化繁为简—破解英语长难句
一长难句基本句型特征
考研英语长难句的是如何构成的？命题人员在英语原文基础上进行改造时，主要从结构上通过四种方式来使句子更加复杂：
1、复合从句
2、成分省略
3、使用插入成分
4、改变句序
这四种方式往往相互结合，形成错综复杂的句子，即混合型句子。目的是提高难度，增强干扰，打断和打乱考生的思维，从而达到检验考生阅读能力和的目标。下面分别对这四种方式进行解析。
我们要时刻牢记的一点是，考试中的长难句绝大多数为主谓宾或主系表结构，其它成分都是围绕这三个主要成分其中之一。这就是所有长难句的核心和本质。必须牢记。
最常见的是围绕主语和宾语（表语）我们要根据这些次要成分的位置和字面意义来推测它们和主干意群的逻辑关系。在切分意群时，意群的大小根据自己实际理解能力来分解。标准就是看一眼就能理解的信息（短语或者句子）。经过训练后，我们看一眼就能把握的意群会越来越多，从而完成从菜鸟到“大虾”的转变。
请看下面例句：
The fact that these people live near famous caves, which contain vivid paintings from Europe?s early humans, leads him to the conclusion that they are extremely likely to be the most direct relatives of the first modern humans in Europe, who supposedly migrated from Africa. (46 words)
我们需要做的就是把句子意群切开，化繁为简，分而治之。目前大多数同学会看到后面的信息就忘掉前面的信息，一句话反复读，但总理不清头绪，浪费大量时间。
通过训练，我们将学会如何快速解开错综复杂的意群，避免信息杂乱无章，清晰地把握句子的含义。
在这里强调，在初级阶段一定要动手做标记，不迈出这一步，我们会永远停留在看到长难句就头脑混乱直到短路的阶段。
整个处理过程是从点到线再到面的，也就是要求我们必须按照信息的复杂程度来处理。即单词→意群→句子。万万不能尝试一下子理解或者翻译全句。再次强调一下，理解句子不同于做翻译题。
一、复合从句
在考研中，复合从句中的从句最常见的是定语从句。此类句子就像一棵信息树，树上生枝，枝上生杈，杈上生叶。必须找出树的主干从哪里分出枝，枝上哪里分杈，依此类推。只要抓住句子的各个连接点，就能理出句子层次，才能完全把握整个句子。
遇到长难句时，需要根据题型来决定处理的深度。如果是阅读理解通读文章时，抓大放小，抓主放次。即抓住主谓宾或主系表。如果是阅读理解问题相关句，需要快速罗
列理顺主次意群，如果是翻译，则需要进一步处理意群的顺序，润色汉语的选词。
如果从句长，可以借助汉语的代词来加快理解过程。尤其是连续出现的从句里套从句，可以反复利用这些汉语代词做节点，这样就能很快理清思路。后面会有详细讲解。
二、成分省略
句子成分省略是为了避免重复。考研中一般难度大的省略不是主语和谓语的语法省略，而是为了某种具体表达目的省略。在这里列出一些出现频率高的类型。要求我们必须根据上下文判断并补充省略的成分，否则理解句子时可能漏掉重要信息。
例1：It is quite uneasy not to be able to see or to establish contact with the others, even though we have learnt to talk with people we can not see, as on the telephone.
意群直译：很不自在，看不见也无法直接联系对方，即使我们已学会跟看不见的人交谈，就好像打电话一样。
例2：In their hearts, women think it is men?s business to earn money and theirs to spend it—if possible during their husband?s life, but, at any rate, after his death.
意群直译：女人们从心底认为：挣钱是男人的事情，她们只管花钱——如果可能，在丈夫活着的时候花；但，（实在不行的话），那就在丈夫去世后再花。
三、使用插入成分
插入语和同位语都是常见的插入成分，一般为主谓结构、介宾结构、或名词短语。插入成分使句子主要成分（主谓宾或主系表）直接的联系被切断，（如真题中频繁在主谓之间插入干扰成分）。因而句子的信息连贯性遭到破坏，干扰了考生获取信息的思路，从而使考生无法顺利理解句子。
插入成分为主谓结构的时候，一般都是“sb say/reason/suggest”这种格式，（阅读理解文章不必理会，做翻译时需要前置到句首）。
插入成分是介宾结构可以同样处理。定语从句和分词做定语时，如果出现在主谓之间也可以看作是插入语。
插入成分时同位语时，阅读理解不需细读，考研阅读不会考查这些成分的信息。牢记一切从简的原则。翻译句子中出现才需要考虑。
1、第一种情况：插入成分做主语的同位语。这经常是一些人物的身份或姓名，非限制性定语从句，但从逻辑上都是为了主语（或其它名词性句子成分）服务的。
经常出现这样的句子：注意下划线的部分。
例1：Frank Smith, Professor of the Economics Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Nowhere University, discovered that…
例2：Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who…
例3：Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada.
2、第二种情况：插入成分做主语的定语
Those people，unaware of what is happening in society today, may be surprised to learn that few academic philosophers study death, happiness and so on.
意群直译：（那些人）不知道当今社会正在发生的事，（可能会吃惊）。
3、第三种情况：插入成分做其它名词同位语
Most experts see in this a paradox -- an endless conflict between the desire to conform and the desire to remain apart.
意群直译：不断的冲突，在从众的欲望和试图保持独立的欲望之间。
四、改变语序
考研长难句改变语序，通常是倒装形式，分为语法倒装和修辞倒装。考研难点多为修辞倒装。修辞倒装主要是为了加强语气。以往的长难句常以某些连词或副词（如nor，so，only，never，until等）引导倒装。
例1：Only after studies provided evidence of the harmful effects of this program, has it been possible to modify TV programming policies.
意群直译：只有当研究提供证据，证据是这个节目有不良影响，电视节目的播放政策才可能有所改变。
例2：And never before has it been so undeniable that mutually beneficial international institutions of cooperation are a vital global necessity.
意群直译：过去从来没有这么不容置疑，各国互利的国际合作机构是全球必需品。
二长难句复杂成分解析
在考试中，任何一个句子成分都有可能挂上各种形式的意群结构，（谓语部分外挂比较少）如短语（尤其是介词短语和分词短语）和句子，干扰视线，增加难度。
为方便归类，我们按照各个句子成分所能出现的复杂情况逐一举例说明。刚刚讲过的四类增加句子难度的方式都将在其中体现，并指出破解的简单技巧。
切记切记！为了快速准确理解句子，在快速分拆过程中，我们需要对句子进行直译，但务必记住，直译基本就是逐字逐句译，所见所想所得，不要浪费时间在咬文嚼字上！
一、复杂主语
常见的是复杂主语成分会以短语、从句等形式出现。注意主谓之间经常出现的干扰成分（如同位语）在逻辑上仍属于主语部分。
（一）、短语类复杂主语
1、介词短语
例1：Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and …
主语识别：介宾短语from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors，对主语Numerous other commercial enterprises作进一步说明。
主语直译：许多其他商业企业，
从剧院到杂志出版（商）社、
从燃气电器公司到牛奶加工厂，（带来更好的…）
例2：Our hope for creative living in this world that we have inherited from our ancestors lies in our ability to re-establish the moral ends of our lives.
