摘要：本文从文体学角度详细分析了美国总统奥巴马的竞选获胜演讲中的多种修辞手法，如排比、对照、重复、头韵、比喻和引用等。
关键词：奥巴马演讲修辞分析
大量使用修辞是英文演讲的一个主要文体特点，历史上无数的演讲名篇无不以修辞取胜，给人留下深刻的印象。诸如美国总统林肯的《葛底斯堡演说》中的排比句：“A government of the people，by the people，for the people shall not perish from the earth.”（民有，民治，民享的政府永远不会在地球上消失）；美国总统肯尼迪就职演说中的对句：“Ask not what your country can do for you，ask what you can do for your country.”（不要问你的国家为你做了什么，而要先问你为你的国家做了什么。）；美国黑人领袖马丁·路德·金的《我有一个梦想》中反复使用的诸如“Now is the time”，“I have a dream”，“One hundred years later”，“With this faith”，“Let freedom ring”等重复手法；美国副总统戈尔演讲中的头韵：“We should not demean our democracy with the politics of distraction，denial，and despair.”（我们不可用消解、拒绝和绝望的托辞贬屈我们的民主）；美国民权运动的领导人耶西·杰克逊演讲中的比喻：“America is not like a blanket——
—one piece of unbroken cloth...America is more like a quilt——
—woven together with one common thread...”（美国不像一张地毯——
—一块完整的布……美国更像一条被子——
—用一根线编制在一起……）等不胜枚举。这些使用修辞的经典词句给人们留下了难以磨灭的印记，被很多人熟记并稍加修改后运用到自己的写作中去。
尽管美国新一任总统奥巴马的竞选获胜演讲（注：讲稿非奥巴马本人撰写，执笔人是年仅27岁的乔恩·法弗洛，当然奥巴马也会参与意见）在某些文体方面已不再固守传统，如开始使用“It’s”，“that’s”，“She’s”等缩略形式，不再使用诸如“my fellow citizens”，“my friends”等约定俗成的呼语，但是在修辞方面却丝毫没有懈怠，使用了很多为其演讲增色的修辞手法，下面笔者逐一加以探讨。
1.各类演讲中最常用的修辞手法非排比（paral-lelism）莫属，可以说是必不可少的。排比即将三个或三个以上结构一致或相似的词、词组或句子并置在一起。使用排比会给人以一气呵成之感，节奏感强，增强语言气势，加强表达效果，可以把论点阐述得更严密，更透彻。在奥巴马的演讲中不乏成功的排比句。如：“The true strength of our nation comes not from our might of our arms or the scale of our wealth，but from the enduring power of our ide-als：democracy，liberty，opportunity，and unyielding hope.”（我们国家的真正力量不是来自我们强有力的武器，亦非来自我们雄厚的财富，而是来自我们持久不变的理想：民主、自由、机遇和夙愿），这属于单词的排比，而这在汉语中一般并不归类为排比；再如：“She lived to see them stand up and speak out and reach for the ballot.”（她活着看到女人们站起来，说出来，并获得选举权）；“There is new energy to harness and new jobs to be created；new schools to build and threats to meet and alliances to repair.”（我们还要使用新的能量，创造新的就业机会，开办新的学校，勇敢面对威胁，积极修复盟国关系）和“I would not be standing here tonight without the unyielding support of my best friend for the last sixteen years，the rock of our family and the love of my life，our nation’s next First Lady，Michelle Obama.”（我今晚能站在这里，是和一个人的不懈支持分不开的。她是我过去十六年中最好的朋友，我家庭的基石，我一生的至爱，她就是我们国家的下一位第一夫人，米歇尔·奥巴马），这属于词组的排比；又如：“I may not have won your vote，but I hear your voices，I need your help，and I will be your President too.”（也许我没有获得你们的选票，但是我听到了你们的声音，我需要你们的帮助，我也将是你们的总统）和“If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible；who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time；who still questions the power of our democracy，tonight is your answer.”（如果还有人怀疑美国是一个一切皆有可能的国家，如果还有人怀疑我们国家的缔造者们的梦想如今是否依然存在，如果还有人怀疑我们国家民主的力量，那么今晚你们就可以得到答案），这属于句子的排比。排比的运用使奥巴马的演讲语言更丰富，结构更紧凑，说理更有力度。
