4 级考前最新命制试卷二
Part I Writing (30 minutes)
Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled On Self-Driving
Tour. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below.
1. 目前越来越多人选择自驾游的方式外出旅行
2. 自驾游的利与弊
3. 我的观点
On Self-Driving Tour
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Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)
Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and
D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
Online Education Expanding, Awaits Innovation
When Janice Barnwell decided to boost her career by obtaining a master?s degree in business, the working mother chose an online university because of the convenience and the low cost.
The 44-year-old?s educational experience exceeded her expectations, and her new employer paid for her to take four more courses online to sharpen her skills.
“At first I was very intimidated (by taking classes remotely). It?s something I?ve never done,” said Barnwell, who works as a wealth management liaison (联络员). “But it quickly changed for me because the interaction I had online with my classmates and professors felt real.”
The online education sector grew 13 percent last year and had been growing at about 20 percent in previous years. Nearly one in four students take at least some college courses online, up from one in 10 in 2002. Two million students, older than the traditional 18-22 year-old undergraduates, take all their courses online and two million more take one or more online course.
President Barack Obama pledged $500 million for online courses and materials as part of a multi-pronged plan aimed at expanding access to college.
Twenty-nine percent of U.S. adults have a college degree, fewer than in many other industrialized nations. Only about 40 percent of Americans who start college graduate. The price of higher education, which rises by an average of 8 percent a year, contributes to the high dropout rate.
“All along that education pipeline, too many people are slipping through the cracks. It?s not only heartbreaking for those students; it?s a loss for our economy and our country,” Obama said in a recent speech.
Jeff Conlon, chief executive of Kaplan Higher Education with some 59,000 online students, said traditional colleges could not meet Obama?s goals for higher education.
“Obama wants to make us first again by 2020,” he said.
“In order to do that, we need to create 63 m illion college graduates over that period. The higher education system as constructed will come up 16 million degrees short. There?s not capacity in the system.”
Proponents of online education cite a recent Department of Education study that concluded course work is better absorbed online than material presented in live classrooms.
Among the heavily marketed for-profit online educators, the leader is the University of Phoenix, a unit of Apollo Group Inc, whose enrollment rose 22 percent to 420,700 students in the quarter ending May 31, with revenues rising 26 percent.
Both Kaplan, a unit of Washington Post Co, and Phoenix are accredited(公认的，可信任的) universities. Employers increasingly see degrees earned online as equal to those received from brick-and-mortar (有教学场所的) schools, experts say. Some managers believe students who earn degrees online while also holding a job are likely to exhibit more self-discipline and determination.
Bells and whistles?
Richard Garrett of Boston Consultant Eduventures Inc. said interest in online education may have plateaued (达到稳定时期) for now, awaiting innovations that will transform the experience beyond screen imitations of the
brick-and-mortar curriculum.
“We?re still at a pretty rudimentary (基本的，初期的) stage,” Garrett said, noting e ducators rarely employ video, unique links, or other technological innovations.
“Will it be games? Will it be simulations (模拟)? Will it be social networking? Will it be something we haven?t yet come across?” he said.
No one has yet figured out how nursing students can practice drawing blood online, Conlon said. But there have been enhancements such as virtual laboratories where budding (初露头角的) chemists can conduct experiments that might be too dangerous or too costly in the real world.
Most online course offerings tend toward vocational subjects like business, legal and health care training. Students needing hands-on experience go to Kaplan?s campuses or its partners.
Most Kaplan classes are capped at 25 students because faculty can be subjected to communication overload. Students who might have been intimidated to speak up in classrooms often find their voice online.
Professors, most with doctorates, are hired for their teaching ability and not for their research, Conlon said.
The cost at Kaplan for a four-year college degree is around $65,000, compared to up to $150,000 or more at a private college. Online library access is provided by the University of Alabama in Huntsville.
By studying online, Barnwell saved on the time and travel to the university nearest her New Jersey home. Online tuition was less than $30,000, one-third the cost of the university.
Roughly half of the 4,500 U.S. brick-and-mortar colleges and universities now have online programs. Some have proven so popular that schools have had to restrict enrollment by on-campus students because they were taking slots (位置) away from off-campus students, said Jeff Seaman, who led a survey on the topic for the Sloan Consortium.
Online education is also making inroads (入侵) in schools, with one million U.S. elementary and high school students, or some 4 percent of the total, learning online.
Some take remedial or advanced placement courses not available at their schools, and some are being home-schooled or live in isolated rural areas.
“You?re able to learn at your own pace and you also can have help whenever you need it from the teacher,” said Christopher Cox, 12, a child actor in Columbia, Maryland.
Harvard Business School Professor Clayton Christensen predicted half of kindergarten through high school students will attend school online within the next decade.
This worries people like Laurie Fendrich who wrote a response to a Washington Post article on the subject.
“If we want our kids to end up sitting alone in isolated little rooms when they?re 18 and 20, staring at computer screens instead of facing other real human beings, thinking in a way that turns thought into nothing but bits of information… we could insert them into comfortable little cocoons in their homes from the age of, oh, say, seven.”
1. Jan ice Barnwell got her master?s degree in business by _______.
A) accepting online education
B) attending a famous university
C) sharpening her professional skills
D) 44 years of educational experience
2. When did Janice Barnwell?s fear about online educati on disappear?
A) As soon as she registered for some online courses.
B) After more and more students took online courses.
C) After she saw her classmates and professors face to face.
D) After she interacted with her classmates and professors online.
3. What is said about the U.S. online education?
A) It came into being in 2002.
B) It grows at an annual rate of about 20 %.
C) All students who take it are over 22 years old.
D) Two million students take all their courses online.
4. President Barack Obama said in his recent speech that _______.
A) online colleges fail to meet the goals for higher education
B) the high dropout rate resulted from the price of higher education
C) there are few low-priced colleges available for students and adults
D) more students should learn online to lighten parents? financial burden
5. Jeff Conlon thought they should create 63 million college graduates by 2020 to _______.
A) compete with other industrial countries
B) make up for the shortage of college degrees
C) make profit from educating more college students
D) complete the higher educational goals set by Obama
6. According to experts, what?s the opinion of employers about degrees earned online?
A) They don?t necessarily bring the expected returns.
B) They provide the holders with excellent career prospects.
C) They have as much value as those earned in traditional schools.
D) They make the holders become more self-disciplined and determined.
