2015年职称英语考试文章及译文(理工类概括大意)

Mobile PhonesMobile phones should carry a label if they proved1to be a dangerous source of radiation,according to Robert Bell,a scientist.And no more mobile phone transmitter towers should be built until the long-term health effects of the electromagnetic radiation they emit are scientifically evaluated,he said.“Nobody’s going to drop dead overnight2 but we should be asking for more scientific information，”Robert Bell said at a conference on the health effects of low-level radiation.____1____A report widely circulated among the public says that up to now scientists do not really know enough to guarantee there are no ill-effects on humans from electromagnetic radiation. According to Robert Bell,there are3.3million mobile phones in Australia alone and they are increasing by2,000a day3. ____2____As well,there are2,000transmitter towers around Australia,many in high density residential areas5. ____3____The electromagnetic radiation emitted from these towers may have already produced some harmful effects on the health of the residents nearby.Robert Bell suggests that until more research is completedthe Government should ban construction of phone towers from within a500metre radius of school grounds,child care centres, hospitals,sports playing fields and residential areas with a high percentage of children.____4____He adds that there is also evidence that if cancer sufferers are subjected to electromagnetic waves the growth rate of the disease accelerates.____5____According to Robert Bell,it is reasonable for the major telephone companies to fund it.Besides,he also urges the Government to set up a wide-ranging inquiry into possible health effects.注释：1.动词prove用的是过去式形式proved,这是一种虚拟语气表示假设的用法。

概括大意文章及译文第六篇 How we form first impression我们是如何形成第一印象的对刚刚遇到的人我们都会有第一印象，为什么？除去一些描述或显而易见的特征，我们很可能对他们一无所知，那为什么我们他们形成主观的看法呢？这与你的大脑如何感知世界是息息相关的。

大脑对面部特征十分敏感，即使是在眼睛、耳朵或嘴部的位置的差异也会使大脑察觉到这个人是“不同的”。

实际上，大脑一直在不断地对接收到的感官信息——也就是影像和声音——进行处理。

大脑将这些“信号”与储存在脑皮层系统的大量“记忆” 相比较，以便确定这些新收到的信号的“意思”。

如果你在学校看到某个你认识而且喜欢的人，你的大脑会做出“熟悉安全”的判断；如果你看见了一个陌生的人，你的大脑会告诉你“陌生，有潜在的威胁”。

紧接着你的大脑会开始将这个陌生人的特征与“已知”的记忆进行比较。

包括身高、体重、穿着、种族、手势以及音调等。

特征越不相符，大脑越会告诫你，“这是陌生人，我不喜欢这个人”，或“我很好奇”。

大脑也可能观察到一张新面孔，但却有着熟悉的穿着、种族特征和手势——像你的朋友，这时大脑会告诉你“我喜欢这个人”。

但这些第一印象却可能是完全错误的。

当区分人时，我们会用一种不成熟的思维方式（与小孩子的那些不成熟的想法没区别）去对别人做出简单并且绝对性的判断。

（这样的后果是）我们将人区分为蠢货、反常的人或怪人，而不是对人的深度和广度，即历史、兴趣、价值、长处或真正的性格有所了解。

但是，如果对刻板印象加以抑制，我们就会有机会对一个人有真正的了解。

如果我们花一些时间与一个人在一起，倾听他或她的生活、希望和梦想，了解了这个人的性格，我们才会用一种不同的、更成熟的方式——用脑皮层中最复杂的区域——去思考。

这会使我们更富有人情味。

7- How to Argue with Your Boss 怎样与老板争论在你与老板争论以前，先去老板秘书那里问一下老板的情绪，如果他情绪很糟，去向他提要求可不是一个好主意。

2015年职称英语考试理工类教材对比2015年新版职称英语教材新增文章系列之理工类阅读理解第二十二篇Real World RobotsWhen you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being, performing humanlike functions, and responding to your questions in a monotone voice accentuated by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a robot often is a voiceless,box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out repetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by humans. Today’s robot is more than an automatic machine that performs one task again and again.A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligence—that is, a robot contains a computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, and learning from past experience.A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles that roll and rotate. A robot even has limbs that swivel and move in combination with joints and motors. To find its way in its surroundings1, a robot utilizes various built-in sensors. Antennae attached to the robot’s base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeter as it moves on an incline, a gyroscope or a pendulum inside it senses the vertical differential. To determine its distance from an object and how quickly it will reach the object，the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path2. These and other sensors constantly feed information to the computer, which then analyzes the information and corrects or adjusts the robot’s actions. As science and technology advance, the robot too will progress in its functions and use of artificial-intelligence programs.【词汇】envision v. 想象，预想device n. 装置accentuate v. 强调，重读artificial intelligence n. 人工智能limb n. 臂antennae n. 天线incline v. 倾斜pendulum n. 钟摆ultrasonic adj. 超声的metallic adj. 金属的monotone n. 单调的humanoid adj. 像人的axle n. 轮轴rotate v. 旋转swivel n. 旋转teeter v. 摇晃gyroscope n. 陀螺仪，回转仪vertical n. 直立的【注释】1．To find its way in its surroundings...：为了在周围找到路……2．the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path：机器人发射激光束和超声波，反射到障碍物上（以此来探知路径）。

