Dynamic Replier Active Reliable Multicast (DyRAM)
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AC 23BACTIVE CROSSOVERData Sheet-1Features• Stereo 2- or 3-Way, Mono 4- or 5-Way• Linkwitz-Riley Alignment with 24 dB per Octave Slopes • Adjustable Delays• Infrasonic, Ultrasonic and RFI FiltersGeneral DescriptionThe Rane AC 23B Active Crossover can be configured asa stereo 2- or 3-way, or a mono 4- or 5-way. It employs 4th-order Linkwitz-Riley filter alignments to minimize phase difficulties in the critical crossover region. The AC 23B uses XLR connectors with active balanced Inputs and Outputs.Simply put, a Linkwitz-Riley alignment is two cascaded 2nd-order Butterworth filters exhibiting identical phasecharacteristics on their low-pass and high-pass outputs. This characteristic guarantees in-phase outputs at all frequencies.In-phase outputs are mandatory for proper acoustic summing of common signals from adjacent drivers in the crossover region. An added benefit of this topology is steep 24 dB per octave rolloff slopes. A slope of this magnitude guarantees drivers designed to produce a specific range of frequencies,and no more, will not be driven past their limits, thereby minimizing distortion and driver fatigue.To further guarantee the transparent operation of the AC 23B, adjustable Delay circuits appear on the Low & Mid Outputs of each Channel to compensate for any physical misalignment of the drivers. Time correction ensures the mechanical phase alignment of adjacent drivers will be acoustically correct, thus maintaining the integrity of the electrical phase alignment of the crossover’s filters.In 2- or 3-way stereo mode, the low outputs may be mono'ed by moving an internal jumper. Constant directivity (CD) horn equalization is possible with an internal modifica-tion. See the manual for details.See the RaneNote Linkwitz-Riley Crossovers for more information.DA T A SHEET • Low & Mid Output Muting (3-Way)• Input & Output Level Controls• Fully Active Balanced XLR Inputs & Outputs• UL/CSA/CE and 100/120/230 VAC Remote Power SuppliesAC 23BACTIVE CROSSOVERData Sheet-2re t e m a r a P n o i t a c if i c e p S ti m i L st i n U st n e m m o C /s n o i t i d n o C t n e m n g i l A :r e v o s s o r C y e l i R -z t i w k n i L e l b a i r a v -e t a t s r e d r o -h t 4y r a t e i r p o r P se p o l S ..........ev a t c O /B d 42)y a w -3(e g n a R ..........d i M o t w o L z H k 1-07t o p e l b a i r a v y l s u o u n i t n o c t n e t e d -14)y a w -3(e g n a R ..........h g i H o t d i M z H k 7-091e v o b a s a )y a w -2(e g n a R ..........h g i H o t w o L z H k 7-091ev o b a s a e g n a R t s u j d A y a l e D e m i T 2+o t f f O %5sm y l n o s t u p t u O d i M &w o L e p y T :s t u p n I d e c n a l a B e v i t c A sr o t c e n n o C ..........R L X sd r a d n a t s S E A r e p t o h 2n i P l e v e L m u m i x a M (1)2+1u B d e g n a R n i a G ..........6+o t f f O 4+/0-B d e c n a d e p m I ..........k021Ωe p y T :s t u p t u O d e c n a l a B e v i t c A s r o t c e n n o C ..........R L X sd r a d n a t s S E A re p t o h 2n i P ec n a d e p m I ..........002%1Ωl e v e L m u m i x a M . 02+1u B d 006Ωr e t a e r g r o eg n a R n i a G ..........21+o t f f O 4+/0-Bd se h c t i w S g n i t u M d n a B s e Y yl n o s t u p t u O d i M &w o L sr e t l i F I F R se Y r e t l i F c i n o s a rf n I h t r o w r e t t u B ,.t c o /B d 81,z H 02%3z H r e t l i F c i n o s a r t l U l e s s e B ,.t c o /B d 81,z H k 04%3z H es a h p r a e n i L e s n o p s e R y c n e u q e r F z H k 04-023-/0+B d es i o N +D H T 20.010.%zH k 02-02,u B d 4+)E T P M S (n o i t r o t s i D M I 20.010.%uB d 4+,1:4,z H k 7/z H 06o i t a R e s i o N -o t -l a n g i S 292Bd h t d i w d n a be s i o n z H k 02,u B d 4+e r g n i t s i L y c n e g A :t i n U l e d o m C A V 021..........t n e m p i u q E 2s s a l C e d o C l a c i r t c e l E l a n o i t a N A S C &L U 2s s a l C le d o m C A V 032..........V L E S ,E D V e g a t l o V w o L a r t x E y t ef a S C M E -E C CE E /633/98e v i t c e r i d C M E yt e f a S -E C C E E /32/37D V L ,1.t r A r e p t p m e x E g n i t s i L y c n e g A :y l p p u S r e w o P l e d o m C A V 021..........L U 16288E .o n e l i F A S C 84985R L .o n e l i F l e d o m C A V 032..........C M E -E C C E E /633/98e v i t c e r i d C M E y t e f a S -E C C E E /32/37e v i t c e r i d V L l e d o m C A V 001..........SI J o t t l i u B y l n o n a p a J t n e m r i u q e R y l p p u S r e w o P p a t r e t n e c /w C A V 811.0s m r V 1S R l e d o M t n e r r u C m u m i x a M 057Am y l p p u S e t o m e R m o r f t n e r r u C S M R n o i t c u r t s n o C :t i n U le e t S l l A e z i S ..........)U 1(D "3.5x W "91x H "57.1)m c 3.31x m c 3.84x m c 4.4(t h g i e W ..........bl 5)g k 3.2(e z i S :g n i p p i h S "57.31x "3.02x "52.4)m c 53x m c 25x m c 5.11(th g i e W ..........bl 9)g k 1.4(sm r V 577.0=u B d 0:e t o N Features and SpecificationsAC 23BACTIVE CROSSOVERData Sheet-3Block DiagramAC 23BACTIVE CROSSOVERData Sheet-4All features & specifications subject to change without notice. DOC 107496©Rane Corporation 10802 47th Ave. W., Mukilteo WA 98275-5098 USA T EL 425-355-6000 FAX 425-347-7757 WEB References1. S.H. Linkwitz, “Active Crossover Networks for Noncoincident Drivers,” J. Audio Eng. Soc ., vol. 24, pp. 2-8 (Jan/Feb 1976).2. D. Bohn, “A Fourth-Order State-Variable Filter for Linkwitz-Riley Active Crossover Designs,” presented at the 74th Convention of the Audio Engineering Society, New York, Oct. 9-12, 1983, preprint no. 2011.3. D. Bohn, “Linkwitz-Riley Crossovers,” RaneNote , (1983).4. D. Bohn, “Why Not Wye?” RaneNote , (1984).5. D. Bohn, “Linkwitz-Riley Active Crossovers Up To 8th-Order: An Overview,” RaneNote, (1989).Rear PanelAvailable Accessories • SC 1.7 Security Cover Architectural SpecificationsThe active crossover shall contain 4th-order Linkwitz-Riley filters. Provisions shall exist to correct for driver misalignment by adding time delay to the low and mid frequency outputs.The crossover frequency shall be controlled by a continu-ously variable control with 41 detents to allow mechanical reference of crossover setting.Signal inputs and outputs shall be of active balanceddesign terminated with XLR connectors. RFI, infrasonic, and ultrasonic filters shall be built-in.The active crossover shall afford an input level range of Off to +6 dB. The output level controls shall afford a level range of from Off to +12 dB with muting capability on the low and mid frequency outputs. The crossover shall supply two independent channels.The unit shall be exempt from agency safety requirements and powered from a UL listed, CSA certified remote power supply (120 VAC) or CE approved (230 VAC) via a rear panel modular plug input. The unit shall be constructedentirely from cold-rolled steel, and mount into a standard 1U EIA rack.The unit shall be a Rane Corporation AC 23B Active Crossover.Choosing the Right Configuration:Mono, Dual Mono, or Stereo?Very few systems indeed will utilize a two channel crossover for the purpose of true stereo imaging. Discrete stereo channels which are run from the mixing board are usually used for panning effects and/or for separate equaliza-tion of left and right speaker stacks. Different sides of the room often require significantly different equalization due to varying room acoustics, dimensions, positioning of speaker stacks near walls, curtains and the like.Even though you may not plan to use stereo equalization or panning effects, it is recommended that your system utilize discrete crossover channels for each stack of speakers to ensure flexibility and control for consistent, optimum sound quality. For example, if you plan to run a multi-stack system mono three-way, use the AC 23B rather than the AC 22B for separate control over each set of speakers—especially since phase alignment may differ with each stack requiring separate time delay adjustments. Even with only a single system equalizer, the AC 23B can deliver the extra independent control which can make a difference in sound throughout the listening area. If all drivers are built into a single cabinet, or you are running bi-amped monitors, then the AC 22B is the one for you.。