7. According to Richard Garrett of Boston Consultant Eduventures Inc., the online education _______.
A) is at its mature stage
B) still need some innovations
C) be given more importance
D) has already developed perfectly
8. According to Conlon, students could do ________________________________ experiments online, which might
not be done in the real world.
9. Jeff Seaman said that some universities which had online programs had to __________________________ by its
own students, so that the off-campus students could attend the programs.
10. Professor Clayton Christensen predicted tha t the proportion of kindergarten through high school students?
attending online schools within the next decade will reach _________________________________.
Part III Listening Comprehension(35 minutes)
Section A
Directions:In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the
questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must
read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the
corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
11. A) Not open a new shop.
B) Find another location.
C) Put the horse before the cart.
D) Do something more important.
12. A) He is considerate of the woman?s lateness.
B) The woman?s excuse is not an acceptable one.
C) The woman is more efficient than other colleagues.
D) The woman has more traffic jams than other colleagues.
13. A) He feels the woman is too critical.
B) He thinks John has a poor eyesight.
C) He thinks people in love are beautiful.
D) He doesn?t think John?s girlfriend is beautiful.
14. A) She consoles the man not to worry.
B) The man should listen to music to relax.
C) The man should shoulder the consequence.
D) She will help the man with his math examination.
15. A) Buy a new suit.
B) Wait until the sale is over.
C) Return his suits to Conrad?s.
D) Watch for the ad on television.
16. A) He wants to know the nurse?s phone number.
B) He might enroll in the weight reduction program.
C) He?d like to get more information about the nurse.
D) He might find some time to give the woman a call.
17. A) At the airport.
B) At the reception desk.
C) In a hotel.
D) In a travel agency.
18. A) The man does not want to move his seat at all.
B) The woman does not like to sit in the front section.
C) The man sat in the middle section at the beginning.
D) The woman does not know what happened just now.
Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
19. A) The size of the campus.
B) The city bus system.
C) The length of time for each class.
D) The university bus system.
20. A) The entire campus.
B) Part of the campus.
C) The campus and the city.
D) Only the off-campus areas.
21. A) Nothing.
B) Three dollars.
C) A few cents.
D) Fifty cents.
22. A) Red.
B) Green.
C) Yellow.
D) Blue.
Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
23. A) He might do some evening teaching.
B) He could bring unfinished work home.
C) He might have time to pursue his interests.
D) He could invest more emotion in his family.
24. A) To be a mathematician.
B) To write his own books.
C) To teach in high school.
D) To be a medical doctor.
25. A) For an easy grade.
B) To follow his father.
C) To change his specialty.
D) For knowledge of poetry.
Section B
Directions:In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question,
you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the
corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 26 to 29 are based on the passage you have just heard.
26. A) Parents.
B) Teenagers.
C) Winners.
D) Adults.
27. A) Special gifts are ready for parents.
B) The bank opens only on work days.
C) Services are convenient for its members.
D) Fees are necessary for the account keeping.
28. A) They encourage spending.
B) They are free to all teenagers.
C) They are full of adventure stories.
D) They help to make more of your money.
29. A) To set up a club.
B) To organize key-cards.
C) To provided part-time jobs.
D) To introduce a new banking service.
Passage Two
Questions 30 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.
30. A) Ad signs were put up in towns.
B) Product information was included in books.
C) Ad messages were shouted out in public places.
D) Merchants were employed to promote products.
31. A) Its growing spending.
B) Its attractive designs.
C) Its printing materials.
D) Its advertising companies.
32. A) The Development of Advertising
B) The Value of Advertising Designs
C) The Role of Newspaper Advertising
D) The Importance of Printing for Advertising
Passage Three
Questions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.
33. A) When they are cold to each other.
B) When they look away from each other.
C) When they are introduced at an early age.
D) When they misunderstood each other?s signals.
34. A) They eat and sleep with each other.
B) They observe each other?s behaviors.
C) They learn to speak each other?s language.
D) They know something from each other?s v oices.
35. A) We should learn to live in harmony.
B) We should know more about animals.
C) We should live in peace with animals.
D) We should learn more body languages.
Section C
Directions:In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you
should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are
required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For
blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you
can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words.
Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.
Research suggests that parental involvement in school is vital to a child?s academic success. However, if you?re a single parent, a working parent, or a parent with little spare time, you may find it (36) _______ to find ways to get involved. The following list of (37) _______ comes from the Harvard Family Research Project, an organization (38) _______ to advancing education, which may give you some enlightenment. First, attend teacher-parent (39) _______. If the schedule of these meetings (40) _______ with your work schedule, speak to the teacher and principal about your situation, and work out a time when you can meet. Second, get over your own (41) _______. The Harvard Family Research Project found that parents who had (42) _______ childhood experiences at school are less likely to get involved in their children?s academic programs, and may feel uncomfortable (43) _______ teachers. Remember that your child?s academic experience is important and vital to his professional success.
(44)__________________________________________________________. Third, drop in on extracurricular activities.
(45) ____________________________________________________. Arrive a few minutes early and watch your child in action. Sit in on your child?s stud ent council meeting or theatre rehearsal (排练) . Finally, use a translator. Parents who speak English as a second language can get in touch with their child?s school and request a translator. (46) _______________________________________________________________________________________.
Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)
Section A
Directions:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully
before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the
corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may
not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.
American universities are rushing towards a wireless future. They are installing networks that let students and teachers surf the Internet from laptop computers (笔记本电脑). But professors say the technology poses a growing 47 : Retaining their students? attention.
In a classroom at American University in Washington D.C., the benefits and 48 of the new wireless work were on display. From the back row of a lecture hall, more than a dozen laptop screens were 49 . As Professor Jay Mallek lectured on the finer points of an office budget, many students went online to surf the Internet. Students write
quick emails and send instant messages. A young man shows an amusing email to the women next to him, and then switches over to read the online edition of The Wall Street Journal. Distraction is nothing 50 . As long as there have been schools, students have whispered, passed notes and even gazed out the window and daydreamed. But the 51 of the laptop has introduced new opportunities for distraction, and wireless introduces an even 52 range of distraction.
This is 53 annoying for law professors, many of whom still live in the world of paper. “This is something that hurts the students themselves,” said Ian Ayres, professor at Yale Law School, who 54 the Internet?s entry into the classroom. However, Professor Mallek sees it 55 . He said the benefits of the technology outweigh (胜过) the problems. He suggested that it might even be making him a better teacher. He takes the 56 of losing his students to email and online newspapers as a challenge to keep lectures lively and interesting.