概括大意与完成句子(第23～30题，每题1分，共8分)阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1、3、4、6段每段选择1个正确的小标题;(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。

请将答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上Alaska1In1868Americans welcomed Alaska into the Union as the 49th state,symbolizing a change of attitude from that held in 1867,when the peninsula was purchased from Russia.Then,most Americans had little interest in1,500,000square kilometers “of icebergs and polar bears”—beyond Canada's western borders,far from the settled areas of the United States.2In those sections of the state which lie above the Arctic Circle,Alaska still is a land of icebergs and polar bears.Ice masses lie buried in the earth,which is permanently frozen to a depth of90or more meters.From early May until early August, the midnight sun never sets on this flat,treeless region,but the sun cannot melt the icy soil more than two-thirds of a meter down.3Alaska is America's largest state,but only about 325,000people live there.According to estimates,800,000 hectares of its land area are fit for plowing but only about640,000hectares are being cultivated.4Arctic Alaska has been the home of Eskimos for countless centuries.It is believed that the Eskimos moved there from Mongolia or Siberia,probably crossing Bering Strait,named for Vitus Bering,the Danish sea captain who discovered Alaska on his voyage for Russia in1741.The Eskimos are the state's earliest known inhabitants.Russian fur traders established settlements but,by the time Alaska was sold to the United States,most of the traders had departed.5In1896gold was discovered near the Klondike River in Canada just across the Alaskan border.Thousands of Americans rushed to the region on their way to Klondike;some never returned.Alaska was never completely cut off again,although even today transportation is a major problem.There are only two motor routes from the U.S.mainland,and within the state, every town has its own airfield.Planes fly passengers,mail and freight to the most distant villages.6The gold that changed life so suddenly for Alaska was soon ended,and although many stories about mining camps have become part of American literature,the gold from Alaskan earth contributed less to economic progress than the fish from Alaskan waters.The fish caught in a single year range in valuefrom$80million to$90million.Fur-bearing animals are plentiful in the forests and streams,and valuable fur seals inhabit the waters.After fishing,the state's chief industry is lumber and the production of wood pulp.In recent years, Alaska's single most important resource has become oil.The state also has large deposits of coal,copper,gold and other minerals.23Paragraph3_________24Paragraph4_________25Paragraph5_________26Paragraph6_________A Rich resources of the stateB Connections with the outside worldC Transportation problemD The natives of the landE Cold climateF Land and population27For as long as three months of a year,the sun _________on the ice-covered land of Alaska.28According to statistics,_________of the total area of Alaska has been used for farming.29Alaska was originally part of Russia,but was bought _________30Gold did not bring to Alaska as much wealth_________A as fish doesB because of its rich natural resourcesC by the United States in the19th centuryD shines day and nightE only a very small percentageF a limited amount of the gold found there概括大意与完成句子(第23～30题，每题1分，共8分)阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1、3、4、6段每段选择1个正确的小标题;(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。

2015年职称英语理工类新增文章含翻译阅读理解第九篇An Essential Scientific ProcessAll life on the earth depends upon green plants. Using sunlight, the plants produce their own food. Then animals feed upon the plants. They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. But that’s not all. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. Some of the ox ygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses. The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live.The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis. Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbon dioxide. The water gets to the plant through its roots. The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color. The chlorophylls are the molecules that trap light energy. The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose.Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata. Water vapor also moves out of the stomata. More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata. During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis. As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed. The stomata of most plants close. Water loss stops.If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth. Most organisms would disappear. Th e earth’s atmosphere would no longer contain oxygen. Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet.词汇：nutrient n.营养物organism n.生物体，有机体carbon dioxide n.二氧化碳chloroplast n.叶绿体molecule n.分子vapor n.水蒸气oxygen n.氧气photosynthesis n.光合作用chlorophyll n.叶绿素glucose n.葡萄糖cease v.停止注释：1．Then animals feed upon the plants.动物以植物为食。

第一篇More Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing每晚只需8小时，睡眠过多非益事1Although the dangers of too little sleep are widely known, new research suggests that people who sleep too much may also suffer the consequences.2Investigators at the University of California in San Diego found that people who clock up1 9 or 10 hours each weeknight appear to have more trouble falling and staying asleep, as well as a number of other sleep problems, than people who sleep 8 hours a night People who slept only 7 hours each night also said they had more trouble falling asleep and feeling refreshed after a night‘s sleep than 8-hour sleepers.2睡眠不足带来的危害已经广为人知，而一项新的研究表明睡眠过多同样会使人们产生不良后果。

