胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记和考研真题详解(从语词到篇章)【圣才出品】
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第1章语言学导论1.1复习笔记本章要点:1.The definition and the design features of language语言的定义与特征2.The origin and the function of language语言的起源和功能3.Main branches of linguistics study语言学研究的范围和内容4.Important distinctions in Linguistics语言学的一些重要区分本章考点:1.有关语言的常考考点语言的定义;语言的基本特征(任意性、二重性、多产性、移位性、文化传递和互换性);语言的功能(提供信息、人际交往、施为、表达情感、寒暄、娱乐、元语言);语言的起源(神授说,人造说(“汪汪”,“噗噗”,“哟-嘿-吼”理论),进化说)等。
2.有关语言学的常考考点(1)语言学的定义,现代语言学与传统语法学研究的三个显著区别。
(2)语言学研究的四个原则及其简要说明。
语言学中几组重要区别,每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义。
(3)普通语言学的主要分支学科及各自的研究范畴。
(4)宏观语言学及应用语言学的主要分支及各自的研究范畴。
本章内容索引:I.Definition of languageII.Design features of language1.Arbitrariness2.Duality3.Creativity4.Displacement5.Cultural Transmission6.InterchangeabilityIII.Origin of language1.The Biblical account2.The bow-wow theory3.The pooh-pooh theory4.The yo-he-ho theory5.The evolution theoryIV.Functions of languagermative function2.Interpersonal function3.Performative function4.Emotive function5.Phatic function6.Recreational function7.Metalingual functionV.Definition of linguisticsVI.Branches of linguistics1.Microlinguistics2.MacrolinguisticsVII.Important concepts and their distinctions1.Descriptive vs.Prescriptive2.Synchronic vs.Diachronicngue vs.Parolepetence vs.Performance5.Etic vs.Emic6.Traditional Grammar vs.Modern Grammar7.Linguistic Potential vs.Actual Linguistic BehaviorI.The definition of language(语言的定义)Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.This definition has revealed five essential factors of language:systematic,arbitrary,vocal,symbolic语言是人类以口头交流的任意的符号系统。
语言学教程胡壮麟第5版考研笔记和题库答案在考研的征程中,语言学这一学科对于许多考生来说既充满魅力又颇具挑战。
胡壮麟的《语言学教程》第 5 版作为经典教材,更是备受关注。
为了在考试中取得优异成绩,精心整理的考研笔记和准确的题库答案无疑是通向成功的重要法宝。
首先,让我们来谈谈考研笔记的重要性。
一份好的考研笔记能够帮助我们梳理教材中的知识点,将复杂的内容变得清晰易懂。
对于胡壮麟第5 版的《语言学教程》,笔记应该涵盖语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学等各个核心板块。
在语音学部分,笔记可以记录不同语音的发音特征、分类以及语音的产生机制。
比如元音和辅音的区别,国际音标系统的运用等。
音系学方面,重点关注音位的概念、音位变体以及音系规则。
对于形态学,要总结词汇的构成方式,如词缀法、复合法和转化法等。
句法学的笔记则应着重于各种句子结构的分析,包括简单句、复合句和复杂句,以及不同的句法理论和分析方法。
语义学中,关于词汇意义、句子意义以及语义关系的理解和归纳必不可少。
而在语用学部分,要记下言语行为理论、会话含义、预设等重要内容。
接下来,说说题库答案的价值。
题库答案为我们提供了检验知识掌握程度的标准,同时也让我们熟悉考试的题型和答题思路。
在面对选择题时,答案不仅要给出正确选项,还应该对每个选项进行详细的分析,解释为什么对为什么错。
对于简答题,答案要条理清晰,分点作答,将关键要点阐述清楚。
例如,当被问到“语言的功能有哪些”时,答案可以这样组织:语言具有交际功能,使人们能够交流思想和信息;具有表达功能,帮助个人表达情感、意愿和想法;具有认知功能,有助于人类认识世界和思考问题;还有社会功能,如确立社会身份、维系社会关系等。
对于论述题,答案需要更加深入和全面。
比如“论述语言与文化的关系”,不仅要说明语言是文化的载体,反映文化的各个方面,还要举例论证,从词汇、语法、语用等多个角度进行分析,并探讨文化对语言发展和使用的影响。
第6章语言与认知6.1 复习笔记本章要点:1. Psycholinguistics心理语言学2. Language acquisition, language comprehension, language production 语言习得,语言的理解,语言的生成3. First language acquisition第一语言习得4. Cognitive linguistics认知语言学常考考点:语言习得;第一语言习得;语言的理解和生成;范畴;隐喻;整合理论等。