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BENEFITS• Evaluates product performance while changing multiple variables at a rapid pace.• Reduces time-to-market by quickly determining optimal design solutions and reducing physical prototypes.• Enables better cost control through reduced rework and higher quality.• Delivers more accurate proposals.CAPABILITIESSOLIDWORKS Flow SimulationSOLIDWORKS Flow Simulation is a general-purpose fluid flow and heat transfer simulation tool integrated with SOLIDWORKS 3D CAD. Capable of simulating both low-speed and supersonic flows, this powerful 3D design simulation tool enables true concurrent engineering and brings the critical impact of fluid flow analysis and heat transfer into the hands of every designer. In addition to SOL IDWORKS Flow Simulation, designers can simulate the effects of fans and rotating components on the fluid flow and well as component heating and cooling. HVAC ModuleThis module offers dedicated simulation tools for HVAC designers and engineers who need to simulate advanced radiation phenomena. It enables engineers to tackle the tough challenges of designing efficient cooling systems, lighting systems or contaminant dispersion systems. Electronic Cooling ModuleThis module includes dedicated simulation tools for thermal management studies. It is ideal for companies facing thermal challenges with their products and companies that require very accurate thermal analysis of their PCB and enclosure designs.SOLIDWORKS Flow Simulation can be used to:• Dimension air conditioning and heating ducts with confidence, taking into account materials, isolation and thermal comfort.• Investigate and visualize airflow to optimize systems and air distribution.• Test products in an environment that is as realistic as possible.• Produce Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Predicted Percent Dissatisfied (PPD) HVAC results for supplying schools and government institutes.• Design better incubators by keeping specific comfort levels for the infant and simulating where support equipment should be placed.• Design better air conditioning installation kits for medical customers.• Simulate electronic cooling for LED lighting.• Validate and optimize designs using a multi-parametric Department of Energy (DOE) method.SOLIDWORKS FLOW SIMULATIONOur 3D EXPERIENCE® platform powers our brand applications, serving 12 industries, and provides a rich portfolio of industry solution experiences.Dassault Syst èmes, t he 3D EXPERIENCE® Company, provides business and people wit h virt ual universes t o imagine sust ainable innovat ions. It s world-leading solutions transform the way products are designed, produced, and supported. Dassault Systèmes’ collaborative solutions foster social innovation, expanding possibilities for the virtual world to improve the real world. The group brings value to over 220,000 customers of all sizes in all industries in more than 140 countries. For more information, visit .Europe/Middle East/Africa Dassault Systèmes10, rue Marcel Dassault CS 4050178946 Vélizy-Villacoublay Cedex France AmericasDassault Systèmes 175 Wyman StreetWaltham, Massachusetts 02451-1223USA Asia-PacificDassault Systèmes K.K.ThinkPark Tower2-1-1 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku,Tokyo 141-6020Japan©2018 D a s s a u l t S y s t èm e s . A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d . 3D E X P E R I E N C E ®, t h e C o m p a s s i c o n , t h e 3D S l o g o , C A T I A , S O L I D W O R K S , E N O V I A , D E L M I A , S I M U L I A , G E O V I A , E X A L E A D , 3D V I A , B I O V I A , N E T V I B E S , I F W E a n d 3D E X C I T E a r e c o m m e r c i a l t r a d e m a r k s o r r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k s o f D a s s a u l t S y s t èm e s , a F r e n c h “s o c i ét é e u r o p ée n n e ” (V e r s a i l l e s C o m m e r c i a l R e g i s t e r # B 322 306 440), o r i t s s u b s i d i a r i e s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d /o r o t h e r c o u n t r i e s . A l l o t h e r t r a d e m a r k s a r e o w n e d b y t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e o w n e r s . U s e o f a n y D a s s a u l t S y s t èm e s o r i t s s u b s i d i a r i e s t r a d e m a r k s i s s u b j e c t t o t h e i r e x p r e s s w r i t t e n a p p r o v a l .• Free, forced and mixed convection• Fluid flows with boundary layers, including wall roughness effects• Laminar and turbulent fluid flows • Laminar only flow• Multi-species fluids and multi-component solids• Fluid flows in models with moving/rotating surfaces and/or parts• Heat conduction in fluid, solid and porous media with/without conjugate heat transfer and/or contact heat resistance between solids• Heat conduction in solids only • Gravitational effectsAdvanced Capabilities• Noise Prediction (Steady State and Transient)• Free Surface• Radiation Heat Transfer Between Solids • Heat sources due to Peltier effect• Radiant flux on surfaces of semi-transparent bodies• Joule heating due to direct electric current in electrically conducting solids• Various types of thermal conductivity in solid medium • Cavitation in incompressible water flows• Equilibrium volume condensation of water from steam and its influence on fluid flow and heat transfer• Relative humidity in gases and mixtures of gases • Two-phase (fluid + particles) flows • Periodic boundary conditions.• Tracer Study• Comfort Parameters • Heat Pipes • Thermal Joints• Two-resistor Components • PCBs•Thermoelectric Coolers• Test the heat exchange on AC and DC power converters.• Simulate internal temperature control to reduce overheating issues.• Better position fans and optimize air flux inside a design.• Predict noise generated by your designed system.Some capabilities above need the HVAC or Electronic Cooling Module.SOLIDWORK Design Support• Fully embedded in SOLIDWORKS 3D CAD• Support SOLIDWORKS configurations and materials • Help Documentation • Knowledge base• Engineering database• eDrawings ® of SOLIDWORKS Simulation results General Fluid Flow Analysis• 2D flow • 3D flow • Symmetry• Sector Periodicity • Internal fluid flows • External fluid flowsAnalysis Types• Steady state and transient fluid flows • Liquids • Gases• Non-Newtonian liquids • Mixed flows• Compressible gas and incompressible fluid flows •Subsonic, transonic and supersonic gas flowsMesher• Global Mesh Automatic and Manual settings • Local mesh refinementGeneral Capabilities• Fluid flows and heat transfer in porous media • Flows of non-Newtonian liquids • Flows of compressible liquids •Real gases。
存储HCIP模考试题与答案一、单选题(共38题,每题1分,共38分)1.某应用的数据初始容量是 500GB.,备份频率是每周 1 次全备,6 次增备,全备和增备的数据保存周期均为 4 周,冗余比为 20%。
则 4 周的后端存储容量为:A、3320GB.B、3504GB.C、4380GB.D、5256GB.正确答案:D2.以下哪个不是 NAS 系统的体系结构中必须包含的组件?A、可访问的磁盘阵列B、文件系统C、访问文件系统的接口D、访问文件系统的业务接口正确答案:D3.华为主备容灾方案信息调研三要素不包括哪一项?A、项目背景B、客户需求与提炼C、项目实施计划D、现网环境确认正确答案:C4.以下哪个不是华为 WushanFS 文件系统的特点A、性能和容量可单独扩展B、全对称分布式架构,有元数据节点C、元数据均匀分散,消除了元数据节点性能瓶颈D、支持 40PB 单一文件系统正确答案:B5.站点 A 需要的存储容量为 2543GB.,站点 B 需要的存储容量为3000GB.,站点 B 的备份数据远程复制到站点 A保存。
考虑复制压缩的情况,压缩比为 3,计算站点 A 需要的后端存储容量是多大?A、3543GB.B、4644GB.C、3865GB.D、4549GB.正确答案:A6.关于华为 Oceanstor 9000 各种类型节点下硬盘的性能,由高到低的排序正确的是哪一项?A、P25 Node SSD 硬盘-〉P25 Node SAS 硬盘-〉P12 SATA 硬盘-〉P36 Node SATA 硬盘-〉C36 SATA 硬盘B、P25 Node SSD 硬盘-〉P25 Node SAS 硬盘-〉P12 SATA 硬盘-〉C36 SATA 硬盘C、P25 Node SSD 硬盘-〉P25 Node SAS 硬盘-〉P36 Node SATA 硬盘-〉P12 SATA 硬盘-〉C36 SATA 硬盘D、P25 Node SSD 硬盘-〉P25 Node SAS 硬盘-〉P36 Node SATA 硬盘-〉C36 SATA 硬盘-〉P12 SATA 硬盘正确答案:C7.关于华为 Oceanstor 9000 软件模块的描述不正确的事哪一项?A、OBS(Object-Based Store)为文件系统元数据和文件数据提供可靠性的对象存储功能B、CA(Chent Agent)负责 NFS/CIFS/FTP 等应用协议的语义解析,并发送给底层模块处理C、快照、分级存储、远程复制等多种增值特性功能是由 PVS 模块提供的D、MDS(MetaData Service)管理文件系统的元数据,系统的每一个节点存储可所以元数据正确答案:D8.下面属于华为存储 danger 类型的高危命令的时哪个命令?A、reboot systemB、import configuration_dataC、show alarmD、chang alarm clear sequence list=3424正确答案:A9.华为 Oceanstor 9000 系统提供的文件共享借口不包括以下哪个选项?A、ObjectB、NFSC、CIFSD、FTP正确答案:A10.以下哪个选项不属于 oceanstor toolkit 工具的功能?A、数据迁移功能B、升级功能C、部署功能D、维护功能正确答案:A11.某用户用 Systemreporter 分析其生产设备 Oceanstor 9000 时发现某分区的部分节点 CPU 利用率超过 80%,但平均CPU 利用率约为 50%,另外发现某个节点的读写带宽始终保持在性能规格的 80%以上,其他节点则均在 60%以下,该场景下,推荐使用如下哪种负载均衡策略?A、轮循方式B、按 CPU 利用率C、按节点吞吐量D、按节点综合负致正确答案:D12.下列选项中关于对象存储服务(兼容 OpenStack Swift 接口) 概念描述错误的是:A、Account 就是资源的所有者和管理者,使用Account 可以对Container 进行增、删、查、配置属性等操作,也可以对 Object 进行上传、下载、查询等操作。
Purpose-built for transportation and logistics applications, the Honeywell Dolphin™ 99GX mobile computer with an integrated handle provides user-friendly ergonomics, cutting-edge wireless technology, multi-functional data capture and extreme durability for frontline workers operating in a variety of locations ranging from loading docks to retail.The reliable and intuitive Dolphin 99GX mobile computer delivers an outstanding feature set that enables improved productivity for mobile workers. Integrated Shift-PLUS™ technology provides all-day battery life, minimizing the time and expense incurred when batteries need to be charged or replaced. The Dolphin 99GX mobile computer is IP64-rated and can withstand multiple 1.8 meter (6 feet) drops to concrete, ensuring years of trouble-free operation.The Dolphin 99GX mobile computer features the latest in wireless technology, including a software-definable radio that allows on-the-fly switching between GSM and CDMA networks, leading to improved network coverage and lower costs related to device provisioning and deployment. Additionally, built-in Wi-Fi provides workers with access to critical data using the new, lightning-fast 802.11n standard while still supporting legacy a/b/g protocols. Integrated motion, light and proximity sensors help conserve battery life and improve ease of use by automatically optimizing the device for the current environment. Similarly, multiple keypadDolphin 99GXMobile ComputerFE AT U R ES & B EN EFI TSIncorporates anIP64-rated design that withstands multiple 1.8 meter (6 feet) drops to concrete and 2,000 1 meter tumbles, resulting in a lower total cost of ownership for enterprises.Enhances productivity by providing full-shift battery life, eliminating the need for employees to carry spare batteries or chargers.Enables multi-functional data capture byproviding fast scanning