||散热器调节阀rating under air conditioning condition||空调工况制冷量rcactive muffler||抗性消声器receiver||贮液器receiving hood||接受式排风罩reciprocating compressor||活塞式压缩机recirculation cavety||空气动力阴影区recording thermometer||自记温度计reducing coupling||异径管接头reducing valve||减压阀reentrainment of dust ||二次扬尘refrigerant||制冷剂[refrigerating] coefficient of performance (COP)||(制冷)性能系数refrigerating compressor||制冷压缩机refrigerating cycle||制冷循环refrigerating effect||制冷量refrigerating engineering||制冷工程refrigerating machine||制冷机refrigerating medium||载冷剂refrigerating planttoom||制冷机房refrigerating station||制冷机房refrigerating system||制冷系统refrigeration ||制冷regenerative noise||再生噪声register||百叶型风口regulator||调节器reheat air conditioning system||再热式空气调节系统relative humidity||相对湿度relay||继电器remote control||遥控resistance of heat transfer||传热阻resistance thermometer||电阻温度计resistance to water vapor permeability蒸汽渗透阻resistance to water vapor permeation||蒸汽渗透阻resistive muffler||阻性消声器resistivity||比电阻resonance||共振resonant frequency||共振频率response curve of controlled plant||调节对象正升曲线teturn air||回风return air inlet||回风口return branch of radiator||散热器回水支管return fan||回风机return flow zone||回流区return water temperataure||回水温度reverse Carnot cycle||逆卡诺循环reversed return system||同程式系统reversible cycle||可逆循环rim exhaust||槽边排风罩rim ventilation||槽边通风riser||立管roof ventilator||筒形风帽room absorption||房间吸声量room air conditioner||房间空气调节器rotameter||转子流量计rotary dehumidifier||转轮除湿机rotary heat exchanger||转轮式换热器rotary supply outlet||旋转送风口rotating air outlet with movable guide vanes||旋转送风口roughness factor||相对粗糙度rubber shock absorber||橡胶隔振器running means||滑动平均Ssafety valve||安全阀samling hole||测孔sampling port||测孔saturated steam||饱和蒸汽saturation humidity ratio||饱和含湿量screw compressor||螺杆式压缩机screwnipple||丝对screwed plug||丝堵scondary refrigerant||载冷剂secondary return air||二次回风selective control system||选择控制系统selector||选择器self-contained cooling unit||冷风机组self learning system||自学习系统sensible cooling||等湿冷却sensible heat||显热sensible heating||等湿加热sensing element||敏感元件sensor||传感器sequence control||程序控制set point||给定值settling chamber||沉降室setting velocity||沉降速度shading coefficient||遮阳系数shell and coil condenser||壳管式冷凝器shell and tube condenser ||壳管式冷凝器shell and tube evaporator||壳管式蒸发器sholder nipple||长丝shutter||百叶窗sidehood||侧吸罩sidewall air supply||侧面送风sieve-plate column||筛板塔single duct air conditioning system||单风管空气调节系统。