主语识别：快速略读，寻找独立的谓语动词。此处为lies.
主语直译：我们的希望，
创造性地生活在这个世界
这个世界是我们从祖先那里继承来的，（存在于）2：分词短语
例句：Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most efficiently—this, after all, is …
主语识别：在这个句子里面，分词位于句子开头，往往可以作主语和状语，需要迅速判断这个句子发现第一个独立的动词，之前的所有分词短语点明了this指代的内容。
主语直译：即使善于让别人去为你打仗，并告诉他们怎样做最有效——这（是…）
3：不定式短语
例句：The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on our memory.
主语识别：方法同介词短语例2，寻找“落单的”动词。此处为depends.
主语直译：能力，
来解决任何问题，
甚至识别一个问题的存在，（取决于记忆）。
（二）从句类复杂主语
这些复杂主语有同位语或非限制性定语从句来修饰。
例1：主语从句
That most Americans genuinely believe that their economic system is the best that human wisdom has so far devised and that their political system is a “democracy” in which the interests of the people are paramount, is an indication of...
主语及其繁琐，但语序并不复杂，在理解的时候直接顺着拆开意群即可。
主语拆分：
That most
Americans
genuinely
believe
that their economic system is the best
that human wisdom has so far devised
and that their political system is a “democracy”
in which the interests of the
people are paramount
意群直译：
大多数美国人真正地相信
他们的经济制度是人类智慧至今设计的最好的制度
并且，他们的政治制度是“民主制度”，在这个制度里，人民至高无
上（高于一切）。
例2：同位语从句
The fact that these people live near famous caves which contain vivid paintings from Europe?s early humans, leads him to the conclusion…
我们会发现主语部分一直延伸到early humans，主句的主干是The fact…leads him to the conclusion…
1、主干意群理顺（直译）：事实引导他得出结论…
2、次要意群理顺过程：
1）、主语的同位语从句解析：
these people live near famous caves
which contain vivid paintings from Europe?s early humans 2）、意群理顺直译：
这些人住的离著名的岩洞很近
这些岩洞有欧洲早期人类的生动图画。
此处的一群信息可以加工成偷梁换柱的干扰选项。比如：
European humans lived near the famous caves with vivid paintings.
请指出该句谬误之处。
例3：非限制性定语从句
The king, whose power is unlimited, and whose treasures surmount all real and imaginary wants, is compelled to ease, …
1、主干辨析：
这个句子出现对谓语部分的干扰，需要迅速排除。主语The king容易确定，迅速寻找它的谓语部分，发现独立的谓语is与其保持一致。而谓语部分并不完整，又一次受到干扰，因为ease是及物动词，必须有宾语。
该句主干为：The king… is compelled to ease
【小提示】：如何快速确定主谓？
对于这种干扰主谓的成分，一个最简单的方法就是，如果主句主语后面出现逗号，立刻去寻找第二个逗号，看后面有没有在人称和数与主语保持一致的动词出现，直到找到为止。注意不要仔细读两个逗号之间的信息。
现在可以确定，原文的主句大意就是“国王被迫…”。
下一步分解主语部分，就要看是什么样的国王。
2、主语意群分析：
The king,
whose power is unlimited,
and whose treasures surmount all real and imaginary wants,
3、汉语意群理顺：再次提醒（只为理解，不需精确翻译）
国王
国王的权力无限，
国王的财富超乎所有真实和想象的需要
实际练习时，我们不需要这样画图，可以使用“口算”+笔记的方式快速解开意群。借助的工具就是一些汉语代词，（比如说，这，这个，这些，…的）。
二、复杂宾语
纯粹短语复杂宾语难度较低，此处略去，重点讲从句复杂宾语和短语从句混和类。例1：How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information and on the skill with which it is interpreted.
宾语意群理顺：
(upon) the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information
and on the skill
with which it is interpreted.
宾语意群直译：
这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性
也取决于技能
用来解释信息的技能
例2：Many experts suggest that the children who are raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop their capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
1、主干识别：主句非常容易辨认，无任何干扰：Many experts suggest that…（很多专家认为…）。这个是主谓宾结构。
充当宾语的是一个从句，这个宾语从句又有三个定语从句环环相扣，构成从句连环套。必须抓住宾语从句的主干才能确定全句的大意。
2、宾语从句意群理顺：
注意英语信息的连贯性是如何通过形式（先行词和关系代词、关系副词的意义是一致的）来体现的。在自己练习时，用下划线标出有难度的意群的主干（注意，不要全部句子都划，否则更乱）。
Many behaviorists suggest that
the children
who are raised in an environment
where there are many stimuli
which develop their
capacity for appropriate responses
will experience greater intellectual development.
3、意群直译：
许多专家认为：儿童在一个环境里长大，
环境里有许多刺激物，
这些刺激物能够开发其相应反
应能力，
(这些儿童)将会经历更大的智力发展。
从简单直译的汉语来看，三个定语从句与宾语从句的主句构成逻辑上的条件关系。
准确理解里面各个意群对于解阅读理解至关重要。比如说，这个句子可以这样命题：阅读理解模拟问题：判断下面说法的真伪，并说明原因。
According to many behaviorists, children will develop intellectually better if_____.
A. the environment they work in can develop their mental capacity.
B. the environment where they are raised can give them stimuli for appropriate responses
C. they are fed better and live better
D. they grow up in an environment where they can develop their capacity for proper responses for certain stimuli
这一步对于阅读理解非常重要，考试中经常会在长难句里出考点，命题专家会利用这些句子的一些主要或次要意群来制造干扰选项。对这些意群准确理解就能保证不上当，这是提高得分率的基础。同学们务必现在就开始培养良好的习惯，后面有大量此类练习。
该题解题技巧小提示：理顺意群关系进行直译时，我们可以借助辅助词（类似于几
何中的辅助线）通常为汉语的代词“这”、“这个”或“这些”。这样有助于快速理解原文。
从这个例句，我们进一步了解到，长难句分析，要求我们理解句子主干和其它所有意群，并且必须准确理顺意群之间的逻辑关系。这对阅读和翻译解题起直接支持作用。
三、复杂表语
例1：The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. (表语为并列从句形式)
句子主干：The trouble is that… and so is not…
主干直译：问题在于…，因此不是…
表语意群理顺：
that part of the recent
acceleration is due to the usual
rebound
that occurs at this point in a business cycle,
and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.
表语意群直译：
(问题在于)
近来快速增长部分
是由于通常的反弹
反弹是商业周期到了这一点就会发生的
因此不是经济复苏潜在趋势的结论性证据。
考研中的长难句，无论是主语、宾语还是表语，其复杂性主要来自于名词性从句。例2：To us, a winner is one who responds authentically by being trustworthy, responsive, and genuine, both as an individual and as a member of a society.
