Unit 1
simplify /?s?mpl??fa?/ CET4 TEM4 (simplifying,simplified,simplifies) 1.V-T If you simplify something, you make it easier to understand or you remove the things which make it complex. 简化
例：Our aim is to simplify the complex social security system.
我们的目的是要简化复杂的社会保险体系。
adj.
simple 简单的；单纯的；天真的
simplified 简化了的
simplex 单纯的；单一的
adv.
simply 简单地；仅仅；简直；朴素地；坦白地
n.
simple 笨蛋；愚蠢的行为；出身低微者
simplicity 朴素；简易；天真；愚蠢
simplification 简单化；单纯化
simplex 单形；单层公寓
simpleness简单；单纯
simplism简化主义；单纯化主义
quota /?kw??t?/ CET6 TEM4
1.N-COUNT A quota is the limited number or quantity of something which is officially allowed. 限额
例：The quota of four tickets per person had been reduced to two.
每人4张票的限额已减少到了2张。
2.N-COUNT A quota is a fixed maximum or minimum proportion of people from a particular group who are allowed to do something, such as come and live in a country or work for the government. 配额
例：The bill would force employers to adopt a quota system when recruiting workers.
该法案将迫使雇主们在录用工人时采取配额制。
3.N-COUNT Someone's quota of something is their expected or deserved share of it. (预期或应得的) 份额
例：They have the usual quota of human weaknesses, no doubt.
他们毫无疑问也有人类通常的弱点。
Unit 5
sexuality
the properties that distinguish organisms on the basis of their reproductive roles
Someone’s ability to experience or express sexual feelings.
e.g. She was uncomfortably aware of her son’s developing sexuality. Anna Marie Quindlen(born July 8, 1952) is an American author, journalist and opinion
columnist whose New York Times column, Public and Private, won the Pulitzer Prize for Commentary in 1992. Born in Philadelphia to an Irish father and an Italian mother, Quindlen graduated in 1970 from South Brunswick High School in South Brunswick, New Jersey and she graduated from Barnard College in New York City in 1974. She began her journalism career in 1974 as a reporter with The New York Post. Between 1977 and 1994 she held several posts at The New York Times. She left journalism in 1995 to become a full-time novelist.
Since then she has published two novels, One True Thing, and Black and Blue. Her most recent book is A Short Guide to a Happy Life, a work of nonfiction. In her work as both a columnist and a writer of fiction and nonfiction books, Quindlen's focus remains on social issues, especially the role and experience of women, and on family life. Her writing is down to earth and close to home. Between the Sexes, A Great Divide reveals Quindlen's wit and warmth as a writer and as a person.
She is married and the mother of three children. She lives with her family in New York City. Brave
to deal with an unpleasant or difficult situation
e.g. Shall we brave the snow and go for a walk (= go for a walk although it is snowing)?
She braved the wrath of her parents by refusing to marry the man they had chosen.
brave criticism/ the bad weather
A pajama party, also called slumber or sleepover party, is one of the most inexpensive parties to
organize and doesn't require much preparation too. Pajama party is a hit amongst kids, teens and young adults. These days, the concept of slumber party has become a very popular way to have a get together with old time pals as well. Long lost friends (mostly school or college classmates) are called upon and gathered at the home of one of them, who assumes the position of the host for the party.
service
in service : in use
The battleship has been in service since 1965.
be in service: to be employed as a servant
at one’s service: ready to help sb.
If you need advice, I am at your service.
of service (to sb.) : useful or helpful
Can I be of service to you in organizing the trip?
in the service of: 为…而服务
He died in the service of his country.
contretemps
an awkward or difficult situation or mishap
e.g. He tried to smooth over his contretemps with the policeman. other: very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected
otherness: n. 相异,不同,差异性
Otherness posits that there are large groups of people with whom you have nothing in common, not even a discernible shared humanity. Not only are these groups profoundly different from you, they are also, covertly, somehow less: Less worthy. Less moral. Less good. (Quindlen’s quotation)
Jean Paul Sartre only sets his eyes on the struggle between otherness and ego;
萨特只看到他者与自我的斗争；
If otherness was lacked between MSN and Tecent, user of MSN original white-collar can Xiang Teng dispatch or flying letter move.
假如MSN与腾讯之间缺乏了差异性，MSN原有白领用户会不会向腾讯或飞信转移。
a piece of Louis XV furniture
as relaxing as sitting on a piece of Louis XV furniture: irony is used here. Actually, sitting on precious, ancient furniture is not relaxing but terrifying because the sitter is afraid to break the chair that is priceless. subordinate adj.
of lesser order or importance
e.g. All other considerations are subordinate to our need for steady profits.
run amok
to be out of control and act in a wild or dangerous manner
e.g. The army ran amok after one of its senior officers was killed.
The two dogs ran amok in a school playground.
emotions run amok (amuck): it means that women are out of control emotionally, especially in reference to elevated levels of estrogen during menstrual cycles that lead to emotional instability.
linear thinking: a method to think logically from A to B to C; a too “simple”thought process; the inability to understand the interdependences or web of relationships of our complex world. System thinking is the opposite of linear thinking and it refers to our abilities to understand and see patterns in our web of relationships. riddle
1) n. a person or thing that puzzles, perplexes, or confuses
She is a complete riddle, even to her parents.
2) v. to pierce many times; make many holes in sb. /sth.
The car was riddled with bullet holes.
3) to affect sb./sth. completely
They are riddled with disease.
nail down
1) to fasten down with or as if with nails
I can't get this lid off—it seems to be nailed down.
我打不开这个盖子, 好像是被钉住了。
2) to extort a definite promise or consent from 迫使(某人)作出决定, 讲明意图〔采取行动〕
See if you can nail the chairman down to an exact date.
看你能不能迫使主席把准确日期定下来。
3) to define clearly
I cannot nail down the rules for this game.
pin down
1) to confine to a place把…固定住; 使动弹不得
The map is pinned down to the table.
2) to force (someone) to make a decision or carry out a promise迫使作出决定, 履行承诺
We did try to pin him down on his plans for the trip, but he remained evasive.
leave out
1) to cause to remain in the open
You can leave your car out tonight .
2) to omit or exclude
She left out an important item in her account.
I notice that the advertisement leaves out the price of the product.