2.对照或对句（antithesis）也是演讲中一个比较常见的修辞手法。该手法通过将对比明显的两个事物或事件并置而达到强调差异的目的，对比的两方在意思上是相反的，但在形式是相似的。如：“It’s the answer spoken by young and old，rich and poor，Democrat and Republican，black，white，Latino，Asian，and Native American，gay，stra ight，disabled and not disabled...”（无论是年轻人还是年长者，富人还是穷人，民主党人还是共和党人，黑人还是白人，拉美人、亚洲人还是美国人，同性恋还是异性恋，残疾人还是健全人，他们都在回答这个问题）；再如：“Our sto-ries are singular，but our destiny is shared.”（我们的故事是不同的，但我们的命运是相同的）；又如：“To those who would tear this world down——
—we will defeat you.To those who seek peace and security——
—we support you.”（对于那些想要破坏这个世界的人，我们要打败你们。对于那些追求和平与安全的人，我们支持你们。）通过对照的方式可
奥巴马竞选获胜演讲的修辞分析
郭瑞1王秋生2
（1河北师范大学外国语学院，河北石家庄050016；2北京语言大学外国语学院，北京100000）42
来的。而且上边谈到的排比其实也属于重复的范畴，而后边即将谈到的头韵，不会谈到的谐元韵、谐辅韵等语音重复也包括在内。只不过修辞里指的重复更狭窄或更具体一些，一般分为两种：同义词重复和句子结构重复。同义词重复如：“We rise or fall as one nation；as one people.”（不论我们沉与浮，我们都是一个国家、一个民族）；再如“who left their homes and their families”（他们离开了自己的家，自己的家人）；又如：“This is our moment.This is our time.”（这是我们的时刻。这是我们的时代）；还有“every deci-sion or policy I make as President”（我作为总统所做的每一个决定和决策）。结构的重复如“It’s the answer...”重复了三次，“Yes we can.”重复了七次，强调了奥巴马作为总统对全国上下的充分信赖以及对光明未来的坚信不移，而这一句如今也成为了一句脍炙人口的流行语。结构的重复与排比很相似，学生容易混淆。两者的区别是排比句子都并列在一起，结构紧凑；而重复的结构一般相隔着其他的句子乃至段落。
4.头韵（alliteration），即相邻或不相邻的一组词开头字母的重复，也是演讲常用修辞之一。如“the heartache and the hope”（痛苦和希望），如果把heartache换成pain或agony，意思虽未改变，但头韵就没有了，修辞效果明显下降；又如：“Let us resist the temptation to fall back on the same partisanship and pettiness and immaturity that has poi-soned our politics for so long.”（让我们抵制诱惑，以免再次回到以前那种毒害了我们的政治那么久的党派偏见、卑鄙小气和不成熟）；再如“it is only the chance for us to make that change”（这是我们唯一加以改变的机会），其实chance可以用opportunity，但换词之后就没有了头韵。又如“to put our people back to work and open doors of opportu-nity for our kids；to restore prosperity and promote the cause of peace”（使我们的人民重新回到工作岗位，为我们的儿童提供更多的机会，恢复我们国家的繁荣昌盛，稳步推进和平事业）。使用头韵的作用是丰富语言结构，以引起听众的注意，使观点更容易被他们接受。
5.暗喻（metaphor）虽不是演讲最常用修辞之一，但也经常出现在演讲中，尤其是在马丁·路德·金的《我有一个梦想》中更是俯拾皆是。奥巴马的演讲没有用很多的暗喻，毕竟该手法不像排比和重复等那么重要，而且用多了但用不好反而会影响读者的接受。奥巴马演讲中的暗喻例句有“The road ahead will be long.Our climb will be steep.”（前方的路依旧很长。我们的前进将会充满坎坷。）；还有“the rock of our family”（我家庭的基石）用来指自己的妻子在家庭生活中的重要作用。
6.引用（allusion"ation）也是演讲常用修辞手法。演讲者常常引经据典，一方面显示自己的博学，另一方面让众所周知的人或事来帮自己说话能使听众更好地理解自己的观点。第一种是间接引用，即用典（allusion），指的是提及神话中或历史上著名的人或事件而使听众产生联想。奥巴马在评论106岁的安·尼克松·库珀时的话就有很多用典。如“When the bombs fell on our harbor and tyranny threatened the world”（当炸弹落在我们的海港，当Birmingham，a bridge in Selma”（蒙哥马利的公共汽车，伯明翰的水龙头，塞尔玛的桥）指的分别是黑人为争取权利的三个事件。“蒙哥马利的公共汽车”指1955年，黑人妇女帕克斯在蒙哥马利市的一辆公车上拒绝给一个白人让座，被捕入狱后触发了长达一年的黑人抵制行动，最后成功要求该巿所有巴士废除种族隔离。“伯明翰的水龙头”指1963年，马丁·路德·金在伯明翰城领导一场为黑人争取工作，并反对禁止黑人在“白人餐馆”就餐的斗争。警察使用了警犬和水龙头对付抗议的群众。而后金发表《我有一个梦想》的著名演说。“塞尔玛的桥”则指1965年，塞尔马地区的黑人不满政府无理剥夺他们的选举权，决定游行到州首府蒙哥马利，但在经过埃蒙德佩图斯桥时，警察向游行队伍施放催泪弹，又用木棍殴打游行人士，结果造成百多人浴血的“埃盟德佩图斯桥”惨剧。这三件事都与黑人民权运动有关且是建立在美国开国元勋的理想理念之下的，所以奥巴马在演讲中重提这些事件，非常符合他所提出的政治口号；“A man touched down on the moon，a wall came down in Berlin，a world was connected by our own science and imagination.”