圣地亚哥加利福尼亚大学的研究人员发现在入睡、保持睡眠等方面，每晚睡眠9或10小时的人比睡8小时的人存在更多问题。

而每晚仅睡7小时的人则表示，他们在入睡及休息后精力恢复程度上不及8小时睡眠者。

3These findings, which Dr Daniel Kripke reported in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine3, demonstrate that people who want to get a good night‘s rest may not need to set aside4 more than 8 hours a night He added that ―it might be a good idea‖ for people who sleep more than 8 hours each night to consider reducing the amount of time they spend in bed, but cautioned that more research is needed to confirm this.4Previous studies have shown the potential dangers of chronic shortages of sleep — for instance, one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more.Daniel Kripke博士在《心身医学》杂志上报告的这些新发现表明，人们如果想晚上休息好，每天留给睡眠的时间只需8小时。

理工A补全短文新增文章：+第十三篇Affectionate Androids深情的机器人Computers are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoid robots to dawn1. And it won’t be long before we will see realistic cyber companions, complete with skin, dexterity, and intelligence. They will be programmed to tend to your every need.计算机技术已经足够成熟，能够支持人形机器人的诞生和普及，进入人形机器人的时代。

那些有着人类的皮肤、敏捷性、智力的机器人，已经离我们不远了。

它们将被设计成能满足我们所有的需求。

Will we ever want to marry robots? Artificial intelligence researcher David Levy has published a book claiming human-robot relationships will become popular in the next few decades. And if you want to go ahead and tie the knot with your special electronic friend，Levy said that such marriages will be socially acceptable by around 2050.（1）我们会不会想和机器人结婚呢？人工智能研究人员大卫莱维曾出版过一本书，在书中，他认为，人与机器之间的交流在几十年内将会变得很常见，而如果你想和你的特别的电子朋友恋爱结婚，莱维认为，这种婚姻关系将在2050年左右得到社会认可。

2015年职称英语（理工类）A级真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 词汇选项 2. 阅读判断 3. 概括大意与完成句子 4. 阅读理解 5. 补全短文6. 完形填空词汇选项(第1-15题，每题1分，共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语在括号中，请为每处括号部分的词汇或短语确定1个意义最为接近选项。

1．I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class.A．controlB．observeC．regulateD．accept正确答案：D解析：我将不能忍受我们的班级中出现那种行为。

画线单词tolerate意为“忍受,容忍”。

A项control意为“控制”；B项observe意为“观察”；C项regulate 意为“调整,控制”；D项accept意为“同意,接受”,“接受”也就等同于能“容忍”,可以替换画线单词。

2．She showed a natural aptitude for the work.A．senseB．talentC．flavorD．taste正确答案：B解析：她显示出天生就具有适合于那项工作的才能。

画线单词aptitude意为“资质,才能”。

A项sense意为“意义,道理”；B项talent意为“才能,天资”,与画线单词同义；C项navor意为“特点,韵味”；D项taste意为“味觉,风味”。

故本题故选B。

3．Most people find rejection hard to accept.A．excuseB．clientC．destinyD．refusal正确答案：D解析：大多数人认为,拒绝是很难接受的。

画线单词rejection意为“拒绝”。

A项excuse意为“理由,借口”；B项client意为“顾客,当事人”；D项refusal意为“拒绝”,与画线单词同义；C项destiny意为“命运,天数”。

故本题故选D。

2015年职称英语《理工A》真题及答案(完整文字版)第1 页：词汇选项第2 页：阅读判断第3 页：概括大意与完成句子第4 页：阅读理解第一篇第5 页：阅读理解第二篇第6 页：阅读理解第三篇第7 页：补全短文第8 页：完形填空第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。

1. I will not?tolerate?that sort of behavior in my class.A. controlB. observeC. regulateD. Accept【答案】D2. She showed a natural?aptitude?for the work.A. senseB. talentC. flavorD. Taste【答案】B【解析】aptitude 天赋have a aptitude for=have a gift /talent for3. Most people find?rejection?hard to accept.A. excuseB. clientC. refusalD. Destiny【答案】C4. The organization was?bold?enough to face the press.A. pleasedB. powerfulC. braveD. Sensible【答案】C5. They were locked in?mortal?combat.A. deadlyB. openC. actualD. Active【答案】A【解析】A.deadly 致死的;B.open打开的;C.actual实在的;D.Active积极的。

mortal致命的、致死的;immortal 不朽的题干：他们被锁起来进行致命的战争。

6. We were attracted by the?lure?of quick money.A. amountB. supplyC. temptD. Sum【答案】C7. The procedures were perceived as complex and less?transparent.A. clearB. necessaryC. specialD. Correct【答案】A【解析】A.clear清楚的;B.necessary必要的;C.special特殊的;D.Correct正确的transparent 明显的、显然的题干：这些过程被认为是复杂的且没有那么清楚的。