A) visible I) new
B) threat J) demonstrates
C) possible K) larger
D) opposes L) differently
E) obstacle M) challenge
F) especially N) arrival
G) broader O) advantages
H) drawbacks
Section B
Directions:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the
best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
When it comes to using technology to foster education, the prevailing wisdom has been that more is better. Over the past decade, universities around the globe have invested heavily in the wired classroom, adding everything from external laptop connections to Blu-ray DVD players. But there is little evidence that these devices enhance learning — and, critics believe, they might actually hinder it, making both students and teachers passive. What if classrooms were restored to the pre-Internet days of wooden tables and chalk?
Take technology out of the classroom. Jose Bowen, dean of the Meadows School of the Arts at Southern Methodist University in Texas, has done just that. He wants his faculty to “teach naked”, meaning without the aid of any machines. “Just because you have a PowerPoint presentation doesn?t mean you have a good lecture,” he argues. Classroom time should be reserved for discussions with the professor, aimed at teaching students to think critically, argue, and raise new questions. Due to the grim (严峻的) economic climate at most universities, he says, avoiding new technology is also a sound way to save money.
Bowen, who teaches music, delivers content via podcasts (播客), which students must listen to on their own time. He then quizzes them on the material before every class to make sure they?ve done the work, and uses class time for discussions and research according to the recorded lessons. He?s been teaching the same material for 25 years, but s ince he implemented the new way, he says, his students have been more engaged and scored better on exams. College students asked by researchers to list what motivates them have consistently emphasized teacher enthusiasm, organization, and rapport (融洽的关系), while naming lack of active participation as a major disincentive (遏制因素). Last spring the British Educational Research Journal published a survey that found that 59 percent of students called at least half their lectures boring — particularly those involving PowerPoint.
Technology has a place in education, but it should be used independently by students outside the classroom. That gives them more time to absorb lectures via podcast or video, and frees teachers to spend class time coaching students in how to apply the material rather than simply absorb it.
57. What?s the opinion of critics about the technology used in the classrooms?
A) It helps enhance teaching and learning.
B) It puts extra financial burden on schools.
C) It may serve as an obstacle to learning.
D) It has injected great vitality into the class.
58. What does Jose Bowen expect his teachers to do?
A) To teach the students how to use technology after class.
B) To explain the materials clearly in their unique ways.
C) To give PowerPoint presentation when teaching.
D) To teach the students without the aid of technology.
59. According to the passage, class time should be used to _______.
A) discuss how to treat technology
B) learn the materials by heart
C) promote students? critical thinking
D) update students on new information
60. What do we learn from the third paragraph?
A) Active participation in class stimulates students to learn.
B) Students need tests to check what they have learned.
C) Most students regard lectures with PowerPoint as less boring.
D) Teachers? influence is the most important factor in teaching.
61. What is the author?s attitude towards using technology in the classroom?
A) Concerned.
B) Indifferent.
C) Optimistic.
D) Disapproving.
Passage Two
Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.
A theme is emerging from the flood of recent corporate earnings reports: Cost cuts are boosting profits. Investors are cheering, but they shouldn?t. Even in these tough times, more CEOs should be talking about how they are seeking out investments, developing new technologies and making acquisitions.
That?s what will set their companies up for a stronger future. Intel Corp.?s former CEO Gordon Moore had it right when he said years ago that “you can?t save your way out of a recession.” He meant that even in the toughest times, companies have to spend money on new ideas. Recessions always end, Moore often said, and when they do, companies that embraced innovation (创新) during the downturn won?t be stuck with obsolete products and services. Instead, they?ll have new things to offer once demand picks up again.
“Customers don?t come out of recessions spending the way they did before,” said Chunka Mui, who has studied how companies can capitalize on opportunities during crises at his Chicago-based consulting firm, The Devil?s Advocate Group. “They demand something different.”
Surprisingly few companies are following Moore?s advice of innovating during recessions. Many have been weakened by the pullback in consumer and business spending as well as tight credit conditions, which is making it harder for companies to get loans to fund their operations. That?s driven some to hold cash and make drastic cost cuts. They?re slashing (大幅度削减) jobs and wages and closing stores and factories.
The agg ressive cuts have allowed companies to exceed Wall Street?s expectations for their earnings. In fact, the “good” news has sent the Dow Jones industrial average above 10,000 for the first time in a year. The problem is that too many companies are making wid espread, not focused cuts. They?re telling every division to cut 10 percent of their work force or slashing marketing dollars by the same amount companywide.
“That is a quick way to rid a company of costs. But it doesn?t help it get in a better position going forward”, says Cesare Mainardi, managing director at the consulting firm Booz & Co. and co-author of the new book Cut Costs, Grow Stronger, “and a downturn like this should force people?s hand”.
62. What does the author think companies should do during a recession?
A) Cut jobs and wages so as to save more money.
B) Seek ways to make the company go forward.
C) Try hard to get loans to fund their operations.
D) Motivate the employees by raising the salaries.
63. According to Gordon Moore, when the reces sion ends, companies that didn?t innovate will _______.
A) enjoy faster development with the money saved
B) set up more factories as consumer demand grows
C) be hindered by out-of-date products and services
D) attract more customers with traditional products
64. How do consumers change after the economic crisis?
A) They lose confidence in the market.
B) They start to live within their means.
C) They have different ways of spending.
D) They try to avoid unnecessary expenditure.
65. What?s Cesare Mainardi?s opinion about companies? large-scale cuts?
A) They do no good to companies? future development.
B) They help the companies out of the crisis quickly.
C) They are the only way to get the expected profits.
D) They force the employees to work much harder.