附录英汉对照索引AA-weighted sound pressure level A声级（96）absolute humidity 绝对湿度（2）absolute roughness 绝对粗糙度（25）absorbate 吸收质（49）absorbent 吸收剂（49）absorbent 吸声材料（100）absorber 吸收器（85）absorptance for solar radiation 太阳辐射热吸收系数（60）absorption equipment 吸收装置（49）absorption of gas and vapo[u]r 气体吸收（48）absorptiong refrige rationg cycle 吸收式制冷循环（80）absorption-type refrigerating machine 吸收式制冷机（84）access door 检查门（55）acoustic absorptivity 吸声系数（100）actual density 真密度（44）actuating element 执行机构（94）actuator 执行机构（94）adaptive control system 自适应控制系统（93）additional factor for exterior door 外门附加率（19）additional factor for intermittent heating 间歇附加率（19）additional factor for wind force 高度附加率（19）additional heat loss 风力附加率（19）adiabatic humidification 附加耗热量（18）adiabatic humidiflcation 绝热加湿（66）adsorbate 吸附质（49）adsorbent 吸附剂（49）adsorber 吸附装置（49）adsorption equipment 吸附装置（49）adsorption of gas and vapo[u]r 气体吸附（48）aerodynamic noise 空气动力噪声（98）aerosol 气溶胶（43）air balance 风量平衡（35）air changes 换气次数（35）air channel 风道（51）air cleanliness 空气洁净度（104）air collector 集气罐（31）air conditioning 空气调节（59）air conditioning condition 空调工况（76）air conditioning equipment 空气调节设备（70）air conditioning machine room 空气调节机房（59）air conditioning system 空气调节系统（62）air conditioning system cooling load 空气调节系统冷负荷（62）air contaminant 空气污染物（51）air-cooled condenser 风冷式冷凝器（82）air cooler 空气冷却器（74）air curtain 空气幕（30）air cushion shock absorber 空气弹簧隔振器（101）air distribution 气流组织（68）air distributor 空气分布器（54）air-douche unit with water atomization 喷雾风扇（56）air duct 风管、风道（51）air filter 空气过滤器（58）air handling equipment 空气调节设备（70）air handling unit room 空气调节机房（59）air header 集合管（52）air humidity 空气湿度（2）air inlet 风口（54）air intake 进风口（41）air manifold 集合管（52）air opening 风口（54）air pollutant 空气污染物（51）air pollution 大气污染（50）air preheater 空气预热器（73）air return method 回风方式（70）air return mode 回风方式（70）air return through corridor 走廊回风（70）air space 空气间层（15）air supply method 送风方式（69）air supply mode 送风方式（69）air supply (suction) opening with slide plate 插板式送（吸）风口（54）air supply volume per unit area 单位面积送风量（69）air temperature 空气温度（2）air through tunnel 地道风（40）air-to-air total heat exchanger 全热换热器（73）air-to-cloth ratio 气布比（48）air velocity at work area 作业地带空气流速（5）air velocity at work place 工作地点空气流速（4）air vent 放气阀（31）air-water systen 空气—水系统（64）airborne particles 大气尘（43）air hater 空气加热器（29）airspace 空气间层（15）alarm signal 报警信号（90）ail-air system 全空气系统（63）all-water system 全水系统（64）allowed indoor fluctuation of temperature and relative humidity 室温湿度允许波动围（5）ambient noise 环境噪声（97）ammonia 氨（78）amplification factor of centrolled plant 调节对象放大系数（87）amplitude 振幅（100）anergy （77）angle of repose 安息角（44）ange of slide 滑动角（44）angle scale 热湿比（67）angle valve 角阀（31）annual [value] 历年值（3）annual coldest month 历年最冷月（3）annual hottest month 历年最热月（3）anticorrosive 缓蚀剂（78）antifreeze agent 防冻剂（78）antifreeze agent 防冻剂（78）apparatus dew point 机器露点（67）apparent density 堆积密度（45）aqua-ammonia absorptiontype-refrigerating machine 氨—水吸收式制冷机（84）aspiation psychrometer 通风温湿度计（102）Assmann aspiration psychrometer 通风温湿度计（102）atmospheric condenser 淋激式冷凝器（83）atmospheric diffusion 大气扩散（40）atmospheric dust 大气尘（43）atmospheric pollution 大气污染（50）atmospheric pressure 大气压力（6atmospheric stability 大气稳定度（50）atmospheric transparency 大气透明度（10）atmospheric turblence 大气湍流（50）automatic control 自动控制（86）automatic roll filter 自动卷绕式过滤器（58）automatic vent 自动放气阀（32）available pressure 资用压力（27）average daily sol-air temperature 日平均综合温度（60）axial fan 轴流式通风机（55）azeotropic mixture refrigerant 共沸溶液制冷剂（77）Bback-flow preventer 防回流装置（53）back pressure of steam trap 凝结水背压力（14）back pressure return 余压回水（15）background noise 背景噪声（98）back plate 挡风板（39）bag filler 袋式除尘器（57）baghouse 袋式除尘器（57）barometric pressure 大气压力（6）basic heat loss 基本耗热量（18）bend muffler 消声弯头（100）bimetallic thermometer 双金属温度计（102）black globe temperature 黑球温度（2）blow off pipe 排污管（23）blowdown 排污管（23）boiler 锅炉（27）boiller house 锅炉房（14）boiler plant 锅炉房（14）boiler room 锅炉房（14）booster 加压泵（29）branch 支管（22）branch duct (通风) 支管（51）branch pipe 支管（22）building envelope 围护结构（15）building flow zones 建筑气流区（37）building heating entry 热力入口（15）bulk density 堆积密度（45）bushing 补心（24）butterfly damper 蝶阀（52）by-pass damper 空气加热器〕旁通阀（41）by-pass pipe 旁通管（23）Ccanopy hood 伞形罩（42）capillary tube 毛细管（84）capture velocity 控制风速（43）capture velocity 外部吸气罩（41）capturing hood 卡诺循环（79）Carnot cycle 串级调节系统（92）cascade control system 铸铁散热器（29）cast iron radiator 催化燃烧（49）catalytic oxidation 催化燃烧（49）ceilling fan 吊扇（56）ceiling panelheating 顶棚辐射采暖（12）center frequency 中心频率（97）central air conditionint system 集中式空气调节系统（63）central heating 集中采暖（11）central ventilation system 新风系统（64）centralized control 集中控制（91）centrifugal compressor 离心式压缩机（82）centrifugal fan 离心式通风机（55）check damper (通风〕止回阀（53）check valve 止回阀（31）chilled water 冷水（76）chilled water system with primary-secondary pumps 一、二次泵冷水系统（81）chimney (排气〕烟囱（50）circuit 环路（24）circulating fan 风扇（55）circulating pipe 循环管（23）circulating pump 循环泵（29）clean room 洁净室（104）cleaning hole 清扫孔（54）cleaning vacuum plant 真空吸尘装置（58）cleanout opening 清扫孔（54）clogging capacity 容尘量（47）close nipple 长丝（24）closed booth 大容积密闭罩（42）closed full flow return 闭式满管回水（15）closed loop control 闭环控制（87）closed return 闭式回水（15）closed shell and tube condenser 卧式壳管式冷凝器（82）closed shell and tube evaporator 卧式壳管式蒸发器（83）closed tank 闭式水箱（28）coefficient of accumulation of heat 蓄热系数（17）coefficient of atmospheric transpareney 大气透明度（10）coefficient of effective heat emission 散热量有效系数（38）coficient of effective heat emission 传热系数（16）coefficient of locall resistance 局部阻力系数（26）coefficient of thermal storage 蓄热系数（17）coefficient of vapo[u]r 蒸汽渗透系数（18）coefficient of vapo[u]r 蒸汽渗透系数（18）coil 盘管（74）collection efficiency 除尘效率（47）combustion of gas and vapo[u]r 气体燃烧（58）comfort air conditioning 舒适性空气调节（59）common section 共同段（25）compensator 补偿器（31）components (通风〕部件（52）compression 压缩（79）compression-type refrigerating machine 压缩式制冷机（81）compression-type refrigerating system 压缩式制冷系统（81）compression-type refrigeration 压缩式制冷（80）compression-type refrigeration cycle 压缩式制冷循环（79）compression-type water chiller 压缩式冷水机组（81）concentratcd heating 集中采暖（11）concentration of narmful substance 有害物质浓度（36）condensate drain pan 凝结水盘（74）condensate pipe 凝结水管（22）condensate pump 凝缩水泵（29）condensate tank 凝结水箱（28）condensation 冷凝（79）condensation of vapo[u]r 气体冷凝（49）condenser 冷凝器（82）condensing pressure 冷凝压力（75）condensing temperature 冷凝温度（75）condensing unit 压缩冷凝机组（81）conditioned space 空气调节房间（59）conditioned zone 空气调节区（59）conical cowl 锥形风帽（52）constant humidity system 恒湿系统（64）constant temperature and humidity system 恒温恒湿系统（64）constant temperature system 恒温系统（64）constant value control 定值调节（91）constant volume air conditioning system 定风量空气调节系统（63）continuous dust dislodging 连续除灰（48）continuous dust dislodging 连续除灰（48）continuous heating 连续采暖（11）contour zone 稳定气流区（38）control device 控制装置（86）control panel 控制屏（95）control valve 调节阀（95）control velocity 控制风速（43）controlled natural ventilation 有组织自然通风（37）controlled plant 调节对象（86）controlled variable 被控参数（86）controller 调节器（94）convection heating 对流采暖（12）convector 对流散热器（29）cooling 降温、冷却（39、66）cooling air curtain 冷风幕（74）cooling coil 冷盘管（74）cooling coil section 冷却段（72）cooling load from heat 传热冷负荷（62）cooling load from outdoor air 新风冷负荷（62）cooling load from ventilation 新风冷负荷（62）cooling load temperature 冷负荷温度（62）cooling system 降温系统（40）cooling tower 冷却塔（83）cooling unit 冷风机组（56）cooling water 冷却水（76）correcting element 调节机构（95）correcting unit 执行器（94）correction factor for orientaion 朝向修正率（19）corrosion inhibitor 缓蚀剂（78）coupling 管接头（23）cowl 伞形风帽（52）criteria for noise control cross 噪声控频标准（98）cross fan 四通（24）crross-flow fan 贯流式通风机（55）cross-ventilation 穿堂风（37）cut diameter 分割粒径（47）cyclone 旋风除尘器（56）cyclone dust separator 旋风除尘器（56）cylindrical ventilator 筒形风帽（52）Ddaily range 日较差（6）damping factot 衰减倍数（17）data scaning 巡回检测（90）days of heating period 采暖期天数（9）deafener 消声器（99）decibel(dB) 分贝（96）degree-days of heating period 采暖期度日数（9）degree of subcooling 过冷度（79）degree of superheat 过热度（80）dehumidification 减湿（66）dehumidifying cooling 减湿冷却（66）density of dust particle 真密度（44）derivative time 微分时间（89）design conditions 计算参数（2）desorption 解吸（49）detecting element 检测元件（93）detention period 延迟时间（18）deviation 偏差（87）dew-point temperature 露点温度（2）dimond-shaped damper 菱形叶片调节阀（53）differential pressure type flowmeter 差压流量计（103）diffuser air supply 散流器（54）diffuser air supply 散流器送风（69）direct air conditioning system 直流式空气调节系统（64）direct combustion 直接燃烧（48）direct-contact heat exchanger 汽水混合式换热器（28）direct digital control (DDC) system 