顶点王牌英语必修 3 讲义I
Unit 1 Festivals around the world
1. mean 的用法
1) . mean doing sth. “意味着(必须要做某事或导致种结果) ” , 其主语通常是指事物的词
2) . mean to do sth. “打算或企图做某事” ，主语通常是表示人的名词或代词，过去完成式表示“本来打算做某事”
3) . mean sb. to do sth. “打算让某人做某事” ，也可以用于被动结构
4) . mean 后接名词、副词或从句, “表示；打算；存心”等意思；后接that 从句，意为“表——- ”
示..
5) ................................................................ . be mea nt for "打算给予；打算作用”
In some parts of London, missing a bus means ____ for another hour.
A. waiting
B. to wait
C. wait
D. to be waiting
2. take place 发生；举行(不能用于被动语态中!)
①The performance didn 't take place after all. 演出终于没有进行
②Was there anybody passing by when the accident took place? 事故发生时，有人路过那里吗？与place 相关短语：
in the first place (用于列举理由)首先，第一点
in the last place 最后
in one's place 处于某人的位置，为某人设身处地想一想
in place 放在原来的位置，就位
in place of 代替，用 ..... 而不用 ..
take one' s place 找替某人接替某人的位置
3. of all kinds 各种各样的all kinds of 各种各样的
the same kind of 相同种类的different kinds of 不同种类的this/that kind of 这(那)种a kind of 某种That kind of question is very difficult to answer.= Questions of that kind are difficult to answer.
We sell all kinds of shoes.= We sell shoes of all kinds.
③You can see different kinds of animals in the zoo.
= You can see animals of different kinds in the zoo. 你在动物园可以看见不同种类的动物用动词的适当形式填空
①Books of this kind __ (sell) well in the bookstore.
②This kind of books __ (sell) well in the bookstore.
4. starve v. 挨饿; 饿死
He said he would starve rather than beg for food. 他说他宁愿挨饿也不要饭吃
5. plenty n. 富裕days/years/...of plenty 富裕的日子/年月如：You have a life of plenty, what would you be worried about?
plenty pron. 大量; 充足
plenty of 可修饰可数名词和不可数名词, 用于陈述句
如: You needn' t hurry. There is plenty of time left. 你不必慌忙, 剩下的时间很充足
Taking plenty of exercise every day keeps you healthy. 每天多运动会使你身体健康
6. 1） satisfy vt.满足，使…满意；satisfy sb. satisfied a.感到满意的；be satisfied with satisfying a. 令人愉快的satisfaction n. 满意; to one' s satisfaction
satisfactorily ad. 满意地satisfactory a. 令人满意的
She bought a satisfactory computer —it 's cheap and of higuhaqlity.
辨析satisfactory， satisfied， satisfying
satisfactory 指客观的事物或主观的表现达到要求而令人满意，主语一般用客体satisfied 指主体对事物或表现感到满意，主语是主体（人）
如: She is satisfied with the service. 她对该项服务感到满意
satisfying: giving pleasure 令人愉快，主语是不定式. 常用于句型: It' s satisfying to do sth. 做...使人满意
如:It' s satisfying to learn the success of his son in job-hunting. 得知儿子找至U工作，令他非常高兴
hurt， injure， harm， damage， wound 的区别与用法
hurt 普通用语，既可指肉体上的伤害，也可精神上，感情上的伤害
如:The girl hurt herself badly in the accident.那位女孩在那次事故中伤得很重
injure 比hurt 正式， hurt 多指伤痛，而injure 则指损害健康，成就，容貌等，强调功能的损失
如:He injured his hand while playing basketball. 他在打篮球时手受了伤
damage 主要指对于物的损害，强调对于价值、用途、外观等所造成的损失，这种损失或因自然灾害所致，或因人为造成。如: Several cars were damaged in the accident. 好几辆汽车在事故中损坏了
wound 指枪伤，刀伤，刺伤等皮肉之伤，是出血的，严重的伤，特指战场上受伤，它可以指肉体上的伤害，也可指人们精神上的创伤。如: The bullet wounded his left leg. 子弹打伤了他的左腿
7.origin n.起源；源头女口：the origins of the life on earth 地球上生命的起源
in memory of/ to the memory of sb. 纪念某人例句：The statue was built in memory of the famous scientist.