66. What can be the best title for this passage?
A) Recession Not as Bad as Expected
B) Ways to Save You Out of the Crisis
C) Financial Crisis Spreading the World
D) Innovation Needed Even in Recessions
Part V Cloze (15 minutes)
Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then
mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
In many respects, mobile phones are similar to cars. Phones are now the 67 technology with which young people, and urban youths 68 , now define themselves. What sort of phone you carry and how you customize it says a great deal about yourself, just as the choice of car did for a 69 generation. In today?s congested(拥挤的) cities, you can no longer make a(n) 70 by pulling up outside a bar in a particular kind of car. 71 , you make a similar statement by displaying your mobile phone, 72 its carefully chosen ringtone, screen logo and slip cover. Mobile phones, like cars, are fashion items: in both 73 , people buy new ones far more often than is 74 necessary. Both are social technologies that bring people 67. A) dominant B) prominent
C) preceding D) magnificent
68. A) for instance B) by contrast
C) in particular D) on average
69. A) initial B) subsequent
C) future D) previous
70. A) engagement B) statement
C) remark D) announcement
71. A) Instead B) Nevertheless
C) However D) Anyway
72. A) for B) by C) with D) over
73. A) conditions B) cases C) occasions D) facts
74. A) relatively B) actually
together; for teenagers, both act as 75 of independence. And cars and phones alike 76 freedom and mobility, with unexpected social 77 .
That mobile phones are 78 many of the social functions of cars is to be welcomed. 79 it is a laudable(值得赞美的) goal that everyone on earth should someday have a mobile phone, car?s ubiquity (无处不在) produces 80 feelings. They are a horribly 81 mode of transport — why move a ton of metal around in order to transport a few bags of groceries. 82 they cause pollution, in the form of nasty gases. A fashion handset is a much greener form of self-expression than an old car. It may be 83 but it is safe. In the hands of a drunk driver, a car becomes a deadly (致命的) weapon, but it is not true of a phone. 84 concern that radiation from phones causes health problems, there is no 85 evidence of harm. Less pollution, less traffic, fewer injuries: the 86 from cars to phones cannot happen soon enough.
C) annually D) comparatively
75. A) signs B) signals C) symbols D) symptoms
76. A) propose B) heighten C) promote D) induce
77. A) effects B) expectations
C) results D) consequences
78. A) launching in B) committing to
C) sticking with D) taking on
79. A) Although B) While C) Hence D) Because
80. A) puzzled B) contrasted C) doubled D) mixed
81. A) inefficient B) ineffective
C) insufficient D) inadequate
82. A) Or B) And C) But D) As
83. A) annoying B) worrying
C) troubling D) upsetting
84. A) Despite B) Besides
C) Except D) Without
85. A) rigid B) harsh C) smooth D) clear
86. A) transfer B) transmission
C) switch D) transformation
Part VI Translation (5 minutes)
Directions:Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets. Please write your translation on Answer Sheet 2.
87. The French pianist who had been praised very highly _____________________________ (结果令人大失所望) .
88. It?s urgent that the relative laws should be regulated ____________________________ (依据网购的快速增长) .
89. My boss requested that ____________________________ (上交经济报告) by next Saturday.
90. I could not persuade him to accept it, nor ____________________________ (能让他意识到它的重要性) .
91.It ____________________________ (在门口的肯定不是邮递员) . It?s only six o?clock now.
4 级考前最新命制试卷二
参考答案及录音文本
参考答案
Part I Writing
【参考范文一】
On Self-Driving Tour
More tourists now choose to drive on their vacation. The rise in private cars is one reason for the popularity in Self-Driving tourism. The rapid development of highways is another. China?s extens ive highway network has shortened the distance between cities.
There are pros of driving yourself: you travel as you please, ready to stop to enjoy a place that catches your eye. You can buy your groceries just like a local and even enjoy a picnic in a field or a village square. However, there are some cons: you, for example, as a driver, are at a disadvantage when it comes to sightseeing. While others are gasping at the scenery, you are required to keep your eyes on the road.
As far as I am concerned, the pros of Self-Driving tours outweigh the cons. After all, you can choose the company you keep. Whether it is friends or family, you know these people. Traveling together can, if done right, be the basis of memories that will last a lifetime.
【参考范文二】
On Self-Driving Tour
Every long vacation, hundreds of thousands of travelers drive out of the city to get closer to nature. The popularity of Self-Driving tours is linked to the rise in private cars as well as the rise in independent transport in China?s large and medium cities.
For Self-Driving tours, the advantages are many, but flexibility rates high on the list. When you happen onto a breathtaking view, rather than flying by, you can stop. Besides, you are much more likely to interact with local people. However, Self-Driving tour has its disadvantages as well. In addition to stressful driving conditions for the driver, parking charges, gas and road tolls are expensive.
To drive or be driven, that is a question. For me, I don?t like the idea of traveling on someone else?s timetable. But I still would like to sign up for a bus trip instead of driving myself. The deciding factor is fear — I am not skilled at driving and am scared of getting hopelessly lost on the trip.
Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)
1. A)。
2. D)
3. D)
4. B)
5. D)
6. C)
7. B)
8. too dangerous or too costly
9. restrict enrollment
10. half / 50%
Part III Listening Comprehension
11. D)
12. B)
13. D)
14. C)
15. A)
16. B)
17. D)
18. C)
19. D)
20. A)
21. A)
22. C)
23. C)
24. D)
25. A)
26. B)
27. C)
28. D)
29. D)
30. C)
31. B)
32. A)
33. D)
34. C)
35. A)
36. difficult
37. recommendations
38. committed
39. conferences
40. conflicts
41. insecurities
42. negative
43. contacting
44. Under no circumstances do you let your own obstacle s hinder your child?s success
45. If you are unavailable during the day, try to pick your child up from after-school activities
46. It?s important for all parents to have their questions answered and their concerns properly communicated
Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)
47. M)
48. H)
49. A)
50. I)
51. N)
52. G)
53. F)
54. D)
55. L)
56. B)
57. C)
58. D)
59. C)
60. A)
61. D)
62. B)
63. C)
64. C)
65. A)
66. D)
Part V Cloze
67. A)
68. C)
69. D)
70. B)
71. A)
72. C)
73. B)
74. B)
75. C)
76. C)
77. D)
78. D)
79. B)
80. D)
81. A)
82. B)
83. A)
84. A)
85. D)
86. C)
Part VI Translation
87. turned out to be a great disappointment
88. in accordance with the rapid growth of online shopping
89. the economic reports (should) be handed in
90. could I make him realize the importance of it / its importance
91. can?t be the postman at the door
录音文本
Part III Listening Comprehension
Section A
11. M: I have just found a great location to open a new shop.
W: But you haven?t researched the market. Don?t y ou think this is putting the cart before the horse?
Q: What does the woman think the man should do?
12. W: I?m awfully sorry I?m late again, but I got caught in a traffic jam; you know what transportation was like this
time of day.