直接数字控制系统（92）direct evaporator 直接式蒸发器（83）direct-fired lithiumbromide absorption-type refrigerating machine 直燃式溴化锂吸收式制冷机（85）direct refrigerating system 直接制冷系统（80）direct return system 异程式系统（20）direct solar radiation 太阳直接辐射（10）discharge pressure 排气压力（76）discharge temperature 排气温度（76）dispersion 大气扩散（49）district heat supply 区域供热（15）district heating 区域供热（15）disturbance frequency 扰动频率（100）dominant wind direction 最多风向（7）double-effect lithium-bromide absorption-type refigerating machine 双效溴化锂吸收式制冷机（85）double pipe condenser 套管式冷凝器（82）down draft 倒灌（39）downfeed system 上分式系统（21）downstream spray pattern 顺喷（67）drain pipe 泄水管（23）drain pipe 排污管（23）droplet 液滴（44）drv air 干空气（65）dry-and-wet-bulb thermometer 干湿球温度表（102）dry-bulb temperature 干球温度（2）dry cooling condition 干工况（67）dry dust separator 干式除尘器（56）dry expansion evaporator 干式蒸发器（83）dry return pipe 干式凝结水管（22）dry steam humidifler 干蒸汽加湿器（72）dualductairconing ition 双风管空气调节系统（63）dual duct system 双风管空气调节系统（63）duct 风管、风道（51）dust 粉尘（43）dust capacity 容尘量（47）dust collector 除尘器（56）dust concentration 含尘浓度（46）dust control 除尘（46）dust-holding capacity 容尘量（47）dust removal 除尘（46）dust removing system 除尘系统（46）dust sampler 粉尘采样仪（104）dust sampling meter 粉尘采样仪（104）dust separation 除尘（45）dust separator 除尘器（56）dust source 尘源（45）dynamic deviation 动态偏差（88）Eeconomic resistance of heat transfer 经济传热阻（17）economic velocity 经济流速（26）efective coefficient of local resistance 折算局部阻力系数（26）effective legth 折算长度（25）effective stack height 烟囱有效高度（50）effective temperature difference 送风温差（70）ejector 喷射器（85）ejetor 弯头（24）elbow 电加热器（73）electric heater 电加热段（71）electric panel heating 电热辐射采暖（13）electric precipitator 电除尘器（57）electricradian theating 电热辐射采暖（13）electricresistance hu-midkfier 电阻式加湿器（72）electro-pneumatic convertor 电—气转换器（94）electrode humidifler 电极式加湿器（73）electrostatic precipi-tator 电除尘器（57）eliminator 挡水板（74）emergency ventilation 事故通风（34）emergency ventilation system 事故通风系统（40）emission concentration 排放浓度（51）enclosed hood 密闭罩（42）enthalpy 焓（76）enthalpy control system 新风〕焓值控制系统（91）enthalpy entropy chart 焓熵图（77）entirely ventilation 全面通风（33）entropy 熵（76）environmental noise 环境噪声（97）equal percentage flow characteristic 等百分比流量特性（89）equivalent coefficient of local resistance 当量局部阻力系数（26）equivalent length 当量长度（25）equivalent[continuous A] sound level 等效〔连续A〕声级（96）evaporating pressure 蒸发压力（75）evaporating temperature 蒸发温度（75）evaporative condenser 蒸发式冷凝器（83）evaporator 蒸发器（83）excess heat 余热（35）excess pressure 余压（37）excessive heat 余热（35）exergy （76）exhaust air rate 排风量（35）exhaust fan 排风机（41）exhaust fan room 排风机室（41）exhaust hood 局部排风罩（41）exhaust inlet 吸风口（54）exhaust opening 吸风口（54）exhaust opening orinlet 风口（54）exhaust outlet 排风口（54）exaust vertical pipe 排气〕烟囱（50）exhausted enclosure 密闭罩（42）exit 排风口（54）expansion 膨胀（79）expansion pipe 膨胀管（23）explosion proofing 防爆（36）expansion steam trap 恒温式疏水器（32）expansion tank 膨胀水箱（28）extreme maximum temperature 极端最高温度（6）extreme minimum temperature 极端最低温度（6）Ffabric collector 袋式除尘器（57）face tube 皮托管（103）face velocity 罩口风速（42）fan 通风机（55）fan-coil air-conditioning system 风机盘管空气调节系统（64）fan-coil system 风机盘管空气调节系统（64）fan-coil unit 风机盘管机组（72）fan house 通风机室（41）fan room 通风机室（41）fan section 风机段（72）feed-forward control 前馈控制（91）feedback 反馈（86）feeding branch tlo radiator 散热器供热支管（23）fibrous dust 纤维性粉尘（43）fillter cylinder for sampling 滤筒采样管（104）fillter efficiency 过滤效率（47）fillter section 过滤段（71）filltration velocity 过滤速度（48）final resistance of filter 过滤器终阻力（47）fire damper 防火阀（53）fire prevention 防火（36）fire protection 防火（36）fire-resisting damper 防火阀（53）fittings (通风〕配件（52）fixed set-point control 定值调节（91）fixed support 固定支架（24）fixed time temperature (humidity) 定时温（湿）度（5）flame combustion 热力燃烧（48）flash gas 闪发气体（78）flash steam 二次蒸汽（14）flexible duct 软管（52）flexible joint 柔性接头（52）float type steam trap 浮球式疏水器（32）float valve 浮球阀（31）floating control 无定位调节（88）flooded evaporator 满液式蒸发器（83）floor panel heating 地板辐射采暖（13）flow capacity of control valve 调节阀流通能力（90）flow characteristic of control valve 调节阀流量特性（89）foam dust separator 泡沫除尘器（57）follow-up control system 随动系统（92）forced ventilation 机械通风（33）forward flow zone 射流区（69）foul gas 不凝性气体（78）four-pipe water system 四管制水系统（65）fractional separation efficiency 分级除尘效率（47）free jet 自由射流（68）free sillica 游离二氧化硅（43）free silicon dioxide 游离二氧化硅（43）freon 氟利昂（77）frequency interval 频程（97）frequency of wind direction 风向频率（7）fresh air handling unit 新风机组（71）fresh air requirement 新风量（67）friction factor 摩擦系数（25）friction loss 摩擦阻力（25）frictional resistance 摩擦阻力（25）fume 烟〔雾〕（44）fumehood 排风柜（42）fumes 烟气（44）Ggas-fired infrared heating 煤气红外线辐射采暖（13）gas-fired unit heater 燃气热风器（30）gas purger 不凝性气体分离器（84）gate valve 闸阀（31）general air change 全面通风（33）general exhaust ventilation (GEV) 全面排风（33）general ventilation 全面通风（33）generator 发生器（85）global radiation 总辐射（10）grade efficiency 分级除尘效率（47）granular bed filter 颗粒层除尘器（57）granulometric distribution 粒径分布（44）gravel bed filter 颗粒层除尘器（57）gravity separator 沉降室（56）ground-level concentration 落地浓度（51）guide vane 导流板（52）Hhair hygrometor 毛发湿度计（102）hand pump 手摇泵（29）harmful gas and vapo[u]r 有害气体（48）harmful substance 有害物质（35）header 分水器、集水器（30、31）heat and moisture transfer 热湿交换（67）heat balance 热平衡（35）heat conduction coefficient 导热系数（16）heat conductivity 导热系数（16）heat distributing network 热网（15）heat emitter 散热器（29）heat endurance 热稳定性（17）heat exchanger 换热器（27）heat flowmeter 热流计（103）heat flow rate 热流量（16）heat gain from appliance and equipment 设备散热量（61）heat gain from lighting 照明散热量（61）heat gain from occupant 人体散热量（61）heat insulating window 保温窗（41）heat(thermal)insuation 隔热（39）heat(thermal)lag 延迟时间（18）heat loss 耗热量（18）heat loss by infiltration 冷风渗透耗热量（19）heat-operated refrigerating system 热力制冷系统（81）heat-operated refrigetation 热力制冷（80）heat pipe 热管（74）heat pump 热泵（85）heat pump air conditioner 热泵式空气调节器（71）heat release 散热量（38）heat resistance 热阻（16）heat screen 隔热屏（39）heat shield 隔热屏（39）heat source 热源（13）heat storage 蓄热（61）heat storage capacity 蓄热特性（61）heat supply 供热（14）heat supply network 热网（15）heat transfer 传热（15）heat transmission 传热（15）heat wheel 转轮式换热器（73）heated thermometer anemometer 热风速仪（103）heating 采暖、供热、加热（11、14、66）heating appliance 采暖设备（27）heating coil 热盘管（74）heating coil section 加热段（71）heating equipment 采暖设备（27）heating load 热负荷（19）heating medium 热媒（13）heating medium parameter 热媒参数（14）heating pipeline 采暖管道（22）heating system 采暖系统（20）heavy work 重作业（105）high-frequency noise 高频噪声（98）high-pressure ho twater heating 高温热水采暖（12）high-pressure steam heating 高压蒸汽采暖（12）high temperature water heating 高温热水采暖（12）hood 局部排风罩（41）horizontal water-film syclonet 卧式旋风水膜除尘器（57）hot air heating 热风采暖（12）hot air heating system 热风采暖系统（20）hot shop 热车间（39）hot water boiler 热水锅炉（27）hot water heating 热水采暖（11）hot water system 热水采暖系统（20）hot water pipe 热水管（22）hot workshop 热车间（39）hourly cooling load 逐时冷负荷（62）hourly sol-air temperature 逐时综合温度（60）humidification 加湿（66）humidifier 加湿器（72）humididier section 加湿段（71）humidistat 恒湿器（94）humidity ratio 含湿量（65）hydraulic calculation 水力计算（24）hydraulic disordeer 水力失调（26）hydraulic dust removal 水力除尘（46）hydraulic resistance balance 阻力平衡（26）hydraulicity 水硬性（45）hydrophilic dust 亲水性粉尘（43）hydrophobic dust 疏水性粉尘（43）Iimpact dust collector 冲激式除尘器（58）impact tube 皮托管（103）impedance muffler 阻抗复合消声器（99）inclined damper 斜插板阀（53）index circuit 最不利环路（24）indec of thermal inertia (valueD) 热惰性指标（D值）（17）indirect heat exchanger 表面式换热器（28）indirect refrigerating sys 间接制冷系统（80）indoor air design conditions 室在气计算参数（5）indoor air velocity 室空气流速（4）indoor and outdoor design conditions 室外计算参数（2）indoor reference for air temperature and relative humidity 室温湿度基数（5）indoor temperature (humidity) 室温（湿）度（4）induction air-conditioning system 诱导式空气调节系统（64）induction unit 诱导器（72）inductive ventilation 诱导通风（34）industral air conditioning 工艺性空气调节（59）industrial ventilation 工业通风（33）inertial dust separator 惯性除尘器（56）infiltration heat loss 冷风渗透耗热量（19）infrared humidifier 红外线加湿器（73）infrared radiant heater 红外线辐射器（30）inherent regulation of controlled plant 调节对象自平衡（87）initial concentration of dust 初始浓度（47）initial resistance of filter 过滤器初阻力（47）input variable 输入量（89）insulating layer 保温层（105）integral enclosure 整体密闭罩（42）integral time 积分时间（89）interlock protection 联锁保护（91）intermittent dust removal 定期除灰（48）intermittent heating 间歇采暖（11）inversion layer 逆温层（50）inverted bucket type steam trap 倒吊桶式疏水器（32）irradiance 辐射照度（4）isoenthalpy 等焓线（66）isobume 等湿线（66）isolator 隔振器（101）isotherm 等温线（66）isothermal humidification 等温加湿（67）isothermal jet 等温射流（68）Jjet 射流（68）jet axial velocity 射流轴心速度（69）jet divergence angle 