本章内容索引:I. Definition of cognitionII. Definition of PsycholinguisticsIII. Language acquisition1. The Behaviorist Approach2. The Innateness HypothesisIV. Language comprehension1. Sound Comprehension2. Word recognition3. Comprehension of sentences4. Comprehension of textV. Language Production1. Access to words2. Generation of sentences3. Written language productionVI. Cognitive Linguistics1. Definition2. Construal and Construal Operations(1) Attention/ Salience(2) Judgment/ Comparison(3) Perspective/ Situatedness3. Categorization(1) Basic level(2) Superordinate level(3) Subordinate level4. Image Schemas5. Metaphor(1) Ontological metaphors(2) Structural metaphors(3) Orientional metaphors6. Metonymy7. Blending TheoryI. Definition of cognition (认知的定义)Cognition is used in several different loosely related disciplines. In psychology it is used to refer to the mental processes of an individual, with particular relation to a concept which argues that the mind has internal mental states (such as beliefs, desires and intentions) and can be understood as information processing, especially when much abstraction or concretization is involved, or processes such as involving knowledge, expertise or learning for example are at work. Another definition of “cognition” is the mental process or faculty of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment.“认知”一词既可用于不同学科也可用于相关学科。
胡壮麟《语言学教程》(第5版)笔记和考研真题详解目录第1章语言学导论1.1复习笔记1.2考研真题与典型题详解第2章语音2.1复习笔记2.2考研真题与典型题详解第3章词和形态学3.1复习笔记3.2考研真题与典型题详解第4章句法:从语词到篇章4.1复习笔记4.2考研真题与典型题详解第5章意义5.1复习笔记5.2考研真题与典型题详解第6章语言与认知6.1复习笔记6.2考研真题与典型题详解第7章语言文化社会7.1复习笔记7.2考研真题与典型题详解第8章语言的使用8.1复习笔记8.2考研真题与典型题详解第9章语言与文学9.1复习笔记9.2考研真题与典型题详解第10章语言和计算机10.1复习笔记10.2考研真题与典型题详解第11章第二语言和外语教学11.1复习笔记11.2考研真题与典型题详解第12章现代语言学理论与流派12.1复习笔记12.2考研真题与典型题详解内容简介作为《语言学教程》(第5版)(胡壮麟主编,北京大学出版社)的学习辅导书,全书完全遵循该教材的章目编排,共分12章,每章由两部分组成:第一部分为复习笔记(中英文对照),总结本章的重点难点;第二部分是考研真题与典型题详解,精选名校经典考研真题及相关习题,并提供了详细的参考答案。
本书具有以下几个方面的特点:1.梳理章节脉络,浓缩内容精华。
每章的复习笔记以该教材为主并结合其他教材对本章的重难点知识进行了整理,并参考了国内名校名师讲授该教材的课堂笔记,因此,本书的内容几乎浓缩了经典教材的知识精华。
2.中英双语对照,凸显难点要点。
本书章节笔记采用了中英文对照的形式,强化对重要难点知识的理解和运用。
3.精选考研真题,补充难点习题。
本书精选名校考研真题及相关习题,并提供答案和详解。
所选真题和习题基本体现了各个章节的考点和难点,但又不完全局限于教材内容,是对教材内容极好的补充。
另外,在笔记部分,对于在《语言学教程》第三版或第四版提到而第五版删减的知识点我们也予以保留,并用“*”标明,部分院校考研真题依旧会涉及这些知识点的考查。
(完整版)胡壮麟语言学教程笔记、重点全解《语言学教程》重难点学习提示第一章语言的性质语言的定义:语言的基本特征(任意性、二重性、多产性、移位、文化传递和互换性);语言的功能(寒暄、指令、提供信息、询问、表达主观感情、唤起对方的感情和言语行为);语言的起源(神授说,人造说,进化说)等。
第二章语言学语言学定义;研究语言的四大原则(穷尽、一致、简洁、客观);语言学的基本概念(口语与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言学、语言能力与言行运用、语言潜势与语言行为);普通语言学的分支(语音、音位、语法、句法、语义);;语言学的应用(语言学与语言教学、语言与社会、语言与文字、语言与心理学、人类语言学、神经语言学、数理语言学、计算语言学)等。
第三章语音学发音器官的英文名称;英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法;语音学的定义;发音语音学;听觉语音学;声学语音学;元音及辅音的分类;严式与宽式标音等。
第四章音位学音位理论;最小对立体;自由变异;互补分布;语音的相似性;区别性特征;超语段音位学;音节;重音(词重音、句子重音、音高和语调)等。
第五章词法学词法的定义;曲折词与派生词;构词法(合成与派生);词素的定义;词素变体;自由词素;粘着词素(词根,词缀和词干)等。
第六章词汇学词的定义;语法词与词汇词;变词与不变词;封闭词与开放词;词的辨认;习语与搭配。
第七章句法句法的定义;句法关系;结构;成分;直接成分分析法;并列结构与从属结构;句子成分;范畴(性,数,格);一致;短语,从句,句子扩展等。
第八章语义学语义的定义;语义的有关理论;意义种类(传统、功能、语用);里奇的语义分类;词汇意义关系(同义、反义、下义);句子语义关系。
第九章语言变化语言的发展变化(词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化);第十章语言、思维与文化语言与文化的定义;萨丕尔-沃夫假说;语言与思维的关系;语言与文化的关系;中西文化的异同。