表语意群理顺：
one who responds authentically
by being trustworthy, responsive, and genuine,
both as an individual and as a member of a society.
表语意群直译：
一个反应真实的人
通过可靠，灵敏，真诚
不管作为个人，还是作为社会成员
四、复杂状语
这里不考虑状语从句，因其结构独立，容易分辨，难度较小。主要是围绕介词短语充当实现不同目的的状语，（原因，时间，地点，伴随，目的，等等）
例1：介词时间状语
Observations have been made of the children at the beginning and the end of the preschool and the first grade. （该句简单，解析略）
例2：介词实现其它功能状语
For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, t han to go out in search of amusement elsewhere. （上下文提示：这是一个关于电视的文章。）状语枝繁叶茂。
全句意群展开：再次强调，一眼能看透的意群可以合并理解
For a family of four, for example,
it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home,
with almost unlimited entertainment available,
than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.
解题提示：根据搭配快速确立关键意群
It is more A to do B than to do C…做A比做C更B。信息分别代入即可。
意群直译：再次提示：直译！不要太拘泥于汉语表达，只求意会！
比如说，对于一个四口之家
舒舒服服坐在家里更方便，也更便宜
有几乎无限多的娱乐
比出去寻找娱乐
在这里，我们可以看到for example, for a family of four, with unlimited entertainment available，和in search of amusement elsewhere这四个介词短语在句子分别实现的功能为：范围，举例，伴随，目的。
例3：Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.
该句主谓一眼就能确定，状语部分比较复杂。
解题技巧小提示：
注意搭配的连贯。看到so立刻联想as(比较句)或者that（结果句）, 看到more立刻联想并寻找than,看到as 立刻寻找另外一个as。这需要大家把常见搭配记熟，培养良好的敏感性。注意：not so much A as B是强调后者，相同的有less A than B。而More A than B是强调前者。这里A和B不局限于形容词和副词。考研英语中这种比较结构很多情况下不一定直译成“比”。这里需要理解成与其说A，不如说B等汉语结构。
此处状语部分not so much就是一个比较结构的一部分，立刻找固定搭配的as。可以判断，比较的内容是Through表方式状语和because of的原因状语。
状语意群理顺：
not so much through the insights of great men of genius
as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.
状语意群直译：
与其说通过天才伟人的洞察力，
不如说原因是更为普通的东西，
像改进技术和工具等。
三完整长难句综合解析
该部分可算作纸上练兵，也可以看作是一个熟能生巧转变阶段。使用完整长难句来提高综合解析的技巧，完成从信息处理的简单到复杂的过渡。这一部分，经过有意识的练习，我们要达到一种境界----扫描完句子就能立刻理解最复杂部分的意思。训练过程中，关键是思路的逐步养成，做题的方法是首要的，做题的数量是其次的。
这部分将涉及到考研英语中最常见的复杂句式，如强调，倒装，比较，虚拟等等。例1：For a beginner in the job market, it is essential that he bargain for a starting salary he desires and deserves, otherwise, he would hardly have any fair chance of a raise after his employment.
主干识别：全句主干比较容易确认。it is essential that he bargain…otherwise, he would.
意群梳理：
For a beginner in the job market,
it is essential that
he bargain for a starting salary
he desires and deserves,
otherwise, he would hardly have any fair chance of a raise after his employment.
意群直译：
对于就业市场上的新手来说
至关重要的是
他讨价还价，要一个起薪，
这是他想要并应该得到的
否则雇佣后，他很难有机会涨工资
模拟问题：判断下面说法真伪，并给出理由。
A. A starter in his job hunting is advised to ask for as much money as he wants.(F)
B. A job hunter should negotiate for the highest starting salary he is entitled to.(T)
例2：Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as …all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. 【But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.】主干识别：括号内句子的主语很容易确定A study，但随后出现的干扰谓语的信息很多，此时需快速扫描，绝不可细读，根据主谓之间插入干扰成分通常会以逗号形式结束的规律，迅速找到独立动词suggests，主谓在数上保持一致，意义也无偏差。确定But a study … suggests that 为主干。
主干直译：但一项研究表明…
But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature,
suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
意群直译：注意省略的部分为什么要省略！
一项研究
研究刚发表在<自然>上
表明这也非常猴子。
例3：But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions. 信息连续置后。主要从信息角度来解释，而不是用语言学术语。
主干识别：并列句。难点在第二句。故重点解析第二句。
第一句直译：但科学确实给我们提供了对未来最好的指导。
第二句主干为：It is +形容词+that从句结构。真正的主语为that从句。
and it is critical that
our nation and the world
base important policies on
the best judgments
that science can provide
concerning the future consequences of present actions.
意群直译：
这一点至关重要
我们国家和世界把重要
政策建立在最好的判断上，
这些判断是科学能够提供的
(这些判断)关系到目前行为的未来后果。
解题启示：
意群经过直译后，我们便能够很快理顺它们之间的逻辑含义，并根据这些信息迅速准确地理解整句的意思。重申一下，信息理解最科学的思路是从点到线再到面！切勿倒置！否则很容易导致information shock进而导致大脑“短路”。
模拟阅读问题：According to the passage, science can serve as_________.
A. a protector
B. a judge.
C. a critic
D. a guide
例4：How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information and on the skill with which it is interpreted. 主干识别：How well…performance depends upon…主语和宾语都比较复杂。主语为从句。宾语为名词短语+定语从句。
全句意群理顺：
How well the prediction
will be validated by later
performance
depends upon
the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information and on the skill
with which it is interpreted.
全句意群直译：
预测将被后来的表现在多大程度所证实
这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性
也取决于技能
用来解释信息的技能。
解题技巧小提示：考研英语遇到how +形容词或副词，我们初级阶段训练时，为加快理解，可以将how和形容词副词移到它们修饰的相关动词附近。比如The prediction will be how well validated,（写作切勿模仿，因为这是如假包换的chinglish）。
例5：On one occasion, when Luca, a Stanford professor, was taking blood samples from children in a rural region of Africa, he was confronted by an angry farmer waving an axe, who threatened Luca that if he took the children?s blood, he would took his.
主干识别：When Luca was taking blood samples…, he was confronted by…
意群理顺：注意省略的部分。
On one occasion, when Luca,…,was taking blood samples from children in a rural region of Africa,
he was confronted by an angry farmer waving an axe,
who threatened Luca
that if he took the children?s blood,
he would took his.
意群直译：
有一次，Luca在非洲一个农村地区采集儿童的血样
他遇到一个手持斧头的农民
农民威胁Luca
如果Luca取孩子的血，他就放Luca的血
例6：The studies show that, the driver who has consumed an amount of alcohol within the limit is no more likely to have an automobile accident than the driver who does not take any alcohol.