射流扩散角（69）jet in a confined space 受限射流（68）Kkatathermometer 卡他温度计（102）Llaboratory hood 排风柜（42）lag of controlled plant 调节对象滞后（87）large space enclosure 大容积密闭罩（42）latent heat 潜热（60）lateral exhaust at the edge of a bath 槽边排风罩（42）lateral hoodlength of pipe section 侧吸罩（42）length of pipe section 管段长度（25）light work 轻作业（105）limit deflection 极限压缩量（101）limit switch 限位开关（95）limiting velocity 极限流速（26）linear flow characteristic 线性流量特性（89）liquid-level ga[u]ge 液位计（103）liquid receiver 贮液器（84）lithium bromide 溴化锂（78）lithium-bromide absorption-type refrigerating machine 溴化锂吸收式制冷机（84）lithium chloride resistance hygrometer 氯化锂电阻湿度计（93）load pattern 负荷特性（62）local air conditioning 局部区域空气调节（59）local air suppiy system 局部送风系统（40）local exhaustventilation (LEV) 局部排风（34）local exhaust system 局部排风系统（40）local heating 局部采暖（11）local relief 局部送风（34）local relief system 局部送风系统（40）local resistance 局部阻力（25）local solartime 地方太阳时（10）local ventilation 局部通风（34）local izedairsupply for air-heating 集中送风采暖（12）local ized air control 就地控制（91）loop 环路（24）louver 百叶窗（41）low-frequencynoise 低频噪声（98）low-pressure steam heating 低压蒸汽采暖（12）lyophilic dust 亲水性粉尘（43）lyophobic dust 疏水性粉尘（43）Mmain 总管、干管（22）main duct 通风〕总管、〔通风〕干管（51）main pipe 总管、干管（22）make-up water pump 补给水泵（28）manual control 手动控制（91）mass concentration 质量浓度（36）maximum allowable concentration (MAC) 最高容许浓度（36）maximum coefficient of heat transfer 最大传热系数（17）maximum depth of frozen ground 最大冻土深度（7）maximum sum of hourly colling load 逐时冷负荷综合最大值（62）mean annual temperature (humidity) 年平均温（湿）度（6）mean daily temperature (humidity) 日平均温（湿）度（5）mean dekad temperature (humidity) 旬平均温（湿）度（6）mean monthly maximum temperature 月平均最高温度（6）mean monthly minimum temperature 月平均最低温度（6）mean monthly temperature (humidity) 月平均温（湿）度（6）mean relative humidity 平均相对湿度（7）mean wind speed 平均风速（7）mechanical air supply system 机械送风系统（40）mechanical and hydraulic combined dust removal 联合除尘（46）mechanical anemometer 机械式风速仪（103）mechanical cleaning off dust 机械除尘（46）mechanical dust removal 机械排风系统（40）mechanical exhaust system 机械通风系统（40）mechanical ventilation 机械通风（33）media velocity 过滤速度（48）metal radiant panel 金属辐射板（30）metal radiant panel heating 金属辐射板采暖（13）micromanometer 微压计（103）micropunch plate muffler 微穿孔板消声器（90）mid-frequency noise 中频噪声（98）middle work 中作业（105）midfeed system 中分式系统（22）minimum fresh air requirmente 最小新风量（68）minimum resistance of heat transfer 最小传热阻（17）mist 雾（44）mixing box section 混合段（71）modular air handling unit 组合式空气调节机组（71）moist air 湿空气（65）moisture excess 余湿（35）moisure gain 散湿量（61）moisture gain from appliance and equipment 设备散湿量（61）moisturegain from occupant 人体散湿量（61）motorized valve 电动调节阀（95）motorized (pneumatic) 电（气）动两通阀（95）2-way valvemotorized (pneumatic)3-way valve 电（气）动三通阀（95）movable support 活动支架（24）muffler 消声器（99）muffler section 消声段（72）multi-operating mode automtic conversion 工况自动转换（90）multi-operating mode control system 多工况控制系统（92）multiclone 多管〔旋风〕除尘器（56）multicyclone 多管〔旋风〕除尘器（56）multishell condenser 组合式冷凝器（82）Nnatural and mechanical combined ventilation 联合通风（33）natural attenuation quantity of noise 噪声自然衰减量（99）natural exhaust system 自然排风系统（37）natural freguency 固有频率（100）natural ventilation 自然通风（33）NC-curve[s] 噪声评价NC曲线（97）negative freedback 负反馈（86）neutral level 中和界（39）neutral pressure level 中和界（39）neutral zone 中和界（39）noise 噪声（97）noise control 噪声控制（98）noise criter ioncurve(s) 噪声评价NC曲线（97）noisc rating number 噪声评价NR曲线（97）noise reduction 消声（99）non azeotropic mixture refragerant 非共沸溶液制冷剂（77）non-commonsection 非共同段（25）non condensable gas 不凝性气体（78）non condensable gas purger 不凝性气体分离器（84）non-isothermal jct 非等温射流（68）nonreturn damper 〔通风〕止回阀（53）nonreturn valve 止回阀（31）normal coldest month 累年最冷月（3）normal coldest 3-month period 累年最冷三个月（3）normal hottest month 累年最热月（３）normal hottest 3month period 累年最热三个月（3）normal three summer months 累年最热三个月（3）normal three winter months 累年最冷三个月（3）normals 累年值（3）nozzle outlet air suppluy 喷口送风（69）number concentration 计数浓度（36）number of degree-day of heating period 采暖期度日数（9）Ooctave 倍频程（97）1/3 octave 倍频程（97）octave band 倍频程（97）oil cooler 油冷却器（84）oill-fired unit heater 燃油热风器（30）one-and-two pipe combined heating system 单双管混合式采暖系统（21）one (single)-pipe circuit (cross-over) heating system 单管跨越式采暖系统（21）one(single)-pipe heating system 单管采暖系统（21）one(single)-pipe loop circuit heating system 水平单管采暖系统（21）one(single)-pipe seriesloop heating system 单管顺序式采暖系统（21）one-third octave band 倍频程（97）on-of control 双位调节（88）open loop control 开环控制（86）open return 开式回水（15）open shell and tube condenser 立式壳管式冷凝器（82）open tank 开式水箱（28）operating pressure 工作压力（27）operating range 作用半径（26）opposed multiblade damper 对开式多叶阀（52）organized air supply 有组织进风（33）organized exhaust 有组织排风（34）organized natural ventilation 有组织自然通风（37）outdoor air design conditions 室外空气计算参数（7）outdoor ctitcal air temperature for heating 采暖室外临界温度（9）outdoor design dry-bulb temperature for summer air conlitioning 夏季空气调节室外计算干球温度（8）outdoor design hourly temperature for summer air conditioning 夏季空气调节室外计算逐时温度（9）outdoor design mean daily temperature for summer air conditioning 夏季空气调节室外计算日平均温度（9）outdoor design relative humidityu for summer ventilation 夏季通风室外计算相对湿度（8）outdoor design relative humidity for winter air conditioning 冬季空气调节室外计算相对湿度（8）outdoor design temperature ture for calculated envelope in winter冬季围护结构室外计算温度（8）outdoor design temperature ture for heating 采暖室外计算温度（7）outdoor design temperature for summer ventilation 夏季通风室外计算温度（8）outdoor design temperature for winter air conditioning 冬季空气调节室外计算温度（8）outdoor design temperature for winter vemtilation 冬季通风室外计算温度（7）outdoor designwet-bulb temperature for summer air conditioning 夏季空气调节室外计算湿球温度（8）outdoor mean air temperature during heating period 采暖期室外平均温度（9）outdoor temperature(humidity) 室外温（湿）度（5）outlet air velocity 出口风速（70）out put variable 输出量（89）overall efficiency of separation 除尘效率（47）overall heat transmission coefficient 传热系数（16）overflow pipe 溢流管（23）overheat steam 过热蒸汽（14）overlapping averages 滑动平均（4）overshoot 超调量（88）Ppackaged air conditioner 整体式空气调节器（70）packaged heat pump 热泵式空气调节器（71）packed column 填料塔（58）packed tower 填料塔（58）panel heating 辐射采暖（12）parabolic flow character-istic 抛物线流量特性（90）parallel multiblade damperin 平行式多叶阀（53）parameter detection 参数检测（90）part 通风〕部件（52）partial enclosure 局部密闭罩（42）partial pressure of water vapo[u]r 水蒸汽分压力（6）particle 粒子（44）particle counter 粒子计数器（104）particle number concentration 计数浓度（36）particle size 粒径（44）particle size distribution 粒径分布（44）particulate 粒子（44）particulate collector 除尘器（56）particulates 大气尘（43）passage ventilating duct 通过式风管（52）penetration rate 穿透率（47）percentage of men，women and children 群集系数（62）percentage of possible sunshine 日照率（7）percentage of return air 回风百分比（68）perforated ceiling air supply 孔板送风（69）perforated plate tower 筛板塔（58）periodic dust dislodging 定期除灰（48）piece (通风〕部件（52）pipe fittings 管道配件（23）pipe radiator 光面管散热器（29）pipe section 管段（25）pipe coil 光面管放热器（29）pitot tube 皮托管（103）plate heat exchanger 板式换热器（73）plenum chamber 静压箱（74）plenum space 稳压层（70）plug 丝堵（24）plume 烟羽（50）plume rise height 烟羽抬升高度（50）PNC-curve[s] 噪声评价PNC曲线（97）pneumatic conveying 气力输送（46）pueumatic transport 气力输送（46）pneumatic valve 气动调节阀（95）pneumo-electrical convertor 气-电转换器（94）positioner 定位器（95）positive feedback 正反馈（86）powerroof ventilator 屋顶通风机（55）preferred noise criteria curve[s] 噪声评价PNC曲线（97）pressure drop 压力损失（26）pressure enthalpy chart 压焓图（77）pressure ga[u]ge 压力表（103）pressure of steam supply 供汽压力（14）pressure reducing valve 减压阀（31）pressure relief device 泄压装置（53）pressure relief valve 安全阀（31）pressure thermometer 压力式温度计（102）pressure volume chart 压容图（77）primary air fan-coil system 风机盘管加新风系统（64）primary air system 新风系统（64）primary retirn air 一次回风（68）process air conditioning 工艺性空气调节（59）program control 程序控制（91）proportional band 比例带（89）proportional control 比例调节（88）proportional-integral (PI)control 比例积分调节（88）proportional-integralderivative(PID)control 比例积分微分调节（88）protected(roof)monitor 避风天窗（39）psychrometric chart 声级计（104）pulvation action 干湿球温度表（102）push-pull hood 焓湿图（65）pulvation action 尘化作用（45）push-pull hood 吹吸式排风罩（42）Qquick open flow characteristic 快开流量特性（89）Rradiant heating 辐射采暖（12）radiant intensity 辐射强度（4）radiation intensity 辐射强度（4）radiator 散热器（29）radiator heating 散热器采暖（12）radiator heating system 散热器采暖系统（20）radiator valve 散热器调节阀（32）rating under air conditioning condition 空调工况制冷量（75）reactive muffler 抗性消声器（99）receiver 贮液器（84）receiving hood 接受式排风罩（42）reciprocating compressor 活塞式压缩机（82）recirculation cavity 空气动力阴影区（38）recording thermometer 自记温度计（102）reducing coupling 异径管接头（24）。