M: Well, “it appears that you have more traffic jams than other colleagues. It?s the fourth time you are late within two weeks.
Q: What does the man mean?
13. W: Have you met John?s girlfriend? Do you feel she?s as beautiful as he said? How come I don?t feel so?
M: Well, they say love is blind.
Q: What does the man mean?
14. M: Oh, gosh. I was caught cheating in the math examination yesterday.
W: I?m sorry to hear that. But since it happened, you have to face the music.
Q: What does the woman mean?
15. W: I just saw an ad on tele vision that said men?s suits were on sale today and tomorrow at Conrad?s Men?s Ware.
M: Great! That?s just what I?ve been waiting for.
Q: What will the man probably do?
16. W: We are offering quite a few programs this fall. Feel free to call any time and talk to the nurse.
M: Maybe I?ll do that. There are some things I?d like to know about the weight reduction program you?re offering.
Q: What do we learn about the man?
17. W: Good morning. Can I help you, sir?
M: Oh, yes. I?m going to enjoy a vacation in Sydney for three weeks. This is my first trip abroad and I want to get some information about flights and hotels there.
Q: Where does this conversation most probably take place?
18. M: This is a good seat. I?m glad you suggested the move. Here in the fron t section we can look out and enjoy the
scenery. If you get seat in the middle of the plane, the wings block your view.
W: Feel the plane moving? Are we taking off now? Listen. The girls are giving instructions.
Q: What do we learn from the conversation?
Now you will hear the two long conversations.
Conversation One
M: Can you tell me about the university shuttle bus system? This is such a large campus, and I have classes all over the campus. I need to take the shuttle bus from one class to another, or I?l l never make it on time.
W: What do you need to know? I think it?s a really great system.
M: First of all, where does it go?
W: The university shuttle bus system goes all over campus. It doesn?t leave the campus; if you want to travel off campus, you?ll ne ed to take the city bus system. But the university shuttle bus system will get you from one class to the next very efficiently.
M: And how much does it cost?
W: It?s free. Can you believe it? So you don?t have to pay a cent to get all around the university campus.
M: That?s really great. And how do I catch the shuttle bus?
W: Just look for one of the bright yellow shuttle bus signs, and go stand next to it. You can see the yellow shuttle bus signs all over campus. A shuttle bus will come along approximately every five minutes, so you shouldn?t have to wait long.
M: That all sounds good. Thanks for your help.
W: No problem.
Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
19. What are the man and woman discussing?
20. What area does the university shuttle bus cover?
21. How much does the shuttle bus cost?
22. What color are the shuttle bus signs?
Conversation Two
W: Good morning, Doctor Sherman Alexie. Let?s talk about your life. Where do you come from?
M: I come from the Rez, an Indian reservation. I grew up there, lived there until 18. I lived on and off the reservation for the next 6 or 7 years during college. I left there after I graduated, worked at a high school exchange program. I thought I do that kind of job to support my writing. Day jobs that require no emotional investment beyond 8 hours