Further Reading II
I’d Rather Be Black than Female
Shirley Chisholm (November 30, 1924 –January 1, 2005) was an American politician,
educator, and author. She was a Congresswoman, representing New York's 12th Congressional District for seven terms from 1969 to 1983. In 1968, she became the first black woman electeds to Congress. On January 25, 1972, she became the firt major-party black candidate for President of the United States and the first woman to run for the Democratic presidential nomination. She received 152 first-ballot votes at the 1972 Democratic National Convention.
Unit 8 Sex Education
Sex education is instruction on issues relating to human sexuality, including human sexual anatomy, sexual reproduction, sexual activity, reproductive health, emotional relations, reproductive
rights and responsibilities, sexual abstinence, and birth control. Common avenues for sex education are parents or caregivers, formal school programs, and public health campaigns.
Sexual abstinence or sexual restraint is the practice of refraining from some or all aspects of sexual activity for medical, psychological, legal, social, financial, philosophical, moral or religious reasons.
condom:
contraceptive device consisting of a sheath of thin rubber
diploma: a document certifying the successful completion of a course of study
graduate diploma; graduate degree's diploma; college diploma certificate: a document attesting to the truth of certain stated facts
guarantee certificate; Certificate of Health; Certificate of Origin; marriage certificate
disservice:
an act intended to help that turns out badly伤害；帮倒忙的行为；不亲切的行为；虐待
1. The spreading of such ideas is of great disservice to the state. 散布这种思想，对国家极为不利。
2.You will be doing your class and yourself a disservice if you send that angry letter to the headmaster.
如果你把那封怒气冲冲的信寄给校长，那将对你和你们班大大不利。The sexual revolution (also known as a time of "sexual liberation") was a social movement that challenged traditional codes of behavior related to sexuality and interpersonal relationships throughout the Western world from the 1960s to the 1980s.Sexual liberation included increased acceptance of sex outside of traditional heterosexual, monogamous relationships (primarily marriage). Contraception and the pill, public nudity, the normalization of homosexuality and alternative forms of sexuality, and the legalization of abortion all followed.
Unit 9
Michael Medved(born October 3, 1948) is a American radio program host and is a conservative political commentator, film critic, and author. As a radio host, his Seattle-based nationally-syndicated talk show, The
Michael Medved Show, airs throughout the United States on Salem Radio Network. According to Talkers' Magazine, The Michael Medved Show is tied for the eighth-most-listened-to talk show in the country, with more than 4 million listeners weekly.
As an author, Michael Medved is an author of eight books. He collaborated with his brother, Harry Medved, on four satirical books about movies: The Fifty Worst Films of All Time (1979), The Golden Turkey Awards (1980), The Hollywood Hall of Shame (1984) and Son of Golden Turkey Awards (1986). Another book about movies is Hollywood vs. America published in 1992.
As a film critic, Medved reviewed movies, through a weekly review on CNN (1980–1983) and a show he hosted on British network Channel 4 called The Worst of Hollywood. In 1984, Medved joined Sneak Previews, the weekly movie review show, co-hosting the program for 12 years with Jeffrey Lyons. In 1993, Medved became chief film critic for the New York Post, a position he held for five years, during which he reviewed more than 700 movies for the newspaper.
While focusing on the theme of Hollywood vs. America, radio talk show host Rush Limbaugh interviewed Medved and then asked Medved to guest-host his talk show. Medved went on to serve as a regular guest-host for Limbaugh on close to 30 occasions.
In this book Hollywood vs. America, he examines how Hollywood has
broken faith with its public, creating movies, television, and popular music that exacerbate every serious social problem we face, from teenage pregnancies to violence in the streets.
talking in tongues
According the Bible, before Jesus ascended to heaven he told his followers that they would soon be "baptized with the Holy Spirit". He said that this baptism would give them miraculous powers which they could use to help spread their new faith to other people. The powers include the ability to talk in tongues (speak foreign languages), the ability to heal people, the ability to prophesy, and the strength to resist persecution without wavering.
flagrant ['fleigr?nt]
conspicuously and outrageously bad or reprehensible
flagrant violation of human rights
非常的,不能容忍的,恶名昭著的
fragrant ['freigr?nt] adj.
pleasant-smelling
hypocrite ['hip?krit]
n.a person who professes beliefs and opinions that he or she does not hold in order to conceal his or her real feelings or motives
伪善者，伪君子；假装虔诚的人
adj.
hypocritical 伪善的
hypocrisy [hi'p?kr?si] n. 伪善
invoke
1. to make a request (for help) to sb, especially a god 向（某人）请求帮助；（尤指）祈求神助乞求；恳求；请求：
to invoke somebody's forgiveness
to invoke aid
to invoke God
求上帝保佑
2. cite as an authority; resort to援引(法规、条文等)；(作为根据)提出：to invoke an article of the U.N. Charter
He invoked the law that would save him.
3. to use or apply sth. 使用；应用行使(法权等)
to invoke a veto
行使否决权
to invoke economic sanctions
实行经济制裁
4. to make sb. have a particular feeling or imagine a particular scene 使产生，唤起，引起（感情或想像）引起，产生；唤起；造成：
to invoke new problems
引发新问题
atheist ['eiθi-ist]
someone who denies the existence of god
adj.
related to or characterized by or given to atheism
atheist leanings
foxhole
a small dugout with a pit for individual shelter against enemy fire
【军事】散兵坑(作战区域掩体的小坑)
[比喻]藏匿处，隐蔽处
mogul [m?u'g?l, 'm?ug?l]
1. a bump on a ski slope
2. a member of the Muslim dynasty that ruled India until 1857
3. a very wealthy or powerful businessman
显要人物,权势之人
sleaze
dishonest, immoral or illegal behaviour, especially by politicians （尤指政治家的）舞弊，丑行，违法行为
behaviour or conditions that are immoral, unpleasant and not socially acceptable 堕落；污秽；肮脏；乌烟瘴气
sleaze /sleezebag /sleezeball a dishonest or immoral person奸徒；卑鄙的人；下流坯
marijuana / marihuana[m?ri'hwɑ:n?]
drug (illegal in many countries) made from the dried leaves and flowers of the hemp plant, which gives a feeling of being relaxed when it is smoked 大麻；大麻毒品
likeable
1. (of characters in literature or drama) evoking empathic or sympathetic feelings
2. easy to like; agreeable
adj. (=likable)可爱的, 令人喜爱的
sadistic [s?'distik,sei-] adj.
deriving pleasure or sexual gratification from inflicting pain on another 有(性)虐待狂的
sadist [‘sedist] n. 虐待狂
outmode [aut'm?ud] v.
make unfashionable, outdated, or obsolete
Modern ways of cooking have outmoded the hearth.
kindle ['kindl] v.