乙腈不同温度下的表面蒸气压概述及解释说明1. 引言1.1 概述乙腈（化学式CH3CN）是一种常用的有机溶剂，广泛应用于化学实验室、工业生产和科研领域。

乙腈的表面蒸气压是其在不同温度下从液态向气态转变时产生的压强。

了解乙腈在不同温度下的表面蒸气压变化规律对于科学研究及工业应用有着重要意义。

1.2 文章结构本文将首先介绍乙腈的物性特点，包括分子结构、物理性质和化学性质等方面。

接着将对表面蒸气压的概念进行解释，并探讨影响乙腈表面蒸气压变化的因素。

最后，通过实验方法与结果分析，详细讨论不同温度下乙腈表面蒸气压的变化规律，并总结归纳实验结果。

1.3 目的本文旨在深入探讨乙腈在不同温度下的表面蒸气压变化规律，并通过实验结果分析验证相关理论模型。

通过研究乙腈的表面蒸气压，可以拓宽我们对乙腈及相关有机溶剂的认识，并为实验室操作、工业生产以及科学研究提供技术参考和应用前景展望。

2. 正文2.1 乙腈的物性介绍乙腈是一种常见的有机溶剂，化学式为CH3CN。

它具有无色、透明、有刺激性气味以及良好的溶解性等特点，在化工、制药等多个领域广泛应用。

乙腈的分子量为41.05 g/mol，密度为0.786 g/cm^3。

它的沸点为81.6°C，熔点为-45°C。

2.2 表面蒸气压的概念和影响因素表面蒸气压指在一定温度下，液体与其饱和蒸气之间达到动态平衡时所对应的气相压强。

表面蒸气压受多种因素影响，包括温度、分子间吸引力以及液体分子挥发速率等。

较高温度和较强分子间相互作用力会提高液体表面上的分子挥发速率，从而增加表面蒸气压。

2.3 不同温度下乙腈表面蒸气压的变化规律随着温度升高，乙腈的表面蒸气压将增加。

根据饱和蒸气压与温度之间的关系，一般而言，液体的饱和蒸气压随着温度的升高而增加。

对于乙腈来说也是如此。

以常规大气压下为例，乙腈在25°C时的表面蒸气压约为76.15 mmHg，在50°C时增至131.3 mmHg。

Hindawi Publishing CorporationInternational Journal of Rotating MachineryVolume2008,Article ID109120,10pagesdoi:10.1155/2008/109120Research ArticleExperimental Investigation of Innovative Internal Trailing Edge Cooling Configurations with Pentagonal Arrangement and Elliptic Pin FinL.Tarchi,1B.Facchini,1and S.Zecchi21Dipartimento di Energetica“Sergio Stecco”,Universit`a di Firenze,Via S.Marta3,50139Firenze,Italy2A VIO S.P.A,Via I Maggio99,10040Rivalta di Torino,ItalyCorrespondence should be addressed to L.Tarchi,lorenzo.tarchi@htc.de.unifi.itReceived6March2008;Accepted6August2008Recommended by Ken-Ichi FunazakiThis paper describes a heat transfer experimental study of four different internal trailing edge cooling configurations based on pinfin schemes.The aim of the study is the comparison between innovative configurations and standard ones.So,a circular pinfin configuration with an innovative pentagonal scheme is compared to a standard staggered scheme,while two elliptic pinfin configurations are compared to each other turning the ellipse from the streamwise to the spanwise direction.For each configuration,heat transfer and pressure loss measurements were made keeping the Mach numberfixed at0.3and varying the Reynolds number from9000to27000.In order to investigate the overall behavior of both endwall and pedestals,heat transfer measurements are performed using a combined transient technique.Over the endwall surface,the classic transient technique with thermochromic liquid crystals allows the measurement of a detailed heat transfer coefficient(HTC)map.Pinfins are made of high thermal conductivity material,and an inverse data reduction method based on afinite element code allows to evaluate the mean HTC of each pinfin.Results show that the pentagonal arrangement generates a nonuniform HTC distribution over the endwall surface,while,in terms of average values,it is equivalent to the staggered configuration.On the contrary,the HTC map of the two elliptic configurations is similar,but the spanwise arrangement generates higher heat transfer coefficients and pressure losses.Copyright©2008L.Tarchi et al.This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,which permits unrestricted use,distribution,and reproduction in any medium,provided the original work is properly cited.1.INTRODUCTIONThe trailing edge is one of the most critical parts of gas turbine blades and vanes since it is exposed to very high thermal loads.A very efficient cooling system is,therefore, required so as to keep metal temperature below critical values.Inline and staggered arrays of short cylindrical pin fins are one of the most common types of cooling devices used in turbine blades.Such arrays enhance the heat transfer levels mainly increasing the heat transfer coefficient and,for H/D>0.5,the wet surface.Being easier to manufacture, pinfins with circular cross-sections are the most used and investigated.Thefirst experimental investigations on circular pinfins were carried out by[1–3].They measured row by row heat transfer coefficients and pressure losses for inline and staggered configurations.Reference[4]investigated the influence of acceleratingflow in a wedge-shaped duct on heat transfer.Their results showed thatflow acceleration decreases the influence of Reynolds number on Nusselt number.By means of the transient TLC technique,[5,6] studied the effects of thefillet radii on the endwall heat transfer,while[7–9]studied the effects of turningflow in a wedge-shaped duct with circular,elliptical,and diamond cross-section pinfins.It has been demonstrated by various authors[23,24]that cylinders with streamline-shaped cross-section have much lessflow resistance than circular ones, while they have about the same behavior in terms of heat transfer.The work in[10]also investigated the partial length circular pinfin concept and found that both the array averaged-heat transfer and friction factor decrease with increasing gap distance.Even if streamwise-oriented elliptic pinfins show an overall better behavior than other shapes,devices with a non-aerodynamic shape are employed in gas turbine airfoils too.In modern multipass cooling systems,the airflow approaches the trailing edge region from the hub or from2International Journal of RotatingMachineryFigure 1:Experimental setup.the tip of the airfoil;hence,the implementation of cooling devices with low pressure losses could lead to nonuniform coolant distribution in the radial direction and then to higher di fferences in airfoil temperature.That is the reason why cooling devices with high pressure losses have been implemented and investigated.Reference [8]studied the e ffects of diamond pin fins and turning flow on heat transfer.Pin fins with oblong cross-section were investigated by [11]for various pin orientations with respect to the main flow.Their results indicate that the use of elongated pin fins (oblong shape)increases endwall heat transfer and also causes higher levels of aerodynamic penalty than the circular pin fins when the main flow direction deviates from the direction of the major axis of the oblong pin fin.When the main flow approaches zero incidence,the pressure loss levels become lower than circular pin fins ones.In the present paper,the di fferences between streamwise-and spanwise-oriented elliptic cross-section pin fins are investigated.Pin fins are inserted in a wedge-shaped duct in order to replicate a typical trailing edge cooling system.Then,two geometries with circular cross-section are investigated:one is a standard staggered array,while the other consists of an innovative array based on a pentagonal scheme.As already mentioned,in modern cooling systems,the flow does not approach the pin fin array in the axial direction,but in a mixed axial-radial direction.In this case,a staggered pin fin array works as an in line configuration,leading to lower heat transfer capability.Hence,the idea is to develop an innovative array insensitive to the mainstream direction.The aim of this paper is then the comparison in terms of heat transfer and pressure losses between the standard staggered array and the innovative pentagonal scheme,with a mainstream flow oriented in the axial direction.An experimental survey with mixed axial-radial flow is planned as well.About the experimental techniques,in the pioneering works of [1,3],an average HTC row by row value was evaluated employing copper test articles and a steady-state technique.Afterwards,[12,13]used the naphthalene sublimation method,based on heat-mass transfer analogy,to investigate the separate contribution of endwall and pin fin.The work in [5,6]performed detailed heat transfer measurements on the endwall surface of pedestals array with TLC transient technique.With the same experimental method,[7,9,14]evaluated heat transfer and pressurelosses in trailing edge cooling geometries typical of real blades:wedge and trapezoidal ducts,pin shape,and lateral flow e ffects were tely,[15],besides the endwall HTC measurements with TLC,evaluated the pin fin contribution to heat transfer using high conductivity pedestals and an inverse data reduction method based on a finite element simulation of the transient test.Results shown that pin fins have higher HTC than the surrounding endwall surface.On the contrary,[16],using the so-called “lumped heat capacity method”to estimate the pin fin contribution,measured lower heat transfer values over the pin fin surface.2.EXPERIMENTS 2.1.Test facilityThe experimental survey was performed at the Dipartimento di Energetica of the University of Florence.The final aim of this activity is the measurement of the HTC over the whole internal surfaces of four di fferent geometries using a transient technique.The test rig (Figure 1)consists of a suction-type circuit that allows complete control of the air stream in terms of both temperature and mass flow rate.The mainstream air passes through a 9.0kW electronically controlled electric heater;then,the flow rate is measured by an orifice.A three-way valve,with pneumatic actuator,assures the sample at room temperature,as required by transient technique,while the other components of the test rig are warming up.Two rotary vane vacuum pumps,powered by two 7.5kW electric motors,blow air outside and provide the suction for a maximum mass flow rate of 0.10kg /s.The flow rate is set up by guiding the motor speed between 300rpm and 1300rpm and by throttling the remote-controlled-motorized valve;the air temperature exiting the heater is controlled by means of a four-wire RTD (Pt100).Two pressure scanners Scanivalve DSA 3017with temperature-compensated piezoresistive relative pressure sensors allow us to measure the total or static pressure in 32di fferent locations with an accuracy of 6.9Pa.Several T-type thermocouples connected to a data acquisition/switch unit (HP-Agilent 34970A)measure the mainstream temperature and the alu-minum pin fin temperature.A digital three-charge-coupled-device (3CCD)camcorder (Canon XM-2)records a sequence of color bitmap images (720×576pixel,25frames/s)from the thermochromic liquid crystal-(TLC-)painted surface on a PC (IEEE-1394standard).The illuminating system (Shott-Fostec KL1500LCD)uses an optical fiber ring light to ensure a uniform illumination on the test surface,and it allows us to keep both color temperature and light power constant.In order to reduce any undesired polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)reflections,two polarized lens filters are fitted on both ring light and camcorder lenses.TLCs are the devices used to evaluate surface temperature and,consequently,the heat transfer coe fficient.For our purpose,we used the 40C5W formulation of Hallcrest active from 40◦C to 45◦C.Crystals are thinned with water and sprayed with an airbrush on the test surface,then a black background paintL.Tarchi et al.32.12.2L0L1L2TCPTFigure2:Streamwise and spanwise staggered elliptical pinfin configurations.is applied.TLCs have been calibrated,replicating the same optic conditions of the real test:the peak value of the green intensity was found at42.3◦C,so it has been used in the data reduction procedure.2.2.GeometriesFour different pinfin configurations are investigated in this paper.In Figure2,a sketch of the two elliptic configurations is shown.In thefirst one(G2.1),the major axis of the ellipse is oriented in the airflow direction(i.e.,streamwise), while in the other configuration(G2.2),the ellipse is rotated 90degrees,so in spanwise direction.Both the arrays arefitted in a10-degree wedge-shaped duct(L1region),replicating the typical trailing edge shape.Ahead of that region,the test article starts with a settling chamber,a grid,and then a smooth constant height duct(L0region).L1region is 200mm wide and5S x=72.75mm long.Height varies from H L0=19.65mm to H L2=H=6.72mm.Each pinfin row is composed of12or11pinfins with diameter D= H.Spanwise pitch is S/D=2.5and the array is made byequilateral triangles,so S x/D=2.17.The L2region consistsof a constant height duct with a single row of circular pin fin withfillet radius r=H/2and the minimum diameter being equal to the L1pins diameter.Thefillet radius was introduced because it represents with more accuracy a typical configuration used in the outlet of trailing edge cooling systems of high-pressure stages.The two other configurations are composed by circular pinfins(Figure3).The geometry G2.5consists of7rows of staggered pinfins with diameter D=H=5.6mm,spanwise pitch S/D=2.3and streamwise pitch S x/D=1.86.Endwall dimensions are the same of the elliptic geometries while the height is different(H L0=18.51mm−H L2=H=5.6mm). Each row presents15pins,thus over the whole L1region,2.52.6TCPTFigure3:Circular pinfin geometries with staggered(G2.5)and pentagonal arrangement(G2.6).there are105pedestals.In the G2.6configuration,there are 106pinfins arranged in a pentagonal scheme.The design of such innovative geometry starts from the idea to develop a repeatable pinfin array capable of good heat transfer performance in presence of mixed axial-radial coolantflows as well.As a matter of fact,the standard staggered array works very well once the airflow is orthogonal to the array, while in presence of inclined airflow,the array works as an inline configuration,and cooling performance decreases. Results reported in this paper intend to verify the behavior of the pentagonal scheme considering an axial coolantflow in comparison with the standard staggered scheme,keeping practically constant the overall pinfin density ratio(105or 106pinfins over the L1region).In the L2region,there are no pinfins because G2.5and G2.6configurations represent a real cooling system where along the L2region a cutback is present.As required by the transient technique,models are made of transparent PMMA,and the TLC were applied over the whole endwall from L0to L2.On the contrary,pinfins are made of aluminum and their temperature was measured with a small thermocouple inside one pin for each row. Air temperature is also measured at the inlet with two miniaturized thermocouples that allow a fast response for the transient test.The inlet temperature profile was verified dur-ing the commissioning of the test article and it is uniform in4International Journal of Rotating Machinery the whole test section.As regarding pressure measurements,static pressure is measured in various sections from L0toL2.In Figures2and3,the position of thermocouples andpressure taps for each model is depicted with white and blackcircles(G2.1instrumentation is exactly in the same positionof G2.2geometry).2.3.Experimental procedureHeat transfer tests were performed using a combinedtransient technique that allows the measurement of HTC onboth endwall and pinfin surfaces with a single transient test.During the warm up of the rig,the test model is kept atconstant temperature.When air temperature reaches about70–80◦C in the bypass circuit,the3-way valve is switchedmaking the air passing through the test model;automaticallyair temperature,aluminum pinfin temperature,and airpressure values are recorded and the camcorder startsacquiring frames of the TLC-coated surface.The transienttest isfinished when the liquid crystal reaches the blue colorover the whole surface.Pressure losses are evaluated with a cold test.3.DATA REDUCTION3.1.Reynolds and Nusselt numbers definitionReynolds and Nusselt numbers for data reduction are definedin two different ways:thefirst is based on the inlet section(L0)hydraulic diameter,the second on the pinfin diameterD.In both the elliptic configurations,the minor axis lengthis used as reference diameter:Re L0=˙mD L0A L0μ,Nu L0=hD L0k,(1)Re d=˙mDmin,Nu d=hD.