8. dress作及物动词时，不接clothes之类的表示衣服的名词，而是接表示人的句词或代词，意思是“给…穿衣服” 。当表示自己穿衣服时，则用反身代词，如：Wake up children and dress them. 唤醒孩子,给他们穿上衣服
dress的过去分词常用来构成get dressed与be dressed短语,前者表示动态,后者表示静态, 穿何种衣服，则用介词in.女口：Harry up and get dressed.快点穿上衣服。The girl was dressed in red. 这个女孩穿着一身红衣服。
dress up 是 "打扮，化装”，女口： You should dress up when you take part in the party.
She is ___ in red today and looks very beautiful.
wearing B. having on C. dressing D. Dressed
9. award. n. 奖, 奖品v. 判给, 授予award sb. sth. 奖赏某人某物
辨析： award 和reward：
award 后接双宾语如： award sb. a metal 授予某人奖章
reward奖赏，酬谢，不能接双宾语。reward sb. for sth.因…奖赏某人reward sb. with sth. 用某物酬劳某人
例句：She rewarded herself with a cup of coffee after a whole morning 's hard work.
10. admire v. 意为“赞赏;钦佩;羡慕;赞美;夸奖”
注意：表示“在某方面钦佩某人”用“ admire sb. for sth. ”
例句：We all admire him for his courage and bravery. 我们都钦佩他的勇气和胆识
11. look forward to (doing) sth. 意为期待着(做)某事, 其中的to 是介词, 而不是动词不定式符号
12. as though和as if没有什么区别。as if用得普遍些，却可引导方式状语从句和表语从句，其从句谓语常用虚拟语气
(1) 引导方式状语从句
She acted as though nothing had happened．她装得好像什么事也没发生过似的
当从句主语和主句主语一致，从句谓语中又含有动词to be时，可以把主语和to be 一起省去
He looked about as though (he was) in search of something ．他四处张望，好像寻找什么
(2) 引导表语从句
It looks as if it 's going to rain 看样子天要下雨
as though 和as if 从句用虚拟语气，还是用陈述语气，根据具体情况而定。如果从句表示的意思与事实完全相反，或者纯粹是一种假设，通常用虚拟语气
The child talks as if she were an adult. 那孩子说话的样子好像她是个大人
13. have fun 过得快乐= have a good time， enjoy oneself. 短语有have fun ( in ) doing sth.
14. But she didn 't turn up.
1) 来，出席(某活动) I'm very happy you turned up so early.
2) 把(收音机等)音量开大一些，反义词turn down. 如Turn up the radio a little， I can scarcely hear the program.
turn down 拒绝turn off 关掉turn on 打开turn out 结果是.................... turn to sb. for help 向某人求助
15. keep one' s word 守信用，反义词是break one' s word 失信
注意：keep one' s word 和break one' s word 中的名词word 不能用复数形式！in a word/in short/to be short 简言之；总之have a word with sb. 与某人谈话have words with sb. 与某人发生口角in other words 换句话说
16. obvious adj.
1) obvious+ to + 表示人的名词或代词如：Her disappointment was obvious to her friend.
2) It + be + obvious +that-clause 显而易见,一目了然如：It was obvious that she was in danger.
辨析：obvious/apparent/clear
obvious是三者中程度最强的，含有"一目了然” 之意。如口：It is obvious that you are wrong. apparent具有某些明显的迹象，侧重经历推理才能看出结果。如如：It was apparent from his face
that he was lying.
clear 表示明白的，清楚的。指不模糊含混，易于观察，了解和识别。如：He seems clear about his plans.
17. marry 的用法：
1) 她嫁给了一个律师。She married a doctor.
表示"和.... 结婚”，"嫁 .. ”，"娶 ..”时，marry为及物动词，要用marry sb.，而不用marry with sb.
2) 她和一位律师结婚了。She was married to a lawyer.
表示婚姻状态, 后接宾语时要用介词to，而不用with.
3) 他们结婚三年了。They have been married for three years.
注意：marry 和get married 都表示短暂行为，不能和表示一段时间的短语连用，而have been married 则表示婚姻状态，可以与表示婚姻状态持续多久的时间状语连用
18. set off: 动身, 出发; 使(地雷、炸弹)爆炸; 使某物更有吸引力
相关短语：set about doing sth. 着手(做某事) set in开始set up建立，创立set down 写下，记下set somebody to do something. 使某人开始工作
set somebody doing something 使某人处于某种动的状态
19. dress up
1. 这个男孩爱穿他姐姐的衣服闹着玩。
s clothes.
The boy likes dressing up in his sister
2. 孩子们极力把子机打扮成怪物。
The children tried to dress up as monsters.
