2013年美国的人权纪录全文（英文版）
The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China published a report titled "Human Rights Record of the United States in 2013" on Friday.
Following is the report's full text:
Human Rights Record of the United States in 2013
State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China
Foreword
The State Department of the United States, which posed as "the world judge of human rights," made arbitrary attacks and irresponsible remarks on the human rights situation in almost 200 countries and regions again in its just-released Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013. However, the U.S. carefully concealed and avoided mentioning its own human rights problems. In fact, there were still serious human rights problems in the U.S in 2013, with the situation in many fields even deteriorating.
-- In 2013, 137 people died in 30 mass killings, which caused four or more deaths each, in the U.S.. A shooting rampage in the headquarters of the Naval Sea Systems Command in Washington, D.C. left 12 people dead.
-- The U.S. engaged in a tapping program, code-named PRISM, exercising long-term and vast surveillance both at home and abroad. The program is a blatant violation of international law and seriously infringes on human rights.
-- The use of solitary confinement is prevalent in the U.S.. About 80,000 U.S. prisoners are in solitary confinement in the country. Some have even been held in solitary confinement for over 40 years.
-- The U.S. still faces grave employment situation with its unemployment rate remained high. Rates of unemployment for the lowest-income families have topped 21 percent. The homeless population in the U.S. kept swelling and it had climbed 16 percent from 2011 to 2013.
-- There are a large amount of child laborers in the agricultural sector in the U.S. and their physical and mental health was seriously harmed.
-- Frequent drone strikes by the U.S. in countries including Pakistan and Yemen have caused heavy civilian casualties. The U.S. has carried out 376 drone strikes in Pakistan since 2004, causing deaths of up to 926 civilians.
-- The U.S. remains a country which has not ratified or participated in a series of core UN conventions on human rights, such as the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
I. On Life and Personal Security
The U.S. was haunted by an increasing number of violent crimes in 2013 with frequent occurrence of firearms-related criminal cases, public information show. American citizens' lives and personal safety are threatened by an increasingly dangerous environment.
The number of violent crimes has risen sharply. According to the Uniform Crime Reports, released by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 2013, the U.S. registered 1,214,464 violent crimes in 2012, of which 14,827 are murders and nonnegligent manslaughters, 84,376 forcible rapes, 354,522 robberies and 760,739 aggravated assaults. According to statistics revealed by the Bureau of Justice on October 24, 2013, the rate of violent victimization increased from 22.6 victimizations per 1,000 persons age 12 or older in 2011 to 26.1 in 2012.
On April 15, 2013, twin bombings ripped through Boston Marathon, leaving three dead and 264 injured. Among the killed was an 8-year-old. U.S. authorities called the bombings a terrorist attack (USA Today, December 6, 2013).
The Washington Post reported on January 1, 2014, that Robert Senquan Spencer, 21, was dead from a shotgun blast on a Southwest Washington street, becoming the District's 80th homicide victim of 2013. The District had 103 homicides in 2013 - a sharp increase from 88 in 2012.
American citizens keep the world's largest number of privately owned guns. According to figures released by the FBI in 2013, the total number of background checks conducted for gun sales in 2013 add up to 21,093,273, beating the previous 2012 record of 19,592,303 by 1,500,970 . As of 2013, there were about 300 million guns in the U.S.. On average, more than 100,000 Americans are being shot each year, and 30,000 deaths are caused by the use of guns. Victims are
either killed in gun-related crimes or died in suicide or nonnegligent manslaughter. The U.S. government failed to take effective measures to control guns..
After the mass shootings in Colorado and Sandy Hook Elementary School in 2012, there were strong calls in the United States for stricter controls on firearms. On April 17, a bipartisan bill to support expanded background checks on firearms was blocked in the Senate. Previously, plans for a ban on assault weapons and high-capacity magazines had already been removed from the gun-control bill . At the same time, states in the U.S. continue to loosen their gun laws. On January 5, Illinois became the last state in the U.S. to allow average citizens to carry around concealed firearms. Anyone with firearm owner's identification card in the U.S. is allowed to pack heat in places except the no-go zones including schools, parks and restaurants .
Gun violence is rampant in the U.S.. There are 11,000 Americans killed by gun violence every year . Information collected regarding types of weapons used in violent crime showed that firearms were used in 69.3 percent of the nation's murders, 41 percent of robberies, and 21.8 percent of aggravated assaults, according to the Uniform Crime Reports released by the FBI in 2013. Every year, there is serious gun violence in the U.S.. On October 21, 2013, Attorney General Eric Holder said the average number of mass shooting incidents has tripled in recent years. According to Justice Department figures on mass shootings, 404 people were shot and 207 people were killed from 2009 to 2012. According to a report published on the USA Today on December 16, 2013, 137 people died in 30 mass killings - four or more people killed, not including the killer - in 2013.
On September 16, 2013, civilian contractor and military veteran Aaron Alexis, a resident of Texas, went on a shooting rampage after he entered the headquarters of the Naval Sea Systems Command in Washington, D.C. in the morning, killing 12 people and injuring several others. An eye witness said the gunman began shooting from a fourth-floor overlook in the hallway and was aiming down at people in the building's cafeteria on the first floor. Aaron Alexis was shot dead in a 30 minutes' exchange of gunfire with authorities
II. On Civil and Political Rights
The U.S. government took liberty in monitoring its citizens, which shocked the world. Tortures in the U.S. prisons raised concerns. Elections and the checks-and-balances systems were plagued by malpractices and inefficiency, impairing civil interests.
The U.S. government exercises massive and unrestrained information tapping on its own citizens. Edward Snowden, a former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) employee, revealed a tapping program carried out by the National Security Agency (NSA), code-named PRISM. Under the program, the U.S. intelligence, by virtue of data provided by nine Internet companies, including the Microsoft, Google, Apple, Facebook, and Yahoo, and other major telecom providers, tracked citizens' private contacts and social activities recklessly
The website of The Washington Post revealed on June 7, 2013, that the NSA and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) were tapping directly into the central servers of some Internet companies, and users' data, extracting their emails, chats, audio and video data, documents and photos in real time, and putting certain targets and their contacts under full surveillance. According to a government document disclosed by The New York Times on September 29, 2013, the NSA, since November 2010, had been exploiting its huge collections of U.S. citizens' data to identify their associates, their locations at certain times, their traveling companions, and other personal information. The scrutiny program, which links U.S. citizens' phone numbers and e-mails in a "contact chain", exposed large amount of citizens' privacy to the government. The website of the Guardian, a British newspaper, revealed on June 6, 2013, that one of the largest U.S. telecommunications providers, the Verizon Business Network Services Inc, was required to provide to the NSA all the telephony metadata within its system, including telephone numbers, locations and call durations. Germany's Spiegel Online reported on September 7, 2013, that internal NSA documents showed that the U.S. intelligence has the capability of tapping user data from the iphone, devices using Android as well as BlackBerry, a system previously believed to be highly secure. The NSA developed cracking programs and tapped users' data held on the three major smart phone operating systems, including contact lists, SMS traffic, and location information about where a user has been. The NSA is able to infiltrate the computer a person uses to sync their iphone, and the script programs enable additional access to at least 38 iphone features.
The journal.ie reported on June 14, 2013, nine major international civil liberties groups issued joint declaration that the U.S. federal government's secretive scrutiny program, PRISM, is a breach of international conventions on human rights. The joint declaration said, "Such vast and pervasive state surveillance violates two of the most fundamental human rights: the right to privacy and to freedom of expression."
The U.S. federal narcotics officers and other agents, in cooperation with American Telephone & Telegraph, can not only gain access to all the clients' phone records, but also all the
phone calls made through the company's telephone exchangers (The Huffington Post, December 20, 2013). The Los Angeles Times' website,reported on September 26, 2013, the FBI has long used drone aircraft in domestic investigations, exercising clandestine surveillance over the public. The website also reported, the U.S. federal prosecutors secretly obtained records of telephone calls from more than 20 telephone lines belonging to The Associated Press and its journalists in a two-month period in early 2012
Inmates treated inhumanely in prisons. The use of solitary confinement is prevalent. According to news reports, in U.S. prisons, inmates in solitary confinements are enclosed in cramped cells with poor ventilation and natural lights, isolated from other prisoners, a situation that will take tolls on inmates' physical and mental health About 80,000 U.S. prisoners are in solitary confinement, including nearly 12,000 in California. The California's Pelican Bay prison has more than 400 prisoners who have been in isolation for over a decade. In many cases, the inmates are isolated for up to 23 hours per day in cells measuring 3.5 by 2.5 meters. Some have even been held in solitary confinement for over 40 years-old prisoner, William Blake, had been held in solitary confinement for 26 years, locked in a cell furnished with only one iron bed . In 2013, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on torture Juan Mendez repeatedly urged the U.S. government to abolish the use of solitary confinement. He argued, even short-term solitary confinement can be counted as torture. In California state prisons, 30,000 inmates began hunger strikes on July 8, 2013 in protest of the use of solitary confinement. The hunger strikes lasted two months .