(2)D L0is the hydraulic diameter of the inlet duct with cross-section area A L0;μand k are evaluated at the total temper-ature measured in the L0region;and A min is the minimum passage area between two pins and it is variable row by row. In order to compare directly the two elliptic configurations, the minimum passage area of the streamwise configuration (G2.1)is used in the data reduction of the spanwise(G2.2) too.Similarly,the pentagonal geometry(G2.6)results were postprocessed using the minimum passage area of the staggered configuration(G2.5).The overall average HTC h is defined as follows:h=Ni=1h EW i·A EW i+h PIN i·A PIN iEW i PIN i,(3)where A EW takes into account the lower and the upper endwall surfaces.In the definition of the row by row Nusselt number(2),the average HTC is based on single-row data.3.2.Heat transfer coefficient evaluationDetailed heat transfer coefficient distribution on the endwall surface is obtained assuming one-dimensional conduction over a semi-infinite solid[17,18].The“series of steps”method[19]is used to take into account the air temperature time history.Because of the high heat transfer coefficients achieved during the test and the quite high wet surface,the main-stream temperature decreases between the inlet and the outlet section is not negligible;thus the use of the inlet temperature measured in L0as reference temperature leads to underestimate the HTC.Solving such a problem makes necessary to take into account the variation of the local bulk mean temperature in time and space.Reference[20]evaluate four different approaches and their theoretical background for determining the local bulk mean temperature and the sensible local heat transfer coefficient.These authors assert that the invariant local heatflux method is the best choice as it produces very accurate results,with a very little processing time and implementation effort;so,such method was applied in the data reduction procedure.Pinfin heat transfer coefficients are evaluated by means of an inverse data reduction method.Such method is based on a full3D transient FEM simulation of the experiment and an iterative procedure.The HTC of each pinfin is updated using the Newton convergence criterion,iterating until the temperature history evaluated with the FEM code matches the measured temperature history inside each pin.A more-detailed description of this procedure was reported by[15].3.3.Pressure drops evaluationPressure drops were measured across the duct in adiabatic conditions(mainstreamflow at ambient temperature).Static pressure was measured in various points,starting from the inlet,until the end of the L2region(Figures2and3). The pressure values at the end of each region were used to evaluate the friction factor defined asf=Δp0(1/2)ρv2,(4)whereΔp0is the total pressure difference between the beginning and the end of the L1region;the total pressure is calculated summing up the dynamic pressure to the average static pressure of each section.ρand v are average values measured in the L0region.3.4.Experimental uncertaintyThe uncertainty analysis was performed following the stan-dard PTC19.1[21]based on the Kline and McClintock method[22].Typical uncertainties of the most important parameters are HTC=12.2%,Re=2.8%,f= 5.4%.More details about the individual contributions to the uncertainties of the single parameters for each of the measured physical properties are reported by[15].4.RESULTS4.1.Elliptic pinfin configurationsFor each configuration,five tests were performed at different Reynolds numbers(9000<Re d5<27000),keeping constantL.Tarchi et al.510.50−0.5−1x /S y−x/S x50100150200250300350400(a)10.50−0.5−1x /S y−x/S x50100150200250300350400(b)Figure 4:HTC [W /m 2K]map of elliptic configurations—Re d 5=18000.Figure 5:Surface flow visualization of G 2.2.the Mach number at 0.3.Both Ma and Re d are evaluated in the minimum passage area between two pins of the fifth row (i.e.,in the throat section).Figure 4shows a detailed map of the heat transfer coe fficient of the two elliptic configurations at Re d 5=18000.The colors inside the pins correspond to the average HTC measured over the pin fin surface with the inverse data reduction.As the local HTC peak values show,a stagnation area is present in both configurations ahead of each pin fin,while the recirculation zone presents slight di fferences especially in the first row:in G 2.1,the recirculation area is small and does not lead to a large increase of HTC,whereas,in G 2.2,the larger recirculation generated by the wake of the first pin enhances the heat transfer.For a deeper insight into the surface flow structure,a surface flow visualization of this configuration was done using the oil and dye technique.The endwall flow pattern in Figure 5shows a large stagnation region ahead of the first pin,with the saddle point located at 1D upstream the pin.The two counter-rotating vortexes in the recirculation downstream the first pin cover a quite large area and they spread up to second row,interacting with the stagnation region of such row that is not present on the endwall.As from the following rows,the flow pattern becomes moreperiodic,501001000H T C (W /m 2K )−10123456x/S xEWPinG 2.1G 2.2Figure 6:Endwall spanwise averaged and pin fin HTC—Re d 5=18000.the recirculation is smaller,and the saddle point is always located at about D/2upstream the pin leading edge.Figure 6reports the spanwise-averaged values of HTC together with the pin fin surface average values.First of all,it is evident how the spanwise-oriented pin fins (G 2.2)generate a more turbulent flow and then higher heat transfer rates over the whole endwall.Moreover,the increase in streamwise direction due to the combined e ffect of pin fin and convergence is clearly visible for both configurations in the L 1region (0<x/S x <5),while endwall values are quite constant over the L 2region (x/S x >5).About this region,we have to point out that HTC values are very similar for both configuration,showing that the high turbulence generated by the streamwise pin fins quickly vanishes.A final important issue to be discussed concerns with the di fferent contribution to heat transfer of pin fins and endwall.Looking at Figures 4and 6,it is noticeable that pin fin HTC is always higher than the surrounding endwall one,and always very close to the peak value located upstream each pin.For the first row pin fin,HTC are about twice than the endwall ones;according to the authors,this trend can be explained thinking over the flow field of such region.Only a portion of the endwall is covered by the horseshoe vortex generated by the pin,while between the pins,specially in the streamwise configuration (G 2.1),there are some areas with the same HTC of the upstream flow.On the contrary,the pin fin surface is fully covered by flow structures with high heat transfer:a stagnation region over the leading edge and a recirculation over the back side.In the following rows,the di fferences between pin fin HTC and endwall is slightly lower as the first are 50–90%higher than the latter.This behavior was reported by various researchers that investigated the separate contribution to heat transfer of pin fin and endwall.Reference [3]reported that,for a staggered array,the HTC on the pin surface is 35%higher than the endwall values.Reference [11]found that the ratio h PIN /h EW varies from 1.8to 2.1,depending on steamwise pitch (S x ).Reference [13],using the naphthalane sublimation technique,measured that HTC over the pin fin surfece is 10–20%higher than the endwall values.Finally,[15],using the same combined data6International Journal of RotatingMachinery1020406080100200N u dRe dPin 1Pin 2Pin 3Pin 4Pin 5Pin 6G 2.1G 2.2Metzger (10rows average)Figure 7:Row by row heat transfer data.10204060801002004006008001000N u L 090135180225270315360×102Re L 0L0L1L2Configuration G 2.1G 2.2Figure 8:G 2.1and G 2.2data—Nu L 0versus Re L 0.reduction method reported in this paper,showed that the pin HTC is always higher than the endwall.Recently,[16],using a “lumped heat capacity method”for the pin fins,reported an inverse result;they mesured a higher HTC over the endwall by about 3–40%than that on the corresponding pin fin of the same row.Figures 7and 8present all the experimental data in the two di fferent definitions of Reynolds and Nusselt number reported in (1)and (2).The general trend of the experimental data confirms the results of the already discussed Re d 5=18000test,so the spanwise configuration (G 2.2)reveals higher heat transfer values at the same mass flow rate.Moreover,data scatteringof such configuration is higher;such behavior is mainly due to the steep increase of heat transfer capability between the first and the third rows ,while values are quite constant between the third and the fifth rows.Such trend is present in the G 2.1configuration too,even if it is hardly visible.Reference [4]in a 10row-staggered pin fin configuration with constant height found that the average heat transfer increases up to the 4th-5th row,then decreases up to the 10th row.In the present results,the general trend is the same measured by [4],but taking also into account the row by row increasing Re d ,the local maximum is reached at the 3rd row and is much more enhanced in the spanwise-oriented geometry.L 2region values (PIN 6)of both configurations are in line with the G 2.1data,showing that the very high turbulence levels generated by the spanwise-oriented elliptic fins decrease very quickly without a ffecting the heat transfer behavior of the L 2region.The comparison with the correlation proposed by [4](Figure 7)for a 10-row-staggered array with 1.5<S x /D <5.0,S/D <2.5and H/D =1.0shows the e ffect of the elliptic pin fins on heat transfer.This correlation showed also a good agreement with a circular pin fin array inserted in a wedge-shape duct similar to the present work [15].Looking at the graph,it is clearly visible that the streamwise-oriented pin fins experience lower heat transfer coe fficients than the circular ones.Such result,as also described by other authors [23,24],is mainly due to the di fferent wake behavior of the two devices:while circular pin fins produce a wake with two large counter-rotating vortexes,for the elliptic pin fin configurations,such vortexes usually are not present.Hence,streamwise elliptic pin fins produce less turbulence and then lower HTC values.On the contrary,in the spanwise-oriented configuration,the wakes cover a large part of the endwall surface (see Figure 5),and then the heat transfer is highly enhanced.In order to have a general overview about the cooling performance of the two elliptic geometries,Figure 8shows the experimental data of the whole L 1region,together with L 0and L 2values.As expected,the entrance region (L 0)is not a ffected by the pin fin orientation,while in the L 1region,the higher Nusselt number values of the spanwise configuration are evident.As already highlighted in the row by row data reduction (Figure 7),in the constant height region (L 2)with circular filleted pin fins,the elliptic pin orientation does not have a large e ffect on the heat transfer behavior.4.2.Staggered and pentagonal scheme configurationsFor each configuration,five tests were performed at di fferent Reynolds numbers (9000<Re d 7<27000),once again keeping the Mach number at 0.3.Both Ma and Re d evaluated in the minimum passage are between two pins of the seventh row (i.e.,in the throat section).Figure 9depicts a detailed map of the heat transfer coe fficient of the standard staggered configuration and of the innovative configuration with pentagonal arrangement at Re d 7=18000.The colors inside the pins correspond to the average HTC measuredL.Tarchi et al.710.50−0.5−1x /S yx/S x0100200300400500(a)1.510.50−0.5−1−1.5x /S y(b)Figure 9:G 2.5and G 2.6endwall HTC [W /m 2K]map—Re d 7=18000.Figure 10:Surface flow visualization of G 2.6.over the pin fin surface with the inverse data reduction,in the G 2.6geometry,such measurement was performed in only 8of the 29pins that make up a repeatable array.The two HTC maps in Figure 9clearly show the di fferent flowfield induced by the di fferent pin fin arrangements .As expected,the HTC distribution is symmetric in the staggered configuration (G2.5),a stagnation region is present in front of each pin fin and the spanwise averaged HTC increases row by row.The pentagonal configuration shows a nonuniform development of the HTC map,actually there are noticeable di fferences in the spanwise direction.Due to pin fin distribution,in some areas they work as an inline array,while in other areas as staggered.For instance,for y/S y =0.9−1,there are no pin fins over the endwall and then the HTC are lower.On the contrary,for −1<y/S y <0,pin fins arrangement is similar to a staggered configuration and then heat transfer in that area ishigher.501001000H T C (W /m 2K )x/S xEWPinG 2.5G 2.6Figure 11:G 2.5and G 2.6endwall spanwise averaged and pin fin HTC—Re d 7=18000.The surface flow visualization in Figure 10confirms the nonuniform flowfield.Anyway,the stagnation point and the recirculation ahead and behind each pin are almost always in line with the mainstream direction,while when two pin are in line,they are not clearly distinguishable.In this visualization,the low HTC area present at y/S y =0.9−1is depicted by a single streamline that runs along the streamwise direction.The spanwise-averaged endwall HTC values presented in Figure 11show the heat transfer enhancement in the streamwise direction of both configurations.In the staggered array (G 2.5),the stagnation ahead each pin fin row is visible,while for the pentagonal arrangement,it is noticeable only for x/S x =0.4where there are three aligned pin fins.Finally,looking at the spanwise-averaged endwall values,the G 2.6configuration always shows higher HTC values,especially for x/S x >5.On the other hand,the pin fin HTC values are always slightly higher in the staggered configuration (G 2.5),with the consequence that the overall heat transfer performance of both geometries is the same (Figure 12).As for the elliptic configurations,in Figure 12,the overall Nusselt number of the L 1region of both configurations is compared to the L 0values.The entrance region values are,as expected,the same for both configurations,while it is surprising that the two pin fin arrangements generate an equal heat transfer enhancement too.Some interesting considerations can be drawn looking at the row by row Nusselt values of the staggered configuration reported in Figure 13(having a nonuniform arrangement,the definition of row by row values is not possible for the pentagonal array).Due to the higher number of rows,the aforesaid behavior for the spanwise elliptic geometry G 2.2is now more evident.The heat transfer capability of each row increases quickly up to the third row,then it is quite constant up to the fifth,increasing once again in the last two rows.Finally,the comparison with the correlation proposed by [4]for a constant height duct shows a general good agreement even if the flow acceleration due to the wedge-shaped duct leads to a lower dependence on the Reynold number,as was already reported once again by [4].。