3. 全家人正在装饰圣诞树。
The whole family are dressing up the Christmas tree.
20. have fun with sb
I like having fun with my friends. Have fun at the party tonight. 今晚的晚会上玩得很开心 make fun of sb. 嘲弄 ; 取笑
21. congratulate Congratulate sb on sth/doing Congratulations to sb on sth/doing Congratulate you on passing the driving test. Congratulations to you on passing the driving test.
22. permit permission Permit/allow doing Permit/allow sb to do Smoking is not allowed/ permitte d in teachers ' office.
Nobody is allowed/permitted to smoke in the teachers Nobody can smoke without permission. 情态动词
1. 情态动词有一定的意义，表示或暗示某种情绪或态度，表示可能、建议、愿望、必要、 允许、能力等
2. 情态动词没有人称和数的变化，即不随主语的不同而变化
3. 情态动词不能独立使用，必须和实义动词一起构成谓语
4. 情态动词除 ought 和 have 外，后面只能接不带 to 的 不定式
5. 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式、分词等形式。
must
表示必须， 多处于义务、责任或强制命令 (must 提问，否定回答用 needn'或don ' t have to). You must hand in your homework today.
⑵mustn 表示禁止。意思是不许”不准”不可以”
You mustn ' t smoke here.
(3) 用于发生了某种于说话人的愿望相反、不受欢迎的事时，意思是
“偏偏”、 “偏要 ”。 Why must he do it that way?
Why must it rain on Sunday?
(4) 表示推测， 只能用于肯定句。
He must be reading novels now.
The road is wet. It must have rained last
night.
can /could
(1) 表示能力
Can you speak Japanese?
(2) 表示推测时，只用在否定句或疑问句中。 He can ' t be at home now.
(3) 表示允许 (许可或请求许可)
You can go now, but he can
' t. (4) 表惊异、怀疑等
How can you be so rude?
could 可表示能力或可能性，多用于过去，也可指现在，通常表示虚拟或作为 式。 can / could + have done 在肯定句中表示 “本来可以做而实际上没做某事 ”；在疑问句或否定 句 中 表 示 对 过 去 行 为 的 怀 疑 或 不 肯 定 , 表 示 推 测 You could have done better, but you didn 'tr t y your best. 你本来可以做得更好，但你没努力。
He can 'h t ave been to that town. 他不可能去过那个城。
' office. can 的委婉形
may/might
(1) 表示可能性，might 比may 可能性更小。
It may be true.
He might not come today.
(2) 表示请求、许可，多用于肯定和疑问句中
May I ask you a question?
(3) 表示愿望
May you be happy all your life. might 比may 语气更委婉may/might 表示推测时，表示对现在或将来要发生的事情把握不大。
might/may have done 表示对过去发生的动作进行的可能性推测。He may have gone to the clinic.
他可能去医务室了。
He might have read about the news in the newspaper. 他可能已经从报纸上知道这个消息了。
will/would
表示意愿，will 表示现在的意愿，would 表示过去的意愿。Go where you will.
She asked if I would go with them.
2. 表示征求意见或提出请求，主要用于第二人称的疑问句中，此
will 和would 均可用，would 时并不表过去，而表示委婉语气。
Would Sunday night suit you?
Will / Would you please post the letter for me?
3. 表示习惯和倾向性
will 表示现在的习惯，would 表示过去的习惯(=used to do) 。
Oil will float on water.
When he was a child, he would often go skiing.
4. 表示推测
（语气较委婉）。
will 用于谈论现在，would 可用于谈论过去，也可用于谈论现在
Ask him. He will know.
Every family would have some sort of trouble.
I thought you would have finished it by now.
shall / should
1. 在陈述句中,shall 用于二、三人称表示允诺、警告、命令、决心等。You shall do as I say. （命
令）
Nothing shall stop me doing it. （决心）
Tell him that he shall have the book tomorrow. （允诺）
2. shall 在疑问句中, 用于一、三人称，用来表示请求或征求意见。Shall I open the window for
you ？（征求意见）Shall he fetch some water for you ？（请求）
3. should 常表示应当，意思和ought to 相近，但语气较弱。
Young people should learn how to use computers.
4. should 用于可能性推测时, 表“应该，很可能”
They left at 5:30. They should get there now.
5. should have done表示责备或批评，意为本应该…但”
You should have told her the truth earlier.
She shouldn 't have left without saying a word.