主干识别：The studies show that…此处应注意宾语从句中no more than的意义是双否定。意群理顺：
The studies show that the driver
who has consumed an amount of alcohol within the limit
is no more likely to have an automobile accident
than the driver who does not take any alcohol.
意群直译：
研究表明司机
司机消耗限制内的酒精
同样可能会发生车祸
比起不喝酒的司机
例7：According to this report, the chief reason for the population growth in this small African country, the 10th largest country in terms of the population size there, isn?t so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care in recent years.
主干识别：The chief reason isn?t so much… as…
意群理顺：
According to this report
The chief reason for the population growth in India,
isn?t so much a rise in birth rates
as a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical
care in recent years.
意群直译：注意not so much A as B在此处的直译: 不是A而是B。
根据这份报告
这个人口增长的主要原因
不是出生率上升
而是死亡率下降，这是近几年医疗条件改善的结果
意群抗干扰理解练习：
A. The growth of the population has less to do with the falling death rates than with the rising birthrates.(F)
B. We can infer from the passage that medical care development in this African country has led to the rise of birth rates. (F)
例8：The very fact that the average Englishman's home has become his workshop is partly because he is keen on working with his hands and partly because he feels, for one reason or another that he must do for himself many household jobs for which, some years ago, he would have hired professional help.
主干识别：
看到The fact that立刻寻找that从句意群结束的位置。出现的is就是the fact的系动词。主干即为The fact X is partly because Y and partly because Z。我们只需理顺A和B所代替的信息即可。
意群理顺：
The very fact
that the average Englishman?s home has become his workshop
is partly because he is keen on working with his hands
and partly because he feels,
for one reason or another,
that he must do for himself many household jobs
for which, some years ago, he
would have hired professional
help
意群直译：
这个事实
普通英国人的家已经变成他的车间，
部分原因是他喜欢自己动手干活，
部分原因是他觉得，
要么这个原因要么那个原因
必须为自己做很多家务。
这些家务几年前他会花钱请专人帮忙。意群抗干扰理解练习：判断下面说法真伪，说明理由。
A. An ordinary Englishman likes to make his home a workshop so he can hire professional help.(F)
B. The average Englishman is keen on working alone as he must do the household jobs for himself. (F)
启示：意群之间的逻辑关系对阅读题很重要，必须通过细致分析才能避免低级错误。
例9：While not exactly a top selling book, The History and Geography of Human Genes is an extraordinary collection of research in population genetics, which reaches a firm conclusion: once the genes for surface features such as skin color and height are discounted, the races are remarkably alike under the skin, since what the eye sees as racial differences are mainly a way to adapt to climate as early humans moved from one continent to another.
主干识别：The book is a collection of…该句子虽长，但结构比较清晰，信息排列整齐。意群理顺：
While not exactly a top selling
book,
The History and Geography of
Human Genes is an extraordinary
collection of research in population
genetics,
which reaches a
firm conclusion:
once the genes for surface features such as
skin color and height are discounted,
the races are remarkably alike under the
skin,
since what the eye sees as racial differences
are mainly a way to adapt
to climate
as early humans
moved from one
continent to
another.
意群直译：大家注意合理省略。为什么？
虽然并非畅销书
这本书
是人口基因学的研究汇编
汇编得出确定的结论：
一旦象肤色身高这样外部特征的基因
被打折扣
皮肤下面的这些人种非常相似
因为眼睛看到的人种区别
主要是一种方式来适应气候
当早期人
类从一大
洲迁移到
另一大洲。
意群抗干扰理解练习：判断下面说法真伪，说明理由。
A. It can be inferred that there are no fundamental physical differences between the Europeans and Africans. (F)
B. The book concludes that racial differences are caused by the climatic changes in the history. (F)
例10: Recently, the ILA, International Lung Association, has issued new guidelines on combating colds and the flu, in view of the fact that many people who do not take them seriously become severely ill or even die each year-- some unable to distinguish the two and thus failing to take the appropriate drugs, and some unwilling to take medicine as it is supposedly seldom effective.
主干识别：the ILA has issued new guidelines…
意群理顺：
the ILA, International Lung Association, 主语
has issued new guidelines
on combating colds and the flu, 谓宾
in view of the fact that 状语
many people (who do not take them seriously)
become severely ill or even die each year--
some unable to distinguish the two and thus failing to take
the appropriate drugs,
and some unwilling to take medicine
as it is supposedly
seldom effective.
意群直译：注意此处模板变了！（注意省略的信息）。
ILA，
发布新指导原则，
关于抗伤风和流感，
鉴于下面事实，
很多人不严肃对待
病重甚至死去（每年）
有些人不能区别这两个，因此没吃对药，
有些人不愿意吃药，
因为认为（据说）药很少有效。
意群抗干扰理解练习：
A. ILA suggests that people down with flu don?t have to take medicine since it may not be effective. (F)
B. Many people die of colds or flu due to their ignorance of the danger of these diseases. (F)
例11：The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.
意群理顺：（此处模板也简化了！）再次提醒：只要能直接译出的所有成分都可以算作一个意群单位。上面的句子解析已经体现这一点。随着训练的加强，我们可以一目译数行。The American economic system is organized
around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy
in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced
by spending their money in the marketplace
for those goods and services that they want most.
意群直译：美国的经济体系是组织的，
围绕着基本是私有企业和市场导向经济，
在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上决定什么需要生产，
通过在市场上花钱，
购买那些他们最想要的产品和服务。
例12：Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
意群理顺：注意出现了强调句的标志it is the…that，
Thus, in the American economic system
it is the demand of individual consumers,
coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits
and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes,
that together determine
what shall be produced
and how resources are used to produce it.
意群直译：注意直译时，强调句先不必着急译出。仔细看下面的处理方式。
因此，在美国的经济体系中，
个体消费者的需求
与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望
和个人想收入最大化的欲望，
一起决定
什么应该制造，以及如何利用资源来制造。
抗干扰理解练习：
In the American economic system,consumers determine what the enterprises should produce. (F)
例13：注意下面的是最简化版本。课后练习题，请仿照此模板做。
The king,/ whose power is unlimited, /and whose treasures surmount all real and imaginary wants,/ is compelled to ease, /by the construction of the Great Wall,/ the boredom of domination and tastelessness of a pyramid, /the boredom of domination and tastelessness of pleasure.