of linear and 2Dbarcodes with excellent motion tolerance, as well as seamless image capture.Delivers full wireless coverage forapplications inside and outside of the four walls, allowing real-time access to critical data.Comprehensive,hassle-free protection on the deviceinvestment – for up to five years after purchase – extends the product life expectancy beyond the norm for consumer-grade devices.options are available to ensure that the device is configured to meet diverse data input needs. With additional features such as an ultra-bright 94-millimeter (3.7-inch) display that can be read even in direct sunlight, the Dolphin 99GX mobile computer offers superior usability.Designed with input from leading companies in the transportation and logistics sector, the Dolphin 99GX mobile computer provides a rugged solution that increases productivity by connecting enterprises, frontline workers and customers using real-time wireless communication.The Dolphin 99GX mobile computer increases productivity by connecting enterprises, frontline workers and customers.Honeywell Sensing and Productivity Solutions 9680 Old Bailes Road Fort Mill, SC 99GX-DS Rev F 02/16© 2016 Honeywell International Inc.Microsoft and Windows are registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.The Bluetooth trademark is owned by Bluetooth SIG, Inc. U.S.A. and licensed to Honeywell International Inc.Dolphin 99GX Technical SpecificationsMECHANICAL/ENVIRONMENTALDimensions: 215 mm L x 69 mm W (keypad) x 39 mm (standard battery)/45mm (extended battery); 8.5 in L x 2.7 in W (keypad) x 1.5 in (standard battery)/1.8 in (extended battery)Weight: Standard battery: 621 g (21.9 oz); Extended battery: 700 g (24.7 oz)Operating Temperature: -4°F to 122°F (-20°C to 50°C)Storage Temperature: -13°F to 158°F (-25°C to 70°C)Humidity: 95% humidity, non-condensing Drop: Withstands multiple 1.8 m (6 ft) drops to concrete, all axis, and across operating temperature rangeTumble: Up to 2,000 (1 m) tumbles per IEC 60068-2-32 specificationEnvironmental Sealing: Independently certified to meet IP64 standards for moisture and particle resistanceESD: Air: ±15 KV; Contact: ±8 KVSYSTEM ARCHITECTUREProcessor: Texas Instruments ® OMAP3715 1.0 GHz processorOperating System: Microsoft ® Windows ®Embedded Handheld 6.5 Professional and Classic Memory: 1 GB discrete NAND flash x 512 MB RAMDisplay: Chemically strengthened 94 mm (3.7 in) transflective active matrix glass display, VGA (480 x 640), 333 nitsTouch Panel: Industrial touch panel with resistive touch and support for finger touch and stylus Keypad: Backlit 55-key alphanumeric, 43-key alpha shifted numeric, 34-key numeric shifted alpha (phone or calculator style)Audio: Speaker, microphoneI/O Ports: RS-232/USB 2.0/audio out/charging connector, integrated IrDA port with support for SIR modeStorage Expansion: User-accessible Micro SDHC memory card slot. Please check current price guide for available qualified card options Battery: Standard: Li-ion, 3.7V, 3060mAh; Extended: Li-ion, 3.7V, 5000mAhBattery Life: Standard/Extended: 9 hours/15.5 hours (scanning and sending data over WLAN every 9 seconds)Standard/Extended: 8 hours/14.75 hours(scanning and sending data over WWAN every 15 seconds)Imager/Scanner: N5600/5603 Standard Range (SR), Extended Range (ER) and High Density (HD) imagers with high-visibility laser or green LED aimer. All imagers have 25° angle and come equipped with Adaptus™ 6.0 Imaging Technology Decode Capabilities: Reads standard 1D and 2D symbologiesDevelopment Environment: Honeywell SDK for Windows EmbeddedWarranty: One-year factory warrantyService Plans: Optional three- and five-year Honeywell Service Repair programs offer worry-free mobile computingWIRELESS CONNECTIVITYWWAN: GSM (Voice and Data): 3.9G - HSPA+ (800/850/900/1700/2100 MHz), GSM/GPRS/EDGE (850/900/1800/1900 MHz)Software-definable radio: 3.9G - HSPA+/UMTS (800/850/1900/2100 MHz),GSM GPRS/EDGE (850/900/1800/1900 MHz), EVDO Rev A – 1xRTT/EVDO (800/1900 MHz) support for dual SIM cardWLAN: 802.11a/b/g/n, Wi-Fi certifiedWLAN Security: WPA, WPA2 (Personal and Enterprise), 802.1x, EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS/MSCHAPv2, PEAPv0/EAP-MSCHAPv2,PEAPv1/EAP-GTC, WMM, CWG-RF Profile, CCX v.4, WAPIWPAN: Bluetooth ® V2.1, support for enhanced data rate 2.0 Mbps and 3.0 Mbps rates class IIFor a complete listing of all compliance approvals and certifications, please visit /compliance . For a complete listing of all supported barcode symbologies, please visit /symbologies .。
《基于多样性SAT求解器和新颖性搜索的软件产品线测试》篇一一、引言随着软件工程领域的快速发展,软件产品线测试已成为确保软件质量和性能的关键环节。
在软件产品线测试中,求解器技术和搜索策略的选用显得尤为重要。
本文将探讨基于多样性SAT求解器和新颖性搜索的软件产品线测试,分析其优势及实施过程,以期为软件工程领域提供新的思路和方法。
二、SAT求解器在软件产品线测试中的应用SAT(Satisfiability Problem)求解器是一种用于解决逻辑满足性问题的工具。
在软件产品线测试中,SAT求解器可用于验证软件系统的逻辑正确性。
通过构建满足特定需求的逻辑表达式,SAT求解器能够快速找出满足条件的解,从而提高测试效率。
多样性SAT求解器是针对传统SAT求解器的局限性而提出的一种新型求解器。
它能够在搜索过程中生成多种解,从而提供更全面的测试覆盖。
在软件产品线测试中,多样性SAT求解器可以生成多种测试用例,以确保软件在不同场景下的稳定性和性能。
三、新颖性搜索在软件产品线测试中的重要性新颖性搜索是指在海量数据中寻找具有创新性和独特性的信息。
在软件产品线测试中,新颖性搜索对于发现潜在问题和提高测试质量具有重要意义。
通过新颖性搜索,测试人员可以快速定位到尚未被测试的代码区域和潜在风险点,从而提高测试的针对性和有效性。
四、基于多样性SAT求解器和新颖性搜索的软件产品线测试实施1. 确定测试目标:明确软件产品线测试的目标和需求,为后续的SAT求解器和新颖性搜索提供指导。
2. 构建逻辑表达式:利用SAT求解器构建满足测试需求的逻辑表达式,为生成测试用例提供基础。
3. 多样性SAT求解:运用多样性SAT求解器生成多种测试用例,确保软件在不同场景下的稳定性和性能。
4. 新颖性搜索:在海量数据中通过新颖性搜索寻找潜在的问题和风险点,提高测试的针对性和有效性。
5. 执行测试:根据生成的测试用例和搜索结果执行测试,记录测试数据和结果。
SmartLineTechnical InformationSTT850 SmartLine Temperature Transmitter Specification34-TT-03-14, September 2017IntroductionPart of the SmartLine® family of products, the SmartLine STT850 is a high-performance temperature transmitter offering high accuracy and stability over a wide range of process and ambient temperatures. The SmartLine family is also fully tested and compliant with Experion ® PKS providing the highest level of compatibility assurance and integration capabilities. SmartLine easily meets the most demanding needs for temperature measurement applications.Best in Class Features:Industry leading performanceo Digital Accuracy up to +/- 0.10 Deg C for RTD oStability up to +/- 0.01% of URL per year for ten years o 125 mSec update time for single input models o250 mSec update time for dual input modelsReliable measuremento Built in Galvanic IsolationoDifferential/Averaging/Redundant/Split Range measurements o Dual Compartment Housing o Sensor Break detectiono Comprehensive on-board diagnostic capabilities o Full compliance to SIL 2/3 requirements. o Available with 15 year warrantyo Supports Namur 107 Extended Diagnostics o Supports Namur 89 Wire breakoDirect entry of Callendar-Van Dusen coefficients R 0, α, δ and β for calibrated RTD sensors (not available on DE units)Figure 1– Smartline STT850 Temperature transmitterLower Cost of Ownershipo Universal input o Dual sensor optiono Multiple local display capabilities o Modular constructiono External zero, span, & configuration capability o Polarity insensitive loop wiringoDigital Output Option (only available with HART)Communications/Output Options:o 4-20 mA dco Honeywell Digitally Enhanced (DE) o HART ® (version 7.0)oFOUNDATION™ Fieldbus compliant to ITK 6.1.2All transmitters are available with the above listed communications protocols.DescriptionThe SmartLine Temperature Transmitter is designed and manufactured to deliver very high performance across varying ambient temperature. The total accuracy of the transmitter including the ambient temperature effect in harsh industrial environments, allows the STT850 to replace virtually any competitive transmitter available today.Unique Indication/Display OptionsThe STT850 modular design accommodates a basic alphanumeric LCD display or a unique advanced graphics LCD display with many unparalleled features.Basic Alphanumeric LCD Display Featureso Modular (may be added or removed in the field)o0, 90,180, & 270 degree position adjustmentso Deg C , F, R and Kelvin measurement unitso 2 Lines 16 Characters (4.13H x 1.83W mm)o Up to 8 display screens with similar formatso Configurable screen rotation timing (3 to 30 sec)o Auto/Manual selection for screen rotationo Displays up to 9 Datapoints - Loop PV, CJTemperature, Sensor 1, Sensor 2, Sensor Delta,RTD 1 Resistance, RTD 2 Resistance,Loop output, Percent Loop.o Out of Range Indicationo PV Status and critical fault indicationAdvanced Graphics LCD Display Featureso Modular (may be added or removed in the field)o0, 90, 180, & 270 degree position adjustmentso Up to eight display screens with 3 formats are possible (Large PV with Bar Graph or PV with Trend Graph)o Configurable screen rotation timing (3 to 30 sec)o Provides instant visibility for diagnosticso Multiple language capability. (EN, GE, FR, IT, SP, RU, TR, CN & JP)Configuration ToolsIntegral Three Button Configuration OptionSuitable for all electrical and environmental requirements, SmartLine offers the ability to configure the transmitter and display via three externally accessible buttons when either display option is selected. Zero or span capabilities are also optionally available via these buttons with or without selection of a display option.Hand Held ConfigurationSmartLine transmitters feature two-way communication and configuration capability between the operator and the transmitter. This