（一个人踏上了月球，一座墙在柏林轰然倒塌，一个世界由我们的科学和想象联结在一起）则指的是美国人尼尔·阿姆斯特朗成为第一个登上月球的人和德国人推倒阻隔东西德28年多的柏林墙，重获统一，这两件事分别指代当今世界两大主题，即和平与发展，虽然这里只提到科技发展。这说明了奥巴马作为总统不会只关注本国的发展，更要关心整个世界的格局。另外一种引用是指不加任何修改地直接借用名人名言到自己的演讲中，如奥巴马直接引用林肯的“a government of the people，by the people and for the people has not perished from this earth.”（民有，民治，民享的政府永远不会从地球上消失）。而源自亚特兰大传教士的那句“We Shall Over-come”（我们将胜利或我们将打破种族障碍）指的是美国黑人民权运动（1955-1968）时一首主要歌曲的名字，作为第一位美国黑人总统的奥巴马引用起来得心应手而又再合适不过。
综上所述，多种修辞手法的使用给奥巴马的竞选获胜演讲增色不少，为其锦上添花，使之堪称一篇成功演讲的范例。
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［2］刘世生，朱瑞青.文体学概论.北京：北京大学出版社，2006.
［3］钱瑗.实用英语文体学.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2006.
［4］王佐良，丁往道.英语文体学引论.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1987.
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英文版 MR. OBAMA: Vice President Biden, Mr. Chief Justice, Members of the United States Congress, distinguished guests, and fellow citizens: Each time we gather to inaugurate a president, we bear witness to the enduring strength of our Constitution. We affirm the promise of our democracy. We recall that what binds this nation together is not the colors of our skin or the tenets of our faith or the origins of our names. What makes us exceptional – what makes us American – is our allegiance to an idea, articulated in a declaration made more than two centuries ago: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of H appiness.” Today we continue a never-ending journey, to bridge the meaning of those words with the realities of our time. For history tells us that while these truths may be self-evident, they have never been self-executing; that while freedom is a gift from God, it must be secured by His people here on Earth. The patriots of 1776 did not fight to replace the tyranny of a king with the privileges of a few or the rule of a mob. They gave to us a Republic, a government of,
奥巴马就职演讲稿修辞简析 Summary: 总统大多在美国历史上占有特殊地位，其演说亦各具特色。作为美国的第四十四任总统句子结构，巴洛克.奥巴马就任之际正逢全国性的经济危机，其就职演说不可避免的也会起到表达这位新晋总统的政治思想和增加公众对于政府的信心的作用。本文将从修辞手段的运用，句子类型以及宗教 特色等多方面就这篇就职演说词的语言特色进行分析。 Key words: Repetition, Parallelism, Figures of similarity,Figures of Contrast Introduction: 一、Repetition 反复 Repetition is an important figure of speech. It usually repeats the same word, phrase, and sentence to intensify the mood, emphasize the ideas, and show the strong feelings. It’s used widely in poetry, prose, novel, speech etc. In the daily life, we also often use it. E.g.: 1.But above all, I will never forget who this victory truly belongs to. It belongs to you. It belongs to you . 2.Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real.They are serious and they are many. They will not be met easily or ina short span of time. But know this, America, they will be met. 3.This is the price and the promise of citizenship. This is the source of our confidence -- the knowledge that God calls on us to shape an uncertain destiny. This is the meaning of our liberty and our creed 在奥巴马的就职演说词中，有多个词如“危机”等被反复使用。具体分析如下：