主句的主干为：The king is compelled to ease…
意群理顺直译：
国王
国王的权力无限，
国王的财富超乎所有真实和想象的需要
被迫来减轻，
通过建长城，
对统治的厌倦和金字塔顶的无味
对统治的厌倦和欢乐的无味
抗干扰理解练习：We can conclude that the king constructed the Great Wall because he was forced by the domination of pleasure. (F)
例14：That most Americans genuinely believe that their economic system is the best/ that human wisdom has so far devised/ and that their political system is a “democracy”/ in which the interests of the people are paramount, /is an indication of how profoundly they have been brainwashed/ by those who benefit from things remaining as they are/----the very people, of course, who control the mass communication/ with which to do the brainwashing.再次关注how+副词。
主句的主干为：That is an indication of…
意群理顺直译：
美国人真正相信他们的经济制度是最好的，
迄今类智慧所设计的，
他们的政治制度是民主制度，
人民的利益高于一切，
显示了他们是如何深刻地被洗脑的，
被那些受益于事情维持现状的人，
就是这些人，当然，控制了大众传媒，用来洗脑。
抗干扰理解练习：
According to the author, the Americans are brainwashed by people benefiting from the mass communication. (F)
第四部分：长难句综合练习
按前面学过的步骤和要求，仿照最后几个例句，认真做下面的句子分析。其中一些连续的句子出自同一原文，以便于理解。同前边综合讲解部分一样，部分长难句也设置了意群信息抗干扰练习，以加强大家对原文信息的精确把握。
特别注意一点，这些补充练习，要求大家必须写出意群的直译，原因只有一个，意会必须是精确理解，只有写下来才能名副其实。否则意会只能一种错觉。觉得看懂了，但信息没有理清，说不出所以然，做阅读题很容易出错，掉进命题专家挖的陷阱。
我们现在练习的时候写，是为了将来少写甚至不写。这种境界就是通过简单的手写和“口算”梳理出所有意群，读完就能抓住所有意群的含义和它们之间的逻辑关系，这种境界是通过书面分析练出来的。为了高分，拿起笔来！
提醒大家注意的几点：
1、英语原文的意群理顺过程可以不手写，但必须用斜线在原文里切开。
2、切开的意群大小只要是看一遍就能直接理解即可。
3、按照切开的意群依次写下直译的句子。
4、表示人物身份同位语可以不译，不管处于什么位置。
5、直译要求在看到英语单词时，选一个最先反应在脑子里的汉语意义。切勿浪费时
间在推敲汉语用词上。那是我们翻译课上需要解决的问题。
练习：按照提示和要求分析下列句子
1. To American, being on one?s own means /that one is a dependent functioning part of the whole /，capable and willing to make choices.
主句的主干为：
意群理顺直译：
抗干扰理解练习：It can be concluded that independence to Americans means they function and make choices without considering the community. (F)
2. I can?t accept the fact /I failed completely/ because I know that/ if I wasn?t able to avoid a mistake, chances were that no other surgeon could have either. （注意省略的信息）
主句的主干为：
意群理顺直译：
抗干扰理解练习：
The author assumed that other surgeons could make the same mistakes if they were in his position. (T)
3．But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to succeed /since well-developed skills/, all other factors being equal, /can be the difference between having a job and not.
主句的主干为：
意群理顺直译：
抗干扰理解练习：根据对原句意群的理解，判断下面说法真伪，并说明原因
For some students, professional training can ensure them to succeed in their job hunting. (F)
4. The question of whether animals have rights /sounds like useful way/ to start the discussion, which actually isn?t, because it assumes that/ there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. （注意it的模糊直译，借助汉语代词“这个”、这）
主句的主干为：
意群理顺直译：动物是否拥有权利的问题，听起来是有用的方法，来展开这个讨论，实际上不是有用的，因为它认为，这里对人权有同意的说法，而人权是这个世界没有的。
5．Arguing from the view /that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect/, extremists of this kind think /that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
主句的主干为：
意群理顺直译：
抗干扰理解练习：根据对原句意群的理解，判断下面说法真伪，并说明原因
Some extremists believe that animals should enjoy less right than human beings since they are different. (F)
6．We live a society /in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache/, some wine to be sociable/, coffee to get going in the morning,/ a cigarette for the nerves.
主句的主干为：
意群理顺直译：我们生活的社会，
里面物质（药物）的医学和社会使用是普遍深入的：
一片阿司匹林来减轻头疼，
一些酒来社交，
喝杯咖啡来提神
一根香烟来舒缓神经
30. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. 解析：该句的主干是The goal … will be to try to explain...，explain后接的是双宾语，即explain to sb. sth.，直接宾语是that引导的从句。该从句的主干是there are not two theories for...，其中origin和evolution，universe和life都是and连接的并列名词。 词汇：unenlightened adj. 无知的，不文明的 valid adj.有效的 evolution n. 进化，发展 译文：所有（这些书）的目的是试图告诉那些迷惑不解且常常头脑不开化的普通百姓：就宇宙和生命的起源与发展问题而言，不可能存在两种同样成立的科学理论。 31. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary — the dangers of drug interactions, for example—and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. 【分析】在这个主从复合句中，while引导的从句由两个部分组成，中间用and 连接。破折号之间的部分是举例说明warnings的内容，做为插入语。注意：many are required by state or federal regulations中的many是指many warnings。it isn't clear … is injured是主句，主句用了一个形式主语it，真正的主语是that引导的 从句，they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability是主体，之后是一个if引导的条件从句。 【词汇】interaction 相互作用 federal 联邦 regulation法规 protect…from…保护…以免 liability 责任(be liable for对…负责) 【译文】尽管警告常常是适当而且必须的——比如对于药物相互作用的危险提 出警告——许多警告还是按州或联邦政府规定要求给出的，然而(我们) 并不清楚，如果顾客受到伤害时，这些警告是不是确实可以使得生产者和销售者豁免责任。 32. The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC ——including ordinary listeners and viewers to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. 【分析】主句是The debate was launched by the Government，后面是which引导的非限定性 定语从句，谓语部分比较特殊，是invited…sb. to say …破折号后面是anyone with an opinion of the BBC的解释说明。say后面是两个宾语从句，一个是what引导，一个是whether 引导。【词汇】launch 发起 viewer观众
考研英语长难句突破讲义 适用对象：考研学子，四级，六级英语学习或相当者。 课程目的：打破英语阅读学习的幻觉，真正获得一扇通向别样美丽世界的窗户，人生从此再无长难句。为英语写作夯实基础。 课程安排：方法论讲解；难句解析；考试实战演练 第一部分方法论讲解 引子我们为什么要精读句子 1.精读能力的要求（消除障碍的阅读） 自由笔记区目标：准确【重要】精读 2．泛读能力的要求（广泛获取信息的阅读） 目标：快速 技能：高职 阅读的实际过程是什么知识：本科 Input（英文）-mind（句子层面）-output（中文）思维：研究生 思想：博士 阅读在句子层面的障碍 1．含义 2．语序 简单句的障碍来源 简单句：只有一套谓语的句子 基本句型包括：主+谓，主+谓+宾，主+谓+双宾，主+谓+宾+宾补，主+系+表 定语，状语，同位语，插入语 简单句的障碍识别及处理方法 定语：在句子中修饰名词的成分problem-定义-细化-solution（思维方式） 前置定语：adj+名词 后置定语： 形容词短语：形容词+介词+名词this is a book useful for your future Ving a woman walked on the road Ved a painting painted by Jane n. + to do a way to solve the problem 介词短语：介词+名词a bottle of water on the table 表语形容词：alive a cat alive 解决方案：前置P．S：I want to be part of something big. Something属于不定代词。 【不定代词定语置后】 定语从句（不属于简单句范畴） 关系代词：人称代词：who whom which that as +非完整句 引导词物主代词：whose +完整句