is accomplished via Honeywell’s field-rated Multiple Communication Configuration tool.The Honeywell Handheld MC Toolkit is capable of field configuring DE and HART Devices and can also be ordered for use in intrinsically safe environments. All Honeywell transmitters are designed and tested for compliance with the offered communication protocols and are designed to operate with any properly validated hand held configuration device.Personal Computer ConfigurationHoneywell’s SCT 3000 Configuration Toolkit provides an easy way to configure Digitally Enhanced (DE) instruments using a personal computer as the configuration interface.Field Device Manager (FDM) Software and FDM Express are also available for managing HART & Fieldbus device configurations.DiagnosticsSmartLine transmitters all offer digitally accessible diagnostics which aid in providing advanced warning of possible failure events minimizing unplanned shutdowns, providing lower overall operational costsSystem Integrationo SmartLine communications protocols all meet the most current published standards for HART/DE/Fieldbus.o Integration with Honeywell’s Experion PKS offers the following unique advantages.o Transmitter messagingo Maintenance mode indicationo Tamper reporting (HART only)o FDM Plant Area Views with Health summarieso All STT850 units are Experion tested to provide the highest level of compatibility assuranceModular DesignTo help contain maintenance & inventory costs, all STT850 transmitters are modular in design supporting the user’s ability to replace temperature boards, add indicators or change electronic modules without affecting overall performance or approval body certifications. Each temperature board is uniquely characterized to provide in-tolerance performance over a wide range of application variations in temperature and due to the Honeywell advanced interface, electronic modules may be swapped with any electronics module without losing in-tolerance performance characteristicsModular Featureso Replace Temperature/Terminal board/Lightning protection*o Exchange/replace electronics/comms modules*o Add or remove integral indicators*o Add or remove external configuration buttons* Field replaceable in all electrical environments (including IS) except flameproof without violating agency approvals.With no performance effects, Honeywell’s unique modularity results in lower inventory needs and lower overall operating costs.Digital Output OptionAn optional Digital Output (open collector type) is available on HART transmitters which can be used to activate external equipment when preset Alarm Setpoints are reached. The Digital Output can be set to monitor two independent setpoints based upon the analog value of the PV or upon device status.The following Alarm Types are available:· PV High· PV Low· Critical Diagnostic Active· Redundant Input Active**· PV Rate of Change Alarm *· PV Deviation Alarm *Alarms can be configured as latching or non-latching. Alarm Blocking is also available which allows start-up without the alarm energizing until it first reaches the operating region.Alarm Hysteresis is configurable from 0 to 100% of PV range.The Digital Output functionality and status is also available over the HART communications link.* These Alarm Types are available as part of the Advanced Diagnostics option. Rate of Change monitors the rate at which the PV is changing, configurable as either increasing or decreasing. Deviation monitors the PV delta from a separately configurable Setpoint value.** Available only via Communications StatusSee the Wiring Diagramsfor further information.Performance Specifications1,322. Total analog accuracy is the sum of digital accuracy and output D/A Accuracy3. Output D/A Accuracy is applicable to the 4 to 20 mA Signal output4. For TC inputs, CJ accuracy shall be added to digital accuracy to calculate the total digital accuracy5. These input types are not available on DE units6. Custom Callendar-van Dusen not available for Pt25 sensorsDifferential Temperature MeasurementSmartLine Temperature supports differential temperature measurements between any two types of sensors.When the loop current mode is set to "Differential" then the input range is from A to B for sensor 1 & 2 whereA = Sensor 1 Minimum - Sensor 2 MaximumB = Sensor 1 Maximum - Sensor 2 MinimumCallendar - van Dusen Algorithm (CVD)The easy to use Callendar - van Dusen (CVD) algorithm allows the use of calibrated Platinum RTD sensors to increase the overall system accuracy. Simply enable the algorithm and then enter the four CVD coefficients supplied with the calibrated RTD sensor into the transmitter.Digital Accuracy for differential temperature measurementIf both the inputs are similar the digital accuracy equals 1.5 times the worst case accuracy of either sensor type.For mixed input types, the digital accuracy is the sum of sensor 1 and sensor 2 digital accuracies.Performance under Rated Conditions – All Models (continued)Parameter DescriptionEMC Compliance EN 61326-1 and EN 61326-3-1 (SIL)Lightning Protection Option Leakage Current: *****************°CImpulse rating: 8/20 uS 5000 A (>10 strikes) 10000 A (1 strike min.)10/1000 uS 200 A (> 300 strikes)Operating Conditions – All ModelsParameter ReferenceConditionRated Condition Operative Limits Transportation andStorage︒C ︒F ︒C ︒F ︒C ︒F ︒C ︒FAmbient Temperature1STT850 25±1 77±2 -40 to 85 -40 to 185 -40 to 85 -40 to 185 -55 to 120 -67 to 248 Humidity %RH 10 to 55 0 to 100 0 to 100 0 to 100Supply Voltage Load Resistance HART Models: 11.8 to 42.4 Vdc at terminals (IS versions limited to 30 Vdc) 0 to 1,400 ohms (as shown in Figure 2)DE Models: 13.8 to 42.4 Vdc at terminals (IS versions limited to 30 Vdc)0 to 1,300 ohms (as shown in Figure 2)FF Models: 9.0 to 32.0 Vdc at terminals1 LCD Display operating temperature -20︒C to +70︒C . Storage temperature -30︒C to 80︒C.Figure 2 - Supply voltage and loop resistance chart & calculations(not applicable for Fieldbus)Communications Protocols & DiagnosticsHART ProtocolVersion:HART 7Power SupplyVoltage: 11.8 to 42.4Vdc at terminalsLoad: Maximum 1400 ohms See figure 2Minimum Load: 0 ohms. (For handheld communications a minimum load of 250 ohms is required)IEC 61508 Safety Certified SIL 2 and SIL 3Honeywell Digitally Enhanced (DE)DE is a Honeywell proprietary protocol which provides digital communications between Honeywell DE enabled field devices and Hosts.Power SupplyVoltage: 13.8 to 42.4Vdc at terminalsLoad: Maximum 1300 ohms See figure 2Foundation Fieldbus (FF)Power Supply RequirementsVoltage: 9.0 to 32.0 Vdc at terminalsSteady State Current: 17.6 mASoftware Download Current: 27.6 mAP = PermanentI = InstantiableThe AI function block allows the user to configure the alarms to HIGH-HIGH, HIGH, LOW, or LOW-LOW with a variety of priority levels and hysteresis settings.All available function blocks adhere to FOUNDATION Fieldbus standards. PID blocks support ideal & robust PID algorithms with full implementation of Auto-tuning. Link Active SchedulerTransmitters can perform as a backup Link Active Scheduler (LAS) and take over when the host is disconnected. Acting as a LAS, the device ensures scheduled data transfers typically used for the regular, cyclic transfer of control loop data between devices on the Fieldbus.Number of Devices/SegmentEntity IS model: 15 devices/segmentSchedule Entries45 maximum schedule entries50 maximum LinksNumber of VCR’s: 50 maxCompliance Testing: Tested according to ITK 6.1.2Software DownloadUtilizes Class-3 of the Common Software Download procedure as per FF-883 which allows any field devices to receive software upgrades from any host.8 STT850 Smart TemperatureStandard DiagnosticsSTT850 top level diagnostics are reported as eithercritical or non-critical as listed below. All diagnostics arereadable via the DD/DTM tools. All critical diagnosticswill appear on the Basic and Advanced integral displays,non-critical diagnostics will appear on the Advancedintegral display.Critical Diagnostics- Sensor Module Fault- Communications Module Fault- Sensor Communications Fault- Input 1 Fault- Input 2 FaultNon Critical Diagnostics (for Advanced Display only)- Cal 1 Correct- Cal 2 Correct- Sensor Temperature- Sensor 1 Health- Sensor 2 Health- Input 1 Range- Input 2 Range- CJ Range- Input 1- Input 2- Input 1 TB5 (For RTD and Ohm types only)- Input 1 TB6 (for RTD and Ohm types only)- Input TB7 (Input 1 or 2, for RTD and Ohm types only)- Input 1 TB8 (for 4-Wire RTD and Ohm types only)- Input 2 TB8 (for RTD and Ohm types only)- Input 2 TB9 (for RTD and Ohm types only)- Factory Calibration- Loop Supply Voltage (not available on Fieldbus)- Communications Module Temperature- DAC Temperature Compensation (not available onFieldbus)- Sensor Communications- Display Setup (not for Fieldbus)- Excess Delta AlertSTT850 Smart Temperature 9 Approval Certifications:10 STT850 Smart Temperature1.Operating Parameters:4-20 mA/DE/HART (Loop Terminal)Voltage= 11 to 42 V Current= 4-20 mA Normal (3.8 – 23 mA Faults)FF (Loop Terminal)Voltage= 9 to 32 V Current= 25 mA2. Intrinsically Safe Entity ParametersTerminals 1 and 2- LOOP: Ui = 30 Vdc, Ii = 225 mA, Pi = 900 mW, Ci = 4 nF, Li = 0 µH Terminals 5, 6, 7, 8, 9- SENSOR: Ci = 4 nF, Li = 0 µHDIGITAL OUTPUT OPTION:Terminals 1 and 2- LOOP: Ui = 30 Vdc, Ii = 225 mA, Pi = 900 mW, Ci = 4 nF, Li = 0 µH Terminals 4 and 9, DO OPTION: Ui = 30 Vdc, Ii = 40 mA, Pi = 500 mW, Ci = 4 nF, Li = 0 µH Terminals 5, 6,7, 8 - SENSOR: Ci = 4 nF, Li = 0 µHSIL 2/3 Certification IEC 61508 SIL 2 for non-redundant use and SIL 3 for redundant use according to EXIDA and TÜV Nord Sys Tec GmbH & Co. KG under the following standards: IEC61508-1: 2010; IEC 61508-2: 2010; IEC61508-3: 2010.MID Approval Issued by NMi Certin B.V. in accordance with WELMEC guide 8.8, OIML R117.1 Edition 2007(E), and EN 12405-1+A2 Edition 2006. Applicable to Pt100 sensor only.MARINE TYPE APPROVAL Lloyd’s Register Certificate Number: 16/60011Environmental categories ENV1, ENV2, ENV3 and ENV5 as defined in Lloyd’s Register Test Specification No. 1, February 2015Wiring DiagramsDE- Single InputWiring DiagramRTD Thermocouple,mV and OhmConnectionsDE- Dual Input WiringDiagram1Thermocouple andRTD Connections1 Not applicable forsingle input sensorHART/FF – Single Input Wiring Diagram RTD Thermocouple, mV and Ohm ConnectionsHART/FF – Dual Input Wiring DiagramRTD Thermocouple, mV and Ohm ConnectionsHART/FF Dual Input Wiring Diagram Remote C/J and Mixed Sensors ConnectionsDigital Output Connections for mA Load (HART only)Digital Output Connections for PLC Counting Input (HART only)Mounting & Dimensional DrawingsTRANSMITTER ENCLOSURE CAN BE ROTATED A TOTAL OF 90O FROM THE STANDARD MOUNTING POSITION Figure 3 – STT850 with adapter housing - Horizontal Wall MountingFigure 4 – STT850 No-Adapter Horizontal Wall MountingFigure 5 – STT850 Pipe Mount with adapter housing - Horizontal & VerticalFigure 6 - STT850 Pipe Mount, Vertical*Note 1: Figures 5 and 6. The housing adapter may not be present on all transmitter models. If the housing adapter is not present, subtract 24,5mm (0,96 inches) from the dimension specified.Mounting & Dimensional DrawingsReference Dimensions:millimetersinchesFigure 7 – STT850 with adapter housing - DimensionsFigure 8 – STT850 no adapter housing dimensionsModel STT850Smart Temperature TransmitterModel Selection Guide:34-44-16-14 Issue 9The Model Selection Guide is subject to change and is inserted into the specification as guidance only.Prior to specifying or ordering a model check for the latest revision Model Selection Guide which is published at: /en-US/pages/default.aspxModel Selection Guide3 NAMUR Output Limits 3.8 - 20.5mAdc can be configured by the customer or select custom configuration Table VcSTT850 Smart Temperature 21For more informationTo learn more about SmartLine Temperature, visit Or contact your Honeywell Account ManagerProcess Solutions Honeywell1250 W Sam Houston Pkwy S Houston, TX 77042Honeywell Control Systems LtdHoneywell House, Skimped Hill Lane Bracknell, England, RG12 1EB34-TT-03-14 September 20172017 Honeywell International Inc.Shanghai City Centre, 100 Jungi Road Shanghai, China 20061Sales and ServiceFor application assistance, current specifications, pricing, or name of the nearest Authorized Distributor, contact one of the offices below.ASIA PACIFICHoneywell Process Solutions, (TAC) hfs-tac-*********************AustraliaHoneywell LimitedPhone: +(61) 7-3846 1255 FAX: +(61) 7-3840 6481 Toll Free 1300-36-39-36 Toll Free Fax: 1300-36-04-70China – PRC - Shanghai Honeywell China Inc.Phone: (86-21) 5257-4568 Fax: (86-21) 6237-2826SingaporeHoneywell Pte Ltd.Phone: +(65) 6580 3278 Fax: +(65) 6445-3033South KoreaHoneywell Korea Co Ltd Phone: +(822) 799 6114 Fax: +(822) 792 9015EMEAHoneywell Process Solutions, Phone: + 80012026455 or +44 (0)1202645583Email: (Sales)***************************or (TAC)*****************************AMERICA’SHoneywell Process Solutions, Phone: (TAC) 1-800-423-9883 or 215/641-3610(Sales) 1-800-343-0228Email: (Sales)*************************** or (TAC)*****************************Specifications are subject to change without notice.。
Data Sheet: Messaging SecuritySymantec™ Mail Security for Microsoft® Exchange Real-time Protection Backed by the Largest Investment in Security InfrastructureOverviewSymantec Mail Security for Microsoft Exchange provides real-time protection for email against viruses, spam, spyware, phishing, and other attacks while enforcing content policies on Microsoft Exchange Server 2003, 2007 and 2010. Powered by Brightmail technology, Symantec stops 99 percent of spam while making fewer than 1 mistake per million messages.It supports 64 bit Windows and Virtualized Exchange server environment with easy installation and simple administration.Symantec Mail Security complements other layers of protection by preventing the spread of email borne threats internally and by serving as a first line of defense in case of perimeter non-compliance or failure.New Features•Exchange Server 2010 Support•VMware and Hyper-V Virtualization Support •Enhanced installation error dialogue with web links •Quarantine Notification enhancements•24% reduction in install package size•Customizable logging enables disk I/O reductions •Premium AntiSpam Enhancements:–Memory and CPU throttling reduces impact to server –Fastpass expedites processing for good senders, improving throughput by up to 15%–Local Reputation collection adapts protection to local conditionsKey BenefitsSuperior Protection•Provides real-time protection against viruses, mass-mailer worms, Trojan horses, spam, spyware, phishing,and denial of service attacks while enforcing contentpolicies•Powered by Brightmail technology, stopping 99 percent of spam while making fewer than 1 mistake per million messages•Rapid release definitions and pro-active signature-independent technologies provide immediate protection •Advanced Content Filtering protects sensitive information using pre-defined policies, regularexpressions, attachment criteria, True File typing, and more. Active Directory based enforcement simplifiespolicy management•Supported by the largest investment in infrastructure with a security R&D team that is 50% larger than theclosest competitor1Flexible and Easy to Use Management•Initial setup can be completed within 10 minutes, with no requirements for tuning, allow listing, or block listing •Management console provides centralized server group policy configuration, notifications, alerts, and reporting •Support for Database Availability Group, along with Microsoft and Veritas Cluster servers, minimizesdowntime and simplifies maintenance•Integration with Microsoft Operations Manager and Systems Center Operations Manager enables end-to-end monitoring of your IT environmentOptimized for Exchange•Flexible real-time, scheduled, and manual scanning provides efficient protection•In-memory scanning and effective multi-threading provides superior performance1.Source: Technology Business Research, Inc. Security and Corporate Infrastructure Vendor Benchmark, May 2009Page1of2•Edge and Hub focused scanning leverages AV Stamping to eliminate redundant scanning and minimize impact to Mail Store•Supports Exchange 2003, 2007 and 2010, 64 bit Windows, VMware and Hyper-V Virtualized environments System Requirements Server Operating Systems•Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2/SP2 Standard/Enterprise (64-bit)•Microsoft Windows Server 2003 R2/SP2 Standard/Enterprise (32-bit or 64-bit)Exchange Platforms•Microsoft Exchange Server 2010•Microsoft Exchange Server 2007•Microsoft Exchange Server 2003Management Console Operating Systems •Windows 7•Windows Vista •Windows XP•Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2/SP2 Standard/Enterprise (64-bit)•Microsoft Windows Server 2003 R2/SP2 Standard/Enterprise (32-bit or 64-bit)Hardware•1GB RAM, 352MBB available disk space Hardware Virtualization •VMware ESXi 3.5., 4.0•VMware vSphere ESXi 4.0•Microsoft Hyper-V Server 2008•Windows Server 2008 with Hyper-V technologyMore information Visit our website/business/mail-security-for-microsoft-exchangeTo speak with a Product Specialist in the U.S.Call toll-free 1 (800) 745 6054To speak with a Product Specialist outside the U.S.For specific country offices and contact numbers, please visit our website.About SymantecSymantec is a global leader in providing security, storage and systems management solutions to help consumers and organizations secure and manage their information-driven world. Our software and services protect against more risks at more points, more completely and efficiently, enabling confidence wherever information is used or stored.Symantec World Headquarters 350 Ellis St.Mountain View, CA 94043 USA +1 (650) 527 80001 (800) 721 Copyright © 2010 Symantec Corporation. All rights reserved. Symantec and the Symantec logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Symantec Corporation or its affiliates in the U.S. and other countries.Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.1207718-303/10Symantec helps organizations secure and manage their information-driven world with high availability , and disaster recovery solutions.Data Sheet: Messaging SecuritySymantec™ Mail Security for Microsoft® ExchangePage 2of2。