a day where I wouldn?t need to bring work home. I didn?t want to be part of management or anybody important at
the job. I wanted to be completely replaceable, that is what I thought I would be doing for most of my life and writing. Then I got a ground and my first book got a front-page review in the New York Times Book Review. W: When did writing enter your life?
M: Books are always being in my life. My dad love books and most of what he read wer e westerners? spy novels, mysteries. I grew up loving books, copying my father?s love for books. But nobody has showed me a book written by an Indian, not even one piece of poem. Nothing. At that time I was going to be a physician. I loved math and science. I got to college, couldn?t handle physiology, and was looking around for options and took a poetry-writing class for fun.
W: Poetry was your way in?
M: Yes, that?s where I started. I took the class and honestly, I just thought it would be an easy grade. But I completely underestimated poetry and what it would do to me and the realm of possibility for it. I took the class and was hooked about ten minutes after reading my first contemporary poem.
Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
23. Why did Sherman Alexie only take day jobs?
24. What was his original goal at college?
25. Why did he take the poetry-writing class?
Section B
Passage One
The Winners Club is a bank account specially designed for teenagers. It has been made to help you better manage your money. The Winners Club is a transaction account where you receive a key-card so you can get to your money 24/7 —that?s 24 hours a day, 7 days a week!
You?re no millionaire so we don?t expect you to pay large fees. In fact, th ere are no account keeping or
揭密试卷命制过程 揭密试卷命制过程 绥化普高联校复制 揭密试卷命制过程 一、命题目的 命题有狭义广义之分。狭义命题是指对考试试题的命制，广义命题则还包括由试题组合成试卷。这里采用广义命题观，即命题系指试题和试卷的命制和编辑。 命题的目的就是命制一份高质量的试卷，它必须符合考试目的，满足试卷、试题的质量指标要求。 二、命题组织及工作程序 1、命题组编制测评考试的命题双向细目表及能力和情感目标考查说明。然后命题组成员各自据之编写试题、试卷、参考答案和评分标准草稿。命题组应对试卷草稿进行认真论证，从中筛选出用于组卷的试题，然后编辑试卷初稿。与此同时，应编制相应的参考答案和评分标准初稿。 2、命题组应对试卷初稿进行试测试评，试测人员由命题人员或合适的学生担任。根据试测结果，命题组再进行修订工作，最后拿出试卷、参考答案和评分标准及试卷双向细目表定稿。 3、命题组组长将试测试卷、命题双向细目表和试卷双向细目表、试卷、参考答案和评分标准的定稿一并交科负责人，并填写传递卡有关栏目完成交接手续。命题组长负责保存除移交审卷组的文档外的一切有关书面文档。 三、命题的总体要求 1、符合测评考试目的的要求。按照对测评考试分数解释依据的不同，考试可分为参照常模性测验和参照目标性测验两种。参照常模性测验适合于选拔性测验，如升学、竞赛、升学练兵考试。参照目标性测验适合于达标性测验，如期中、期末考试和毕业会考等。 2、符合测评考试的难度要求。考试难度要求有两项。其一是试题的难易程度，由易度指数衡量，易度指数越大，试题越容易。其二是试
题的难度分布，即按试题的难易程度将试题分为容易题、中难题、难题三类、三类题的比例分配要符合要求。 对于学科考试，参照目标性测验的易、中、难题比例一般为6：2：2到8：2：O，及格率一般为75~90%，优秀率一般为10~20%，参照常模性测验的易、中，难题比例一般为3：5：2到2：5：3，成绩分布大体呈正态分布。 3、遵从命题双向细目表。命题双向细目表是规定考试范围和认知目标的二维表格，表的纵向竖直栏规定测验的范围和内容，表的横向水平栏规定考试对认知目标或难度水平的要求。 下表是命题双向细目表样表。表中A、B，C对应于易、中、难三个难度水平，所列数字是指具有给定难度的对应章、节或知识点在试卷中的权重，是确定考试时问及试题数量和分数的依据，权重可以根据内容的重要程度、教学时问及其它因素确定。该表的纵向合计表示试题的难度分布，横向合计表示考试范围和内容的比重。编制试卷时，可在保证基本符合总的权重分配条件下，灵活调节表中个别项目的权重；与此同时，试卷内容要有良好的代表性和充分的覆盖率，各部分内容的比例要适当。 表3.1命题双向细目表样表 范围知识点难度水平合计 章节ABC 第一章第 一 节●12 39 ○235 ★1 1 第 二 节☆2 29 ◎◎◎◎◎◎33 ◇◇◇◇◇◇4 4