第十一章语用学语用学的定义;语义学与语用学的区别;语境与意义;言语行为理论(言内行为、言外行为和言后行为);合作原则。
胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记和考研真题详解(语音)【圣才出品】第2章语音2.1 复习笔记本章要点:1. Speech Organs发音器官2. Distinction, Classification and the Criteria of Description between Constants and Vowels辅音和元音的区别、分类及描写规则3. Coarticulation and Phonetic Transcriptions协同发音和语音转写4. Phonemes and Allophones音位和音位变体5. Phonological Processes, Phonological Rules and Distinctive Features音系过程、音系规则和区别特征6. Syllable Structure, Stress and Intonation音节结构、重音和语调常考考点:1. 语音学语音学的定义;发音器官的英文名称;英语辅音的定义、发音部位、发音方法和分类;英语元音的定义和分类、基本元音;发音语音学;听觉语音学;声学语音学;语音标记,国际音标;严式与宽式标音法。
2. 音系学音系学的定义;音系学与语音学的联系和区别;音素、音位、音位变体、最小对立体、自由变体的定义;音位理论;自由变异;音位的对立分布与互补分布;语音的相似性;区别性特征;超语段音位学;音节;重音(词重音、句子重音);音高和语调。
本章内容索引:I. The Definition of Phonetics and Phonology1. Phonetics2. Three Major Research Fields of Phonetics3. PhonologyII. Speech Organs1. Speech organs2. Voiceless sounds3. Voiced sounds4. IPAIII. Consonants and Vowels1. Definition2. Consonants(1) Manner of Articulation and Place of Articulation(2) Classification of Consonants3. Vowel(1) Cardinal vowels(2) Criteria of vowel description(3) Monophthongs, Diphthongs and TriphthongsIV. Coarticulation and Phonetic Transcriptions1. Coarticulation2. Phonetic TranscriptionV. Phonemes and Allophones1. Phoneme2. AllophonesVI. Phonological Processes and Distinctive Features1. Phonological processes2. Assimilation3. Distinctive featuresVII. Suprasegmentals1. Suprasegmental features2. The Syllable Structure3. Stress4. Intonation and ToneI. The Definition of Phonetics and Phonology (语音学和音系学的定义)1. Phonetics (语音学)Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.语音学研究语音的发生、传递和感知。
第2章语音2.1 复习笔记本章要点:1. Speech Organs 发音器官2. Distinction, Classification and the Criteria of Description between Constants and Vowels辅音和元音的区别、分类及描写规则3. Coarticulation and Phonetic Transcriptions协同发音和语音转写4. Phonemes and Allophones音位和音位变体5. Phonological Processes, Phonological Rules and Distinctive Features音系过程、音系规则和区别特征6. Syllable Structure, Stress and Intonation音节结构、重音和语调常考考点:1. 语音学语音学的定义;音姿的定义;发音器官的英文名称;英语辅音的定义、发音部位、发音方法和分类;英语元音的定义和分类、基本元音;发音语音学;听觉语音学;声学语音学;语音标记,国际音标;严式与宽式标音法。
2. 音系学音系学的定义;音系学与语音学的联系和区别;音素、音位、音位变体、最小对立体、自由变体的定义;音位理论;自由变异;音位的对立分布与互补分布;语音的相似性;区别性特征;超语段音位学;音节;重音(词重音、句子重音);音高和语调。
本章内容索引I. The Definition of Phonetics and Phonology1. Phonetics2. Three Major Research Fields of Phonetics3. PhonologyII. Speech Organs▼1. Gestures2. Speech organs3. Voiceless sounds4. Voiced sounds5. IPAIII. Consonants and Vowels1. Definition2. Consonants(1) Manner of Articulation and Place of Articulation(2) Classification of Consonants3. Vowel(1) Cardinal vowels(2) Criteria of vowel description(3) Monophthongs, Diphthongs and Triphthongs IV. Coarticulation and Phonetic Transcriptions*1. Coarticulation*2. Phonetic TranscriptionV. Phonemes and Allophones1. Phoneme2. AllophonesVI. Phonological Processes and Distinctive Features1. Phonological processes2. Assimilation*3. Distinctive featuresVII. Suprasegmentals1. Suprasegmental features2. The Syllable Structure▼3. Sonority Scale▼4. Stress(1) Change of the stresses due to suffixes(2) Stresses in compounds and phrases5. Intonation and ToneI. The Definition of Phonetics and Phonology (语音学和音系学的定义)1. Phonetics (语音学)Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.语音学研究语音的发生、传递和感知。