On January 29, 2014, the British Daily Mail's web edition published New York photographer Scott Houston's photos featuring working and living conditions of inmates in Arizona State's prisons. The images show, inmates are shackled together while working and eating, five on one chain, with just nine feet between them. Houston said, he was left with the impression that the chain gangs working together were similar to the days of slavery. "You could go back 200 years."
Election becomes the game of a few. A great number of researches showed that the American's influence on policy is proportional to their wealth. About 70 percent of the population, who are on the lower wealth and income scale, have virtually no influence on policy whatsoever. They are effectively disenfranchised. Only a tenth of one percent essentially get what they want, i.e. they effectively influence policies. The U.S. citizens get less and less enthusiastic about election. The mayoral election of Los Angeles in May 2013 only had 23.3 percent of the city's
registered voters cast a ballot. And the winner got 222,300 votes, just 12.4 percent of the registered voters .
The checks-and-balances system has become an impediment to actions. On October 1, 2013, the U.S. federal government, except for its core functions, entered a shutdown, after Congress failed to pass the budget bill as the Democrats and Republicans failed to agree on the "Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act." Francis Fukuyama, a senior fellow at Stanford University's Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law, wrote in an article published on October 4, 2013, on The Washington Post's website, the American system of checks and balances gradually becomes a "vetocracy". "It empowers a wide variety of political players representing minority position to block action by the majority and prevent the government from doing anything." The U.S. government shutdown is the very result of such vicious checks and balances.
A new poll found "Americans entered 2014 with a profoundly negative view of their government, expressing little hope that the government can or will solve the nation's biggest problems." According to the poll conducted by the AP-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research, half respondents said American system of democracy needed either "a lot of changes" or a complete overhaul. The U.S. president, in his State of the union Address in January 2014, also criticized the U.S. democratic system full of bickering and debates. "When that debate prevents us from carrying out even the most basic functions of our democracy -- when our differences shut down government or threaten the full faith and credit of the United States -- then we are not doing right by the American people."
III. On Economic and Social Rights
Despite the fact that the economy is recovering, the U.S. citizens' economic and social rights are still under challenge.
Unemployment rates are high in the US. Employment rates for 25-to 54-year-olds were lower in 35 states in fiscal 2013 than in 2007. In 2007, nearly 80 of every 100 people aged 25 to 54 in the United States had a job. In the 12 months ending June 2013, only about 76 of every 100 people in that age group were working . According to a report by the CNBC on September 16, 2013, in 2012, the average length of unemployment for U.S. workers reached 39.5 weeks, the highest level since World War II. Rates of unemployment for the lowest-income families topped 21 percent, nearly matching the rate for all workers during the 1930s Great Depression. The overall unemployment rate for U.S. veterans stood at 6.9 percent in October 2013. A total of 246,000 post-9/11 vets are looking for jobs . According to the 2014 State of the union , "even in
the midst of recovery, too many Americans are working more than ever just to get by... And too many still aren't working at all."
Wealth gap in the US is widening. Statistics released by the U.S. Census Bureau in September 2013 showed more than 47 million U.S. people living in poverty in 2012, and that the poverty rate reached 15 percent. The data also indicated about 6.4 million people aged 65 and older were poor . New research using the U.S. Internal Revenue Service data from 2012 all the way back to 1913 found that the current gap between America's rich and poor is the widest in history. The richest 1 percent's share of total household income was a record 19.3 percent in 2012. The top 10 percent of U.S. households controlled 50.4 percent of total income in 2012, the highest figures seen since 1917. In the U.S., the top 1 percent saw their incomes recover by 31.4 percent during 2009 and 2012, accounting for 95 percent of the total gain recognized in the U.S., whereas the bottom 99 percent had to content themselves with growth of only 0.4 percent ). The U.S. 2014 State of the union noted that average wages in the U.S. have barely budged, and inequality has deepened.
Labor union s see eroding leverage. According to data released by the PEW on April 15, 2013, in 2012, union s lost 400,000 members, and states like Indiana and Wisconsin have clipped the organizing rights of state employees and others. Labor leaders see the largest growth potential in the private sector, however, according to Bureau of Labor Statistics data, only 6.6 percent of private-sector workers belong to a union . On July 18, 2013, the city of Detroit filed for bankruptcy, making it the largest-ever municipal bankruptcy in U.S. history. Despite the objections from union s including the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees, the United Auto Workers as well as local retiree associations, a U.S. bankruptcy judge ruled that Detroit is eligible for bankruptcy protection. Representatives of the union s and retirees argued that the decision turned a blind eye to the appeals of the union s. Local citizens took to the streets to protest with anger .
Working conditions and pay are declining. On April 18, 2013, a deadly blast at a fertilizer plant in Texas killed 14 people, left 200 others with injuries and caused some toxic gas concern. It was reported that the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, being chronically underfunded, has never inspected the plant since 1985 ). A report titled "Farm Worker Conditions Likened to Modern Slavery" and carried by the Huffington Post on February 1, 2013 quoted a migrant worker as saying that the piece rate has not changed in over 30 years. The report also said that one farm worker dies on the job every day and hundreds more are injured, noting that relevant authorities have failed to exercise effective monitoring and law enforcement regarding the
working conditions for farm workers. The USA Today reported on December 5, 2013 that fast-food workers planned one-day labor walkouts at fast-food restaurants in 100 cities, claiming that they can not survive on a minimum wage of 7.25 dollars per hour, or about 15,000 dollars a year. The campaign was called "Fight for 15"-- pressing for a minimum wage of 15 dollars per hour.
Homeless population is growing. A report by the Los Angeles Times on November 22, 2013 said the homeless population in the U.S. had climbed 16 percent from 2011 to 2013. Los Angeles County's homeless population rose 15 percent from 2011 to 2013, to 57,737 people. According to data released by the U.S. Coalition for the Homeless in November 2013, the number of homeless New Yorkers in shelters had risen by more than 71 percent since 2002, and each night more than 60,000 people, including over 22,000 children, experience homelessness.
Social security in the US is problematic. A U.S. Census Bureau report released on September 17, 2013 said that in 2012, a total of 15.4 percent, or some 48 million people in the U.S. were uninsured. The share of people relying on the government for health insurance edged up slightly to 32.6 percent, from 32.2 percent a year ago. Whether they have insurance or not, people spent more on health care in 2012 than in 2011. According to the U.S. Federal Funds Information for States, some major programs, including most K-12 educational-support programs; the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program for the poor; the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children; Funds to administer the Unemployment Insurance program; Child nutrition programs and other programs starting on or after October 1 could be affected by the federal government shutdown in 2013 . When the funds run out on December 28, 2013 for a program created during the recession to supplement the federal emergency benefits for jobless people and efforts to renew the benefits stalled in the U.S. Senate, about 1.3 million jobless Americans who were receiving the benefits averaging about 300 dollars a week had been affected.
IV. On Racial Discrimination
Racial discrimination systematically exists in the U.S society. The situation of ethnic minorities' human rights is grim.
Racial discrimination is prevalent in the field of law enforcement and justice. According to a survey carried out in 2012, at least 136 unarmed African-Americans were killed by policemen or security guards in the year. Unarmed black youth Jonathan Ferrell, 24, sought help after a car accident, but was shot multiple times and killed by police (New York Daily News, September 16,
2013). Black lady Diggles, 25, was handcuffed and brutally beaten by two white cops for an unpaid fine (www. https://www.doczj.com/doc/7a2255023.html,, June 4, 2013). Racially biased stops and interrogations often occur at streets. The U.S. district judge declared that at least 200,000 stops were made by New York police without reasonable suspicion . A latest report released by the American Civil Liberties union revealed that despite the fact that marijuana use was about the same for both black and white Americans, blacks were four times as likely as whites to be arrested for marijuana possession. One primary reason is that racial bias prevalently exists in the field of justice . Similarly, even though data collected have shown that white women use drugs at roughly the same rate as minority women, two-thirds of women in state prisons incarcerated for drug offenses are Hispanic or black .
In July 2013, protests took place in several cities in the U.S. after a white neighborhood watch volunteer George Zimmerman was not found guilty of murdering black youth Trayvon Martin by gun shot . The U.S. civil rights leader Jesse Jackson said that "the American legal system has once again failed justice" . On September 3, 2013, the Working Group of Experts on Peoples of African Descent with the United Nations Human Rights Council and Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism lodged a joint appeal, asking the American government to reinvestigate into the Martin case as soon as possible and review the laws that may lead to racial discrimination against African-Americans .