a r X i v :1107.3306v 3 [c o n d -m a t .s t a t -m e c h ] 2 J u l 2012Normal heat conduction in one-dimensional momentum conserving lattices withasymmetric interactionsYi Zhong,Yong Zhang,Jiao Wang,∗and Hong Zhao †Department of Physics and Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics,Xiamen University,Xiamen 361005,Fujian,China.(Dated:December 31,2013)We study heat conduction behavior of one-dimensional lattices with asymmetric,momentum con-serving interparticle interactions.We find that with a certain degree of interaction asymmetry,the heat conductivity measured in nonequilibrium stationary states converges in the thermodynamical limit.Our analysis suggests that the mass gradient resulting from asymmetric interactions may provide a phonon scattering mechanism in addition to that caused by nonlinear interactions.PACS numbers:05.60.Cd,44.10.+i,63.20.-e,66.70.-fThe heat transport properties of low-dimensional sys-tems have attracted intensive studies for decades [1–20](see also Refs.[21–23]for reviews and references therein).A challenge is to relate the heat conduction behavior of a system to its microscopic ingredients.In 1984Casati et al.investigated the role chaos may play [2],and since then their seminal work has trigged numerous efforts for identifying the microscopic mechanism(s)of the Fourier law.In a one-dimensional (1D)case,the Fourier law statesJ =−κ∂T∂xis the spatial tem-perature gradient,and κis a finite constant termed as “thermal conductivity.”The heat conduction behavior is also known as ”normal heat conduction”if it follows the Fourier law or “abnormal heat conduction”otherwise.Now it has been clarified that chaos is neither sufficient nor necessary to the Fourier law [5–7].For 1D lattices,another significant step was made in 1998by Hu et al.,who pointed out that,besides the dynamical properties,whether or not the system has a conserved total momentum is another key ingredient [9,10];i.e.,lattices with (without)a momentum conser-vation property should disobey (obey)the Fourier law.In 2000Prosen and Campbell went a step further;they proved that for 1D momentum conserving lattices with non-vanishing internal pressure the heat conductivity di-verges in the thermodynamical limit [8].Though for lattices with a vanishing internal pressure their proof is not applicable,many numerical studies support the same conclusion.In addition,in their later study Prosen and Campbell also showed that momentum conserving is not a necessary condition for abnormal heat conduc-tion [7].More recent progress was made by employing the renormalization group analysis for hydrodynamical models [16,17]and the mode coupling theory [18–21].3or1FIG.1:(Color online)The schematic plot of the potential function V(x)given by Eq.(3)for r>0,r=0,and r<0, respectively.for short.)We shall present our simulation resultsfirst, then discuss their relation to existing theoretical and nu-merical studies.We consider homogeneous lattices with nearest neigh-boring coupling,whose Hamiltonian isH= i p2i2(x+r)2+e−rx.(3)Here r is a controlling parameter that governs the de-gree of the interaction asymmetry;by increasing|r|from zero where the potential is harmonic and symmetric,one gets increasingly stronger asymmetry.Fixing the system size to be that at zero temperature with a free boundary condition,the potential asymmetry implies a nonzero in-ternal pressure at afinite temperature:While for r>0 the internal pressure is positive and the system is ther-mally expansive,for r<0it is negative and the system is of negative thermal expansion.Note that x=0is the equilibrium point of the potential,and V(x)for r and−r is symmetric with respect to x=0.The schematic plots of the potential function are presented in Fig.1.To measure the heat conductivity of our system,two Nose-Hoover heat baths[25]at temperatures T L and T R are coupled to the left-and rightmost N0particles,whosemotions follow˙x i=p i∂x i −ς±p i,and˙ς±=FIG.2:(Color online)The heat conductivityκvs the num-ber of particles N in our lattice model for various values ofthe interaction asymmetry parameter r.The size and tem-peratures of the two heat baths coupled to the system areN0=12,T L=3,and T R=2,respectively.The error bars(not shown)are much smaller than the symbols.The dashedline indicates∼N.p2iµand˙p i=−∂H2(T L+T R).Then the system is evolved for a long enough time(>108for all the cases investigated)to ensure that it has relaxedto the stationary state.After that the next evolution oftime∼109is performed to obtain the time average of thefollowing quantities:(i)local temperatures T i≡ p2i∂x ias adopted convention-ally[9,17];and(iii)heat conductivityκbased onκ≈JNaFIG.3:(Color online)The temperature profiles for r=1.5. The size and temperatures of the two heat baths coupled to the system are N0=12,T L=3,and T R=2,respectively.that the Fourier law holds.This is opposite to the the-oretical[7,8,16–21]and simulation[14,15,20]results that in1D momentum conserving lattices the Fourier law does not hold.To give further support for the converging heat conductivity observed for|r|≥1,we plot in Fig.3 the temperature profiles for r=1.5.It shows that for N>104the temperature profiles can be well rescaled by x i2x2+14x4as was considered in Ref.[15]is much weaker than the case of|r|=1in our model. On the other hand,the existing theoretical predictions may not be applicable to the LWAII.It should be noticed that in these theoretical treatments,the system is usu-ally assumed to be at an equilibrium state with a uniformtemperature,and thus a homogeneous mass distribution. But,however,in the LWAII there is an important dif-ference between nonequilibrium stationary states(with a temperature gradient)and equilibrium states:In the former the thermal expansion effect may simultaneously give rise to a mass gradient across the system.This is essentially different from lattices with symmetric interac-tions where a mass gradient is not expected in either the equilibrium or the nonequilibrium cases.In Fig.4the mass density functionρfor our model is compared withthat of the FPU-βmodel with Vβ(x)=14x4.Itshows clearly that,when being coupled to two heat baths at different temperatures,a mass gradient is eventually established in our system for r=0when the stationary state is approached.It has been known that in systems with symmetric interactions,a nonlinearity of interac-tions may result in scattering to the heat current that is strong enough to establish the temperature gradient but not strong enough to lead to normal heat conduction[5,9].Therefore in systems with asymmetric interac-tions,the resultant mass gradient may provide an addi-tional scattering mechanism to the heat current.We con-jecture that this is the reason why normal heat conduc-tion can then be observed.According to thefluctuation-dissipation theorem,such a macroscopic,nonequilibrium effect must have its microscopic,equilibrium counterpart, but the latter may have not been the object of the exist-ing theoretical studies.As one more evidence for our conjecture–that the mass gradient may provide an additional scattering mechanism to the heat current–it is worthwhile to notice that in a very recent study[13],a different1D momentum conserv-ing system having afinite thermal conductivity has also been reported.The system is a momentum conserving variant of the“ding-a-ling”model[2]:The even num-bered particles are bound to the adjacent even numbered particles by harmonic springs,and are subject to the elastic collisions with their neighboring odd numbered particles.The odd numbered particles are free except for elastic collisions with their even numbered neighbors. Significantly,the interactions are asymmetric due to the elastic collisions,and as a result the system is thermally expansive.In Fig.4the mass density of the system in a nonequilibrium state is compared with our system;it can be seen that its asymmetry degree of the interactions is even stronger than our system with|r|=1.5.This ex-plains why the saturating regime of the heat conductivity can be numerically accessed in this system[13],provided that our conjecture is correct.Finally,we would like to emphasize that,not only in 1D LWAII but also in1D gases,the mass gradient in nonequilibrium stationary state may have significant ef-fects on heat conduction.This has been shown in a1D hard-core gas with alternative molecule masses[26]and a variant1D hard-core gas model where two neighboring molecules are bound by a massless string[27].The inter-particle interactions in both of them are asymmetric.In the former it has been shown both analytically and nu-merically that,when the system is exposed to two heat baths of different temperatures,the temperature gradi-ent across the system is maintained by the mass density gradient.In the latter the heat conduction behavior has been found to dramatically depend on whether or not the system has a nonzero external pressure(equivalently,a non-zero internal pressure due to the force balance).In addition,as was stressed in Ref.[27],the heat transport properties measured in equilibrium and nonequilibrium states could be qualitatively different.However,it should be noticed that in these two studies the heat conductivity has been shown to diverge in the thermodynamical limit, which implies that,lacking a phonon scattering mecha-nism in gases,the mass gradient cannot guarantee the Fourier law exclusively.To summarize,we have performed a numerical investi-gation for several1D momentum conserving LWAII and observed normal heat conduction paring ourfinding in1D LWAII and the heat conduction charac-teristics of1D lattices with symmetric interactions such as the FPU-βmodel,we conjecture that the mass gra-dient may provide a phonon scattering mechanism in addition to that which is caused by nonlinear interac-tions,which jointly leads to the observed normal heat conduction behavior in1D LWAII.Based on our under-standing,we conjecture the same mechanism also works in the two-dimensional(2D)case.Indeed,normal heat conduction has been observed in both our ongoing study of2D momentum conserving LWAII[28]and a recent numerical study of thermal conductivity in empty and water-filled carbon nanotubes[29].As thermal expan-sion is ubiquitous among real lattice systems,suggesting their interparticle interactions are generally asymmetric, we expect that the Fourier law generally holds in real low-dimensional systems.In this regard experimental in-vestigations of carbon nanotubes and grapheneflakes of large sizes are very desirable.This work is supported by the NNSF(Grants No. 10805036,No.10975115,and No.10925525)and SRFDP (Grant No.20100121110021)of China.[1]Z.Rieder,J.L.Lebowitz,and E.Lieb,J.Math.Phys.8,1073(1967).[2]G.Casati,J.Ford,F.Vivaldi and W.M.Visscher,Phys.Rev.Lett.52,1861(1984).[3]T.Prosen,M.Robnik,J.Phys.A25,3449(1992).[4]T.Hatano,Phys.Rev.E59,1(R)(1999).[5]S.Lepri,R.Livi,and A.Politi,Phys.Rev.Lett.78,1896(1997).[6]B.Li,G.Casati,J.Wang,and T.Prosen,Phys.Rev.Lett.92,254301(2004).[7]T.Prosen and D.K.Campbell,Chaos15,015117(2005).[8]T.Prosen and D.K.Campbell,Phys.Rev.Lett.84,2857(2000).[9]B.Hu,B.Li,and H.Zhao,Phys.Rev.E57,2992(1998).[10]B.Hu,B.Li,and H.Zhao,Phys.Rev.E61,3828(2000).[11]C.Giardin`a,R.Livi,A.Politi,and M.Vassalli,Phys.Rev.Lett.84,2144(2000);O.V.Gendelman and A.V.Savin,ibid,84,2381(2000).[12]C.Giardin`a and J.Kurchan,J.Stat.Mech.2005,P05009.[13]G.R.Lee-Dadswell,E.Turner,J.Ettinger,and M.Moy,Phys.Rev.E82,061118(2010).[14]T.Mai,A.Dhar,and O.Narayan,Phys.Rev.Lett.98,184301(2007).[15]L.Wang and T.Wang,Europhys.Lett.93,54002(2011).[16]O.Narayan and S.Ramaswamy,Phys.Rev.Lett.89,200601(2002).[17]T.Mai and O.Narayan,Phys.Rev.E73,061202(2006).[18]G.R.Lee-Dadswell,B.G.Nickel,and C.G.Gray,Phys.Rev.E72,031202(2005);J.Stat.Phys.132,1(2008).[19]L.Delfini,S.Lepri,R.Livi,and A.Politi,Phys.Rev.E73,060201(R)(2006);J.Stat.Mech.2007,P02007. [20]J.S.Wang,B.Li,Phys.Rev.Lett.92,074302(2004);Phys.Rev.E70,021204(2004).[21]S.Lepri,R.Livi, A.Politi,Physics Reports377,1(2003).[22]A.Dhar,Adv.Phys.57,457(2008);F.Bonetto,J.L.Lebowitz,and L.Rey-Bellet,in Mathematical Physics 2000,edited by A.S.Fokas,A.Grigoryan,T.Kibble,andB.Zegarlinski(Imperial College Press,London,2000),pp.128-150[23]R.Klages,Microscopic Chaos,Fractals and Transport inNonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics(World Scientific, Singapore,2007),p.337.[24]C.Kittel,Introduction to Solid State Physics,7th ed.(Wiley,New York,1996),p.130.[25]S.Nose,J.Chem.Phys.81,511(1984);W.G.Hoover,Phys.Rev.A31,1695(1985).[26]S.Chen,Y.Zhang,J.Wang,and H.Zhao,arXiv:1106.2896.[27]A.Politi,J.Stat.Mech.2011,P03028.[28]Y.Zhong,Y.Zhang,J.Wang,and H.Zhao(unpub-lished).[29]J.A.Thomas,R.M.Iutzi,and A.J.H.McGaughey,Phys.Rev.B81,045413(2010).。