胡壮麟《语言学教程》(第4版)考研模拟试题及详解(二)I. Fill in the following blanks.1. “Linguistic relativity”was proposed by ______ and ______.【答案】Sapir, Whorf【解析】萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说认为,一方面,语言可以决定我们的思维方式;另一方面,语言之间的相似性是相对的,结构性差异越大,反映出对于世界认识的越不同。
因此,这个假说也被称作“语言决定论”和“语言相对主义”。
2. When a teacher says “The exam this year is going to be really difficult”, the sentence would have an ______ force.【答案】illocutionary【解析】言外行为,表达说话人的意图。
3. Such errors as “teached”and “womans”are caused by ______.【答案】second language learners【解析】这些错误一般是第二语言习得者犯的。
4. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______.【答案】Phonology【解析】音系学研究支配语音分布和排列的规则以及音节的形式。
5. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without ______. 【答案】Obstruction【解析】元音与辅音的区别就在于发音过程中气流是否受阻。
6. Terms like “apple”, “banana”and “pear”are ______ of the term “fruit”. 【答案】hyponyms【解析】上下义关系是指意义内包关系或者说一种类和成员间的关系。
胡壮麟《语⾔学教程》笔记和考研真题详解(语⾔与认知)【圣才出品】第6章语⾔与认知6.1 复习笔记本章要点:1. Psycholinguistics⼼理语⾔学2. Language acquisition, language comprehension, language production 语⾔习得,语⾔的理解,语⾔的⽣成3. First language acquisition第⼀语⾔习得4. Cognitive linguistics认知语⾔学常考考点:语⾔习得;第⼀语⾔习得;语⾔的理解和⽣成;范畴;隐喻;整合理论等。
本章内容索引:I. Definition of cognitionII. Definition of PsycholinguisticsIII. Language acquisition1. The Behaviorist Approach2. The Innateness HypothesisIV. Language comprehension1. Sound Comprehension2. Word recognition3. Comprehension of sentences4. Comprehension of textV. Language Production1. Access to words2. Generation of sentences3. Written language productionVI. Cognitive Linguistics1. Definition2. Construal and Construal Operations(1) Attention/ Salience(2) Judgment/ Comparison(3) Perspective/ Situatedness3. Categorization(1) Basic level(2) Superordinate level(3) Subordinate level4. Image Schemas5. Metaphor(1) Ontological metaphors(2) Structural metaphors(3) Orientional metaphors6. Metonymy7. Blending TheoryI. Definition of cognition (认知的定义)Cognition is used in several different loosely related disciplines. In psychology it is used to refer to the mental processes of an individual, with particular relation to a concept which argues that the mind has internal mental states (such as beliefs, desires and intentions) and can be understood as information processing, especially when much abstraction or concretization is involved, or processes such as involving knowledge, expertise or learning for example are at work. Another definition of “cognition” is the mental process or faculty of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment.“认知”⼀词既可⽤于不同学科也可⽤于相关学科。