Racial discrimination is rampant in public places. The Los Angeles Times reported on December 2, 2013, racial and sex discrimination exists in the employment and daily workplaces of the Los Angeles Fire Department. From 2006 to 2010, payouts in Los Angeles Fire Department discrimination and harassment cases cost more than 17 million U.S. dollars. New York Daily News reported on October 26, 2013, black star Rob Brown bought his mom a 1,350 U.S. dollars watch at Macy's, but was suspected of using a fake credit card after being racially profiled by the store. The police handcuffed and detained him for an hour. According to a report by https://www.doczj.com/doc/7a2255023.html, on October 23, 2013, black college student Trayon Christian was buying a 350 U.S. dollars belt at Barneys, but a Barneys sales clerk believed the transaction was fraudulent and called police. Despite showing the officers the receipt for the belt and his ID, he was still handcuffed and taken to a local precinct. Christian's attorney said that "His only crime was being a young black man."
Some mainstream media, social organizations and politicians publicize racist comments. On October 16, 2013, American Broadcasting Company's Jimmy Kimmel Show aired a segment saying "kill everyone in China" and promoted racial hatred. It aroused unease and protests from
Asian Americans especially Chinese Americans. The American Family Association, one of the leading religious right groups, claimed that "Latino voters are greedy and lazy socialist, and that's why they don't vote for Republicans". A white women Colorado lawmaker insinuated, via mentioning barbecue and chicken, poor habits and diets should be considered factors to the life expectancy and diseases of blacks. Her remarks were regarded as having a tendency to racism .
Encroachment on indigenous peoples' rights prevalently exists. On February 13, 2013, Anaya, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples highlighted high rates of violence against American indigenous women by non-indigenous men. On September 10, Anaya reiterated the obstacles to implementing the law on ensuring Indian children's wellbeing and called on the U.S. government to take all necessary measures to safeguard the human rights of Indian children . On September 10, 2013, the Minority Rights Group International accused the U.S. Capital Energy Belize, Ltd of oil exploration in Belize's Maya communities without consent of indigenous peoples.
V. On Women and Children's Rights
Sex discrimination is still serious, and children's rights are not well protected in the United States.
Women are facing serious employment discrimination. According to a report carried by the Los Angeles Times on December 2, 2013, the ratio of women firefighters in the uniformed ranks remains at just under 3 percent -- the same as in 1995. Women's salary is far lower than men's. On average in 2012, women made about 81 percent of the median earnings of male full-time wage and salary workers, according to figures released by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics on March 20, 2013 . Women's average annual income is 11,500 U.S. dollars less that that of men's. African American women are paid 69 cents for every dollar paid to all men, and Latinas are paid just 58 cents for every dollar paid to all men, according to data from the U.S. Census Bureau's annual survey .
Women and children experienced frequent violent attacks and sexual assaults. In 2013, lawsuits on female suspects being strip-searched were frequently reported. According to a report from the Chicago Tribune on October 10, 2013, several bones were shattered in a woman's face after she was arrested for drunk-driving. She was shoved, beaten and strip-searched by police. Domestic violence is still serious in the U.S.. According to a report by the National Network to End Domestic Violence in 2013, a survey conducted in September 2012 showed in just one
24-hour period, local domestic violence programs across the country provided help and safety to 64,324 domestic violence victims. Sadly, 10,471 requests of domestic violence victims went unmet on that same day due to lack of funds .
U.S. female soldiers experienced frequent sexual harassment and assault. According to the website of the Military Times, 6.1 percent of active duty women say they experienced unwanted sexual contact in 2012 . From 2010 to 2012, there was a 35 percent increase in sexual assault and harassment cases in the military. Fourteen percent of military victims report their assaults and 64 percent of convicted sexual perpetrators were discharged from the military . Cases of children sexual abuse and exploitation occurred frequently. According to a report on the website of Los Angeles Times on July 29, 2013, the Federal Bureau of Investigation launched a three-day sex-trafficking sweep in 76 cities in July 2013. Some 105 sexually exploited teenagers, some as young as 13, were rescued during the nationwide campaign. Nearly all of them are girls.
Children's security can not be effectively protected. Children's security in family is a prominent problem. According to a report carried by the Chicago Tribune on November 16, 2013, 111 children lost their lives from abuse or neglect in Illinois in 2012, a year of record child deaths from abuse and neglect. The majority died before they were one year old. Nationally, the number of child deaths from abuse and neglect was 1,545. According to a report from the Los Angeles Times on December 18, 2013, child abuse is serious under California's privatized foster care system. The system is so poorly monitored that foster care agencies with a history of abuse can continue caring for children for years. In Los Angeles County, at least four children died as a result of abuse or neglect over the last five years in homes overseen by private agencies. Children have become frequent victims of violent crimes. According to a report carried by the Chicago Tribune on September 15, 2013, all summer long, wounded little children arrived in Chicago's emergency rooms at a pace of about one a week. Victims' parents had this revelation: "We're not safe anywhere!"
Large amount of child labors in agriculture. According to the 2012 childhood agricultural injury survey conducted by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 41,310 youth under the age of 16 were hired on farms. But a representative from the Children in the Fields Campaign believed there were about 400,000 to 500,000 kids who were working in the fields in 2012. Some types of chores, such as agricultural machine operation and pesticide spraying, have directly threatened children's health, security, or even life . Statistics released by the National Children's Center For Rural And Agricultural Health and Safety in December 2013 showed that 38 children were injured in agriculture-related accidents each day in the U.S.. In
March, 2013, the National Public Radio and the Public Broadcasting System broadcast in-depth stories about a 14-year-old child who was engulfed by grain and killed while working in a silo in Illinois. And 20 percent of the victims of grain engulfment are young workers (https://www.doczj.com/doc/7a2255023.html,, March 29, 2013).
VI. On Violations of Human Rights against Other Nations
The Untied States is the world's biggest violator of human rights of non-American persons and has been strongly denounced by the international community in cases of the PRISM program, drone strikes, Guantanamo Bay Detention Camp and prisoner torture around the globe.
A large number of overseas surveillance projects conducted by the U.S. violated other countries' sovereignty and the civil rights of their people. State heads and other leaders, diplomatic agencies and citizens of other countries have long been under surveillance of the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA). According to a classified document provided by whistleblower Edward Snowden, the NSA monitored the phone conversations of 35 leaders of other countries and collected five billion pieces of information every day through tracking cell phone movements around the world . In April 2013, the United Nations special rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the rights to freedom of opinion and expression Frank La Rue noted in a report that "the United States renewed the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Amendment Act of 2008 extending the Government's power to conduct surveillance of non-American persons located outside the United States, including any foreign individual whose communications are hosted by cloud services located in the United States" (UN document A/HRC/23/40). On September 9, 2013, the UN Human Rights Chief Navi Pillay expressed concern about the impact of the U.S. surveillance on the individuals' right to privacy and other human rights during the opening of the 24th session of the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva . The UN General Assembly adopted a resolution of protecting the right to privacy in the digital age at its 68th session on December 19, 2013, stressing that unlawful, arbitrary surveillance, interception, and data collection are a breach of the right to privacy and freedom of expression. Some countries condemned the U.S. as a violator of human rights, as well as the UN Charter principles of respect for national sovereignty, territorial integrity and non-interference in internal affairs.
Frequent drone strikes by the U.S. have caused a large amount of non-American civilian casualties. According to the Bureau of Investigative Journalism, an independent not-for-profit organization in the UK, the U.S. has carried out 376 drone strikes in Pakistan since 2004, and up to 926 civilians were reported dead . On May 9, 2013, the Peshawar High Court in Pakistan ruled
that the U.S. drone strikes on targets in Pakistan illegally breached national sovereignty and were in "blatant violation of Basic Human Rights" and provisions of the Geneva Conventions, according to the New York-based Open Society Foundations . On December 12, 2013, a U.S. drone mistakenly targeted a wedding convoy in Yemen's al-Baitha province after intelligence reports identified the vehicles as carrying al Qaeda militants, with 14 people killed and 22 others injured, two Yemeni national security officials told CNN . In October, the UN special rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism Ben Emmerson, urged the U.S. to disclose more information about its drone programs. The UN special rapporteurs on extrajudicial executions and on the protection of human rights while countering terrorism focused on the issue of civilian casualties caused by drone strikes in their reports to the third committee of the UN General Assembly. The U.S. refused to account for those strikes and take measures to reduce civilian casualties as requested by the UN or other government organizations .
The U.S. tortures prisoners in other countries and regions. In March 2013, the special rapporteur Ben Emmerson noted in a report that on September 17, 2001, the former U.S. President Bush authorized the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to operate a secret detention program which involved the establishment of clandestine detention facilities known as "black sites" on the territory of other states, and allegedly authorized the CIA to carry out "extraordinary renditions." Despite wide criticism against the CIA's illegal action, no American official has so far been brought to justice (UN document A/HRC/22/52). The program saw terror suspects spirited to secret prisons around the globe without legal process, interrogated and sometimes tortured . The Open Society Foundation said at least 136 individuals were reportedly extraordinarily rendered or secretly detained by the CIA .