Dynamic Replier Active Reliable Multicast(DyRAM)M.Maimour and C.D.PhamRESAM,Lyon1ENS,46all´e e d’Italie69364Lyon Cedex07-Francetel:(0033)72728504,fax:(0033)72728080.email:mmaimour,cpham@ens-lyon.frAbstractDesirable features of reliable multicast include low end-to-end delays,high throughput and scalability,and meeting these objectives is not an easy task.We propose a receiver-based(replier)local recovery multicast protocol with dy-namic repliers elected on a per-packet basis.Designed to provide an efficient reliable multicast service without any cache facilities in the multicast tree,our approach,noted DyRAM,uses low-overhead active services in routers.Af-ter presenting the protocol and some designed and imple-mentation issues the paper compares DyRAM to ARM,the nearest active reliable multicast protocol in term of func-tionalities proposed in the active multicast community.Sim-ulation results show that DyRAM performs much better than an ARM-like protocol which needs a significant amount of cache to exhibit performances.Additionally,in case some cache is available for DyRAM and ARM,the study shows that DyRAM always performs better than ARM.1.IntroductionThe problem of reliability in multicast protocols has been quite widely covered during the last10years.Early reliable multicast protocols use an end-to-end solution to perform the loss recovery.Most of them fall into one of the following classes:sender-initiated,receiver-initiated and receiver-initiated with local recovery protocols.In sender-initiated protocols,the sender is responsible for both the loss detection and the recovery(XTP[10]for instance). These protocols usually do not scale well to a large number of receivers due to the ACK implosion problem.Receiver-initiated protocols move the loss detection responsibility to the receivers.They use NACKs instead of ACKs.However they still suffer from the NACK implosion problem when a large number of receivers have subscribed to the multi-cast session.In receiver-initiated protocols with local re-covery,the retransmission of a lost packet can be performed by some other nodes in the multicast tree[2,8,13,7,9,3].Recently,the use of active network concepts[11]where routers themselves could contribute to enhance the network services by customized functionalities have been proposed in the multicast research community.Contributing mainly on feedback implosion problems,retransmission scoping and cache of data,active reliable multicast offer a gen-eral andflexible framework for customized functionalities in network protocols(although many problems regarding deployment and security remains).ARM(Active Reliable Multicast)[5]and AER(Active Error Recovery)[4]are two protocols that were recently proposed in the research com-munity and that use active services within routers.They differ in the strategy adopted for solving the NACK implo-sion problem.In ARM,a receiver experiencing a packet loss sends immediately a NACK to the source.Active ser-vices in routers then consist in the aggregation of the multi-ple NACKs.In contrast,AER uses a strategy similar to the one used by SRM and based on local timers at the receivers: prior to send a NACK packet,a receiver initiates a timer and waits for a random amount of time.In addition,an active router in ARM would send the repair packet only to the set of receivers that have sent a NACK packet(subcast).In AER,the active router simply multicasts the repair packet to all its associated receivers.In both protocols,the cache of data packets is performed within the network(at the routers in ARM and in servers co-located with the routers in AER) to permit local recoveries.Local recoveries can dramatically decrease the recovery latency.There are basically2possibilities for enabling lo-cal recoveries:()use some receivers or dedicated servers as repliers,or()use network elements such as routers.For instance,the replier could be any receiver in the neighbor-hood(SRM[2]),a designated receiver(RMTP[8],TMTP[13],LMS[7],PGM[9])or a logging server(LBRM[3])ina hierarchical ing a replier has the main advan-tage of requiring a memory usage as low as possible withinnetwork elements and is potentially more scalable.Now,the choice of the replier can be done in several ways.Protocols that use some kind of router assistance are LMS and PGM. LMS consists in adding more topology information with lit-tle help from routers.With some specific forwarding func-tions within routers,the protocol elects a designated replier (leader)for each subtree to respond to the requests made by the end hosts.Routers in this case help in the process of electing a replier for each subtree and perform specific routing in order to forward requests to the elected replier. PGM described in[9]is another protocol that uses some router assitance(not active router,as described previously, but rather PGM router)to discover and elect Designed Lo-cal Retransmitters(DLR must be on the path towards the source).The approach we propose use local recoveries performed by repliers elected amongst a sub-set of receivers.Instead of an approximate solution based on timers as in SRM,or a complex DLR discovery as in PGM,the elected replier in our case is dynamically determined at each lost packet (without much overhead as it will be described later on),and not determined at the beginning of the multicast session, thus justifying the“dynamic replier”property of our active reliable multicast protocol(noted DyRAM).Since a specific replier can be chosen for each lost packet,it is therefore pos-sible to have several logical subtrees at the same time for the recovery process.In addition,this very dynamic choice of the replier provide load balance features that decreases the end-to-end latency and reduce the receiver overhead. As opposed to LMS and PGM,DyRAM uses the concept of active networking with active services within routers for implementing several advanced mechanisms including the replier election.This choice of active networking is mo-tivated by the fact that,although difficult,the deployment on-the-fly of customized services appears to be more gen-eral andflexible than a solution based on a dedicated,static router(PGM routers for example).However,this choice leads to some design constraints where the active services must incur as low as possible execution/memory overhead within routers since the service will mainly be executed in software(dedicated routers can take the ASIC solution for achieving performance).Therefore we can summarize the motivations behind DyRAM with the following design goals:()to minimize active routers load in order to make them supporting more sessions(mainly in unloading them from the function of data caching),()to perform a more efficient replier link election procedure with active services,()to dynami-cally distribute the recovery task among the downstream re-ceivers to not overload one replier and()to incur as low as possible execution/memory overheads.The purpose of the paper is to present the DyRAM ap-proach and comparisons with ARM,the nearest truely ac-tive reliable multicast protocol in term of functionalities (global NACK suppression and subcasting)proposed in the active multicast community.We show that the dynamic replier election successes in providing high-bandwidth, low-latency and low-overhead for the local recovery proce-dure.The rest of the paper is organized as follows.Section 2describes the protocol.Section3presents the simulation results and section4concludes with some future directions.2.Protocol descriptionDyRAM is a reliable multicast protocol with a recov-ery strategy based on a tree structure constructed on a per-packet basis with the assistance of routers.It is an in-cremental step from the existing propositions but it has been designed to provide low-overhead active functionali-ties with a dynamic replier election on a per-packet basis. The protocol uses a NACK-based scheme with receiver-based local recoveries where receivers are responsible for both the loss detection and the retransmission of repair packets.Routers play an active role in DyRAM which con-sists in the following active services:the NACK suppression of duplicate NACKs in order to limit the NACK implosion problem.the subcast of the repair packets only to the relevant set of receivers that have experienced a loss.This helps to limit the scope of the repairs to the affected subtree.the replier election which consists in choosing a link as a replier one to perform local recoveries from the receivers instead of caching data packets at the routers.2.1.DyRAM general featuresPacket structure.In order for DyRAM to work correctly, we will assume that data packets are labelled uniquely by a sequence number and also that it is possible to distin-guish between an original transmission from a repair(dedi-catedfield in the packet at the IP-multicast level for exam-ple).Additionally,a NACK packet contains in its header the source address,the affected receiver address,the multicast group address and the sequence number of the requested data packet.The NACK-based strategy.In DyRAM,the source sends data packets to the multicast address subscribed to by all the receivers.The core functionalities of IP multicast are assumed to deliver the packets to the receivers,as best as possible.The receivers are responsible for detecting,re-questing and in