概括大意与完成句子 5.7第五篇：LED Lighting发光二极管1An accidental意外的discovery announce d宣布recently has taken LED lighting to a new level, suggest ing显示it could soon offer a cheaper, longer-lasting alternative供选装的to the traditional传统light bulb灯泡. The breakthrough突破adds to增加a growing trend that is likely to eventually最终make Thomas Edison's bright invention1 obsolete.LEDs are already used in traffic lights, flashlights, and architectural lighting. They are flexible灵活and operate less expensively than traditional lighting.日前公布的一项意外发现将发光二极管的研究推向新的高潮。

这项研究显示，发光二极管与传统的电灯泡比起来，可能会更廉价、使用更持久。

这项重大突破使人们看到，未来的趋势很可能是，爱迪生的发明将逐渐失去它的价值。

目前发光二极管已被用于交通信号灯、手电筒和建筑照明，他们跟传统的电灯比起来更灵活，操作成本更低廉。

2Michael Bowers, a graduate student2 at Vanderbilt University, was just trying to make really small quantum dot s点（注释3可分析出）, which are crystals generally普通only a few nanometers微毫米big. Quantum dots contain anywhere from 100 to 1,000 electrons3. They're easily excite d激起bundles束of energy, and the smaller they are, the more excited they get. Each dot in Bowers' particular特别的batch was exceptionally特别的small, containing包含only 33 or 34 pairs of atoms.Vanderbilt大学的一名研究生 Michael Bowers正试图制造出一种非常小的量子点。