成功赢得美国总统大选的奥巴马11月5日下午（北京时间）在芝加哥格兰特公园举行盛大的集会，发表以“美国的变革”为主题的获胜演说。他表示，美国迎来变革时代（change is coming to America），并且呼吁美国人民团结起来。 -----以下为演讲全文(已更新为华尔街日报翻译的版本，谢谢157楼的朋友提醒)----- 如果还有人对美国是否凡事都有可能存疑，还有人怀疑美国奠基者的梦想在我们所处的时代是否依然鲜活，还有人质疑我们的民主制度的力量，那么今晚，这些问题都有了答案。 这是设在学校和教堂的投票站前排起的前所未见的长队给出的答案；是等了三四个小时的选民所给出的答案，其中许多人都是有生以来第一次投票，因为他们认定这一次肯定会不一样，认为自己的声音会是这次大选有别于以往之所在。 这是所有美国人民共同给出的答案－－无论老少贫富，无论是民主党还是共和党，无论是黑人、白人、拉美裔、亚裔、原住民，是同性恋者还是异性恋者、残疾人还是健全人－－我们从来不是“红州”和“蓝州”的对立阵营，我们是美利坚合众国这个整体，永远都是。
长久以来，很多人一再受到告诫，要对我们所能取得的成绩极尽讽刺、担忧和怀疑之能事，但这个答案让这些人伸出手来把握历史，再次让它朝向美好明天的希望延伸。 已经过去了这么长时间，但今晚，由于我们在今天、在这场大选中、在这个具有决定性的时刻所做的，美国已经迎来了变革。 我刚刚接到了麦凯恩参议员极具风度的致电。他在这场大选中经过了长时间的努力奋斗，而他为自己所深爱的这个国家奋斗的时间更长、过程更艰辛。他为美国做出了我们大多数人难以想像的牺牲，我们的生活也因这位勇敢无私的领袖所做出的贡献而变得更美好。我向他和佩林州长所取得的成绩表示祝贺，我也期待着与他们一起在未来的岁月中为复兴这个国家的希望而共同努力。 我要感谢我在这次旅程中的伙伴－－已当选美国副总统的拜登。他全心参与竞选活动，为普通民众代言，他们是他在斯克兰顿从小到大的伙伴，也是在他回特拉华的火车上遇到的男男女女。
My fellow citizens: 各位同胞： I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. I thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition. 今天我站在这里，为眼前的重责大任感到谦卑，对各位的信任心怀感激，对先贤的牺牲铭记在心。我要谢谢布什总统为这个国家的服务，也感谢他在政权转移期间的宽厚和配合。 Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbearers, and true to our founding documents. 四十四位美国人发表过总统就职誓言，这些誓词或是在繁荣富强及和平宁静之际发表，或是在乌云密布，时局动荡之时。在艰困的时候，美国能箕裘相继，不仅因为居高位者有能力或愿景，也因为人民持续对先人的抱负有信心，也忠于创建我国的法统。 So it has been. So it must be with this generation of Americans. 因此，美国才能承继下来。因此，这一代美国人必须承继下去。 That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age. Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered. Our health care is too costly; our schools fail too many; and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet. 现在大家都知道我们正置身危机核心，我国正处于对抗深远暴力和憎恨的战争。我们的经济元气大伤，是某些人贪婪且不负责任的后果，也是大众未能做出艰难的选择，为国家进入新时代做淮备所致。许多人失去房子，丢了工作，生意垮了。我们的医疗照护太昂贵，学校教育辜负了许多人。每天都有更多证据显示，我们利用能源的方式壮大我们的对敌，威胁我们的星球。 These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics. Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land - a nagging fear that America’s decline is inevitable, and that the next generation must lower its sights. 这些都是得自资料和统计数据的危机指标。比较无法测量但同样深沉的，是举国信心尽失—持续担心美国将无可避免地衰退，也害怕下一代一定会眼界变低。 Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real. They are serious and they are many. They will not be met easily or in a short span of time. But know this, America - they will be met. 今天我要告诉各位，我们面临的挑战是真的，挑战非常严重，且不在少数。它们不是可以轻易，或在短时间内解决。但是，美国要了解，这些挑战会被解决。 On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord.