Guantanamo Bay detainees' human rights were severely damaged with many of them held there indefinitely without trial. On October 3 2013, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights said on its official website the continuing indefinite incarceration of the detainees amounts to arbitrary detention and is in clear breach of international law. A total of 92 Guantanamo military prisoners joined in the hunger strike that began in February 2013, to protest indefinite incarceration and bad treatment . Force feedings were carried out. Inmates were chained to chairs by Army guars, tubes were inserted through their noses by Navy medical workers . The UN human rights office announced that the force feedings of prisoners at the Guantanamo Bay Detention facility is a breach of international law . On October 3, 2013, the special rapporteur on torture noted indefinite incarceration, solitary confinement, force feeding are a breach of
international law. The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights said in May 2013 that the Guantanamo Bay camp is a typical case of violating human rights while countering terrorism .
The U.S. denies the right to subsistence and development of people in developing countries. On October 29, 2013, the 68th session of the UN General Assembly adopted its twenty-second consecutive resolution calling for an end to the U.S. decades-long economic, commercial and financial embargo against Cuba, with a recorded vote of 188 in favor to 2 (the U.S. and Israel) against with 3 abstentions. The General Assembly criticized the U.S. for violating the Cubans' right to subsistence and development . The U.S. is indifferent to the right of development of people in developing countries. In September 2013, the twenty-fourth session of the UN Human Rights Council adopted the resolution reaffirming the declaration on the right to development, with a recorded vote of 46 to 1 (the U.S.), with no abstentions (UN document A/68/53/Add.1).
美国种族歧视根深蒂固 中国国务院新闻办公室3日发表的《2004年美国的人权纪录》指出，种族歧视在美国根深蒂固，渗透到社会生活的各个方面。 这份人权纪录说，美国有色人种普遍贫困，生存状况远不如白人。据英国《卫报》2004年10月9日报道，2002年，白人家庭净资产是8．8万美元，是拉美裔家庭的11倍，接近非裔家庭的15倍。 据统计，生活在贫困线以下的黑人人数是白人的3倍。黑人的平均预期寿命比白人少6岁。 纪录指出，美国的少数民族受到就业和职业歧视。据《今日美国报》2004年5月5日报道，2003年美国平等就业机会委员会收到有关工作场所种族偏见方面的指控29000件。美国劳工部公布的统计数字表明，到2004年11月，黑人的失业率为10．8％，白人是4．7％，前者是后者的两倍多。 来自于至少38个国家的未成年人从事着奴隶性劳动。在美国无力负担医疗保险的4500万人中，700万是非洲裔美国人，占美国非洲裔人口总数的近五分之一，这个比例比白人高77％。《美国新闻与世界报道》周刊2004年3月29日的一篇文章指出，《独立宣言》称人类生而平等，而白人与黑人之间的差距简直是对这一“立国之本”的侮辱。 纪录说，美国学校普遍盛行种族隔离式教育。美国南方有八分之一的黑人学生上的是黑人学生占99％的学校，约有三分之一的黑人学生上的是少数民族占90％以上的学校；在北方，超过一半以上的黑人学生上这种黑人和少数民族学生占绝大多数的学校。 纪录说，美国大学校园种族主义抬头。在加州大学伯克利分校、加州迪亚波罗河谷社区学院接连发现法西斯标语口号及白人至上主义标语口号，还包括使用武器和语言进行威胁。在加州小圣罗斯学院，校报刊载专栏文章攻击犹太人，引发抗议风潮；网站聊天室被白人至上主义分子占领。在达特茅斯学院，白人女生在筹款活动中拍卖“黑奴”。在南密西西比大学，一批白人在美式足球比赛结束后高喊种族主义口号，攻击4名黑人学生。在只有55名黑人学生的密歇根州奥利维特大学，有51名黑人学生在发生种族暴力事件及骚扰事件后退学。 纪录显示，美国种族偏见和偏执造成社会矛盾激化，仇恨犯罪增加。据美国联邦调查局2004年11月22日公布的对16％的执法单位有关报告的统计，2003年美国发生的总共7489件仇恨犯罪案中，有3844宗与族裔仇恨有关。其中，针对黑人的族裔仇恨犯罪案达2548宗，占51．4％，是针对其他所有种族的此类犯罪总数的两倍多，有3150名黑人成为受害者。而犯罪人当中62．3％是白人。 《洛杉矶时报》2004年5月3日报道，受“9·11”事件及伊拉克战争影响，2003年，全美共发生针对穆斯林的仇恨事件1019起，同比增长69％。加州针对穆斯林的仇恨事件共221起，同比增长近3倍。纪录指出，美国司法领域种族歧视司空见惯。有色人种被判刑和在监狱中被关押的比例明显高于白人。根据美国司法部2004年11月公布的报告，有色人种占美国在押囚犯人数的70％以上。
美国的人权 姓名：汤文雅班级：081国政0班学号：200833043 关键词：人权美国人权报告 当今国际社会，“人权”之词所用的频率越来越高，众所周知，美国常常用“人权自由”来干涉我国的内政，诽谤我国的制度。美国的人权观是双重标准的，是自私自利的，无原则可言。也可以说，美国的人权观是霸权主义的人权观，世界上许多国家对美国的这种人权观的认识越来越清楚了，同时，对美国的这种虚伪的人权观也越来越厌恶了。 人权，不仅指公民权利和政治权利，还包括经济、社会和文化权利。特别是经济、社会和文化权利的提出和确认，使人权概念突破了西方资产阶级人权的狭隘界限。当今国际社会的人权概念已经不是单纯的个人权利，而是将集体人权即民族自决权、发展权、和平权、种族平等权等也纳入其中。相对于个人的财产权、自由权和安全权而言，殖民地、附属国人民实现民族自决、维护国家独立的权利，发展中国家人民自由处置其自然资源和财富、发展民族经济的权利，世界各国人民共享和平与安全的权利，都更为重要。集体人权的确认，反映了广大第三世界国家坚持反帝、反殖、反霸，维护国家独立和人民生存与发展的要求。这是人权概念在国际范围内的重大突破。 人权的基本内容主要包括生命权、自由权、财产权、尊严权、助获权、公正权。人权的基本内容仅仅一种最低限的保障，在现代文明社会中，这显然是远远不够的。所以又出现了很多对人权的扩充。人权的进阶内容一般都是基本内容的融合、扩展、深化。进阶内容主要包括发展权和民族自决权。 生命权是最基本，最重要的人权，如果无法充分保障人的生命权，那么一切其它权利都是空中楼阁。无端剥夺人的生命，或者肆意对人施加恐吓、虐待和折磨，就是用一种非人权的待人方式。 “自由权”这个混合体词语不应存在，“权”已经是个包含了具体的规范，有容许和禁止的条文，而"自由"是含有无限制无约束性的主观感性概念性形容词，把无限局限于规范性"权"之内是合逻辑的表达。 财产权是生命权和自由权的延伸。如果一个人要生存下去、要有能力选择他喜欢的方式生存下去，一定要有物质作为支持，那么，对自我劳动的所得进行排他性的占有，就是生命权与自由权必不可少的保障。 尊严也是生命权和自由权的合理延伸。如果一个人若无尊严，那么他的生命至多是一种无人格的形式。尊严权主要要求人们在社会交往中互敬互爱，文明礼貌。如果一个人的尊严权被否认，就意味者人们可以肆无忌惮的羞辱，威胁，骚扰，中伤他，那显然他就失去了“作为人类”的资格，这无疑是和人权所不容的。 获助权常常和“人道主义”联系在一起，出现于天灾、人祸之后。由于种种不可预知的灾祸，人的生命权无时不刻受到威胁。在危难关头得到伙伴的帮助，是生命权的必要保障。 公正权是为了将人权平等的扩展到每一个人身上。公正权不仅是人权的一部分，更重要的是它也是人权中其它部分的必要条件。 发展权是一项人权，平等发展的机会是各个国家的天赋权利，也是个人的天赋权利。发展权在坚持个人良好发展的同时，也强调了“集体人权”这一新生概