1. catch fire
The dried grass of the prairie kindled, spreading the flames for miles
2. cause to start burning
The setting sun kindled the sky with oranges and reds
3. call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses)
n.
一胎所生的小兔(或小猫)
rekindle [ri:'kindl] v.
1. kindle anew, as of a fire
2. arouse again
He blew hard on the ashes to rekindle the fire.
He has never been able to rekindle her love since then.
censor
1. person whose job is to examine books, films/movies, etc. and remove parts which are considered offensive, immoral or politically dangerous （书籍、电影等的）审查员，审查官
2. to remove the parts of a book, film/movie, etc. that are considered offensive, immoral or politically dangerous 删剪（书籍、电影等中被认为犯忌、违反道德或政治上危险的内容）
This magazine is censored by the government.
All the letters from the war area were censored.
所有从战区寄来的信件都经过了检查。
The obscene part of the film should be censored.
影片中的淫秽部分应予删除。
clamour
verb
to demand sth loudly 大声（或吵闹）地要求~ (for sth)
of many people to shout loudly, especially in a confused way （尤指乱哄哄地）大声地喊叫，呼叫
He clamored for justice and tolerance.
The delegates clamored their disappointment.
They clamored the mayor into building a new park.
noun
a loud noise especially one that is made by a lot of people or animals 喧闹声；嘈杂声；吵闹(singular uncountable formal
a demand for sth made by a lot of people 民众的要求~ (for sth) receptive: 善于接受的；能容纳的
in a receptive mood
If they do not want our assistance or are not in a receptive mood, we may then feel resentment toward them because our support is not appreciated.
如果他们拒绝，或者他们不在愿意接受帮助的状态，我们也许会感到愤怒，因为我们提供的帮助不受欢迎。
commit
1. give or transfer sb/sth to (a state or place) for safe keeping, treatment ,etc
She committed these documents to the fire.
她把这些文件付之一炬。
The court committed her to a lunatic asylum.
法院把她送进精神病院。
The judge committed him to prison.
法官判他入狱。
The old man committed his will to the care of the lawyer.
老人把他的遗嘱委托律师保管。
2. promise; pledge使承担义务；使做出保证；许诺：
Don't commit your promises to paper if you are not certain you keep them.
如果你没有把握兑现你的许诺，你就不要做出书面保证。
3.perform an act, usually with a negative connotation干(坏事)；犯(罪)：He has committed a serious crime.
She committed suicide three days later.
equivocate [i'kwiv?keit] vt. .
be deliberately ambiguous or unclear in order to mislead or withhold information
躲闪，推诿，含糊其辞，支吾，搪塞；使用模棱两可的话隐瞒真相(或进行欺骗)：
When asked directly for her position on disarmament, the candidate only equivocated.
当候选人被直接问到有关她对裁军的态度时，她只是含糊其辞。unequivocable [,?ni'kwiv?k?bl] adj. 毫不含糊的, 清楚明白的, 明确的
stunning
1. commanding attention
a stunning performance
2. causing great astonishment and consternation
The strike came as a stunning protest against management.
3. causing or capable of causing bewilderment or shock or insensibility laid the poor fellow senseless with one stunning blow
4. strikingly beautiful or attractive
stunning photographs of Canada's wilderness areas
entice [in'tais] v.
provoke someone to do something through (often false or exaggerated) promises or persuasion
vt.利诱，引诱，诱惑，诱使，诱骗；怂恿；唆使；吸引：
They were enticed westward by dreams of gold.
他们被黄金梦引诱到西部。
She enticed me away from working.
她引诱我离开工作。
hope against hope/all hope /all expectation:
绝望中的希望;抱一线希望
She hoped against hope that she would stay healthy.
appall v.
1. strike with disgust or revulsion
2. fill with apprehension or alarm; cause to be unpleasantly surprised 使惊愕，使惊骇，使震惊，使丧胆，惊吓：
They were appalled by the damage from the fire.
他们对火灾所造成的损失感到震惊。
appalling a. terrible, awesome, fearful
merit
【n】.any admirable quality or attribute 价值；优点；长处
work of great merit
【v】.be worthy or deserving值得；应受：
He merited all the praises they give him.
他们给他的所有表扬他都受之无愧。
Your suggestion merited our consideration.
你的建议值得我们考虑。
ardent adj.
1. characterized by intense emotion
ardent love
an ardent lover
2. characterized by strong enthusiasm
ardent revolutionaries
3. glowing or shining like fire
frightened by his ardent burning eyes
Unit 10
【pass judgement on sb./sth.】对……做出评判/评论/宣判/判决
=make judgement on sb/sth.
1.I do not feel that I have the necessary knowledge to pass judgement on
a work of modern art.
我觉得自己不具备评论现代艺术作品所必需的知识
2.To pass judgement on men and personalities FBBB
臧否人物
3.It is useless trying to argue with Shylock.Don't wait any longer.Pass judgement on me and give Shylock what he wants.
安东尼奥：跟夏洛克讲理是没有用的.别再等待了.对我宣判吧,把夏洛克想要得到的东西给他.
4.As soon as we have ascertained the facts and got to the bottom of a case,we should pass judgement on it.
有些案子当断即断,抓住事件的主要问题,查清了就处理.
5.To pass the final judgement on matters of a technical nature which may arise during a given match and for which there are no stipulations in the rules.
比赛中,若发生在规则中没有规定的技术问题时,裁判委员会有权做最后之判决.
【in effect】1、实际上=in fact=in reality
European officials say the export restrictions increased the global price for the raw materials, and gave Chinese companies a clear commercial
advantage which, in effect, constitutes a hidden subsidy.
欧盟的官员们说，中国的出口限制导致原材料价格上涨，让中国公司有了显而易见的商业优势，实际上，这构成了暗补。
2、（在实施中，在实行过程中，在结果方面）开始实施，生效=in force DMS Rebalance in Progress0x10000000 This is a transient state that is only in effect during a data rebalancing operation.