修辞学期末作业 ——关于奥巴马就职演讲的修辞格分析 11级英语7班 1105020224 张骁
奥巴马就职演讲的修辞分析 一、头韵(Alliteration) 1.Time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life. 此句中struggled与sacrificed和live与life两组头韵，前一组再现了先辈们浴血奋战的场景和他们无私奉献的精神，后一组则把一组对美好明天的向往生动地勾勒了出来。 2.We remain the most prosperous, powerful nation on Earth. 此句中prosperous与powerful这组头韵，描绘出了美利坚合众国的繁荣富强，头韵的修辞使表达非常具有感染力。 3.But our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off unpleasant decision-that time has surely passed. 此句中pat，protecting与putting三个以“P”开头为头韵的词放在一起，给人以巧夺天工之感。 4.We will restore science to its rightful place, and wield technology’s wonders to raise health care’s quality and lower its cost. 此句中wield与wonders的运用浑然天成，运用地非常精准。5....whether it can help families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified. 此句中三组头韵：families和find，decent与dignified,care与can的运用不仅有效地表达了评判一个政府的标准，而且在演讲中演讲极富韵律，让人过耳不忘。
奥巴马获胜演讲全文 President-elect Barack Obama smiles as he gives his acceptance speech at Grant Park in Chicago Tuesday night, Nov. 4, 2008. 以下是奥巴马(Barack Obama)竞选总统成功后在芝加哥演讲准备的讲稿: If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible; who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time; who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer. It's the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches in numbers this nation has never seen; by people who waited three hours and four hours, many for the very first time in their lives, because they believed that this time must be different; that their voice could be that difference. It's the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, Democrat and Republican, black, white, Latino, Asian, Native American, gay, straight, disabled and not disabled – Americans who sent a message to the world that we have never been a collection of Red States and Blue States: we are, and always will be, the United States of America. It's the answer that led those who have been told for so long by so many to be cynical, and fearful, and doubtful of what we can achieve to put their hands on the arc of history and bend it once more toward the hope of a better day. It's been a long time coming, but tonight, because of what we did on this day, in this election, at this defining moment, change has come to America. I just received a very gracious call from Senator McCain. He fought long and hard in this campaign, and he's fought even longer and harder for the country he loves. He has endured sacrifices for America that most of us cannot begin to imagine, and we are better off for the service rendered by this brave and selfless leader. I congratulate him and Governor Palin for all they have achieved, and I look forward to working with them to renew this nation's promise in the months ahead. I want to thank my partner in this journey, a man who campaigned from his heart and spoke for the men and women he grew up with on the streets of