《地球上的人们》 教学内容 义务教育课程标准实验教科书鄂教版品德与社会六年级上册第三单元第二课《地球上的人们》。 学情分析 从学生的社会生活环境来看，他们生活在一个开放的时代,接触世界的机会比较多。尤其是今年在上海召开的世博会，更为学生提供了了解世界的机会。为他们成为一个有国际视野的中国人打下良好的基础。 从学生的认知程度和心理特点来看，他们毕竟只有十一、二岁，这一课的教学内容对于他们而言是不熟悉的，尤其是后两个话题，对于大部分学生而言是陌生的。但他们对周围世界有着强烈的求知欲和探索欲，有一定的学习能力，统计结果也表明现在电脑在每个家庭基本普及。 因此，根据上述学情分析，我将本课的教学重点定为：了解人的种类，语言的种类，知道我国的邻国，初步了解这些国家的特色。教学难点定为：明确世界上的人都是平等的，学会理解和尊重，初步具有开放的国际意识，知道社会生活中不同国家之间和睦相处的重要意义，学习抓住特色了解和介绍一个国家的方法。 在突破重难点的过程中，教师应注意：通过调动学生的生活经验和收集、处理资料，来突破教学重点，借助补充资
料，教给学生学习方法，来突破难点。 设计思路 1．联系学生的生活，从他们最熟悉的话题入手，以英语这个熟悉的语种为代表，调动和利用学生已有的生活经验，探究学习，了解人种多样，语言多样。 2．适当调整教材顺序，让教材为学生服务。书中第三课话题“生活在不同的国度”涵盖了第四个话题“我们的邻居”中的一部分，所以我想应该先让学生先了解“我们的邻居”，通过了解我们周边的国家，学习抓住特点了解国家的方法，也为学生了解“生活在不同的国度”打下基础。 3．引导学生自主学习，让学生学会收集和处理信息，主动探究知识。特别是“生活在不同的国度”和“我们的邻居”这两个话题的教学。 4．教学中，通过多种教学活动————谈话交流、观察比较、填写表格、小组讨论、交流名人资料、小组竞赛、猜一猜、做一做等等，尽可能的让每个孩子都能参与到学习活动中。 教学目标 情感、态度、价值观目标：明确世界上的人都是平等的，学会理解和尊重，初步具有开放的国际意识。 能力目标：养成收集、处理信息的习惯，学会与同学合作交流。学习抓住特色了解和介绍一个国家的方法，并能运
关于美国的种族歧视问题 摘要 种族歧视是美国由来已久的问题。若要追溯其开端，在美国还没独立仍是北美英国殖民地时，英国殖民者引进了第一批非洲黑人劳工。他们于1619年在弗吉尼亚殖民地的詹姆斯敦被出卖。自此50年后，北美洲一些地方法律已经确立起黑人奴隶制。奴隶制在存在的两百多年里，不断激化着美国的种族歧视问题。美国奴隶制的这段惨痛历史在美国黑人心中留下不可磨灭的伤害。 在2008年美国的总统大选中，非洲裔美国公民贝拉克·奥巴马击败对手麦凯恩赢得大选，他成为美国历史上第一位黑人总统。媒体和广大群众都认为奥巴马的当选可以让他成为美国种族问题的终结者。但实际上，无论美国多次改善黑人公民的权利制度，甚至选举非洲裔贝拉克·奥巴马担任美国总统，这也不能完全消除美国白人与黑人间的隔阂问题。 先举几个例子吧 1.美国1787年宪法的歧视： （1）宪法没有规定废除奴隶制度。宪法不仅没有否定奴隶制度，而且在分配众议院各州代表名额时，黑人人口按3/5的人口折算，这就更加降低了黑人的地位。 （2）宪法没有提到保证人权问题。相反，宪法明文规定了保留奴隶和种族歧视的条款，将黑人、印第安人、妇女和穷人排除在人权保护之外。 2.美国黑人枪杀事件：2014年8月9日下午，18岁黑人青年迈克尔·布朗同一个朋友在密苏里小城弗格森街上行走时，被一名警察连击数枪身亡。 种族歧视问题成为美国“人权记录”中最不光彩的一页。在美国，黑人等少数民族始终是二等公民，在政治、经济、教育等问题上受到不同程度的歧视。黑人和白人之问，教育水平、就业率、平均工资等方面都有明显差距，由此形成的种族贫富差距和黑人的贫困化则是人人皆知[2]。司法中的种族歧视也极为严重。在美国，被关押在监狱里的黑人和被判死刑的黑人比例明显高于白人。在各州的监狱中，大约47 的为黑人，16％的为拉美裔。据联合国发表的一份调查报告称，在美国．犯有同样的罪．黑人及有色人种往往受到比白人重2至3倍的惩罚．杀害白人被判死刑的黑人是杀害黑人被判死刑的白人的4倍。尽管种族问题如今仍是困扰美国社会的大问题之一，但是．明目张胆“种族歧视”的人是越来越少了。越是大公司和政府部门，对少数族裔越是客气耐心．谁也不想犯“歧视”这一大忌。美国的种族歧视从目前来看，开始在新的领域呈现出新的现象，传统的政治保守势力也开始介入到其中，简单的单一种族歧视被文化上的隐性歧视所代替。同时．还出现了一个奇怪的现象．一方面是美国存在的较强烈种族歧视，另一方面，美国社会的任何行为．都担心会被带上种族歧视的印记．大家都知道种族歧视不好．但是大家都会有意无意地犯种族歧视的毛病．从中可见白人至上主义在某些美国人中十分顽固。就在这样的怪圈中，美国的种族歧视仍在继续。 美国的发展和构成美国社会的少数民族密不可分，但从不同肤色、不同文化导致不公平对待这一现象来看，少数民族又不属于这个一向主张自由平等的美国社会。美国社会的繁荣和其在国际上的地位主要归功于这些少数民族的辛苦和努力而不是占绝大多数的白人。今天，一些少数民族要求的平等、公正已经实现．但遗憾的是，贫穷、偏见、不公平仍然存在着。怎样才能从根本上改善黑人及其他少数族裔不平等的地位和状况，这是美国社会根本性的大问题,就连美国政府也不得不承认．美国存在种族主义、种族歧视和事实上的种族隔离，少数民族面临的不平等问题仍然是美国最严重和：无法解决的挑战之一。但是．我们仍然坚信一个能公正并人性化地处理不平等、偏见等种族歧视问题的社会．不仅会给自己而且会给其他国家乃至全世界带来和平和繁荣。
本周的新闻热词有： 1.一季度经济实现'开门红' 2.我国发布'美国人权纪录' 3.我国欲成'足球一流强国' 4.多校推'农村生专项计划' 5.UN秘书长'公开面试'结束 6.科比'告别赛'引粉丝感慨 开门红 a good start China's economy had "a good start" in the first quarter, data released by the National Bureau of Statistics showed on Friday. 国家统计局15日发布的数据显示，一季度国民经济实现开门红。 ?"开门红"即良好的开端，可以用a(n) good/rosy/auspicious start来表达。国家统计局新闻发言人盛来运表示，我国2016年一季度经济运行延续了稳中有进的发展态势，一些主要指标出现积极变化(positive change)。据国家统计局发布的数据，初步核算，一季度国内生产总值(Gross Domestic Product, GDP)158526亿元，按可比价格(comparable prices)计算，同比增长6.7%。盛来运表示，这一增速符合市场预期(be in line with market expectations)，仍然处在6.5%-7%的合理区间(reasonable range)。 ?据盛来运介绍，今年第一季度，我国农业生产(agricultural production)形势平稳，工业生产(industrial production)缓中趋稳，固定资产投资(fixed-asset investment)增速稳中有升(grow steadily and moderately)，市场销售(market sales)稳定增长，进出口总额(total value of imports and exports)下降，居民消费价格温和上涨(grow moderately)，居民收入增长平稳(increase steadily)，结构调整(structural adjustment)步伐加快。总的说来，一季度经济运行平稳，但国内结构调整的阵痛还在持续，同时实体经济(real economy)比较困难，下行压力(downward pressure)不容忽视。
浅谈美国人权 摘要 美国是全球第一个将机会平等写进《宪法》的国家，当然按现在的眼光看它还是不完善的，因它没有将黑奴和妇女的选举权包括在内。美国第三任总统杰斐逊在任内在《宪法》中增加《权利法案》，确定生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利为不可剥夺、不可让渡的基本人权。美国的开国者开辟了除战争和暴力以外，另一条和平竞争的民主法治之道，从第一任总统到以后各任总统，无不通过当时历史条件下最大程度和最广泛的平等权利之激烈民主竞争才产生，没有用法律去保护自己及自己的接班人免受竞争，其平等权利一直都是领先于全球的。其实民主法治，只是强制给予人人机会的平等，并没有强制给予人人权力的平等，也没有强制给予人人金钱的平等，更没有强制给予人人精神的平等。民主社会下的权力依然有大小之分、金钱依然有贫富之别、精神(思想)依然有强弱的不同--如诺贝尔奖就不是人人都可得。而正是权力、金钱和精神三种途径里的等级差异，才激发了人们的竞争意欲，激发了人们去追求权力（竞选总统）、追求金钱（做富有之人）、追求精神（做科技、宗教和法律等文化的发明者或发现者）。 绝大部分美国人认为美国是自由的国家，也认为美国已经建立了一个为人权和民权提供保护的法律系统。美国人在制定宪法时就认为限制政府的权力是保证人民的自由的必要措施。权利法案的目的就是保护公民不受联邦政府得侵犯。其中最著名的第一修正案的目标是保护言论自由、出版自由、宗教自由和其他的权利。其他的修正案保护公民受审判团审判的权利、不受无证件的搜查和扣押的权利等等。 关键词：美国人权民主
目录 摘要 .................................................................................. I 一、人权介绍 .. (1) （一）人权的基本内容 (1) （二）美国人权介绍 (1) 1. 美国人权外交 (2) 2. 美国人权实质 (2) （三）美国人权记录 (3) 二、结论 (4) 参考文献 (5)