There are few homes in Britain today that do not have either a radio or television set. Both of them have become an essential part of our life, keeping us informed of the news of the day, instructing us in many field of interest, and entertaining us with singing, dancing and acting.Marconi, the Italian inventor who gave us the radio, probably didn't realize what effects his great invention would have on the world in the years to come. Radio has, perhaps, had as much influence on the world as any other communications device. Events of universal interest can be reported to the entire globe a few seconds after they happen. Explorers in remote areas, ships at sea, even astronauts circling the earth are able to keep in touch with civilization by means of radio.Television is another major instrument of communication, permitting us to see as well as to hear the performer. Since its appearance, TV has had a tremendous effect on the daily life of people everywhere.Improvements of all kinds are constantly being made in television so that reception will be as close to perfect as possible. Perhaps the most recent advancement of significance has been "Telstar". The specially-equipped space capsule, orbiting the globe, make it possible for the entire world to be closer than ever before. Now a family in Manchester can watch on TV a football match in France , a ski tournament in Norway, or a parade in Japan as these events are actually happening.练习：1. Paragraph 1____________.2. Paragraph 2____________.3. Paragraph 4____________.A) The popularity radio and TV in BritainB) The invention of the radioC) The latest development of TVD) The importance of the radio4. In today's world radio and TV have become ___________.5. People make constant efforts to improve __________.6. A telstar is a satellite that _____________.7. With the help of the telsar, events can be reported to listeners and viewers and almost _____.A) at the same time as they occurB) a basic necessity of lifeC) sends out signals all the timeD) travels around the globeE) the reception of their TV sets参考答案： A D C B E D AParis, the capital and the largest city of the country, is in north central France. The Paris metropolitan area contains nearly 20% of the nation’s population and is the economic, cultural, and political center of France. The French governments have historically favored the city as the site for all decision making, thus powerfully attracting nearly all of the nation’s activities.Paris has grown steadily since it was chosen as the national capital in the late 10th century. With the introduction of the Industrial Revolution, a great number of people moved to the city from the country during the 19th century. The migration was especially stimulated by the construction of railroads,which provided easy access to the capital. After World War II more and more immigrants arrived.The city is the centralized control point of most national radio and television broadcasting. It is a place of publication of the most prestigious newspapers and magazines and an international book publishing center. With more than 100 museums, Paris has truly been one of the greatest concentrations of art treasures in the world. The Louver, opened as a museum in 1793, is one of the largest museums in the world.In the late 1980s about 4.1million pupils annually attended about 47,000 elementary schools. In addition, about 5.4 million students attended some 11,200 secondary schools. Approximately 1.2 million students were enrolled annually at universities and colleges in France in the late 1980s. French centers of learning have served as academic models throughout the world.Paris is the leading industrial center of France, with about one quarter of the nation’s manufacturing concentrated in the metropolitan area. Industries of consumer goods have always bee drawn to Paris by the enormous market of the big population, and modern, high-technology industries also have become numerous since World War II. Chief manufactures are machinery, automobiles, chemicals and electrical equipment.练习1. Paragraph2_________.2. Paragraph3_________.3. Paragraph4_________.4. Paragraph5_________.A History of the cityB Industries of the cityC Population grownD EducationE Cultural centerF Immigration5. Paris has in history been the center of___________.6. Since the 10th century, the population of Paris__________.7. Many valuable works of art_________.8. Paris is not only the center of education of France , but also the center_____________.A can be found in ParisB the major events of the nationC of the country’s industriesD a lot of cinemas and theatersE has been growing steadilyF has been decreasing rapidly参考答案: CEDBBEAC"All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy" is a popular saying in the United States. Other countries have similar sayings. It is true that all of us need recreation. We cannot work all the time if we are going to maintain good health and enjoy life. Good physical and mental health in fact enables us to work more efficiently.Everyone has his own way of relaxing .Perhaps the most popular way is to participate in sports. There are team sports, such as baseball, basketball, and football. There areindividual sports, also, such as golf and swimming. In addition, hiking, fishing, siding and mountain climbing have a great attraction for people who like to be outdoors. Chess, card-playing , and dancing are forms of indoor recreation enjoyed by many people.Not everyone who enjoys sporting events likes to participate in them. Many people prefer to be spectators, either by attending the games in person, watching them on television, or listening to them on the radio. When there is an important baseball game or boxing match, it is almost impossible to get tickets; everyone wants to attend.It doesn’t matter whether we play a fast game of ping-pong, concentrate over the bridge table, or go walking through the woods on a brisk autumn afternoon. It is important for everyone to relax from time to time and enjoy some form of recreation.练习:1. Paragraph 2____________.2. Paragraph3____________.3. Paragraph4____________.A) The important of having recreationB) The recreation centersC) Type of sportsD) Fun of being spectators4. To keep fit and enjoy life , all of us must have____________.5. Participating in door sports or outdoor sports is a good way___________.6. Many people prefer watching games to__________.7. It is generally believed that those who work all the time and do not know how to relax_______.A) must be very boringB) some kind of recreationC) participating in themD) to relax oneselfE) to choose one’s own way of relaxingKeys: CDABDCASometimes we say that someone we know is a "square peg in a round hole"(1). This simply means that the person we are talking about is not suited for the job he is doing. He may be a bookkeeper who really wants to be an actor or a mechanic who likes cooking. Unfortunately, many people in the world are "square pegs"; they are not doing the kind of work they should be doing, for one reason or another. As a result they probably are not doing a very good job and certainly they are not happy.Choosing the right career is very important. Most of us spend a great part of our lives at our jobs. For that reason we should try to find out what our talents are and how we can use them. We can do this through aptitude test, interview with specialists, and study of books in our field of interest.There are many careers open to each of us. Perhaps we like science. Then we might prepare ourselves to be chemists, physicists, or biologists. Maybe our interests take us into the business world and such work as accounting, personnel management or public relations. Many persons find their place in government service. Teaching, newspaper work, medicine, engineering---these and many other fields offer fascinatingcareers to persons with talent and training.练习:1. Paragraph 1____________.2. Paragraph 2____________.3. Paragraph 3____________.A) Job choices for the talentedB) Importance of finding the right jobC) Result of taking the wrong jobD) Variety of jobs open to all4. A person who is not doing the right job cannot expect to _______________.5. To find the job most suitable for yourself, you should first of all ____________.6. There are actually various kinds of jobs we all can _______________.7. There are numerous ways to find out ______________.A) spend more time in schoolB) what job suit you bestC) choose fromD) do it well and feel comfortable in itE) find out what your talents areKeys:C B D D E C BThere are few homes in Britain today that do not have either a radio or television set. Both of them have become an essential part of our life, keeping us informed of the news of the day, instructing us in many field of interest, and entertaining us with singing, dancing and acting.Marconi, the Italian inventor who gave us the radio,probably didn’t realize what effects his great invention would have on the world in the years to come. Radio has, perhaps, had as much influence on the world as any other communications device. Events of universal interest can be reported to the entire globe a few seconds after they happen. Explorers in remote areas, ships at sea, even astronauts circling the earth are able to keep in touch with civilization by means of radio.Television is another major instrument of communication, permitting us to see as well as to hear the performer. Since its appearance, TV has had a tremendous effect on the daily life of people everywhere.Improvements of all kinds are constantly being made in television so that reception will be as close to perfect as possible. Perhaps the most recent advancement of significance has been "Telstar". The specially-equipped space capsule, orbiting the globe, make it possible for the entire world to be closer than ever before. Now a family in Manchester can watch on TV a football match in France , a ski tournament in Norway, or a parade in Japan as these events are actually happening.练习:1. Paragraph 1____________.2. Paragraph 2____________.3. Paragraph 4____________.A) The popularity radio and TV in BritainB) The invention of the radioC) The latest development of TVD) The importance of the radio4. In today’s world radio and TV have become ___________.5. People make constant efforts to improve __________.6. A telstar is a satellite that _____________.7. With the help of the telsar, events can be reported to listeners and viewers and almost _____.A) at the same time as they occurB) a basic necessity of lifeC) sends out signals all the timeD) travels around the globeE) the reception of their TV setsKeys: A D C B E D A。