初中英语试题命制的基本要求.txt再过几十年，我们来相会，送到火葬场，全部烧成灰，你一堆，我一堆，谁也不认识谁，全部送到农村做化肥。初中毕业生英语学科学业考试命题指导课改实验区初中毕业生英语学业考试命题指导项目组 1997年，教育部基础教育司组织专家，就义务教育课程实施状况对9个省(市) 的16 000 多名学生、2 000 多名校长、教师进行了抽样调查。调查结果显示，初中毕业、升学考试对教师的教学行为、教师布置作业的内容与数量、学生的学习方式等都有重大的影响。调查结论认为，当时的考试评价制度存在着较大问题，严重制约了学生的全面发展，甚至影响到青少年的身心健康，已成为实施素质教育的瓶颈。为解决这一问题，教育部基础教育司在研究新的课程方案的同时，采取了一系列措施进行中考改革。 1998 年4 月，教育部基础教育司下发了《关于中考语文考试改革试点工作的指导意见》，在江苏省苏州市、湖北省荆门市、福建省莆田市、山东省烟台市、吉林省辽源市、上海市闽行区、北京市顺义县等七个地区进行初中毕业、升学语文考试改革试点。以语文学科初中毕业、升学考试改革为突破口，拉开了全国初中毕业、升学考试改革的帷幕。 1999 年和2000 年，教育部基础教育司两次下发《关于初中毕业、升学考试改革的指导意见》(以下简称《指导意见》)，提出了初中毕业、升学考试改革应符合国家的教育方针，体现义务教育的性质和素质教育的要求，推动了全国范围内的初中毕业及升学考试改革。1999 年，教育部基础教育司组建了“全国初中毕业、升学考试评价课题组”，从1999～2003 年连续五年对各地的初中毕业、升学考试进行分学科的评价，并于2000 年、2001 年、2003 年三次组织全国命题单位的研修培训，对命题、审题、阅卷和试卷评价等问题进行了深入的研讨。 2002 年12 月，经国务院同意，教育部下发了《关于积极推进中小学评价与考试制度改革的通知》，提出了新课程背景下全面推进中小学评价与考试制度改革的行动纲领和
中考英语试题命制的基本要求 初中毕业生英语学科学业考试命题指导课改实验区初中毕业生英语学业考试命题指导项目组1997年，教育部基础教育司组织专家，就义务教育课程实施状况对9个省(市) 的16 000 多名学生、2 000 多名校长、教师进行了抽样调查。调查结果显示，初中毕业、升学考试对教师的教学行为、教师布置作业的内容与数量、学生的学习方式等都有重大的影响。调查结论认为，当时的考试评价制度存在着较大问题，严重制约了学生的全面发展，甚至影响到青少年的身心健康，已成为实施素质教育的瓶颈。为解决这一问题，教育部基础教育司在研究新的课程方案的同时，采取了一系列措施进行中考改革。1998 年 4 月，教育部基础教育司下发了《关于中考语文考试改革试点工作的指导意见》，在江苏省苏州市、湖北省荆门市、福建省莆田市、山东省烟台市、吉林省辽源市、上海市闽行区、北京市顺义县等七个地区进行初中毕业、升学语文考试改革试点。以语文学科初中毕业、升学考试改革为突破口，拉开了全国初中毕业、升学考试改革的帷幕。
1999 年和2000 年，教育部基础教育司两次下发《关于初中毕业、升学考试改革的指导意见》(以下简称《指导意见》)，提出了初中毕业、升学考试改革应符合国家的教育方针，体现义务教育的性质和素质教育的要求，推动了全国范围内的初中毕业及升学考试改革。1999 年，教育部基础教育司组建了“全国初中毕业、升学考试评价课题组”，从1999～2003 年连续五年对各地的初中毕业、升学考试进行分学科的评价，并于2000 年、2001 年、2003 年三次组织全国命题单位的研修培训，对命题、审题、阅卷和试卷评价等问题进行了深入的研讨。2002 年12 月，经国务院同意，教育部下发了《关于积极推进中小学评价与考试制度改革的通知》，提出了新课程背景下全面推进中小学评价与考试制度改革的行动纲领和基本要求。通过上述措施，全国各地在初中毕业、升学考试的指导思想、试题命制、考试管理等方面都取得了较大进展。具体表现在：在考试的指导思想方面，各地在落实2000 年《指导意见》的基础上，对初中毕业生学业考试的认识不断深化，进一步探索按照推进素质教育和课程改革的要求，向着有利于学生的全面和谐及个性化发展、有利于学校创新发展、有利于课程改革健康发展、有利于基础教育均衡发展的
中学试卷命制要求 一、考试科目 1.适合科目：语文、数学、外语、物理、化学、生物、政治、历史、地理 2.单独命题科目：计算机、美术、音乐、书法等。 二、组织形式 命题人和审题人由各学科备课组长指定，考试采用闭卷密封形式。 三、命题要求 1.命题范围：原则上为本期所学内容，也可根据教学的实际情况进行调整，并将调整情况报教务处备案并说明原因。 2.基本要求：试卷结构合理，符合新课标，试题尽量原创，原题须改造或重组，不可使用现成试卷，命题、审题要认真细致，无重要失误。 3.学科分值：语文、数学、外语、三科均为150分；其它学科均为100分。 4.考试时间： （1）语文为150分钟；（2）数学为120分钟； （3）外语为120分钟；不含听力为100分钟（试卷分值为120分）。 （4）其它学科均为90分钟。 5.难度系数：要求掌握在0.80±0.05；试题的易、中、难比例按5:4:1命制。 四、输机要求 （1）题目：第一行：安阳市三中20xx-20xx学年x期期x考试（小三黑体）第二行：高xхх试题卷（答题卷、参考答案卷）（三号黑体） 第三行：命题人（小三黑体）、审题人（小三黑体） （2）内容：①大题题型号（四号黑体） ②正文（小四宋体），行间距：固定值约为18 ③页脚：高xхх（学科）卷，共x页第x页（五号黑体） ④页边距：上下左右均为2cm ⑤纸张大小为B5 （3）序号：①大写“一二三”后面，要用“顿号”，如“一、二、”。 ②小写“123”和字母后面，要用实心小圆点，如“1．A．a．”。 ③序号加括号，如（1）（2）（3）等后面，不加任何标点符号。（4）密封：密封线内要填写班级、姓名、考场号-座号等，并放在答题卷首页左侧，密封线内宽度约3.5厘米，便于密封。 五、试卷交付 1.保密要求：从命题到考试期间的各个环节，要求相关人员严格注意保密问题并采取相应的措施，包括选题、输机、发送、校对、印刷、分卷等。接触试题的各相关人员也必须注意保密。 2.试卷交付：备课组长应在规定时间内将试卷、参考答案的纸质稿及电子稿一并交予教务处。 安阳市三中教务处 2013年10月28日
命制试卷的基本要素 一、数学考试的目标： 考试命题“一切为了学生的发展”，从考试对象的实际状况出发，遵循课程标准但不面面俱到、人为追求“知识技能”考点的覆盖面，注意数学思考、解决问题方面的教育目标达标测评，有所体现对过程性目标（经历、体验、探索）的测评。要为教与学的方式的改进服务，通过考试抑制将数学能力技能化的过分训练，使探索性与接受性学习并行，为动手实践、主动探索、合作交流的学习方式提供活跃的生存空间。 二、试卷功能： (一)对学生学习的诊断与促进，恰当评价学生基础知识和基本技能的理解和掌握 对基础知识和基本技能的评价，应遵循《标准》的基本理念，以本学段的知识与技能目标为基准，考察学生对基础知识和基本技能的理解和掌握程度。对学生评价时，应重点考察学生在学习过程中结合具体材料对所学内容实际意义的理解 (二)情感与态度目标的落实 评价考试不应该还是冷冷的面孔，应该符合课程标准的理念，采用鼓励性语言，体现人文关怀，发挥评价的激励作用。让每一个考生在考试过程中，能够放松、愉悦地发挥其聪明才智，保护学生的自尊心和自信心。 (三)重视对学生发现问题和解决问题能力的评价，要注意考察学生能否从日常生活中发现并提出简单的数学问题；能否选择适当的方法解决问题；能否表达解决问题的大致过程和结果；是否养成反思自己解决问题过程的习惯。 解决问题过程评价的目标:
◆能否从不同角度观察、分析问题； ◆能否恰当应用各种策略和方法解决问题或者自己独立探究出解决问题新的思路与方法； ◆能否用数学语言清楚地表达解决问题的过程，并尝试用不同的方式（文字、符号、图表等）进行表达； ◆根据最初的问题情境证实和解释结果的合理性； ◆对解决问题的过程进行反思，获得解决问题的经验； ◆能否将解法或策略概括为一般的策略与方法并用于解决新的问题之中； ◆能否将问题及其结论作进一步的概括、推广与发展。考试命题要体现对学生的人文关怀，彻底摒弃考试就是甄别学业和成绩排队的错误观念，命题设计题目时不会一味的“捅漏子”、“造陷井”，而是让学生有展示所学和发挥能力的机会，这样才能真正做到让学生认识自我，建立数学自信心和争取更大的发展。 三、命题要求： （一）“考基础、抓重点、求稳定”的命题指导思想和“起点低、坡度缓、尾巴略翘”的试卷设计风格以及“依纲据本、考学一致”的命题原则。 （二）试卷难易分值配比合理，对主观性试题适当考虑分小题设计；评分坚持比较细致的分步得分方案和原则，以适当增加区分度。 试题难度逐题推进，在综合题设计上，难度也是按小题逐步增加的。难度适当，将难点分散在不同题目中，对主观性试题，适当考虑分小题设计，以体现适度区分，使不同层次考生都有所发挥。