2021考研英语：翻译的40个英语句子 考研英语有许多题目组成，方便大家及时了解，下面为你精心准备了“2021考研英语：翻译的40个英语句子”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取的考试资讯! 2021考研英语：翻译的40个英语句子 1.Do you have a family? 你有孩子吗? 2.It's a good father that knows his son.就算是最好的父亲，也未必了解自己的儿子。 3.I have no opinion of that sort of man.我对这类人很反感。 4.She put 5 dollars into my hand,"you have been a great man today."她把5美圆塞到我手上说：“你今天表现得很好.” 5.I was the youngest son, and the youngest but two.我是最小的儿子,但我还有两个妹妹. 6.The picture flattered her.她比较上照。 7.The country not agreeing with her, she returned to England.她在那个国家水土不服,所以回到了英国. 8.He is a walking skeleton.他很瘦。 9.The machine is in good repair.机器已经修好了。 10.He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty.他让法官的职责战胜了父子的亲情，最终宣布儿子有罪。
考研英语长难句解析 长难句 The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State Stre et Bank ruling. (2010 Text2) 难句分析 主句 The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order 主语谓语宾语 宾语从句1 that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges 从属连词主语谓语宾语 宾语从句2 that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its 从属连词主语定语从句系动词表语从句
本句为多重复合句，句子主干为The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order，stating that...and that...现在分词短语作宾语order的后置定语，说明order的内容。其中stating后面由and并列两个that引导的宾语从句，从句1中由并列连词rather than并列两个名词短语all 12 of th e court’s judges和a typical panel of three，作by的宾语。从句2中主语one issue后面是省略引导词that的定语从句，表语是whether引导的表语从句。
2012年考研英语长难句翻译六大技巧 2012年的英语考研大纲与2011年的相比没有大变化。阅读理解部分的翻译仍是一块分量很重的考察内容。其实掌握了翻译的解题技巧，翻译就成了最好拿分的一个题型。因为翻译题型主要考察两点：词汇和长难句。而翻译题型的词汇一般是认识的，最主要的一点就是碰到最难翻译的长句该怎么办？ 从近些年的真题中，我们发现命题者有一个非常清楚的或者非常明显的趋势和导向，就是对于比较复杂的句子结构和文章考察的比重加大。这个体现在各个部分的题型当中，尤其以英译汉部分最为明显。所以想要抓住获得高分的“核心竞争力”就要着重提高对文章长难句和段落逻辑结构的把握上，再加上一定的应试技巧和策略，才能在考研英语中取得高分。万学海文提醒大家要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异，将英语的长句分解翻译成汉语的短句，这样翻译做起来就容易得分多了。 在英语长句的翻译过程中，下面六个技巧可以发挥很大的作用： (1) 逆序法 英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同，甚至完全相反，这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前；在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉，即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。 例如： It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice。
1. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. (2005. 阅读. Text 2) 【译文】最近的行动是由白宫召集了一批来自国家科学院的专家团，他们告诉我们，地球气候毫无疑问正在变暖，而这个问题主要是人为造成的。【析句】句子的主干是The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Science s to tell us that...and that...。主系表容易辨认，to tell us作目的状语，两个并列的that引导tell的宾语从句。令整个句子略显复杂的是插入语enlisted by the Whi te House，割裂了这句话的整体性。 2. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions. (2005. 阅读. Text 2) 【译文】但是科学确实为我们的未来提供了最好的指导，关键是我们的国家和整个的世界在做重要决策时，应该以科学能够提供的关于人类现在的行为对未来影响最好的判断作为依据。【析句】首先，句子的主干science does provide us...future and it is critica l...。and连接两个并列的句子，前句是个简单句，容易理解；后句中，it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的that从句，因为从句很长，若放在句首，句子则显得头重脚轻。t hat主语从句中，our nation and the world 是主语，base是谓语，important policies是宾语，on the best judgments 是宾语补足语，而judgments后有that引导的定语从句。注意，concerning the futrue...actions中的concerning此处是介词，意为“关于，就……而论”。 3. Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. (2005. 阅读. T ext 2) 【译文】就像吸烟问题一样，来自不同领域的声音坚持认为有关全球变暖的科学资料还不完整。在我们证实这件事之前可以向大气中不断地排放气体。【析句】句子的主干是voices now come from many quarters,insiting that...,that... 中，insisting是现在分词作定语，相当于that insist; 两个that引导的都是宾语从句，作insist的宾语。第二个that从句中，还包含until引导的时间状语从句。 1. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in
2017考研英语长句翻译技巧之顺序法 顺序法：当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时，可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。例如： 例1. Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep,electricity is working for us，driving our refrigerators,heating our water,or keeping our rooms air-conditioned. (84年考题) 分析：该句子由一个主句，三个作伴随状语的现在分词以及位于句首的时间状语从句组成，共有五层意思：A.既使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时;B.电仍在为我们工作;C.帮我们开动电冰箱;D.加热水;E.或是室内空调机继续运转。上述五层意思的逻辑关系以及表达的顺序与汉语完全一致，因此，我们可以通过顺序法，把该句翻译成:即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时，电仍在为我们工作：帮我们开动电冰箱，把水加热，或使室内空调机继续运转。 例2. But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited,and it is even possibleto give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”,the time it will take to exhaust allknown sources and reserves of these materials. (84年考题) 分析：该句的骨干结构为“It is realized that…”，it为形式主语，that引导着主语从句以及并列的it is even possible to…结构，其中，不定式作主语，the time…是“expectationof life”的同位语，进一步解释其含义，而time后面的句子是它的定语从句。五个谓语结构，表达了四个层次的意义： A.可是现在人们意识到; B.其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的; C.人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”; D.将这些已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽的时间。 根据同位语从句的翻译方法，把第四层意义的表达作适当的调整，整个句子就翻译为：可是现在人们意识到，其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的，人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”，也就是说，经过若干年后，这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。 下面我们再列举几个实例： 例3. Prior to the twentieth century,women in novels were stereotypes of lacking anyfeatures that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictionsimposed by the male-dominated culture. 在20世纪以前，小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点，因而无法成为具有个性的人;他们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。 例4. This method of using“controls”can be applied to a variety of situations，and can beused to find the answer to questions as widely different as “Must moisture be present if iron is torust?”and “Which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one se ason?” 这种使用参照物的方法可以应用于许多种情况，也能用来找到很不相同的各种问题的答案，从“铁生锈，是否必须有一定的湿度才行?”到“哪种豆类一季的产量最高?”