DMS Rebalance in Progress0x10000000这是一种只在执行数据重新平衡操作期间才有效的临时状态。
【back then】=in those days回溯到那时，在那时候
Back then, America was the New Economy that others could only dream of. 跟读
回溯到那时，美国的新经济是其他国家梦寐以求的。
【factor in】PHRASAL VERB
If you factor a particular cost or element into a calculation you are making, or if you factor it in, you include it. 将…因素包括进来，计算入内，考虑进来
e.g.：You'd better consider this and factor this into your decision making.你最好考虑这一因素并在决策时将其包括进来。
【factor out】
1、剔除掉
Now factor out all of the stuff you buy to keep up with
the latest things, or just toentertain yourself at the mall.
背英语单词最科学的方法 怎样才能把这么多单词背下来呢？最重要的一点，就是：如果想比别人成功，就一定要走捷径。不要期盼自己比别人幸运，也不要指望自己比别人更聪明或者更勤奋。从智力上说，从机遇上说，自己和别人都是差不了多少的，想超过和自己差不多的人，就一定要走捷径，捷径，捷径！ 背单词捷径的第一条，就是：一定要每次都大量地背。 因为自己不比别人聪明，所以背完单词，别人忘掉五分之一，自己决不会比别人忘得少。然而，别人每天背十个单词，自己却可以背一百个，忘掉五分之一，还剩八十个，是别人最聪明状态下的十倍。每天一百个是最低限。其实背到后来您会发现这个要求并不高，一个月后，您可能自然而然地就背到三百或者五百。 这一百个要分成四组来背，上午三十，中午十个，下午三十，晚上三十。第二天早晨复习以前没背下来的词。背的时候，要一目十词（注意，是十个而不是更多或更少），不要认认真真背，因为没有认认真真的时间。一边看一边读每个词的读音，默读也成。看完后回忆一遍，回忆不起来的再看。这次背的目的在于留下个大概印象，下次看见能知道这个词，所以背到大部分都能回忆得起来就成了，把剩下的词单独抄出来。 背单词捷径的第二条，就是：背字典！为什么要背字典呢？因为字典上每个词的解释比较全面，而且相同字母开头的单词都集中在一起。不是什么字典都可以拿来背的，一定要找只包含自己想背的词的字典。另外，最好有解释和例句。而且，一定要有音标！一般教材课文后面的词汇表都是为那些认认真真听课的好学生准备的，想走捷径就千万不要去背那些东西。 背字典的时候，按开头字母（Z，Y，X，Q，J，K，U）（V，W，N，O，L）（FG，IT，HM，BDE，R）（C，P，S，A）的顺序背，其中C，P，S，A每个都要分三部分背。这样背有几个好处：（一）能增加成就感，提高兴趣。至于为什么，您翻翻字典就明白了。（二）便于清楚地知道那些单词已经背过，那些还没背。（三）能先把最基本的词先掌握。 三万单词里，分为三个等级：三千到四千，八千到一万，两万二到三万。也就是说，您得分别准备三本字典。这几个等级之间各自有非常不同的特性，所以需要分别用不同方法背。俺当时没有认识到这一点，所以在从一万到三万之间走了一段弯路，浪费了一些时间，不然或许能突破到五万吧。 所以，背单词捷径的下面这条就有了三个分支： 背单词捷径的第三条，就是：和单词多见面。一个单词能不能记住，取决于和它在不同场合见面的频率，不在于每次看着它的时间长短（同样规律也适合于泡MM）。一般想记住一个单词，每星期要和它在“不同场合”见三到四次面。俺在上文中提到大量背的时候，不要抠某一个字记住与否就是这个意思。因为是否一见钟情都是无所谓的，关键在于有更多不同类型的见面机会。不过，根据要背的单词的等级不同，增加见面机会的方式也有所不同。 第一个分支：瞎听！三千到四千这个等级，是非常常用的单词，而且几乎囊括了表达最基本思想所需要的一切词汇。每篇文章中百分之八十都是这些词汇，而且这些词都是最基本的语素（或称“词根”），就是分割到最小无法再分割，互相之间也没什么类似之处的东西。对付这些词的最好方法，就是进行大量的，不间断的，简单的初级听力练习。因为阅读材料中，还有百分之二十其他词汇，所以光凭这个等级的词还看不懂那些阅读材料。但是听力练习都是最基本的对话，而且发音一般很标准，多听能够增加单词的重复率，而且可以为以后背八千到一万那个等级的词打下语音基础。 听的时候，要分精听和泛听两部分。精听当然是指每个词都要弄懂，俺着重讲一下泛听。
经济类高频词 1.accelerate vt （使）加速，增速 例：accelerate the rate of economic growth加速经济增长 派：acceleration n 加速accelerating a 加速的 2.boost vt 提高，推动，使增长n 推动，增长 例：boost the economy推动经济增长 派：booster n 支持者，推动器 3.mushroom vi 迅速成长n 蘑菇 例：sth mushroom …快速成长/增加 4.flourish vi 繁荣，茂盛； vt挥动 例：the nation’s economy will flourish国家经济将繁荣发展 5.thrive vi 兴旺，繁荣 例：The company managed to thrive after a recession经济衰退后该公司设法兴旺起来6.impose vt 把…强加于；征税 考：impose on/upon把…强加于 例：to impose local tax征收地方税 派：imposing a 壮观的，令人难忘的 7.restore vt 恢复，修复；归还，交还 例： restore the economy to full strength完全恢复经济发展 派：restoration n 修复 revive v 使复苏vi 恢复 例：The economy of these areas is beginning to revive这些地方的经济开始复苏 8.soar vi 猛增，高飞；（情绪）高涨 例：Oil prices have soared in recent weeks石油价格最近几周飚升 9.squeeze vt 挤，压榨；n 拮据，紧缺；握手 例：financial squeeze财政困难 10.exceed vt 超过，越出 例：The benefits exceed $10 million利润超过1千万美元 派：exceeding a 超过的；exceedingly ad 非常
传播学英语专业词汇传播Communication 内向/自我传播Intrapersonal Communication 人际传播Interpersonal Communication 群体传播Group Communication 组织传播Organization Communication 大众传播Mass Communication 单向传播One-Sided Communication 双向传播Two-Sided Communication 互动传播Interactive Communication 媒介Media 大众传播媒介Mass Media 新媒介New Media 新闻洞News Hold 新闻价值News Value 传播者Communicator 主动传播者Active Communicator 受传者/受众/阅听大众Audience 受众兴趣Audience Interest 受众行为Audience Activity 信息Information
信号Signal 讯息Message 信息熵Entropy 冗余/冗余信息Redundancy 传播单位Communication Unit 奥斯古德模式Osgood Model 编码Encode 解码Decode 信源Source 传播的数学理论Mathematical Theory of Communication 传播渠道Communication Channel 有效传播Effective Communication 传播效果Effects 知识沟Knowledge-Gap 使用与满足模式Uses and Gratifications Model 使用与依从模式Uses and Dependencys Model 口传系统System of Oral Communication 地球村Global Village 内爆Implosion 全球化Globalization 本土化Localization