网站首页 专题首页 相关解读相关报道首页>国新视点>国新办发表《2014年美国的人权纪录》 Full text of Human Rights Record of the United States in 2014 The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China published a report titled "Human Rights Record of the United States in 2014" on Friday.Following is the report's full text: Human Rights Record of the United States in 2014 State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China Foreword On June 25 local time, the State Department of the United States released its country reports on human rights practices once again, making comments on the human rights situations in many countries while showing not a bit of regret for or intention to improve its own terrible human rights record. Plenty of facts show that, in 2014, the U.S., a self-proclaimed human rights defender, saw no improvements in its existent human rights issues, but reported numerous new problems. While its own human rights situation was increasingly grave, the U.S. violated human rights in other countries in a more brazen manner, and was given more "red cards" in the international human rights field. The U.S. was haunted by spreading guns, frequent occurrence of violent crimes, which threatened citizens' civil rights.Statistics showed that the use of firearms in the U.S. was behind 69 percent of murders, while for robberies, the figure was 40 percent, and for aggravated assaults, 21.6 percent (https://www.doczj.com/doc/7a2255023.html,). The excessive use of force by police officers led to many deaths, sparking public outcry. An unarmed 18-year-old African-American Michael Brown was shot dead by a white police officer named Darren Wilson in Ferguson, a town in Missouri. After the grand jury of both Missouri and New York decided to bring no charges against the white police officer, massive protests broke out in more than 170 cities nationwide (https://www.doczj.com/doc/7a2255023.html,, November 25, 2014). The U.S. used cruel tortures indiscriminately, notably those carried out by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). To 国务院新闻办公室网站 https://www.doczj.com/doc/7a2255023.html, 2015-06-26 来源：
广东省清远市高三文综政治第二次诊断性试卷 姓名:________ 班级:________ 成绩:________ 一、单项选择题 (共12题；共24分) 1. （2分） (2016高三上·南山模拟) 2015年3月6日，美元指数收盘较前一交易日上涨1.4164点；3月9日，人民币对美元汇率较前一交易日又贬值30个基点。美元持续升值将对中国经济产生多方面的影响，其中积极的方面在于（） ①扩大中国出口商品的价格优势，增加出口 ②提升中国外汇储备的国际购买力 ③抑制中国居民的出境旅游，从而增加国内储蓄 ④优化中国对外投资结构，加强海外并购 A . ①② B . ①③ C . ②④ D . ③④ 2. （2分） (2017高一上·城固期末) 为了使欧亚各国经济联系更紧密、合作更深入、发展空间更广阔，中国倡导建设“丝绸之路经济带”。建设“丝绸之路经济带”（） ①是顺应经济全球化趋势的客观要求 ②将为沿途各国经济发展提供广阔的发展空间 ③将增强我国主导经济全球化的能力 ④是我国经济持续健康发展的根本基点 A . ①② B . ③④ C . ②③
D . ①③ 3. （2分） (2017高二上·钦州港开学考) 《政府工作报告》指出，我国积极稳妥推进城镇化，五年转移农村人口8463万，城镇化率由45．9%提高到52．6%，城乡结构发生了历史性变化。城镇化有利于（） ①拉动投资增长②发展外向型经济③扩大内需市场④保证国家粮食安全 A . ①② B . ①③ C . ②④ D . ③④ 4. （2分） (2019高一下·铜仁开学考) 为加强湿地资源保护，合理开发利用湿地资源，加快湿地公园建设步伐，2017年5月，铜仁市林业局委托贵州省林业调查规划院编制《铜仁市湿地保护发展规划（2017～2030年）》，推进生态文明建设，贯彻绿色发展理念。推进生态文明建设有利于（） ①形成节约资源和保护环境的生产方式和生活方式 ②增强自主创新能力，培养推动经济发展的新动能 ③推进绿色、循环发展，从根本上解决“三农”问题 ④落实中国特色社会主义建设事业五位一体总体布局 A . ①② B . ②③ C . ①④ D . ③④ 5. （2分） (2017高三上·平罗月考) （《中共中央关于全面推进依法治国若干重大问题的决定》，明确提出要深入推进依法行政，加快建设法治政府。下列选项符合依法行政要求的是（） ①某市民政部门为完成殡葬改革任务，制定和下发火化人数指标作为业绩考评依据 ②发改委对日本在华多家企业开出反垄断罚单合计约12.4亿元人民币
《美国研究》2000年第1期 美国对国际人权条约政策的 变化及其缘由 周 琪 〔内容提要〕虽然美国是国际人权公约的倡导者,但从实践上看,美国对设立保障人权的国际法律体系和监督机智在第二次世界 大战后很长一段时期,并不积极。直到1992年,美国才成为《公民 和政治权利国际公约》的参加国。综观美国国际人权公约态度转变 的全过程,可以看出,不管是反对还是批准该条约,都与冷战开启和 结束密切相关,其过程与美国人权外交的确立和发展历程相一致。 关键词:人权条约/国际/美国 近年来,当美国政府要求中国政府签署《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》,并把它作为放弃美国在联合国人权委员会上联合其他欧盟国家提出谴责中国人权状况的议案的条件之一时,它似乎淡忘了一个事实,那就是,美国直到1992年才成为《公民和政治权利国际公约》的参加国,而且至今没有加入《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》,也不是《美洲人权公约》和其他重要的人权条约的参加
国。虽然在成为联合国成员国和美洲国家组织成员国后,美国承担了一些根据条约产生的人权义务,它也是日内瓦四公约和其他各种规定人权义务的双边和多边条约的参加国,但是,在批准人权条约(无论是世界性的还是地区性的)方面,与其他西方国家相比,美国的记录非常有限。对于这样一个自诩天生是人权捍卫者的国家来说,这似乎十分令人费解。然而仔细考察美国国内讨论和审查国际人权条约的历史过程,就不难解开其中的迷团。 一 国际人权法的产生及美国的作用 国际人权宪章的产生同美国有着直接或间接的关系,早在1941年第二次世界大战爆发时,国际人权事业就受到美国总统富兰克林?罗斯福的关注。罗斯福1941年1月6日给国会的年度国情咨文中提出,我们“把自己的信念寄托在上帝指引下的自由上。自由意味着在世界所有地方人权至上。我们支持为争取或保卫人 权而斗争的人。”①他号召建立一个“以四项人类基本自由为基础 的世界”,即言论和表达自由、以自己的方式信仰上帝的自由、不虞匮乏和不虞恐惧的自由。罗斯福关于国际秩序的设想有助于推动第二次世界大战中抗击法西斯的斗争,并成为第二次世界大战后建立联合国设想的基础。 第二次世界大战是国际人权条约形成的转折点。第二次世界大战中,德意志第三帝国制造的大规模种族灭绝和对人权的极大?24?美国研究 ①Micheline R.Ishay ed.,The Human Rights Reader ,M ajor Political Essays ,S peeches ,and Documents From the Bible to the Present (New Y ork &London :Routledge ,1997),p.406.