参加了2015年的职称英语根据自己考试回忆以及买的辅导材料上的一些原文及翻译整理。

一些选项是否正确不确定，同时，一些填空的地方也是根据自己回忆想起来的，如果有谁记得更全的可以留言，我来补充。

毕竟我也不能全记住。

谢谢！ckof Oxygen Delayed the Rise of Animals on Earth（阅读理解3×5=15分）Scientistshave long speculated as to why animal species didn’t flourish sooner, oncesufficient oxygen covered the Earth’s surface. Animals began to prosper at theend of the Proterozoic period, about 800 million years ago — but what aboutthebillion-year stretch before that, when most researchers think there also wasplenty of oxygen?Well,it seems the air wasn’t so great then, after all.Ina study published Oct. 31 in Science, Yale researcher Noah Planavsky and hiscolleagues found that oxygen levels during the “boring billion” period wereonly 0.1% of what they are today. In other words, Earth’s atmosphere couldn’thave supported a diversity of creatures, no matter what genetic advancementswere poised to occur.“There is no questionthat genetic and ecological innovation must ultimately be behind the rise ofanimals, but it is equally unavoidable that animals need a certain level ofoxygen,” said Planavsky, co-lead author of the research along with ChristopherReinhard of the Georgia Institute of Technology. “We’re providing the firstevidence that oxygen levels were low enough during this period to potentiallyprevent the rise of animals.”Thescientists found their evidence by analyzing chromium (Cr) isotopes in ancientsediments from China, Australia, Canada, and the United States. Chromium isfound in the Earth’s continental crust, and ch romium oxidation is directlylinked to the presence of free oxygen in the atmosphere.Specifically,the team studied samples deposited in shallow, iron-rich ocean areas, near theshore. They compared their data with other samples taken from younger localesknown to have higher levels of oxygen.Oxygen’srole in controlling the first appearance of animals has long vexed scientists.“We were missing the right approach until now,” Planavsky said. “Chromium gaveus the proxy.” Previous estimates put the oxygen level at 40% of today’sconditions during pre-animal times, leaving open the possibility that oxygenwas already plentiful enough to support animal life.Inthe new study, the researchers acknowledged that oxygen levels were “highlydynamic” in the early atmosp here, with the potential for occasional spikes.However, they said, “It seems clear that there is a first-order difference inthe nature of Earth surface Cr cycling” before and after the rise of animals.“If we are right, ourresults will really change how people view the origins of animals and othercomplex life, and their relationships to the co-evolving environment,” saidco-author Tim Lyons of the University of California-Riverside. “This could be agame changer.”Fundingsources for the research included the NASA Exobiology Program and the NationalScience Foundation’s Earth-Life Transitions program, awarded to Planavsky,Reinhard, and Lyons.Theother members of the research team included Xiangli Wang, a postdoctoral fellowat Yale; Thomas Johnson, of the University of Illinois; Danielle Thomson, ofCarleton University; Peter McGoldrick, of the University of Tasmania; andWoodward Fischer, of the California Institute of Technology.16.The study discovered the rise of animals occurred earlier than the Proterozoicperiod.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned17.Many researchers believe the oxygen level was high during pre-animal times.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned18. The teamwas funded by several research institutes.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned19. Geneticadvancements triggered the rise of animals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned20. Thesamples studied in the research were collected in ocean areas.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned21. Thestudy revealed that chromium found in Earth’s continental crust remained stablebefore and after the rise of animals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned22. TimLyons liked to play computer games in his spare time.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned据网友提供信息，2015年职称英语考试理工A概括大意与完成句子真题及答案，广大考生可以参考本帖，对照答案。

2015职称英语理工A阅读理解文章及译文第34篇Batteries Built by VirusesWhat do chicken pox, the common cold, the flu, and AIDS have in common?They'realldiseasecausedbyviruses,tiny microorganisms that can pass frompersontoperson.It'snowonderthatwhenmostpeoplethinkaboutviruses, finding ways to steer clear of viruses is what's on people's minds.Noteveryonerunsfromthetinydiseasecarriers,though.InCambridge,Massachusetts,scientistshavediscoveredthatsomeviruses can be helpful 'in an unusual way. They are putting viruses to work, teaching them to build some of the world's smallest rechargeable batteries.Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair, but they're not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher, who first came up with the idea. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, she and her collaboratorsbringtogetherdifferentareasofscienceinnewways.Inthecase ofthevirus-builtbatteries,thescientistscombinewhattheyknowabout biology, technology and production techniques.Belcher'steamincludes Paula Hammond, who helps put together the tinybatteries,andYet-MingChiang,anexpertonhowtostoreenergyintheformofabattery."We'reworkingonthingswetraditionallydon'tassociatewith nature," says Hammond.Manybatteriesarealreadyprettysmall.YoucanholdA,CandDbatteries in your hand. The coin-like batteries that power watches are often smaller than apenfiy.However,everyyear,newelectronicdeviceslikepersonalmusicplayers orcellphonesgetsmallerthantheyearbefore.Asthesedevicesshrink, ordinary batteries won't be small enough to fit inside.The ideal battery will store a lot of energy in a small package. Right now,Belcher'smodelbattery,ametallicdiskcompletelybuiltbyviruses,lookslike a regular watch battery. But inside, its components are very small --so tiny you can only see them with a powerful microscope.Howsmallarethesebatteryparts?To get some idea of the size, pluck one hair from your head. Place your hair on a piece of white paper and try to see howwideyourhairis--prettythin,right?Althoughthewidthofeachperson'shair is a bit different, you could probably fit about 10 of these virus-built battery parts,sidetoside,across one hair. These microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses.病毒电池水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病有哪些相似之处呢？这些都是由病毒引起的疾病，病毒是能够在人与人之间传染的微生物。