初中英语单词背诵方法 上学到了初中，大部分学生都认为英语难学，主要原因是英语单词难记。这是什么原因造成的呢？主要原因有三点： 一、小学生在读小学时记英语单词没有严格要求记住它们的拼写，单词的读、写方面是次要的。因为小学生学习英语的目的是培养学生学习英语的兴趣和初步的英语听说能力。英语课堂上是通过做游戏、搞活动、听简单的英语歌曲来学习英语。小学要求学生学英语的目的是能听会说简短的日常用语和用简单的英语进行交际就很好了。但初中生的要求则不同，上到初中，学习英语的目的更明确：要求初中生掌握英语听、说、读、写的综合运用能力； 二、小学生在读小学时还没有学习英语国际音标，对记英语单词的记忆造成了一定的困难和影响； 三、学生还没有一套行之有效的科学记忆方法。 由于初中生存在以上几种情况，所以他们觉得英语单词难记，但初中学生英语单词掌握的多少直接影响到学生学习英语的质量。学生要想记牢、记多英语单词应结合以下方法来记单词：1．分解法记忆单词 具体分解法就是：将一个生词分解为几个熟词或部分。然后将他们串联起来使之成为一个生动有趣的故事或情景。 例如： (1)penguin分解：pen钢笔+gui拼音（贵）+n 联想;钢笔贵吗？嗯！ （2）capacity分解：cap帽子+a（一个）+city 联想：这顶帽子容量大，能装下一个城市。 给学生大量的生词练习：airport bathroom season等 2. 字母替换法记忆单词
在学习中文识记汉字的过程中，我们通常将一些诸如浪与狼，漂与镖这样的近形字归纳整理。比较异同以便强化记忆。在识记单词时，我们同样可以进行辩异对比，很容易从已学过的熟词想起眼前需要记忆的单词----即字母替换法记忆单词 分类：前提换中替换后替换 （1）前提换：首先找出生词的一个熟词，我们把这个熟词作为记忆钩来联想记忆。 例如：dig 动词挖 A:找出一个字母与dig不同的熟词。我找到了pig名词小猪 B:将生词的前字母，生词与熟词进行挂钩。d –dig—pig C:双向联想：小猪pig挖出一只烟斗d 接下来给学生大量的生词练习;如 worry—sorry gain---rain hatch---match等 ( 2) 中替换：与前替换的思路是完全相同的。找出生词的一个熟词，两个词之间只有中间的一个字母是不同的把熟词作为记忆钩进行联想记忆。 例如：bite动词咬，叮 A.找出中间一个字母与bite不同的熟词bike名词自行车 B.将生词的中间字母，生词与熟词进行挂钩;t---bite---bike C.双向联想：我的自行车bike被大头钉(形如T)咬了一口
Unit1 1.semiliterate:a.semi-educated;having only an elementary level of reading and writing ability半文盲的，有初等文化的semi-:half or partly 2.dropout:n.a personwho leavesschool before finishing a course（尤指中学的）退学学生 3.do-gooder:n.sb.who does things that they think will help other people,although the other people might not find their actions helpful一个总是试着帮助别人的人（通常是贬义）；不实际的社会改革家（指幼稚的理想主义者，支持善心或博爱的事件的改革者） 4.impediment:n.obstacles,barriers妨碍，阻止，阻碍，阻挡 5.trump card:anything decisiveheld in reservefor useat a critical time王牌 6.charmer:n.a personwho hasgood qualities that make you like him/her讨人喜欢的人，有魅力的人，有迷惑力的人（尤指迷人的女人） 7.get by:to be able to deal with a situation with difficulty,usually by having just enoughof sth.you need,suchas money过得去 8.settledown:to becomequiet and calm（使）安静下来；平息 9.flunk:v.to fail an exam or courseof study不及格 https://www.doczj.com/doc/7e1730199.html,posure:n.calmnessandcontrol平静；镇静；沉着 11.parade:n.a seriesof peopleor things that appearone after the other 12.at stake:to be won or lost;risked受到威胁，面临危险 13.sail:v.to move quickly and effortlessly投入 14.testimony:n.spokenor written statementthat sth.is true证词，证明 15.conspiracy:n.act of joint planning of a crime阴谋，共谋 16.doom:v.to makesb.or sth.certain to do or experiencesth.unpleasant注定 17.follow through:to continue a stroke,motion,plan,or reasoningthrough to the end 将动作、计划等进行到底 18.I flunked my secondyearexamsandwas lucky not to be thrown out of college. 19.The managementdid not seemto consideroffice safetyto be a priority. 20.Thousandsof lives will be at stake if emergency aid does not arrive in the city soon. 21.I think therewas a conspiracy to keep me out of the committee. Unit2 1.propose:v.[to sb.]to aska personto marry one提亲；求婚 2.knockoff:n.a copy or reproduction of a designetc.esp.one madeillegally假货；赝品 3.Windex:v.to clean with a kind of detergentby the brand of Windex用Windex牌清洁剂清洗 4.takethe plunge:to take a decisive first step,commit oneself irrevocably to a course of action冒险尝试 5.bridesmaid:n.a girl or unmarried woman attending the bride at a wedding女傧相；伴娘 6.maid of honor:a principal bridesmaid女傧相
传播学专业英语词汇表第一部分：基本传播学理论词汇 传播Communication 内向/自我传播Intrapersonal Communication 人际传播Interpersonal Communication 群体传播Group Communication 组织传播Organization Communication 大众传播Mass Communication 单向传播One-Sided Communication 双向传播Two-Sided Communication 互动传播Interactive Communication 媒介Media 大众传播媒介Mass Media 新媒介New Media 新闻洞News Hold 新闻价值News Value 传播者Communicator 主动传播者Active Communicator 受传者/受众/阅听大众Audience 受众兴坤Audience Interest 受众行为Audience Activity 信息Information
信号Signal 讯息Message 信息熵Entropy 冗余/冗余信息Redundancy 传播单位Communication Unit 奥斯古德模式Osgood Model 编码Encoding 解码Decoding 信源Source 传播的数学理论Mathematical Theory of Communication 传播渠道Communication Channel 有效传播Effective Communication 传播效果Effects 知识沟Knowledge-Gap 使用与满足模式Uses and Gratifications Model 使用与依从模式Uses and Dependencys Model 口传系统System of Oral Communication 地球村Global Village 内爆Implosion 全球化Globalization 本土化Localization 电子空间Cyber Space 数字化Digitalization