中国国务院新闻办公室21日发表《2012年美国的人权纪录》,指出美国存在严重的人权问题,揭露美国糟糕的人权状况。这份人权纪录包括关于生命与人身安全、关于公民权利和政治权利、关于经济和社会权利、关于种族歧视、关于妇女和儿童权利、关于侵犯他国人权等6个部分。人权纪录表示，以“人权卫士”自居的美国政府在刚刚发布的《2012年国别人权报告》中，又对包括中国在内的190多个国家的人权状况指手画脚、说三道四，而偏偏对其本国存在的人权问题避而不谈，只字未提。“事实说明，美国存在着严重人权问题，并广受世人诟病。” 2012年美国的人权纪录 Human Rights Record of the United States in 2012 中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室 State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China 2013年4月21日 April 21, 2013 目录 Contents 导言 Foreword 一、关于生命与人身安全 I. On Life and Personal Security 二、关于公民权利和政治权利 II. On Civil and Political Rights 三、关于经济和社会权利 III. On Economic and Social Rights 四、关于种族歧视 VI. On U.S. Violations of Human Rights against Other Nations 五、关于妇女和儿童权利 V. On the Rights of Women and Children 六、关于侵犯他国人权 VI. On U.S. Violations of Human Rights against Other Nations
论中国与美国对人权自由保障的比较 “民主”一词起源于古希腊文，由“人民”和“权力”两个词合成，意为“人民的政权”，是人民当家做主的意思。“自由”通常是讲政治自由，主要是指公民在法律范围内参与国家政治生活的一种权利。“民主”是政权的一种构成形式，“自由”则是政权给予公民的政治权利。“人权”泛指人身自由和其他民主权利，主要包括生存权、发展权、经济权、政治权、文化权等。而公民在政治上应该享有的自由和民主权利，一般也被称作“人权”。 其实，不论我们是身处中国这样发展中的社会主义国家还是在美国这样成熟的资本主义国家里这些东西都是不健全、不完善的。 2011年4月8日，美国国务院发表向美国国会提交的《2010年人权国别报告》。在这份报告中，美国不改以往的颐指气使的偏见与傲慢，对中国人权状况表示“堪忧”。其报告称，美方看到中国人权负面趋势变得更加“恶化”。 4月10日，中国国务院新闻办公室发表《2010年美国人权纪录》以回应美国国务院8日发表的《2010年人权国别报告》对中国人权状况的职责，人权纪录说，《2010年国别人权报告》再次对包括中国在内的世界190多个国家和地区的人权状况进行歪曲指责，却对自身糟糕的人权状况熟视无睹，很少提及。 这是国务院新闻办公室针对美国一年一度的国别人权报告连续第12年发表美国的人权纪录，目的在于“敦促美国正视自身的人权问题”。 人权纪录说，美国是世界上暴力犯罪最严重的国家，公民的生命、财产和人身安全得不到应有的保障。美国政府侵犯公民权利和政治权利的情况相当严重。美国失业率居高不下，贫困人口比例创新高，饥饿人口大幅增加，无家可归者激增。种族歧视在美国根深蒂固。美国的妇女儿童权利状况堪忧。要求美国停止利用人权问题干涉别国内政的霸道行径。 据我看来，东西方文化的不同，不可能产生完全相同的民主人权模式，西方的人权注重个性的解放，东方的人权则更强调群体性，西方的个性化人权有社会契约文化做基础，所以才能够形成稳定的人权民主模式，而东方的契约化意识相对不足，不适合做与西方同样的个性化的释放。东方更强调群体意识，讲求仁和义，这主要都是对群体而言的，所以产生了东西方人权民主不同的特点。 最大的不同之特点是东方的人权民主更注重…适生?，西方的人权民主更注重…顺欲?。就是东方的民主人权更注重适合人类生存方面，而西方更注重顺应人类欲望方面。西方的代表美国，犯罪率全世界之冠，人民的生命财产权得不到应有的保障，个性化的人权自由反而助长了犯罪的泛滥，契约精神也无法有效制约不负责任的犯罪行为，在中国绝对比在美国更安全、更安心。 再说政治上的人权民主，西方的优点在充分出版、发表观点自由，但实质上西方的人权民主是金钱上的民主，由于受钱的制约使你们的民主实质上成了少数人的民主，并不是全体国民平等的民主，在我看来，尽管西方的民主理论很好，但实际上是少数强权统治阶级的仁义，并没有做到兼爱。 今天的中国人民依照宪法所享有的广泛人权是前所未有的。但是，我们也应该看到，由于种种原因，我国现行宪法对公民基本人权的规定仍然存在不少有待完善之处。我国的宪法对人权的保障任有许多不足，这些主要体现在以下方面：在政治权利和自由方面,一是宪法没有确认公民的知情权。二是公民的言论自由和出版自由难以实现。虽然我国宪法规定了公民的言论自由和出版自由权利，但
论中国宪法与美国宪法对人权保障的比较2011年4月8日，美国国务院发表向美国国会提交的《2010年人权国别报 告》。在这份报告中，美国不改以往的颐指气使的偏见与傲慢，对中国人权状况表示“堪忧”。其报告称，美方看到中国人权负面趋势变得更加“恶化”。 4月10日，中国国务院新闻办公室发表《2010年美国人权纪录》以回应美国国务院8日发表的《2010年人权国别报告》对中国人权状况的职责，人权纪录说，《2010年国别人权报告》再次对包括中国在内的世界190多个国家和地区的人权状况进行歪曲指责，却对自身糟糕的人权状况熟视无睹，很少提及。 这是国务院新闻办公室针对美国一年一度的国别人权报告连续第12年发表美国的人权纪录，目的在于“敦促美国正视自身的人权问题”。 人权纪录说，美国是世界上暴力犯罪最严重的国家，公民的生命、财产和人身安全得不到应有的保障。美国政府侵犯公民权利和政治权利的情况相当严重。美国失业率居高不下，贫困人口比例创新高，饥饿人口大幅增加，无家可归者激增。种族歧视在美国根深蒂固。美国的妇女儿童权利状况堪忧。要求美国停止利用人权问题干涉别国内政的霸道行径。 所谓人权是指人生来就应该享有的自由、平等和追求幸福的权利。从这一意义上讲人权归根结底是一种要求。它可分为法律性和道德性两个层次。法律性的人权应该以道德性的人权为基础，法律性的人权直接体现在宪法对公民权利的规定中。宪法作为国家法律体系的根本法应成为保障人权的根本法。 所谓人权，即自由权、生存权、安全权和平等权这四类。而宪法最根本的目的应该是保护公民的人权，至少是基本人权。所以美国《独立宣言》明确宣布：“我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，他们都从他们的…造物主?那边被赋予某些不可转让的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。”法国的《人权和公民权宣言》则以更大的激情宣布：“在权利面前人们生来而且始终是自由平等的；任何政治结合的目的都在于保存人的自然的和不可动摇的权利，这些权利就是自由、财产安全和反抗压迫。”它还强调指出：“凡权利无保障……的地方，即无宪法。”从西方政治制度两个代表的最初形态中我们就可以看处，宪法是为了保障公民的合法权益而存在的，而公民的合法权益中最根本的当然就是人权了。总而言之，宪法是为了给人权一个法律上的强制保障而存在的。任何违反了人权的行为即是违反了宪法的。 宪法历来被称为人权保障书，既是对已有人权的确认,也是人权事业进一步发展的保障，近现代人权事业的任何进步都会在宪法中得到体现和反映,而宪法的进步又推动着人权事业的发展。可以说,人权与宪法相伴相随、密不可分。列宁指出:“宪法就是一张写着人民权利的纸。” 在人权的保障体系中,宪法保障是首要的、也是最富有成效的。因为宪法是一个国家的根本大法,具有最高权威和最高的法律效力。没有宪法保障,任何人权保障都将成为无源之水、无本之木。 美国是世界上第一个将人权提到纲领性文件和根本法地位的国家。1776年公布的美国的《独立宣言》，被马克思称之为“第一个人权宣言”。1789年8月法国制宪会议通过了第一个直接以“人权”为名的《人权宣言》。以后随着资产阶级革命在其他国家的胜利，这些国家的宪法也大都将“人权”称作“公民权利”加以确认。而人权一词直到1948年在《世界人权宣言》中才首次得到国际社会的公认。