第五讲特殊句式及长难句解析 1．简单句、并列句、复合句 从句: 名词性：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句 形容词性：定语从句 副词性：状语从句--- 时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、比较、方式 2．省略句、比较结构、倒装句、分割结构 英语中还有一些特殊句式，出现在阅读理解中，势必会成为我们理解文章的障碍。但是，特殊句式还是有语法规律的，因此，如果我们能熟练应用特殊句式的语法规律，在阅读中一眼就能识别并领会这些特殊语法现象，障碍就基本克服了。 1.省略句 资料47 To err is human; to forgive, divine. Brevity is the soul of wit. 文体畅晓，其智乃见。（省略是将句子中的赘述部分删去，避免重复，使句子更简洁，加强表达内容的连贯性和逻辑性。被省略的部分大多是主语、谓语或谓语中的助动词等。文章中的省略现象会使句子成分短缺，造成句子不完整，如果看不出句子中省略了什么成分，就容易造成对文章的理解困难。 省略句一般只有当各组成部分有共同的成分才可能出现省略。对于这类句式，其难点在于发现省略成分，一旦找出并补充完整，句意理解就会大大简化。 省略句如果出现在翻译中，在翻译的时候，一定要把省略的部分翻译出来，否则会扣分。A：and 连接的并列句的省略 材料48页：Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.（2002） 分析：很明显，and with it possibly the only way to solve our problem，是一个省略句，with 做状语一般表示伴随，这一个分句只有一个状语加一个名词结构，构不成一个完整的句子。实际上，与前句相同的成分才会被省略，前一句的谓语部分是：will continue to be rejected. 所以，后一分句补充完整就是：with the rejection of the technology of behavior, possibly the only way to solve our problem will continue to be rejected. 练习：1. The reasons for poverty are many, but for the most part center on illiteracy, the lack of opportunities and in some cases pure laziness. (主语the reasons) 2.He majors in English, and I, in French. (谓语major ) 3.Self-confidence gives you light when you are in dark and encouragement when you are dismay. (省略主谓) B：状语从句中的省略 规则：当主句的主语与从句主语一致时候，且从句的谓语动词是Be动词时候，从句可省略主谓。See 材料48页1. 让步状语从句2 时间状语从句 3．If handled properly and not misused, the clone technology will only bring more benefit than disaster to mankind. (条件状语从句) 4．Some people look as if afraid of nothing. (方式状语从句) 5．The computer is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary. （比较）真题例句1 Actually we know of no type of astronomical body in which the conditions can be favorable to life except planets like our own revolving round a sun. 这是复合句。in which引导定语从句，修饰astronomical body. 介词except引起的短语作
考研英语长难句翻译之四大状语从句 状语从句时考研翻译中很重要的一部分，几乎涉及到每一个长难句，所以我们有必要把状语从句单独拿出来解决。一般来讲状语从句的翻译相对简单，顺着句子的顺序去翻译就好了，但我们有时候还是会发现有些问题不是很好处理。 首先我们先看一下状语从句的特点。1.一般情况下，引导英语状语从句的从属连词，基本可以在汉语中找到相对应关联词，但有时不必翻译，因为引导汉语状语分句的关联词时常省略，有近50%的汉语复句中并不使用关联词语而且省略关联词的汉语句子更为精练。 2.英语状语从句的位置颇为灵活，置于主句之前或主句之后均可。汉语状语分句一般位于主句之前，只有偶尔才位于主句之后。 这是在翻译状语从句时总体来讲应该注意的问题，下面我们从状语从句的几个分支分别来看一下翻译。 (一)时间状语从句的翻译 1、译成与汉语完全对应的表示时间的状语 例：When they approached Trenton, lights were still burning in many of the houses and Christ mas parties were still going on. 当他们逼近屈兰敦时, 许多房子里仍然灯火通明，圣诞晚会还未结束。 由于英汉语言表达的习惯差异，通常汉语的状语从句位于句首，而英语的状语从句可前可后, 以后为多。汉语是一种意合的语言，汉语句子较少使用关联词。 2、翻译成固定(常规)句型 一般像由hardly (scarcely)…. when (before)…no sooner…than…as soon as …the moment(the instant )…just as…等短语连词引导的时间状语从句翻译成汉语时, 主句与从句通常要互换, 常常译成包含"刚(一)……就……"这种结构的句子。同样，包含该结构的汉语句子亦应翻译成英语中相对应的固定句式。 例：计算机刚一启动，就发现有病毒。 Hardly had the computer started working when viruses were found. As soon as she heard the news, she fainted. 3、译成并列分句 例：I was going home when I met Mary. 我正要回家, 就在这个时候，我碰到了玛丽。 4、转译为其他状语从句 英语状语从句有时它们的深层意义互相渗透，可以互相替换，需要转译。有些时间状语从句虽然形式上是由表示时间的引导词(如 when, before, until 等)引导，但根据句子逻辑意义来判断，应灵活翻译成表因果关系的从句，或者翻译为表条件的状语从句或表目的的状语从句。
考研英语长难句突破课程讲义主讲：屠皓民 第一讲句子的基本成分 句子成分：主语、谓语、宾语/表语、定语、状语和补语。注：“_____”的部分是主干部分。例：Such characteristics make them perfect candidates. 谓语是整个句子的最重要的部分，也是整个句子的突破口。只有谓语是没有从句的概念的。 一、谓语 1、实义动词，即行为动词，watch, play 及物动词：后面直接宾语 不及物动词：后面加介词+宾语 We have friends all over the world. The examination ended at 11:30 am. They are looking for the lost wallet.. 不及物动词有的时候也可以做及物动词来用，比如close，begin, study, leave, work等 The post offices close at 9:00 o’clock PM. Close the window! 形式变化：时态变化，语态变化，用情态动词+实义动词的原型，情态动词+ have+过去分词形式 2、系动词(构成系表结构) Be动词 持续的系动词：keep，taste，…后面加形容词 He always kept silent at the meeting. The search proved difficult. 二、主语和宾语 (1)认识名词： ①名词是用来表示人，事物，地点，以及抽象事物名称的。比如： 人：John，sister，father 事物：water，air，sun，computer 地点：London，theater 抽象事物：love，happiness，imagination，hope ②名词的数：注意单复数 ③名词的格：‘s以及of 逻辑语义： Rachel：I’m Carol’s ex-husband's sister's roommate. Doctor：I’m your roommate's brother's ex-wife's obstetrician. (产科医生) ——老友记 of: 理清逻辑语义 表示所有关系： 翻译方法：“A of B”翻译成“B的A” The rapidity of the motion of the wing of the hummingbird is remarkable. The coming of age of post-war baby boom brought remarkable influence upon American society. 特殊： China is proud of its five thousand years of the history and culture. (2)语法功能：充当句子中主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、同位语等成分。
考研英语俞敏洪英语翻译100句
Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent is the American antelope, or pronghorn. 美洲羚羊，或称叉角羚，是该大陆典型的草原动物。 Of the millions who saw Haley’s comet in 1986, how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century. 1986年看见哈雷彗星的千百万人当中，有多少人能够长寿到足以目睹它在二十一世纪的回归呢？ Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions. 人类学家们已经发现，恐惧，快乐，悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色，这在全人类是共通的。 4. Because of its irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general