第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握 第一部分： 1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法 2 专业英语Specialty English 3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering 4 土木工程Civil Engineering 5 地下工程Underground Engineering 6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering 7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering 8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering 9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering 10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics 11 交通工程Traffic Engineering 12 港口工程Port Engineering 13 安全性safety 17木结构timber structure 18 砌体结构masonry structure 19 混凝土结构concrete structure 20 钢结构steelstructure 21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure 22 素混凝土plain concrete 23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete 24 钢筋rebar 25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete 26 静定结构statically determinate structure 27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure 28 桁架结构truss structure 29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure 30 近海工程offshore engineering 31 静力学statics 32运动学kinematics 33 动力学dynamics 34 简支梁simply supported beam 35 固定支座fixed bearing 36弹性力学elasticity 37 塑性力学plasticity 38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity 39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics 40 土力学soil mechanics 41 水力学hydraulics 42 流体力学fluid mechanics 43 固体力学solid mechanics 44 集中力concentrated force 45 压力pressure 46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure 47 均布压力uniform pressure 48 体力body force 49 重力gravity 50 线荷载line load 51 弯矩bending moment 52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress 54 应变stain 55 正应力normal stress 56 剪应力shearing stress 57 主应力principal stress 58 变形deformation 59 内力internal force 60 偏移量挠度deflection 61 settlement 沉降 62 屈曲失稳buckle 63 轴力axial force 64 允许应力allowable stress 65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis 66 梁beam 67 壳shell 68 板plate 69 桥bridge 70 桩pile 71 主动土压力active earth pressure 72 被动土压力passive earth pressure 73 承载力load-bearing capacity 74 水位water Height 75 位移displacement 76 结构力学structural mechanics 77 材料力学material mechanics 78 经纬仪altometer 79 水准仪level 80 学科discipline 81 子学科sub-discipline 82 期刊journal ,periodical 83文献literature 84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号 85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号 86 卷volume 87 期number 88 专着monograph 89 会议论文集Proceeding 90 学位论文thesis, dissertation 91 专利patent 92 档案档案室archive 93 国际学术会议conference 94 导师advisor 95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis 96 博士研究生doctorate student 97 研究生postgraduate 98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引 99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引 100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引 101 题目title 102 摘要abstract 103 全文full-text 104 参考文献reference 105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation 106 主题词Subject 107 关键字keyword 108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会 109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署
怎么能快速背英语单词而不忘? 1、背单词要背得好，要背得快，最基本的原则是脑子不断地想单词，让单词不断地从你脑子里过，你看书看10遍，还不如脑子过一遍。要做到单词在你脑子里过的次数比你在书本上过的次数多得多，要做到完全抛开书本，不依赖书本，不拿书的时候也在想单词、在背单词。要尽量在单词被忘记之前在脑子里过一遍，这样，它留给你的印象要深得多，就算以后再忘记，也很容易记起来。 2、背单词时还要注意在单词之间建立联系。当然，刚开始时可能能建立的联系很少，但要注意培养这种意识，争取一串串地背单词，看见一个，就能想起一串。比如，同义的单词一块儿记，反义的，形似的，分类的，词根的、背单词一段时间之后，就应该看到该单词，想一想以前学过什么同义的，如果只有印象而想不起来，最好在一个笔记本上记一笔，下次碰到该单词时，特别注意。比如，背单词一段时间后，你应该问自己：我一共学了多少关于衣服的词？哦，有gar ment,scarf,apparel,tuxedo....,如果你只记得中文意思，想不起英文，下次就要特别注意了。或者你看到holograph的时候是否能想起homograph?虽然有些书给你整理了一些联系，可我觉得自己总结的才会印象最深。这样，单词之间建立联系后，不拿书本的时候你也能利用这些联系不断地想单词，当某一个单词记不起来时，可就要
注意了。我当时看后面的单词时，就不断地想前面学过的单词中有那些类似的，或意思相反的，把有联系的单词的页数写在单词旁，每当看到这个单词时，总想起和它有关的单词，想不起时再根据页数翻看。如果有印象而想不起来，就在笔记本上记一笔，下次补上。我实际上按一章一章的顺序背的遍数远不及按联系跳跃着背的次数多。 3、背单词时不要在一个单词上花的时间太多，根本不用超过一分钟，象扫描般一掠而过。只是重复的次数要多，特别在脑子里重复的次数要比在书本上重复的次数多得多。其他方法还有听录音带，背单词软件等等。 4．大声朗读出来。识记单词的方法主要是掌握发音，因为绝大多数的单词是可以听音写出来，不规则的单词很少。可以这么说，如果你记住了单词的发音，再看过3遍，就可以拚出80%的单词，这一点也不夸张。一些同学没有体会到这一点，他们背单词的方法就是一本书、一叠纸和一根笔，狂练拼写。显然，这样做既枯燥又低效。记住，要背单词，第一的要决就是把它读出来，不管你的发音怎样，只要你知道那样的发音对应的是怎样的拼写就够了。 5．结合语境（Context）。要真正的掌握单词，只有在具体的语境中才可能达到。李扬.克立兹疯狂英语学习法就一直强调：孤立背诵单词几乎是徒劳无功的！人和人交往的最基本单位是句子，而不是单词。一些同学跟我说，他们背了很多单词，但是做单词题目还是没信心。我想，他们存在的一个非常关键的问题就是，光背单词的中文释义，而忽视了单词使用的具体语境。那有些人可能又会说，背中