奥巴马竞选演讲稿(精选多篇) 第一篇：奥巴马竞选演讲稿奥巴马竞选演讲稿 2014年11月07日星期五下午10:42 请在此处输入标题 hello, chicago! 芝加哥，你好！ if there is anyone out there who still doubts that america is a place where all things are possible; who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time; who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer. 假如还有人不相信美国是一个不存在不可能的地方，还有人怀疑开国之父们的梦想依然在影响着我们这个时代，还有人质疑美利坚民主的力量，那么，他们的疑惑在今夜得到了解答。 it’s the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches in numbers this nation has never seen; by people who waited three hours and four hours, many for the very first time in their lives, because they believed that this time must be different; that their voice could be that difference. 在学校和教堂外面，人们排起了长长的队伍，人数之多在美国历史上前所未有。为了投上自己的一票，他们可以等待三个小时、四个小时。许多人是一生中第一次参加投票，因为他们坚信这一次必须有所变革，而他们的声音将举足轻重。
奥巴马励志演讲稿(精选多篇) 奥巴马竞选演讲稿 2014年11月07日星期五下午10:42 请在此处输入标题 hello, chicago! 芝加哥，你好！ if there is anyone out there who still doubts that america is a place where all things are possible; who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time; who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer. 假如还有人不相信美国是一个不存在不可能的地方，还有人怀疑开国之父们的梦想依然在影响着我们这个时代，还有人质
疑美利坚民主的力量，那么，他们的疑惑在今夜得到了解答。 it’s the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches in numbers this nation has never seen; by people who waited three hours and four hours, many for the very first time in their lives, because they believed that this time must be different; that their voice could be that difference. 在学校和教堂外面，人们排起了长长的队伍，人数之多在美国历史上前所未有。为了投上自己的一票，他们可以等待三个小时、四个小时。许多人是一生中第一次参加投票，因为他们坚信这一次必须有所变革，而他们的声音将举足轻重。 it’s the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, democrat and republican, black, white, latino, asian, native american, gay, straight, disabled and not disabled —americans who sent a
美国总统奥巴马开学演讲西方修辞学浅析 李荣义 （福建农林大学蜂学学院2009级学号：090723067） 【摘要】肯尼斯·伯克认为任何语篇都包含着人类动机。人类的行为是在动机驱使 下发生的。语言作为人类的一种行为，可以成为动机的载体。西方修辞学的发展史表明，演讲是修辞的最早来源，两者关系密切。古典修辞学理论认为，修辞学就是研究 演说的技巧。修辞和演讲密不可分，演讲是一门劝说的艺术。演讲者要得到劝说目的 就需要应用各种修辞表达技巧。而通过对语言的研究，可以发现其中隐藏的动机。本 文试图通过奥巴马总统的开学演讲，浅析其中西方修辞的应用，讨论修辞应用对劝说 效果的影响。 【关键词】奥巴马演讲受众修辞 一、戏剧五要素分析 肯尼斯·伯克的戏剧五位一体理论作为发现动机工具，其中的五个因素：行动、场景、执事者、工具、和目的。伯克是这样阐述的：任何有关动机的完整阐述都应该回 答这样五个问题：发生了什么(行动)，在什么时候或哪里发生的(场景)，行动实施者是谁(执事者)，怎么发生的(工具)，以及为什么(目的)。在本文研究材料中五要素表现为：美国刚上任总统奥巴马（执事者）在和弗吉尼亚州阿灵顿市的韦克菲尔德高中（场景），通过麦克风以对现场听众，以及电台及电视台的转播（工具）面对全美国学生 及教育者，学生家长等演讲（行动），强调学习的重要性并希望通过演讲使学生重视 并认真学习（目的）。这五个要素不是孤立存在的，它们可以以不同的方式组合。按 照伯克的观点，戏剧五要素的不同组合可形成十对关系比场景-行为、场景-执行者、场景-工具、场景-目的、行为-目的、行为-执行者、行为-工具、执行者-目的、执行者-工具、工具-目的，颠倒每-对关系比的顺序可创设另外十对关系比。演讲是由演讲者的动机驱使而发生的行为，动机会决定五个元素在其中的排列组合。因此，了解动机可以 对演讲的理解起到帮助作用。相比竞选就职等政治色彩演说，开学演讲的动机只需要 博得受众的认同并实践，而受众的认同及付诸行动并不需要放弃一放选择另一平行的 选择，如投选票。开学演讲中，没有竞争对手，演讲动机即说服受众承认学习的重要 性并采取行动以正确的态度认真学习。因此演讲动机并不需要顶着另一方同等竞争备 选项的挑战。 二、开学演讲受众分析 修辞的首要问题便是对受众的把握。受众应该成为整个修辞过程的中心。演讲者 必须对受众有清晰的认识，了解受众心理，及时调整演讲内容、选定语法结构、框定
奥巴马获胜演说演讲稿（中英文） barack obama s victory speech: change has come to america if there is anyone out there who still doubts that america is a place where all things are possible, who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time, who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer. 如果，还有人怀疑美国是一切皆有可能的国度，还有人怀疑国父们的梦想在我们的时代是否还存在，还有人怀疑我们的民主所拥有的力量，那么今晚，你听到了回答。 it s the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches in numbers this nation has never seen, by people who waited three hours and four hours, many for the first time in their lives, because they believed that this time must be different, that their voices could be that difference. 是那些今天在学校和教堂排着长队、数不胜数的选民做出了回答；是那些为了投票等待了三四个小时的人们做出了回答。他们中的很多人，是有生以来第一次投票，因为他们相信，这次真的不同――他们的声音会让这次不同。 it s the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, democrat and republican, black, white, hispanic, asian, native american, gay, straight, disabled and not disabled. americans who sent a message to the world that we have never been just a collection of individuals or a collection of