antiseptic has been largely discontinued. 由于苯酚对人体带有刺激性作用，它基本上已不再被当作常用的防腐剂了。 5. In group to remain in existence, a profit-making organization must, in the long run, produce something consumers consider useful or desirable. 任何盈利组织若要生存，最终都必须生产出消费者可用或需要的产品。 6. The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. 一个地方的人口越多，其对水，交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。 7. It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effectively than to employ flowery but vague expressions that only obscure one’s meaning. 简明，直接，有力的写作难于花哨，含混而意义模糊的表达。 8. With modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe
下载毙考题APP 免费领取考试干货资料，还有资料商城等你入驻 邀请码：8806 可获得更多福利 2018考研英语长难句解析：每日一句(100) 2011年真题Section ⅡReading Comprehension Part A Text 3 第2段第4句 We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. 译文：我们将这种售出媒介定义为访问量巨大、足以吸引其他机构把内容或电子商务引擎放在上面的自有媒介。 分析：本句的主干为We define such sold media…。宾语后面由as引导的所有内容都是宾语补足语，用于说明such sold media的性质和特征。whose引导的定语从句修饰先行词owned media。该定语从句中包含一个so…that…句型，that引导的从句是该定语从句的结果状语，其中主语为other organizations，谓语为place ，宾语为their content or e-commerce engines，后面还跟了一个地点状语within that environment。 词汇指南 traffic [ tr?fik](n.)交通,通行;交通量(中考词汇)(2011年-阅读3)(traf=drift-漂流,漂泊，fic-词根,做→ 最早的交通方式就是驾船在水上做漂流——即交通,通行，引申出交通量。) e-commerce [ i:k?m?:s](n.)电子商务(超纲词汇)(2011年-阅读3、2013年-阅读2)(e=electron-电子，commerce-贸易,商业→ 电子商务) engine[ end?in](n.)发动机,引擎;火车头(高考词汇)(2012年-阅读3、2011年-阅读3)(有学者认为，enɡine 一词具有拟声色彩，其发音似摩托车发动机高速运转时所发出的声音。) 1个派生词： ●enɡineer [,end?i ni?](n.)技师,工程师(vt.)建造，操纵;策划，设计(中考词汇)(2012年-阅读1)(enɡine-发动机，er-表人→ 能够熟练操作发动机的人——即技师,工程师。) 考点搭配：nuclear engineering 核技术，核工程(2007年-阅读1) 考试使用毙考题，不用再报培训班
考研英语长难句课程讲义 课程简介： 1．内容：考研真题长难句 2．原因：长难句贯穿完形，阅读，翻译，对写作也有借鉴作用 3．目标：看得懂长难句（阅读）?会翻译长难句（翻译）?会写长难句（写作）4．课时安排：8月份5次课 I．理论＋区分主从句 II．翻译技巧与定语从句专题 III．名词性从句专题 IV. 长难句中的并列专题 V. 特殊的长难句（倒装句省略句等）和综合练习 学习方法： 1.长“难”句难在哪儿？生词＋复杂结构（主从／修饰关系） 2.如何看懂长难句？ 两步走：第一步（宏观）：分清主句从句 第二步（微观）：定位主句和从句内部的修饰成分（定／状语为主） 3.简单复习语法： 谓语与动词的区别：谓语是句子成分，动词是词性，谓语一定是动词。 定语与状语的区别：定语修饰主语和宾语（名／代），状语修饰动词，形容词和句子
什么是简单句？ 一切复杂句（并列句／复合句／复杂复合句）都是由五种简单句而来： i.主语＋谓语My skin burns. ii.主语＋谓语（系动词）＋表语I am a teacher.／You l ook good. iii.主语＋谓语＋直接宾语I l ove you. iv.主语＋谓语＋间接宾语+直接宾语The firm gave Sam a watch. v.主语＋谓语＋直接宾语＋宾语补足语You make me happy. 什么是并列句？ 一般由并列连词and, but, so, yet连接，或者由“；”连接。各个并列句同等重要且独立存在。举例：I know you, and/but/so/yet I hate you. 什么是主从复合句？ 形容词性从句（定语从句）： 从句作定语，修饰名词，代词或整个句子。先行词和关系代词（引导词）。定语从句常见引导词有which, that, who, whose, whom, when, where, as, whereby 例子：A d octor examined the astronauts who returned from space today. 名词性从句： 主要包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句。名称由来根据该从句所做成分而定，从句做主语就叫主语从句，依此类推。名词性从句常见引导词：which, what, who, whom, that, when, where, how I．表语从句：I am what I am. II. 主语从句：Whether we find a joke funny or not largely d epends on where we have been brought up. III. 宾语从句：Anthropol ogists wond ered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peopl es now living in the Pacific Islands came from. IV. 同位语从句：Peopl e who work in offices are frequently referred to as “white-collar workers” for the simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work.
考研英语翻译基本功 对于每一个英语句子的翻译, 并不只是使用一种翻译方法, 而是多种翻译方法的综合运用, 这在英语长句的翻译中表现得尤为突出。长句在科技性的文体中的出现极为频繁, 因此也就成为研究生入学考试的重点, 通过对近年来试题的分析我们可以看出, 所考查的绝大多数划线的部分都是长句。在翻译长句时, 首先，不要因为句子太长而产生畏惧心理，因为，无论是多么复杂的句子，它都是由一些基本的成分组成的。其次要弄清英语原文的句法结构, 找出整个句子的中心内容及其各层意思, 然后分析几层意思之间的相互逻辑关系, 再按照汉语的特点和表达方式, 正确地译出原文的意思, 不必拘泥于原文的形式。 一、英语长句的分析 一般来说, 造成长句的原因有三方面: 修饰语过多; 并列成分多; 语言结构层次多。在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法: 找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语, 从整体上把握句子的结构。 找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。 分析从句和短语的功能, 例如, 是否为主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句等,若是状语, 它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等)。 分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系, 例如, 定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。 注意插入语等其他成分。 注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。 下面我们结合一些实例来进行分析: 例1. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. 分析: 该句的主语为behaviorists, 谓语为suggest, 宾语为一个从句, 因此整个句子为Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构。 该句共有五个谓语结构, 它们的谓语动词分别为suggest, is raised, are, develop, experience等, 这五个谓语结构之间的关系为: Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构为主句; who is raised in an environment为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为child; where there are many stimuli为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为environment; which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为stimuli; 在suggest的宾语从句中, 主语为child, 谓语为experience, 宾语为greater intellectual development. 在作了如上的分析之后, 我们就会对该句具有了一个较为透彻的理解, 然后根据我们上面所讲述的各种翻译方法, 就可以把该句翻译成汉语为: 行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展, 那么, 儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。 例2. For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.