pacific a.和平的n.太平洋pack vt.捆扎；挤满n.包package n.包裹，包，捆packet n.小包(裹)，小捆 pad n.垫；本子vt.填塞 page n.页 pail n.桶，提桶 pain n.痛，痛苦悲伤；辛劳painful a.使痛的；费力的paint vt.画；油漆vi.绘画painter n.漆工，画家，绘画者painting n.油画；绘画；着色pair n.一对vi.成对，配对palace n.宫，宫殿 pale a.苍白的；浅的 palm n.手掌，手心；掌状物pan n.平底锅，盘子 panda n.小猫熊；猫熊 pane n.窗格玻璃 panel n.专门小组；面，板pant n.气喘；心跳 paper n.纸；官方文件；文章
parade n.游行；检阅vi.游行paradise n.伊甸乐园；天堂paragraph n.(文章的)段，节parallel a.平行的；相同的parcel n.包裹，小包，邮包pardon n.原谅；赦免vt.原谅parent n.父亲，母亲，双亲 park n.公园；停车场 parliament n.议会，国会 part n.一部分；零件；本份partial a.部分的；不公平的partially ad.部分地 participate vi.参与，参加；分享particle n.粒子，微粒 particular a.特殊的；特定的particularly ad.特别，尤其，格外partly ad.部分地，不完全地partner n.伙伴；搭挡；配偶party n.党，党派；聚会 pass vt.经过；通过；度过passage n.通过；通路，通道passenger n.乘客，旅客，过路人
1. Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent is the American antelope, or pronghorn. 1.美洲羚羊，或称叉角羚，是该大陆典型的草原动物。 2. Of the millions who saw Haley’s comet in 1986, how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century. 2. 1986年看见哈雷慧星的千百万人当中，有多少人能够长寿到足以目睹它在二十一世纪的回归呢？ 3. Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions. 3.人类学家们已经发现，恐惧，快乐，悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色，这在全人类是共通的。 4. Because of its irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued. 4.由于苯酚对人体带有刺激性作用，它基本上已不再被当作常用的防腐剂了。 5. In group to remain in existence, a profit-making organization must, in the long run, produce something consumers consider useful or desirable. 5.任何盈利组织若要生存，最终都必须生产出消费者可用或需要的产品。 6. The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. 6.一个地方的人口越多，其对水，交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。 7. It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effectively than to employ flowery but vague expressions that only obscure one’s meaning. 7.简明，直接，有力的写作难于花哨，含混而意义模糊的表达。 8. With modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors. 8.随着现代办公室的日益自动化，设计师们正试图利用较为温暖而不太严肃的内部装饰来使其具有亲切感。 9. The difference between libel and slander is that libel is printed while slander is spoken. 9.诽谤和流言的区别在于前者是书面的，而后者是口头的。 10. The knee is the joints where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg. 10.膝盖是大腿骨和小腿胫的连接处。
1, assortment [?'s?:tm?nt] n. 分类；混合物 a collection of various kinds;a variety 2, slay [slei] vt. 杀害，杀死；使禁不住大笑 vi. 杀死，杀害；残杀 to kill violently 3, narcissistic [,nɑ:si'sistik] adj. 自恋的；自我陶醉的 4, obsessively [?b'sesivli] adv. 过分地；着迷地，着魔似地 5, hedonism ['hi:d?uniz?m] n. 快乐主义；快乐论 7, shepherd ['?ep?d] n. 牧羊人；牧师；指导者 vt. 牧羊；带领；指导；看管 to guide or direct(people) like sheep 8, flaccid ['fl?ksid] adj. [医] 弛缓的；软弱的；无活力的 10, nonjudgemental ['n?n,d??d?'ment?l] adj. 不按个人道德标准进行评定的；不偏不倚的，客观的 refraining from judgement,esp.one based on personal ethical standards 11, ingrained [,in'ɡreind] adj. 根深蒂固的；彻头彻尾的；生染的 v. 使根深蒂固（ingrain的过去分词形式）；生染；就原料染色 firmly established;deep-seated 12, hustle ['h?sl] n. 推；奔忙；拥挤喧嚷 vt. 催促；猛推；强夺 vi. 赶紧；硬挤过去；拼命挣钱to cause or urge to proceed quickly 13, inflict [in'flikt] vt. 造成；使遭受（损伤、痛苦等）；给予（打击等） to cause to suffer 14, commandment [k?'mɑ:ndm?nt] n. 戒律；法令 15, stampede [st?m'pi:d] n. 惊跑；人群的蜂拥；军队溃败 vt. 使…惊逃；抢占 vi. 蜂拥；逃窜 a mass impulsive action 16, overpower [,?uv?'pau?] vt. 压倒；克服；使无法忍受 to defeat(sb) by greater strength or numbers 17, barbarian [bɑ:'bε?ri?n] n. 野蛮人 adj. 野蛮的；未开化的 an insensitive,uncultured person;a boor 18, infidelity [,infi'del?ti] n. 无信仰，不信神；背信 disloyalty or unfaithfulness,esp. adultery 19, neurotic [nju?'r?tik] n. 神经病患者；神经过敏者 adj. 神经过敏的；神经病的 20, qualm [kw?:m, kwɑ:lm] n. 疑虑；不安 an uneasy feeling about the propriety or rightness of a course of action 21, catatonic [,k?t?'t?nik] n. 紧张性精神症患者 adj. 紧张性精神症的