第8章语言的使用8.1 复习笔记本章要点:1. Speech act theory言语行为理论2. Cooperative principle and its maxims合作原则及其准则3. Gricean theory of conversational implicature格莱斯会话含义理论4. Politeness principle礼貌原则5. Post-Gricean developments后格莱斯时期的发展常考考点:语用学的定义;语义学与语用学的区别;语境与意义;言语行为理论(发话行为、行事行为和取效行为);合作原则。
实例分析言语行为、合作原则的违反和会话含义。
“话语意义”和“句子意义”的区别。
本章内容索引:I. Pragmatics1. Definition2. Difference between pragmatics and semantics II. Speech Act Theory1. Performatives and Constatives(1) Definition(2) Felicity Conditions2. A Theory of the Illocutionary Act3. Searle’s Classification of Speech Acts(1) Representatives:(2) Directives(3) Commsives(4) Expressives(5) DeclarationsIII. Cooperative Principle (CP)1. Cooperative Principle and Its Maxims2. Violation of the MaximsIV. Conversational Implicature1. Definition2. Characteristics of Conversational Implicature(1) Calculability.(2) Cancellability(3) Non-detachability(4) Non-conventionality.V. Politeness Principle (PP)VI. Post-Gricean Developments1. Relevance Theory2. The Q- and R-principles3. Levinson’s Q-, I-and M-principles▼4. A socio-cognitive approachI. Pragmatics (语用学)【考点:Pragmatics与Semantics的异同】1. Definition (定义)Pragmatics is the study of language in use, focusing on the study of speaker’s meaning, utterance meaning or contextual meaning.语用学是研究语言实际运用的学科,集中研究说话人意义、话语意义或语境意义。
第4章句法:从语词到篇章4.1 复习笔记本章要点:1. The traditional approach, the structural approach传统学派,结构主义学派2. Immediate constituent analysis直接成分分析3. Endocentric and exocentric constructions向心结构和离心结构4. The generative approach生成语法5. The functional approach功能学派6. Systemic-functional grammar系统功能语法常考考点:句法的定义;句法关系;向心结构;离心结构;深层结构;表层结构;成分;直接成分分析法的定义;并列结构与从属结构;句子成分;范畴(性、数、格)。
用实例进行分析,用直接成分分析法以及树形图分析句子的结构等。
本章内容索引:I. Syntax1. Definition2. Syntactic Relations(1)Positional Relation(2)Relation of Substitutability(3)Relation of Co-occurrenceII. The Traditional Approach1. Number, Gender, Case2. Tense and aspect3. Concord and governmentIII. The Structural Approach1. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations2. Immediate constituent analysis(IC Analysis)(1) Definition(2) Advantages(3) Problems3. Endocentric and exocentric construction(1) Endocentric construction①Subordinate endocentric constructions②Coordinate endocentric constructions(2) Exocentric constructionIV. The Generative Approach1. Deep structure and surface structure2. Syntactic Movement(1) NP-movement:(2) Wh-movement(3) Aux-movement3. Move-α ruleV. The Functional ApproachVI. Systemic-Functional GrammarI. Syntax (句法)1. Definition (定义)Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures.句法就是研究语言不同成分组成句子的规则或句子结构成分之间的关系。