most cases,retransmitting a lost data packet.A receiver detects a loss by sequence gaps and upon the de-tection of a loss,a receiver immediately sends a NACK to-ward the source and sets a timer.Since NACKs and repairs may also be lost,a receiver will re-send a similar NACK when the requested repair has not been received within the timeout interval.Practically,the timeout must be set to at least the estimated round trip time(RTT)to the source.In order to detect the lost of the last packets(no gap in se-quence number in this case),a receiver will request them if no data has been received within a pre-defined receiving time window.Upon reception of a NACK packet,the source sends the repair packet to the multicast address.In order to limit the processing overheads of duplicate NACKs and to avoid the corresponding retransmissions, the source,the active routers and the receivers(remember that DyRAM uses repliers among receivers)ignore similar NACKs for a certain period of time.According to this rule, a NACK will be said“valid”if it is received for thefirst time or no similar NACKs are received during the discard time window.As the receivers contribute in the recovery process,a receiver that receives a valid NACK will check if the re-quested packet has already been received.If so it will send a repair for this packet toward the source otherwise it will send a similar NACK instead.This NACK will help the upstream active router to correctly perform another replier election.2.2.Routers’contributionsAt the active routers side,the NACK suppression,the subcast and the replier election services can be imple-mented simply by maintaining information about the re-ceived NACKs.This set of information is uniquely iden-tified by the multicast address.For each received NACK, the router creates or simply updates an existing NACK state (NS)structure which has a given life time.Such a structure contains during its life time,the following information: :the sequence number of the requested packet,:initially set to0,is increased for each NACK packet received.Is reset to0after the election.:a subcast list that contains the list of links (downstream or upstream)on which NACKs for this packet have arrived.NACK suppression.On receipt of thefirst NACK packet for a data packet,a router would create a corresponding NS structure,initialize a timer noted DTD(Delay To Decide) that will trigger the election of a replier to whom thisfirst NACK will be sent.All subsequent NACK packets received during the timeout interval are used to properly update the NS structure(rank and subcast list)and are dropped after-ward.We use the rank information in some cases to be sure that all downstream receivers have sent a NACK packet. Subcast functionality.The subcast list in the NS struc-ture is an important component for the subcast functionality. This list contains the set of links(downstream or upstream) from which a NACK has been received.When a data packet arrives at an active router it will simply be forwarded on all the downstream links if it is an original transmission.If the data packet is a repair packet the router searches for a cor-responding NS structure and will send the repair on all the links that appear in the subcast list.An NS is created as soon as a valid NACK arrived for which no previous NS was created,and can be replaced only on receipt of the corresponding repair.An NS struc-ture can be freed also when all the downstream links have lost the corresponding data packet.This is the case when the active router receives similar NACK packets from all the downstream receivers or routers.As we expect to only free an NS when the corresponding repair is received,when a repair arrives at the router andfinds the corresponding NS structure,the subList is used to perform the subcast func-tionality.Nevertheless,if such NS structure is not found, this means that it was not possible to perform the subcast at all and the repair is multicast on all the links downstream. Replier election.The set of information contained in a NS structure for each received NACK can be used to per-form an other key functionality of our approach in addition to the NACK suppression and the subcast features.This key functionality is the“replier election”and is specific to DyRAM.On reception of a valid NACK,the router initializes a timer noted DTD(Delay To Decide)in order to collect dur-ing this time window as much information as possible about the links affected by a loss(updates of the subcast list).On expiration of the DTD timer,the router is able to choose a replier link among those that are not in the subcast list.This link may end up to be the upstream one if all the down-stream links appear to be in the subcast list.In some cases, an active router could decide to send the NACK on the up-stream link even before the expiration of the DTD timer. This mainly happens when similar NACK packets are re-ceived from all the downstream links.In an attempt to avoid for the overloading of a particular downstream link, the router always try to choose a different link from the pre-viously elected one(if available)by respecting a ring order among them,thus realizing when possible a load balance (in addition to provide robustness to replier and link fail-ure).The replier would then send back the repair packet to the DyRAM router which would in turn subcast the repair packet on all the links in the subcast list.Figure 1.Replier election process.Figure 1shows the replier election procedure wherehave lost the data packet number 2.The NACKwill be issued on link 0,will go through some regular router,arrives at the local DyRAM router ()which will select the link 1as a replier.For more details about the election procedure refer to [6].In some cases,a non up-to-date subcast list may impact on the decision of the router in the replier election process.Such a situation may happen due to the fact that receivers detect losses primarily by sequence gaps in the data packets.This is why receivers with a shorter latency to the source are likely to detect losses before receivers farther away.One consequence may be the election of a replier which has it-self lost the requested data packet (and has not issued the NACK before the expiration of the DTD timer).In this case,this receiver will simply return a NACK back to the source and the router will update its subcast list and choose another replier link.Reducing the “Delay To Decide”timer overhead.In or-der to decrease the overhead (longer recovery latency)intro-duced by the DTD,we propose to keep track within a router of the received data packets in order to quickly detect packet losses occurring from upstream and affecting all its subtree.This can be done simply by maintaining a track list struc-ture (TL)for each multicast session handled by the router.A TL has three components:is the sequence number of the last datapacket received in order.All packets with a sequencenumber less or equal tohave definitely been received by the router.is the sequence number of the last re-ceived data packet.000000111111000111Multicast sourceFigure work Model.contains the list of data packets not re-ceived by the router with sequence number greater thanand less than .This list isempty when ()and contains at least one element otherwise.A router maintaining such a track list (TL)structure is able to decide to forward the NACK immediately toward the source instead of waiting for the expiration of the DTD timer when the requested data packet sequence number is greater than and contained in the .3.Simulationswork modelWe implemented a simulation model of DyRAM (in the PARSEC language developed at UCLA [1])and evaluated its performances on a network model.The network model considers one source that multicasts data packets to re-ceivers through a packet network composed of a fast core network and several slower edge access networks.We will call source link the set of point-to-point links and traditional routers that connects the source to the core network.Sim-ilarly,a tail link is composed of point-to-point links and routers connecting a receiver to the core network (see Fig.2).We only consider active routers at the edge of the core network.This is due to the fact that the core network is reliable and a very high-speed network.Adding complex processing functions inside the core network will certainly slow down the packet forwarding functions.Each active routeris responsible of receivers noted forming a local group.We assume that thereis backbone links between the source and every active router .-0.2-0.15-0.1-0.0500.050.10.150.200.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91e r r o rloss probability(a)2040608010012014000.