Thank you so much. 非常感谢。 Tonight, more than 200 years after a former colony won the right to determine its own destiny, the task of perfecting our union moves forward. 今晚，曾经的殖民国在赢得主权200多年后， It moves forward because of you. It moves forward because you reaffirmed the spirit that has triumphed over war and depression, the spirit that has lifted this country from the depths of despair to the great heights of hope, the belief that while each of us will pursue our own individual dreams, we are an American family and we rise or fall together as one nation and as one people. 历史因为你们而走到了这里，因为你们坚信我们的国家能克服战争与萧条，能摆脱绝望深渊走向希望的峰顶，坚信我们每个人都能追求自己的梦，我们生活在共同的美国大家庭，同舟共济。 Tonight, in this election, you, the American people, reminded us that while our road has been hard, while our journey has been long, we have picked ourselves up, we have fought our way back, and we know in our hearts that for the United States of America the best is yet to come. 今晚，在选举中，你们，美国人民，告诉了我们，虽然路漫漫其修远，但我们能挺直腰杆、峰回路转，我们都心中有数，美利坚合众国最美好的未来还未到来。 I want to thank every American who participated in this election, whether you voted for the very first time or waited in line for a very long time. By the way, we have to fix that. Whether you pounded the pavement or picked up the phone, whether you held an Obama sign or a Romney sign, you made your voice heard and you made a difference. 我要感谢每一位参与选举的国人，无论你是第一时间就投上了票，还是排长队才投上了票。顺便说一声，这个问题我们要解决。无论你是去走去投票站投票，还是电话投票；无论你是给奥巴马投票，还是为罗姆尼投票，你们的声音我们听到了，有着非凡意义。
奥巴马获胜演说演讲稿（中英文） 奥巴马获胜演说演讲稿（中英文）Barak Obamas Vitor Speeh: Change Has Come To AmeriaIf there is anone out there ho still doubts that Ameria is a plae here all things are possible， ho still onders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time， ho still questions the poer of our demora， tonight is our anser。如果，还有人怀疑美国是一切皆有可能的国度，还有人怀疑国父们的梦想在我们的时代是否还存在，还有人怀疑我们的民主所拥有的力量，那么今晚，你听到了回答。Its the anser told b lines that strethed around shools and hurhes in numbers this nation has never seen， b people ho aited three hours and four hours， man for the first time in their lives， beause the believed that this time must be different， that their voies ould be that differene。是那些今天在学校和教堂排着长队、数不胜数的选民做出了回答；是那些为了投票等待了三四个小时的人们做出了回答。他们中的很多人，是有生以来第一次投票，因为他们相信，这次真的不同――他们的声音会让这次不同。Its the anser spoken b oung and old， rih and poor， Demorat and Republian， blak， hite， Hispani， Asian， Native Amerian，ga， straight， disabled and not disabled。 Amerians ho sent a message to the orld that e have never been just a olletion of individuals or a olletion of red states and blue states。We are， and alas ill be， the United States of Ameria。这个
奥巴马竞选演讲及相关视频下载（用迅雷可以下） 奥巴马演讲视频下载，来自官网的视频，很清晰，一般都是二十分钟左右的视频。我保证用迅雷能下。视频格式是m4v,mov.我刚用迅雷刚才下了五个视频，速度感觉还可以（比YouTube解析的后下载的速度快多了）视频在暴风影音和real player上每个都可以播放，我都试过了。 这些视频不是非常多。但都是奥巴马经典的演讲视频，还有奥巴马在大选过程相关的一些视频,比如grassroots organizing类的视频，和The Campaign Trail的一些视频。 需要更多好的英语资料的朋友看这里 最新添加 奥巴马就职演讲视频和音频下载（1月20日），下载地址 以下的演讲视频直接点击就可以下载了 1 a more perfect union 2 New Hampshire Primary Speech: Yes We Can 3 forging a new future for American 4 south carolina victory speech