微专题六国务院发表《２０１５年美国的人权纪录》 【背景材料】 2016年4月14日，国务院新闻办公室发表《２０１５年美国的人权纪录》及《２０１５年美国侵犯人权事记》，回应美国政府发布的“国别人权报告”。人权纪录说，美国国务院于当地时间４月１３日发布《２０１５年国别人权报告》，再一次对世界各国人权状况妄加置评，而对自身存在的严重人权问题却三缄其口，毫无反思之意。２０１５年的美国人权，不仅旧的问题未得到解决，而且新的问题不断滋生。人权纪录从不同方面列举了美国存在的人权问题：美国枪支管理失控，公民生命权受到严重威胁。美国警察暴力执法，公民人身安全无法保障。美国监狱系统腐败丛生，严重侵犯囚犯人权。美国金钱政治和家族政治大行其道，公民政治权利难以得到有效保障。美国社会问题严重，保障公民经济和社会权利困难重重。美国种族矛盾尖锐，种族关系处于近２０年来最差时期。美国妇女状况不断恶化，儿童成长环境堪忧。国际劳工组织指出，美国是唯一没有立法明确规定妇女带薪产假的工业化国家。美国仍在公然粗暴侵犯他国人权，视他国生命如草芥。美国在伊拉克和叙利亚的空袭行动炸死数千平民。人权纪录全文约１．２万字，分为导言、公民权利、政治权利、经济和社会权利、种族歧视、妇女和儿童权利、粗暴侵犯他国人权等部分。 【考点链接】 一、从政治生活角度分析 1.国家性质决定一个国家的人权状况。美国独立战争以后，资产阶级把人权概念转变为国家的法律和政治制度。它对内以少数人统治、剥削、压迫多数人，对外则侵略、干涉和践踏其它国家的主权，充满了理论与实践的矛盾，具有明显的欺骗性和反动性。 2.国家利益是国际关系的决定因素。国家间的共同利益是国家合作的基础，而利益的对立是国家间冲突的根源。美国对中国人权事业视而不见，全面抹黑中国人权状况，体现了国家间利益的对立。共同利益是国家之间合作的基础，中美应加强合作对话。 3.公民的政治权利是人权的重要内容。根据人权纪录，２０１０年以来，已有２１个州通过了新的法律来限制投票权的行使，其他一些州通过缩短提前投票时间、限制证明合法选民身份的有效文件的数量等方式加以限制。美国公民政治权利无法得到应有保障。 4.人权是公民政治权利与经济社会文化权利的统一。公民权利和政治权利是实现多方面人权的政治保障，经济、社会和文化权利是享有公民权利和政治权利的物质基础。这两大类权利是不可分割和相互依存的关系。 5.人权是权利与义务的统一。从法律关系上讲，二者是同时产生的，是相对应的一对范畴。没有权利，就没有义务。没有义务，也就没有权利。我国宪法规定：任何公民享有宪法和法律规定的权利；同时也必须履行宪法和法律规定的义务。 6.人权是个人权利与集体权利的统一。个人人权的主体是个人，内容主要是指人身人格权利、政治权利、经济社会和文化权利。集体权利主要是指社会群体、民族和国家等集体应享有的各种权利。个人人权是集体人权的基础，集体人权是个人人权的保障。 7.人权是权利与权力的统一。现代国家权力来自人民的授予。人权作为人的权利是公共权力的来源和目的。政府的制度安排必然体现“主权在民”这一原则。没有制约的权力必然产生腐败和罪恶，侵犯人权。人权要求制约权力，实行法治。 8.人权在本质上是属于一国内部管辖的事务。自从联合国成立以后，人权具有了国际保护的一面，各国如何对待其公民要受到国际人权法义务的限制。但是，一个国家的人权问题主要是靠主权国家自己采取政治、经济、法律、行政、教育等手段来解决。 9.利用人权问题干涉别国内政是违反联合国宪章的行为。在人权问题上，既要反对以人权的国内性抵制人权的国际保护，对于大规模侵犯人权的严重事件，国际社会都应当进行干涉和制止；又要反对以人权的国际保护为借口否定主权原则，干涉别国内政。 二、从生活与哲学角度分析 1.世界是普遍联系的，要坚持用联系的观点看问题。在社会主义条件下，国家、民族与个人是互相依存的，没有国家的主权、民族的独立，就谈不上个人的人权；同样，没有个人人权的保
从美国移民局看美国移民法中的人权问题 虚风子今年三月十一日，正值美国"九一一"惨剧半年纪念之日， 佛罗里达一所飞行学校收到并公布了美国移民局寄往该 校的两封公函。这两封信是移民局对这所学校两名前留 学生申请学生签证的批准函。而这两名学生正是在六个月 前劫持客机并撞毁世贸大厦、后被联邦调查局通辑的"恐怖 分子"。消息传出，美国朝野震动。布什总统更是勃然大怒， 责令严查移民局。给已死之敌颁发签证当然是个大笑话， 它暴露了美国移民局官僚、无能的积习垢病。 移民局这一失手自然绝非偶然，诸如此类错寄、缓寄、误 寄、甚至漏寄重要移民文件的现象，在移民局是司空见惯 的。同移民局打过交道的人大概也都有同感。只不过因为
受害者是移民，所以不为美国国人所关注重视罢了。不过美国人对这次错投事件表现虽然出了极大的震惊与愤怒， 但绝大多数却仍然对美国移民局许多更为严重的丑行一无 所知。他们不知道移民局错投的并不仅仅的是公函，而是 进入大狱的许多来自世界各地的移民。 据美国人权组织"人权了望"在2000年底公布的材料透露，美国移民局近年来囚禁移民人数不断上升。至2000年，每天平均被关押拘禁的移民多达两万人(95年平均每天拘禁移民 的人数仅为6，700人)，其中约有数千名为孤单儿童。许多移民的入狱都没有经过任何正常的司法程序，关押条件有的 极为恶劣，移民局工作人员虐待移民、侵犯人权甚至导致移民自杀现象屡有发生。 一位逃难来到美国的伊拉克难民的故事反映了一般难
民在美国移民局的经历。据美国Newsday2001年6月3日的报导，这位21岁的青年名叫Al-Torfi来自伊拉克南部。他在父亲与两个兄弟被政府杀害后逃离的家乡，先是逃到北方，后通 过一个走私犯的帮助进入了土尔其。他从依斯坦布尔飞至巴 赛罗那，然后又从西班牙飞到纽约，前后碾转了十八个月。 在飞机着陆的那一时刻，他回忆说，"我非常非常高兴。我 觉得我终于到达了一个安全的地方。"然而他一下进入肯 尼迪机场，就被移民局的人关押了起来。因为他没有合法的 美国签证。他先同另一个申请政治避难的人铐在一起，然后 被警员运到纽约150大道一个由旧库房改成的监狱。那监 狱里拘禁着同来自世界许多国家的200多名移民。在那里他 被双手铐在腰间，全身剥光然后穿上桔红萤光的狱服，腿 上喷写"INS"(移民归化局)。他在那里一关就是四个月。
“人权”何时赋予“人”人的权利? ——《“人权卫士”的人权纪录》观后感 在当今的国际社会，维护和保障人权是一项基本道义原则。是否合乎保障人权的要求已成为评判一个集体优劣的重要标准。但是，在具体实践的层面上，对于人权的具体定义，以及保障人权的具体方式在每一个国家都存在着相当大的争议，甚至引发了很严重的冲突。今天的时长为45分钟的电视专题片对中国、美国、法国、加拿大、俄罗斯、瑞士等多国人权专家进行采访，从多个侧面和角度分析美国的人权问题，评判美国的人权标准，为民众了解美国人权状况提供了一个生动而贴近的窗口，在其中我深刻的认识到，人权并不是像我们想象的那么简单，尤其是在某些发展迅猛的资本主义国家。 尽管国际社会对人权的内容和分类存在着很大的分歧，各种理论之间存在着冲突，但是六项基本人权是为大家所共识的：生命权、自由权、财产权、尊严权、获助权以及公正权。但是在纪录片中，我看到的是资本主义国家对于人权的漠视。 在美国，2015年超过56万人无家可归，其中包括25％的未成年人；而且，关押着2696名女囚的罗维尔监狱充斥着腐败、折磨囚犯和性虐待等丑闻。在资本主义国家，固有的高福利制度难道对穷人关上了一扇大门吗？在这个科技飞速发展的21世纪，在这个资本实力异常强大的美国，女权仍旧是那么无力的呐喊吗？这些不仅仅是对生命权的淡漠，更是对自由权、尊严权的一震重击。还有，在美国，女性面临职场歧视，更让人感到悲哀的是，美国，是唯一没有立法明确规定带薪产假的工业化国家，同时，女性遭受不同形式的性骚扰和性侵犯。不仅仅是穷人和女人，儿童作为国家发展的未来，他们的权利也是被忽视。全球只剩美国一个国家没有批准联合国《儿童权利公约》；美国15岁以上因伤致死的青少年中，1/4死于枪击事件。我们很清楚，美国是一个崇尚自由的国家，但是，同时它也是一个”过度“使用自由这把利器的国家。美国联邦调查局利用其特权强迫互联网公司未经法庭批准向其提供用户信息，包括全部的网络浏览记录，人们的人身自由，人们的隐私安全就这样被无视，也不难怪在2013年发生了斯诺登曝光的棱镜门事件。 人权本来是保障人们基本权利的一个规范工具，它的公正性和实施性不容让我们忽视，然而视频里给我们揭示的确是这样一种情况：从司法公正、政治权利、劳动权利、基本生活保障，一直到妇女儿童权利，在几乎所有人权问题上，号称“大熔炉”的美国都是双重标准。无论是美军在巴基斯坦、也门等国家无人机轰炸造成的滥杀无辜，还是关塔那摩监狱对美国之外的囚犯的拘禁与酷刑，还是美国联邦调查局对本国公民进行网络监控的隐私侵犯，都直指美国在人权问题上采取的“双重标准”。 最后我想说，正如《世界人权宣言》提出，人人生而自由，在尊严和权利上一律平等；人人都有资格享受本《宣言》所载的一切权利和自由，不论其种族、肤色、性别、语言、财产、宗教、政治或其他见解、国籍或其他出身、身份。在这个时候，我们才能共沐一片蓝天，共享人间真情！