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91n u m b e r o f b u r s t sloss probabilitynumber of bursts longuest burst length(b)Figure 3.The temporal correlation.In our loss model,we consider both the spatial and the temporal correlation of data packet losses.The spatial cor-relation is introduced by considering a per-link loss rate.The core network is considered reliable as mentioned pre-viously.For the other links (the source link or the tail links),the loss probability is noted .Therefore,the end-to-end probability of a packet loss perceived by a receiveris.The losses at the tail links are as-sumed to be mutually independent.To take into considera-tion the temporal correlation of losses,we use the Markov chain model proposed in [12].Let be the transition ma-trixwhere is the probability to be in state knowing that the current state is .Our simulations showed that using the matrix proposed in [12],is ofabout.In order to be able to perform simulations with different values of ,we introduced the matrix defined by:where and .Fig.3(a)shows that with this loss model,we achieve in most cases the targeted loss rate.Moreover the losses occur in bursts whose length increases with the loss probability as shown in fig.3(b).3.2.MetricsTo evaluate our protocol we have defined a set of met-rics.Firstly,is defined as the number of retransmissions from the source per packet and gives an idea on the load at the source.where and are respectively the band-width consumed by the NACK packets and the data packets during the multicast session:where and are respectively the number of links crossed by the th NACK packet and the th data packet.The third metric is the completion time per packet which is the required time to successfully receive the packet by all the receivers (can be seen as the latency).3.3.Simulation resultsFor all the simulations,we set .A NACK and a data packet are considered to be of 32and 1024bytes respectively.All simulation model values are normalized to the NACK transmission time (e.g.the time required to send or receive a NACK is set to 1,for a data packet this time is set to 32).For the processing overheads at the routers,we assume that both NACKs and data packets are processed in 32time units.In our simulation models,we have taken into consideration the fact that the repairs may also be lost.We verified that the three metrics defined above behave in the same manner and are dependent on each other.First we will show the benefit of performing the local recover-ies from the receivers.Then a comparison between our approach(no cache in routers)and ARM(with cache in routers,no repliers)will be presented.Finally,we will con-sider the case when DyRAM also benefits from some cache amount in routers in the multicast tree.Local recovery from the receivers.Figure4plots forDyRAM the number of retransmissions()from the source as a function of number the receivers,with and with-out local recovery,for5%and25%loss rates.These results have been obtained from simulations of a multicast session with48receivers distributed among12local groups.The curves show that the local recovery introduces less load at the source as the number of receivers increases,especially for high loss rates.Even not shown,the consumed band-width and the completion time are reduced in about the same proportions.Putting the recovery process in the receivers requires at least2receivers per active router otherwise local recoveries can not be realized.Therefore the local group size()is an important parameter.In order to study the impact of sim-ulations are performed with48receivers distributed among groups of different sizes.Figure5compares the per-link consumed bandwidth ratio of DyRAM to an other approach without any local recovery facilities as the group size is var-ied.As the receivers number per group increases,the con-sumed bandwidth is reduced with larger ratios for large loss rates.In fact when the group size is larger,there are more chances that the members of the group can recover from each other.For instance,figure5shows that with only6 receivers per group and local recovery we achieve a gain of 80%.DyRAM vs.ARM.In this section,we compare our ap-proach to ARM.Figure6shows for different loss rates,the ratio of the consumed bandwidth(),the load at the source in term of number of retransmissions and the com-pletion time for ARM and DyRAM.We took into consid-eration the percentage of the available cache at the ARM routers.Without any cache at the routers,DyRAM al-ways performs better than ARM.When ARM benefits from caching at the routers,it performs better only for very low loss rates or large cache size at the routers.However for large loss rates(e.g.25%),ARM requires more than50% of cache at the routers to perform better than DyRAM. Our approach is more promising because even without any caching overhead at the routers DyRAM still has better per-formances than ARM when the latter can use more than 50%of cache.1020304050607080902030405060708090100 Msnumber of receiverswithout local recoverywith local recovery(a)204060801001201401601802002030405060708090100 Msnumber of receiverswithout local recoverywith local recovery(b)Figure4.Load at the source in DRARM withand without local recovery(a),(b).DyRAM combined with cache at the routers.Designed to provide an efficient reliable multicast service without any cache within active routers,the results presented so far show that DyRAM does not provide better performances than an ARM-like protocol when the loss rate is small.However DyRAM performs much better for large loss rates without requiring higher overheads.The results we present now assume that some cache memory are available in routers in addition to the DyRAM native local recovery strategy.One interesting question is: of how much DyRAM’s performances can be enhanced?To answer this question,figure7plots for different loss rates the gain in consumed bandwidth achieved by ARM and DyRAM when the cache size is varied over a simple ARM without caching in routers.The main results are that with cache facilities at the routers for both protocols,ARM never performs better than DyRAM even for low loss rates.When11.21.41.61.822.20510152025B W r a t i onumber of receivers per groupp=0.25p=0.05Figure 5.Consumed bandwidth ratio in DyRAM with and without local recovery as a function of the group size.no cache is available at the routers,DyRAM outperforms ARM and this for any loss rate.As increases,DyRAM performs better and better.In fact for 25%loss rate,ARM needs more than 50%of cache to achieve the same level of performances than DyRAM without any caching at the routers.To obtain a gain of 20%,ARM must benefit from 40%of cache.Instead,DyRAM without any cache already performs 40%better and with 40%of cache,it performs 60%better.One different way to look at the figures is that if DyRAM has only 40%of cache available then it already performs better than ARM with more than 60%of cache (for 1%and 5%loss rate).With 80%of cache,DyRAM has the same level of performances than ARM with 100%of cache available.Stated differently,about 80%of cache at the routers gives DyRAM the same features than a protocol with an infinite storage capacity.4.ConclusionsDyRAM is a reliable multicast protocol that uses on a per-packet basis a replier chosen among the receivers to per-form the recoveries.DyRAM uses active services within routers to perform NACK suppression,subcasting facili-ties and the dynamic election of replier.When comparing DyRAM with ARM,a very similar protocol in term of func-tionalities (NACK suppression and subcasting),we found that DyRAM performs better in a large range of loss proba-bilities.One of our main concerns while designing DyRAM was to propose low-overhead (in terms of processing and memory requirements)and easy to implement solutions for the active services to be put in routers.Based on small data structures we believe that NACK suppression,subcast-0.50.60.70.80.911.11.21.31.41.5020406080100B Wcache sizep=0.01p=0.05p=0.25(a)0.50.60.70.80.911.11.21.31.41.5020406080100M scache sizep=0.01p=0.05p=0.25(b)0.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.2020406080100C o m p l e t i o n t i m ecache sizep=0.01p=0.05p=0.25(c)Figure 6.DyRAM vs.ARM (a)Consumed bandwidth,(b)Load at the source,(c)Com-pletion time.11.051.11.151.21.251.31.351.4020406080100B Wcache sizeARM DRARM(a)11.051.11.151.21.251.31.351.4020406080100B Wcache sizeARM DRARM(b)0.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.8020406080100B Wcache sizeARM DRARM(c)Figure 7.Gain obtained by DyRAM and ARM when both benefit from cache in the routers (a)(b),(c).ing and replier link election introduce only low overheads in routers and that implementations without much perfor-mance degradation on the routing and forwarding functions are possible.We are currently in the process of prototyping DyRAM on an active network test-bed in order to verify the simplicity of our proposed solution.References[1]R.B.et al.Parsec:A parallel simulation environment forcomplex p.Mag.[2]S.Floyd,V .Jacobson,C.Liu,S.McCanne,and L.Zhang.Areliable multicast framework for light-weight sessions and application level framing.IEEE/ACM ToN ,5(6):784–803,1997.[3]H.Holbrook,S.Singhal,and D.Cheriton.Log-basedreceiver-reliable multicast for distributed interactive simu-lation.In SIGCOMM ,volume 25,pages 328–341,October 1995.[4]S.Kasera and S.Bhattacharya.Scalabe fair reliable multi-cast using active services.IEEE Network Magazine’s Spe-cial Issue on Multicast ,2000.[5]L.Lehman,S.Garland,and D.Tennehouse.Active reliablemulticast.In Proc.of the IEEE INFOCOM,San Francisco,CA ,March 1998.[6]M.Maimour and C. 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