Page 1/7PressureHigh temperature pressure sensorfor gas turbine- and thermoacoustics applications6021B _003-590e -10.22© 2022 Kistler Group, Eulachstrasse 22, 8408 Winterthur, SwitzerlandT . Kistler Group products are This information corresponds to the current state of knowledge. Kistler reserves the right to make technical changes. Liability for consequential damage resulting Type 6021B...Differential, acceleration compensated, piezoelectric pressure sensor for dynamic applications at highest temperatures up to 1 000°C.• Operating temperature –55 … 700°C• Short time operating temperature –55 … 1 000°C • Internally case isolated • Differential charge output • Highest reliability • Not pyroelectric• Acceleration compensated • ATEX/IECEx certificated • CE conformDescriptionCore of the sensor is the single crystal PiezoStar measuring element, which has a temperature capability up to 1 000°C and is not pyroelectric. The sensor is designed for maximum longevity.To reach highest resolution in harsh environment, the sensor is internally case isolated featuring two-wire technology with differential signal output. The integrated, mineral insulated hardline cable is available with different terminations.Ex-approval (ATEX, IECEx) allows operation in hazardous areas.ApplicationMain applications are protection of equipment and condition monitoring of gas turbines. In addition, the sensor is used for the development of combustion chambers of gas turbines.General purpose and thermoacoustics applications, which re-quire• Temperature capability up to 1 000°C• Measurements of smallest pressure fluctuations • Explosive and/or EMC loaded environments in the acoustic rangeFurther applications• Pressure pulsations on compressors, pumps, turbines, pro-pellers, etc.• Dynamic pressure measurements with high thermal shocks as for example gas and dust explosions (Ex testing), pyro-technical devices, closed vessel testing, energetic material testing, sloshing or small dynamic pressures as for example sound pressure, etc.IECExTechnical dataReference temperature for performance specifications is 25°C unless otherwise noted. For more information, see technical brochure 960-201e.Electric Power none Output signal chargeSignal mode 2-wire, differential Signal conditioningdiff. charge amplifierInsulation resistance pin – pin @ 25°C Ω≥10 11@ 700°CΩ≥10 5Insulation resistance pin – case @ 25°C Ω≥10 10@ 700°CΩ≥10 5Capacitance pin – pin pF ≤20 + 60 pF/m cable length Capacitance pin – casepF≤8 + 175 pF/m cable lengthFig. 1: Diagram, 2-wire, internally case isolatedSensor +Sensor –RoHSPage 2/76021B _003-590e -10.22© 2022 Kistler Group, Eulachstrasse 22, 8408 Winterthur, SwitzerlandT el.+41522241111,****************,. Kistler Group products are This information corresponds to the current state of knowledge. Kistler reserves the right to make technical changes. Liability for consequential damage resulting Technical data (continuation)OperationPressure measuring range bar/psi 0 ... 100 / 0 ...1 450Calibrated partial range bar/psi 0 ... 20 / 0 (290)Overloadbar/psi 200 / 2 900Sensitivity (nom. ±10 %)pC/bar 62Thermal sensitivity shift see Fig. 2Linearity, hysteresis and repeatability%FSO ≤1Acceleration sensitivity, typical mbar/g 0.4Natural frequency, longitudinal kHz ca. 50Frequency range upper range (+10 %)Hz ca. 20 000lower range (–3 dB)Hz0.51)1)In combination with differential charge amplifier Types 5181, 5183, 5185.EnvironmentOperating temperature range Continuous °C –55 ... 700Extreme 3)°C 1 000 3)Termination°C–55 (180)LEMO PCA.0S.3027/16"-27 UNS-2A °C–55 ... 180Open leads –55 (180)Shock g <1 000Corrosion see materialHumidityHousing with integr. cable hermetically sealedConnector IP50Explosive atmosphereExplosion protection:Fig. 2: Typical thermal sensitivity shift relative to room temperatureNimonic is a registered trade mark of Special Metals Wiggins Ltd.INCONEL alloy 718 und INCONEL alloy 600 are registered trade marks of INCO family of companies.2) Special conditions for safe use are described in the instruction manual3)For detailed information please contact the local Kislter sales officePhysicalWeight sensor and cable g14 + 47 g/m cable length MaterialNimonic alloy 90 INCONEL alloy 718Cable jacket INCONEL alloy 600WireNickelPage 3/76021B _003-590e -10.22© 2022 Kistler Group, Eulachstrasse 22, 8408 Winterthur, SwitzerlandT el.+41522241111,****************,. Kistler Group products are This information corresponds to the current state of knowledge. Kistler reserves the right to make technical changes. Liability for consequential damage resulting Connector TypesFig. 3: Sensor dimensions Type 6021B... including cable terminationsType 6021B_N0A_2-pol. connector LEMO PCA.0S.302Type 6021B_N0B_2-pol. connector 7/16"-27 UNS-2AType 6021B_N0C_2-pol. open leads blackwhitePage 4/76021B _003-590e -10.22© 2022 Kistler Group, Eulachstrasse 22, 8408 Winterthur, SwitzerlandT el.+41522241111,****************,. Kistler Group products are This information corresponds to the current state of knowledge. Kistler reserves the right to make technical changes. Liability for consequential damage resulting Mounting boreFig. 4: Direct installationFig. 6: Direct installation for Sensor with 7/16" connectorFig. 5: For installation with intermediate adapter for Type 6419A21C* for installation with Kistler tools* for installation with Kistler tools* for installation with Kistler toolsSensor mountingFig. 7: Sensor installation with mounting nut Type 6419A21A and seal Type 1147A21A Fig. 8: Installation with mounting adapter Type 6419A21A, seal Type 1147A21A, and removal tool Type 6419A21BMounting nut, 16 mm hex.Tightening torque 20 Nm Type 6419A21ASeal, silver plated Type 1147A21ARemoval tool, 14 mm hex.Tightening torque 5 Nm Type 6419A21BMounting nut, 16 mm hex.Tightening torque 20 Nm Type 6419A21ASeal, silver plated Type 1147A21AFig. 9: Installation with mounting adapter Type 6419A21D andseal Type 1147A21AFig. 10: Installation with adapter Type 6419A21C, mounting nutType 6419A21A, and seal Type 1147A21A and 1147A21BMounting nut, 16 mm hex. withintermediate ring slotedTightening torque 25 NmType 6419A21DSeal, silver platedType 1147A21AMounting nut, 16 mm hex.Tightening torque 20 NmType 6419A21AAdapter, 21 mm hex.Tightening torque 60 NmType 6419A21CSeal, silver platedType 1147A21BSeal, silver platedType 1147A21ARemoval tool, 14 mm hex.Tightening torque 5 NmType 6419A21BPage 6/7© 2022 Kistler Group, Eulachstrasse 22, 8408 Winterthur, SwitzerlandT el.+41522241111,****************,. Kistler Group products are This information corresponds to the current state of knowledge. Kistler reserves the right to make technical changes. Liability for consequential damage resulting Fig. 20: Flame protection shield, Type Z21603A21FPage 7/76021B _003-590e -10.22© 2022 Kistler Group, Eulachstrasse 22, 8408 Winterthur, SwitzerlandT el.+41522241111,****************,. Kistler Group products are This information corresponds to the current state of knowledge. Kistler reserves the right to make technical changes. Liability for consequential damage resulting Ordering keyEx certificationNot Ex certificated–Ex certificated: "Ex-ia", Ex-nA"ECable termination Lemo 2 pole connector A 7/16" 2 pole connector B Open leads CCable length* 4)1 m 013 m03* Customized lengths on requestIncluded accessories Type/Mat. No.• Mounting nut 6419A21A or 6419A21D • Sealing ring, silver platted (5 pieces) 1147A21A Optional accessories Type/Mat. No.• Sealing ring, silver platted (5 pieces) 1147A21A • Sealing for intermediate adapter 1147A21B M18x1,5, silver platted • Mounting nut 6419A21A • Mounting nut 6419A21D • Insertion/removal tool 6419A21B • Adapter M18x1,5 6419A21C • Adapter M18x1,5 6419A21E • Mounting bracket for hardline cable 1423A1• Mounting tool, slotted 1251A21A • High temperature thread paste 1059• Flame protection shield Z21603A21F Optional accessories Type/Mat. No.• Softline cable 1652A...• Differential charge amplifier – Standard version 5181A – Ex-iA version 5183A – Ex-nA version 5185A4)Tolerance for cable lengths less than 1 m: +45 mm.Tolerance for cable lengths between 1 m and 5 m: +75 mm.。