第九篇AnEssentialScientificProcess一个至关重要的科学过程地球上所有的生命都依靠绿色植物生存。

植物利用阳光制造自己的食物，而动物则以植物为食，它们吸收植物制造和储存的营养物质。

但是植物能做的还不仅仅这些，它们还能利用阳光产生氧气，这些氧气的一部分被植物自身消耗了，但植物消耗的氧气量远小于它们产生的氧气，这些多余的氧气对于动物以及其他生物体的生存是至关重要的。

植物将光转化为营养物质和氧气的这个过程叫作光合作用，在这一过程中，植物不仅吸收阳光中的能量，还吸收水和二氧化碳。

水通过根系进入植物体内，而二氧化碳则通过叶片上的小孔进人植物体，这些小孔叫作气孔。

二氧化碳进入植物体内后，到达叶绿体，叶绿体是绿色植物体内的一种特殊细胞。

叶绿体是光合作用发生的地方。

叶绿体内包含叶绿素，这种物质使得叶子呈现绿色，它是一种能吸收光能的分子，吸收进来的光能将水和二氧化碳转化，产生氧气和一种结构简单的糖——葡萄糖。

二氧化碳和氧气通过气孔进出。

水蒸气也是从气孔逸出。

植物体通过根系吸收的水分中的90%。

白天，大多数植物的气孔都是张开的，使得二氧化碳能进入植物体参与光合作用。

到了夜晚，植物不再需要二氧化碳，于是大多数植物的气孔就关闭了，水分散失也停止了。

如果光合作用停止的话，地球上将不会再有食物或其他有机物质，大多数生物体都会消失，地球的大气中的氧气也将消失。

光合作用对于地球上的生命来说是至关重要的。

理工C补全短文新增文章：第五篇ARecord-BreakingRover 参考译文：破纪录的漫游车美国宇航局的火星漫游车“机遇号”到达了其他任何漫游车都没能到达的地方——至少从距离上来说是如此。

自2004年“机遇号”到达火星以来，它已经行驶了25.01英里，比任何外星漫游车走的距离都长。

在火星上行驶数年之后，到7月27日，如高尔夫球车那么大的“机遇号”已经行驶了超过24英里，打败了之前的纪录保持者——一辆1973年被送上月球的苏联漫游车。

第五部分补全短文阅读下面的短文，每一篇文章中有 5处填空，文章后面有 6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择 5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有的位置，以恢复文章的原貌。

第六篇 Dung to Death 1施肥导致死Fields across Europe are contaminated with dangerous levels of the antibiotics given to farm animals. 横跨欧洲田野， 被农场的牲畜危险水平的抗生素所污染。

The drugs, which are in manure sprayed onto fields as fertilizers, could be getting into our food and 药物， 这些肥料中的药物被喷洒到田野上当做肥料， 它们可以进入我们的食物和水中， water, helping to create a new generation of antibiotic-resistant “superbugs ”.2帮助产生新一代对抗生素有抗药性的“超级病菌”。

The warning comes from a researcher in Switzerland who looked at levels of the drugs in farm slurry . 1这个警告来自瑞士的一个研究者， 他观察农场泥浆中药物的水平。

Some 20,000 tons of antibiotics are used in the European Union and the US each year. More than half are每年大约有 2万吨的抗生素被用于欧盟和美国。

given to farm-animals to prevent disease and promote growth. 2其中一半以上被用于牲畜防病和促进生长。