2. Syntactic Relations (句法关系)(1) Positional Relation (位置关系)Positional relation, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in alanguage.It is the basic syntactic relation, and also the requirement of grammatical acceptability and semantic intelligibility of human language.(2) Relation of Substitutability (替代关系)The relationship of substitutability refers to classes or sets of words grammatically substitutable for each other in sentences with the same structure, or groups of more than one word which may be jointly substitutable grammatically for a single word of a particular set.(3) Relation of Co-occurrence (同现关系)It means that words of different sets of clauses may permit, or require, the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a special part of a sentence.(1) 位置关系或词序指的是一门语言中词语的排列顺序。
位置关系是任何人类语言中的基本句法关系,也是语言的句法可接受性和语义可理解性的要求。
(2) 替代关系指在相同的句子结构中,语法上可以互相代替的词类或语词的集合,它还可指由多个词组成的词组,语法上代替特定集合中的单个语词。
(3) 共现关系指不同词类的不同词汇集合允许另一个词类或集合的词出现构成一个句子或句子的某一特定成分。
II. The Traditional Approach (传统语法学派)Traditionally, a sentence is seen as a sequence of words. The study of sentenceformation involves a great deal of the study of the words such as the distinction of parts of speech, the identification of functions of words in terms of subject, predicate, etc. Sometimes these parts of speech and function are called categories.传统语法认为句子是词的序列。
因此句子构造的研究涉及了对词的大量研究,例如词类是对词进行的分类,主语、谓语是对词的功能的描写等。
这些词类和功能有时叫做范畴。
1. Number, Gender, Case (数、性和格)(1) Number is a grammatical category used for the analysis of word classesdisplaying such contrasts as singular, dual, plural, etc. In English, number is mainly observed in nouns, and it has only two forms: singular and plural.Number is also reflected in the inflection of pronouns and verbs.(2) Gender is a grammatical category dividing nouns into classes basicallycharacterized by sex. Gender is also a category of nouns and pronouns. In English, the gender distinctions are on the whole natural, determined by the biological gender of the creature. However, exactly speaking, the gender here means the grammatical gender, which includes feminine, masculine and neuter.(3) Case is an inflectional category, basically of nouns, which typically marks theirroles in relation to other parts of the sentence. In English, pronouns have three cases of nominative (e.g. we, he, she), accusative (e.g. us, him, her) and genitive (e.g. our, your, his). But nouns have only two cases: general (e.g. Tom, girl) and genitive (e.g. T om’s, girl’s).(1) 数是用来分析词类的语法范畴,有单数、双数和复数等。
在英语中,数主要是名词的范畴,包括两种形式:单数和复数。
数还体现在代词和动词的屈折变化上。
(2) 性指的是依照性别把名词分成不同类别的语法范畴。
性主要也是名词和代词的范畴。
在英语中,性的差别是自然的,由动物本身的生理性别决定。
然而准确地讲,性在这里指的是语法性,语法性主要有阴性、阳性和中性三种。
(3) 格主要是名词的屈折范畴,它典型地标识着它们和句子其他部分之间的关系。
在英语中,代词一般有三种格。
即:主格、宾格和属格;名词只有两种格:普通格和属格。
2. Tense and aspect (时态与体)【考点:区分Tense和Aspect的区别】Tense and aspect are two important categories of the verb, and they were not separated in traditional grammar. The distinction between tense and aspect lies in that the former is deictic, i.e. indicating time relative to the time of utterance; while the latter is not deictic, the time indicated is not relative to the time of utterance, but relative to the time of another event described, or implied, in the narrative.时态与体是动词的两个重要范畴,传统语法没有对它们加以区分。