5 amrican stories（美国公民讲述自己的故事来支持推选奥巴马） 6 Democratic National Convention 2004 Keynote(2004.7.27,查看中英文对照文稿) 7 Biden VP announcement 8 Orlando, Fla VFW Address 9 Yes We Can, Nashua NH 10 Boston Students（波士顿大学学生和奥巴马电话交谈，会见奥巴马，还有他们对大选的一些看法） 11 Bronx Students（一所中学的学生谈论大选，并各自发表自己的演讲yes we/I can) ......... 更多奥巴马竞选相关视频下载 12 change has come to America (11月4日获胜芝加哥演讲): ed2k://|file|[%E5%A5%A5%E5%B7%B4%E9%A9%AC%E5%B D%93%E9%80%89%E6%BC%94%E8%AE%B2].Barack.Obama. Presidential.Victory.Speech.HDTV.XviD-XOXO.avi|183121870|1568 efc587c6885c3a4da0bc9e27ac5c|/ 将这一段地址复制后，打开你的迅雷，点"新建",自动弹出迅雷的下载对话框里即可下载。
奥巴马胜选演讲稿（中英文对照） Thank you so much. Tonight, more than 200 years after a former colony won the right to determine its own destiny, the task of perfecting our union moves forward. 今夜，在当年的殖民地赢得了决定自己命运的权利200多年以后，让美利坚合众国更加完美的任务又向前推进了一步。 It moves forward because of you. It moves forward because you reaffirmed the spirit that has triumphed over war and depression, the spirit that has lifted this country from the depths of despair to the great heights of hope, the belief that while each of us will pursue our own individual dreams, we are an American family and we rise or fall together as one nation and as one people. 这一进程是因为你们而向前推进的，因为你们再次确认了那种使美国胜利克服了战争和萧条的精神，那种使美国摆脱绝望的深渊并走向希望的最高点的精神，以及那种虽然我们每个人都在追求自己的个人梦想、但我们同属一个美国大家庭、并作为一个国家和民族共同进退的信仰。 Tonight, in this election, you, the American people, reminded us that while our road has been hard, while our journey has been long, we have picked ourselves up, we have fought our way back, and we know in our hearts that for the United States of America the best is yet to come. 今夜，在此次选举中，你们这些美国人民提醒我们，虽然我们的道路一直艰难，虽然我们的旅程一直漫长，但我们已经让自己振作起来，我们已经发起反击，我们在自己内心深处知道，对美利坚合众国来说，最美好一切属于未来。 I want to thank every American who participated in this election, whether you voted for the very first time or waited in line for a very long time. By the way, we have to fix that. Whether you pounded the pavement or picked up the phone, whether you
奥巴马竞选的演讲稿 特殊的一次大选，特殊的决定性时刻，美国迎来了变革。下面是风林网络为大家整理的：奥巴马竞选演讲稿，欢迎阅读!更多内容请继续关注风林网络演讲稿栏目 奥巴马竞选演讲稿中英文 Hello, Chicago! 芝加哥，你好! If there is anyone out there who still doubts thatAmerica is a place where all things are possible; whostill wonders if the dream of our founders is alive inour time; who still questions the power of ourdemocracy, tonight is your answer. 如果有人怀疑美国是个一切皆有可能的地方，怀疑美国奠基者的梦想在我们这个时代依然燃烧，怀疑我们民主的力量，那么今晚这些疑问都有了答案。 It's the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches in numbers this nation has neverseen; by people who waited three hours and four hours,many for the very first time in their lives, becausethey believed that this time must be different; thattheir voice could be that difference. 学校和教堂门外的长龙便是答案。排队的人数之多，在美国历史上前所未有。为了投票，他们排队长达三、四个小时。许多人一生中第一次投票，因为他们认为这一次大选结果必须不同以往，而他们手中的一票可能决定胜负。 It's the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, Democrat and Republican, black, white, Latino, Asian,Native American, gay, straight, disabled and notdisabled Americans who sent a message to the worldthat we have never been a collection of red states andblue states; we are, and always will be, the UnitedStates of America. 无论年龄，无论贫富，无论民主党人或共和党人，无论黑人、白人，无论拉美裔、亚裔、印地安人, 无论同性恋、异性恋，无论残障人、健全人，所有的人，他们向全世界喊出了同一个声音：我们并不隶属“红州”与“蓝州”的对立阵营，我们属于美利坚合众国，现在如此，永远如此!