2015职称英语理工类B级真题(概括大意) 第3部分：概况大意与完成句子First Image-recognitions software1) Dartmouth researchers and their colleagues have created an artificial intelligence software that uses photos to locate documents on the Internet with far greater accuracy than ever before.2)The new system, which was tested on photos and is now being applied to videos, shows for the first time that a machine learning algorithm(运算法则)for image recognition and retrieval is accurate and efficient enough to improve large-scale document searches online. The system uses pixel(像素)data in images and potentially video—rather than just text—to locate documents. It learns to recognize the pixels associated with a search phrase by studying the results from text-based image search engines. The knowledge gleaned(收集)from those results can then be applied to other photos without tags or captions(图片说明),making for more accurate document search results.3)“Over the last 30 years,” says Associate Professor Korenzo Torresani, aco-author of the stu dy,” the web has evolved from a small collection of mostly text documents to a modern, massive, fast-growing multimedia datastet, where nearly every page includes multiple pictures of videos. When a person looks at a Webpage, he immediately get the gist(主旨)of it by looking at the pictures in it. Yet, surprisingly, all existing popular search engine, such as Google or Bing, strip away the information contained in the photos and use exclusively the text of Wed pages to perform the document retrieval. Our study is the first to show that modern machine vision systems are accurate and efficient enough to make effective use of the information contained in image pixels to improve document search.”4)The researchers designed and tested a machine vision system—a type of artificialintelligence that allows computers to learn without being explicitly programmed— that extracts semantic(语义的)information from pixels of photos in Web pages. This informationg is used to enrich the description of the HTML page used by search engines for document retrieval. The researchers tested their approach using more than 600 search queries(查询)on a database of 50 million Wed pages. They selected the text-retrieval search engine with the best performance and modified it to make use of the additional semantic information extracted by their method from the pictures of the Web pages. They found tht this produced a 30 percent improvement in precision over the original search engine purely based on text.23. Paragraph 1 _____24. Paragraph 2 _____25. Paragraph 3 _____26 Paragraph 4 _____A. Popularity of the new systemB. Publication of the new discoveryC .Function of the new systemD. Artificial intelligence software createdE. Problems of the existing search enginesF .Improvement in document retrieval27. The new system does document retrieval by _____.28. The new system is expected to improve precision in _____.29. When performing document retrieval the existing search engines ignore _____.30. The new system was found more effective in document search than the _____.A. information in imagesB. current popular search enginesC. using photosD. machine vision systemsE. document searchF. description of the HTML page更多职称英语考试免费资料请访问“新东方在线职称英语频道”。

第九篇Lightening StrikesThree years ago a bolt of lightning all but destroyed Lyn Miller’s house in Aberdeen—with her two children inside. “There was a huge rainstorm,” she says, recalling the terrifying experience. “My brother and I were outside desperately working to stop floodwater from coming in the house. Suddenly I was thrown to the ground by an enormous bang. When I picked myself up, the roof and the entire upper storey of the house had been demolished. The door was blocked by rubble, but we forced our way in and found the children, thankfully unharmed. Later I was told to be struck by lightning is a chance in a million.” In fact, it’s calculated at one chance in 600,000. Even so, Dr Mark Keys of AER Technology, an organisation that monitors the effec ts of lightning, thinks you should be sensible. “I wouldn’t go out in a storm—but then I’m quite a careful person.” He advises anyone who is unlucky enough to be caught in a storm to get down on the ground and curl up into a ball, making yourself as small as possible.Lightning is one of nature’s most awesome displays of sheer power. No wonder the ancient Greeks thought it was Zeus, father of the gods, throwing thunderbolts around in anger. 250 years ago, Benjamin Franklin, the American scientist and statesman，proved that lightning is a form of electricity, but scientists still lack a complete understanding of how it works.Occasionally there are warning signs. Positive electrical charges streaming upwards from trees orchurch spires may glow and make a b uzzing noise, and people’s hair can stand on end. And if you fear lightning, you’ll be glad to know that a company in America has manufactured a hand-held lightning detector which can detect it up to 70 kms away, sound a warning tone and monitor the storm’s approach.Nancy Wilder was playing golf at a club in Surrey when she was hit by a bolt of lightning. Mrs Wilder’s heart stopped beating, but she was resuscitated and, after a few days in hospital, where she was treated for bums to her head, hands and feet, she was pronounced fit again. Since that time，she has been a strictly fair weather golfer1. In fact, a golf course is one of the most dangerous places to be during a thunderstorm. The best place to be is inside a car!The largest number of people to be struck by lightning at one time was in September 1995 when 17 players on a football pitch were hit simultaneously. The most extraordinary aspect of the strike was the fact that 11 of the victims—seven adults and four children—had burn patterns of tiny holes at 3 centimetre intervals on each toe and around the soles of their feet.Harold Deal, a retired electrician from South Carolina, USA, was struck by lightning 26 years ago. He was apparently unhurt, but it later emerged that the strike had damaged the part of the brain which controls the sensation of temperature. Since then the freezing South Carolina winters haven’t bothered Harold, since he is completely unable to feel the cold.Animals are victims of lightning too2．Hundreds of cows and sheep are killed every year, largely because they go under trees. In East Anglia in 1918, 504 sheep were killed instantaneously by the same bolt of lightning that hit the ground and travelled through the entire flock. Lightning is also responsible for starting more than 10,000 forest fires each year world-wide.Lightning闪电Strike s攻击、罢工参考译文：雷击1. Three years ago a bolt of lightning闪电all but destroy ed破坏Lyn Miller’s house in Aberdeen—with her two children inside.译文：三年前，一道闪电几乎将林恩•米勒在亚伯丁的房子夷为平地，当时她的两个孩子还在屋里面。