自动化专业英语词汇大全 acceleration transducer加速度传感器base coordinate system基座坐标系 acceptance testing验收测试Bayes classifier贝叶斯分类器 accessibility可及性bearing alignment方位对准 accumulated error累积误差bellows pressure gauge波纹管压力表 AC-DC-AC frequency converter交 - 直 -交变频器benefit-cost analysis收益成本分析 AC (alternating current) electric drive交流电子传bilinear system双线性系统 动biocybernetics生物控制论 active attitude stabilization主动姿态稳定biological feedback system生物反馈系统 actuator驱动器，执行机构black box testing approach黑箱测试法 adaline 线性适应元blind search盲目搜索 adaptation layer适应层block diagonalization块对角化 adaptive telemeter system适应遥测系统Boltzman machine玻耳兹曼机 adjoint operator伴随算子bottom-up development自下而上开发 admissible error容许误差boundary value analysis边界值分析 aggregation matrix集结矩阵brainstorming method头脑风暴法 AHP (analytic hierarchy process)层次分析法breadth-first search广度优先搜索 amplifying element放大环节butterfly valve蝶阀 analog-digital conversion模数转换CAE (computer aided engineering)计算机辅助工annunciator信号器程 antenna pointing control天线指向控制CAM (computer aided manufacturing)计算机辅助anti-integral windup抗积分饱卷制造 aperiodic decomposition非周期分解Camflex valve偏心旋转阀 a posteriori estimate后验估计canonical state variable规范化状态变量approximate reasoning近似推理capacitive displacem ent transducer电容式位移传a priori estimate先验估计感器 articulated robot关节型机器人capsule pressure gauge膜盒压力表 assignment problem配置问题，分配问题CARD 计算机辅助研究开发 associative memory model联想记忆模型Cartesian robot直角坐标型机器人 associatron联想机cascade compensation串联补偿 asymptotic stability渐进稳定性catastrophe theory突变论 attained pose drift实际位姿漂移centrality集中性 attitude acquisition姿态捕获chained aggregation链式集结 AOCS (attritude and orbit control system)姿态轨chaos 混沌 道控制系统characteristic locus特征轨迹 attitude angular velocity姿态角速度chemical propulsion化学推进 attitude disturbance姿态扰动calrity 清晰性 attitude maneuver姿态机动classical information pattern经典信息模式attractor吸引子classifier分类器 augment ability可扩充性clinical control system临床控制系统 augmented system增广系统closed loop pole闭环极点 automatic manual station自动 - 手动操作器closed loop transfer function闭环传递函数automaton自动机cluster analysis聚类分析 autonomous system自治系统coarse-fine control粗 -精控制 backlash characteristics间隙特性cobweb model蛛网模型
英语专业四级作文常用单词、短语下面列出的是一些应试作文的常用单词、短语。其中的动词、名词和形容词都是应试作文尤其是议论文写作时应该熟练运用的单词，而适当地运用下面这些短语对提高作文的措辞水平、提高作文得分大有好处。常用的形容词和副词： absurd 荒唐的addictive 上瘾的affectionate 有感情的aggressive 有上进心的 alert 敏锐的;警惕的arduous 费劲的artistic 艺术的authoritative 权威性的 awkward 尴尬的balanced 平衡的cogent 使人信服的cold-blooded 冷血的 cold-hearted 无情的compatible 兼容的complicated 复杂的compassionate 富有同情心的confident 自信的contemptible 可鄙的contributive 有贡献的corrupt 腐败的 delicious.美味可口的demanding 要求高的detrimental 有害的devious 偏离正道的dishonorable 不光彩的disturbed 受到干扰的ccentric 古怪的economical 经济的 evil 邪恶的exotic 异国的enlightened 开明的;文明的fallacious 荒谬的 fashionable 时髦的feasible 可行的fictitious 虚假的flexile 灵活多样的 fruitful 有成效的glamorous 富有魅力的gorgeous 辉煌的humane 人道的 incompatible 不调和的;不相容的mpressive 令人印象探刻的ignorant (of) 无视的;无知的 inborn 天生的inconceivable 不可思议的indecent 不妥的;不检点的indifferent 冷漠的 infectious 传染性的indispensable 不可或缺的inexhaustible 取之不尽的inferior 低人一等的 infirm (身体)弱的influential 有影响力的inhumane 不人道的inquisitive 多管闲事的 initially 首先insalubrious 有害无益instructive 有教育意义的intellectual 智力的 interim 中间的;过渡的interpersonal 人际关系的intimate 密切的inviolable 不可侵犯的 inward 内在的Irreparable 不可挽回的irresistible 不可抵抗的irritating 恼人的 isolated (from) 隔绝的laudable 可赞誉的lavishly 大方的legitimate 合法的 loyal 忠诚的luxurious 奢侈的magnanimous 宽宏大量的mature 成熟的 misleading 误导的money-oriented 向钱看的multilateral 多方面的misrepresented 不如实叙述的nourished 有营养的obscure 晦涩的palatable 美味的old-fashioned/out of date 过时的perilous 危险的permissive 宽容的;许可的pernicious 有害无益的pornographic 色情的 potential 潜在的practical 实际的;务实的preferential:优惠的pressing 紧迫的 professional 专业的prosperous 繁荣昌盛的prudent 明智的prevailing 占主导地位的;流行的psychological 心理上rational 理性的resentful 愤怒的reverse 相反的 rewarding 值得的ridiculous 荒谬的rigid 严格的rough 粗略的 shabby 破旧不堪的sheltered 受保护的sociable 好交际的self-contemptuous 自卑的 sole 惟一的stern/strict 严格的stressful 有压力的stringent 严厉的 stylish 时髦的superficial 表面现象的tempting 吸引人的time-honored 久享盛名的traditional 传统的typical 典型的unadvised 轻率的uncompromising 不妥协的unconcerned 冷漠的uneasy 不自在的unethical 不道德的unfeeling 冷漠的 unhealthy 不健康的unified 同一标准的unwholesome 不健康的unjust 不公平的 utterly 完全;绝对地unscrupulous 肆无忌惮的unsociable 不善于社交的untimely 不和适宜的 unique 独特的vexing 令人烦恼的voluntary 自愿的vulnerable 易受伤害的 vivid 形象的well-grounded 有充足理由的abolishment 废除wholesome 健康的常用的名词absurdity 荒唐;谬论abuse 滥用achievement 成绩acquaintance 熟人 admiration 崇拜adaptation 改写;适应adventures/explorer 探险者adverse impact 负面影响adversity 逆境affection 友情/感情alienation 疏远ambition 志向 amusement 娱乐anecdote 轶事apathy冷漠无情approach 鼓掌 architecture 建筑association 联想;联系assault 攻击assessment 评估 athlete 运动员art 艺术availability 可得到的东西barrier 妨碍