命制试卷的基本要素 考试说明一共有六大部分，这六大部分包括第一，考试的性质，第二，考试的范围，第三，考试的内容和目标，第四，考试的方式，第五，试卷的结构，第六是题型示例以及参考答案。简单地说，这一个小小的册子就告诉我们中考数学要考什么，怎么考，考试范围是什么，考试的难度又会怎样。那这个难，难会难在哪儿 一、中考的性质：？ 考试的指导思想是：有助于高级中等学校的招生录取工作，有助于进一步促进初中教学质量的提高，有助于课程改革的实施和中学素质教育的全面推进。考试应具有较高的信度、效度、必要的区分度和适当的难度。 考试命题“一切为了学生的发展”，从考试对象的实际状况出发，遵循课程标准但不面面俱到、人为追求“知识技能”考点的覆盖面，注意数学思考、解决问题方面的教育目标达标测评，有所体现对过程性目标（经历、体验、探索）的测评。要为教与学的方式的改进服务，通过考试抑制将数学能力技能化的过分训练，使探索性与接受性学习并行，为动手实践、主动探索、合作交流的学习方式提供活跃的生存空间。 试卷编制应适应课改要求： （1）体现知识的迁移、转化、应用或问题解决等能力因素。 （2）重视知识技能形成过程的考查，引导加强过程教学。例如；对一些公式的形成，规律的得出可以设计探究性的试题，让学生通过观察、分析、归纳、猜想，发现其中蕴含的规律。 （3）注重联系生活实际，突出学科知识的实践和运用。试卷命题的外在形式上都要努力体现生活化、情节化，应避免单纯用符号、公式、模型表达的题目，避免类似于物理学科中“一个小球”“一个铁块”之类抽象的表述形式，尽可能将每一道题设计成实际生活中的情境或故事．这样既可以激发学生的创造灵感，又可以使学生所学的知识与方法生活化．（4）体现试题的开放特点，引导探究、创新的学习风气。例如，对概念、规则等知识的考查，可以把它们揉合在实际问题的解决中去。这类试题新意浓，思路广，自由度大，探究性强，可以激发学生的学习兴趣。再如，对应用问题的考查，也可以考虑设计一些开放性试题。如一题多解、一题多问、一题多编、一题多变的题型。多解题可要求学生说明其中的最佳解法，并且在量分上作出区别，对创新性解法给予特别加分。教师要避免总以教材例题为标准去套用试题的不良影响。另外，试卷中可对问题设计解决万案,尝试依据问题、目标构思和探索问题解决的思路、策略。这种以考查学生学科应用能力的做法，可以引发教师在教学中注意实施自主型开放式教学模式。 试卷编制还应体现学科特点： （1）重视对数学核心观念、基本运算能力、发散性思维、数学思考、数学思想方法和空间观念的考查。突出知识学习和形成数学观念,发展数学思考之间的联系。注重考查活学活用教材、知识迁移于新情景的能力，变式的能力，注重通性通法的考查，要考活知识。 （2）体现地方特点和时代性，渗透情感与态度教育。试题要突出数学与现实的联系，贴近生活和生活实际，立意要新颖，考查学生对周围事物的观察能力，强调学生通过实践，增强探究和创新意识，学习科学研究方法，发展综合运用知识的能力，注意体现试题的思想性。把市场意识、应用意识和国情教育渗透到试题中。 ①与现实相联系的试题总分值基本上要占总分的50%。 ②问题情境注重鲜活，适合学生的实际，不仅仅包含有解决社会实际问题的情境，同时也有一定含量的适应学生年龄特点的游戏问题。体现现实性和趣味性。？ 数学发展的历史贯穿着理性探索与现实需要这两股动力，贯穿着对真善美与对功利使用的两种追求。我们在文化这一更加广阔的背景下讨论数学的发展、数学的作用以及数学的价
试题命制筛选要求 试卷按模板排版，试题完整，无残缺题，分数设置合理，有参考答案。 一、九大基本原则： 1.从零散走向综合； 2.从积累走向运用； 3.从书本走向生活； 4.从知识走向方法； 5.从结果走向过程； 6.从封闭走向开放； 7.从学科走向素养；8.从教师走向学生； 9.从内容走向形式； 二、八点关键要求： 1.原创：试卷要求原创，可适当精选组合，所选题必须更换内容或考题形式。 2.范围：试题覆盖面要广，是经过仔细研读课标，教材内容、学生学习情况后制订的。 3.题型：考点不能重复。 4.表述：题干描述要准确，不设陷井，不要因为题目理解干挠学生完成试题。 5.难度：难度是指试题的难易程度，它是衡量试题质量的一个重要指标参数，它和区分度共同影响并决定试卷的鉴别性。 一般认为，试题的难度指数在0.3－0.7之间比较合适，整份试卷的平均难度最好在0.5左右，高于0.7和低于0.3的试题不能太多。 P=1—x/w x为某题得分的平均分数，w为该题的满分。 这种定义法，难度值小时表明试题容易，值大时表明试题难，最小值为0，最大值为1。 P=x/w 这种定义法，难度值小时表明试题难，值大时表明试题容易，最小值为0，最大值为1。 6.区分度：区分度是区分应试者能力水平高低的指标。试题区分度高，可以拉开不同水平应试者分数的距离，使高水平者得高分，低水平者得低分，而区分度低则反映不出不同应试者的水平差异。通常来说，中等难度的试题区分度较大。 7.信度：信度是指测得结果的一致性或稳定性，稳定性越大，意味着测评结果越可靠。相反，如果用某套试题对同一应试者先后进行两次测试，结果第一次得80分，第二次得50分，结果的可靠性就值得怀疑了。 8.效度：效度是一个测试能够测试出它所要测试的东西的程度，即测试结果与测试目标的符合程度。也就是说，一套测试是否达到了它预定的目的以及是否测量了它要测量的内容。
页眉内容 初中毕业生英语学科学业考试命题指导课改实验区初中毕业生英语学业考试命题指导项目组 1997年，教育部基础教育司组织专家，就义务教育课程实施状况对9个省(市) 的16 000 多名学生、2 000 多名校长、教师进行了抽样调查。调查结果显示，初中毕业、升学考试对教师的教学行为、教师布置作业的内容与数量、学生的学习方式等都有重大的影响。调查结论认为，当时的考试评价制度存在着较大问题，严重制约了学生的全面发展，甚至影响到青少年的身心健康，已成为实施素质教育的瓶颈。为解决这一问题，教育部基础教育司在研究新的课程方案的同时，采取了一系列措施进行中考改革。 1998 年4 月，教育部基础教育司下发了《关于中考语文考试改革试点工作的指导意见》，在江苏省苏州市、湖北省荆门市、福建省莆田市、山东省烟台市、吉林省辽源市、上海市闽行区、北京市顺义县等七个地区进行初中毕业、升学语文考试改革试点。以语文学科初中毕业、升学考试改革为突破口，拉开了全国初中毕业、升学考试改革的帷幕。 1999 年和2000 年，教育部基础教育司两次下发《关于初中毕业、升学考试改革的指导意见》(以下简称《指导意见》)，提出了初中毕业、升学考试改革应符合国家的教育方针，体现义务教育的性质和素质教育的要求，推动了全国范围内的初中毕业及升学考试改革。1999 年，教育部基础教育司组建了“全国初中毕业、升学考试评价课题组”，从1999～2003 年连续五年对各地的初中毕业、升学考试进行分学科的评价，并于2000 年、2001 年、2003 年三次组织全国命题单位的研修培训，对命题、审题、阅卷和试卷评价等问题进行了深入的研讨。 2002 年12 月，经国务院同意，教育部下发了《关于积极推进中小学评价与考试制度改革的通知》，提出了新课程背景下全面推进中小学评价与考试制度改革的行动纲领和基本要求。通过上述措施，全国各地在初中毕业、升学考试的指导思想、试题命制、考试管理等方面都取得了较大进展。具体表现在：在考试的指导思想方面，各地在落实2000 年《指导意见》的基础上，对初中毕业生学业考试的认识不断深化，进一步探索按照推进素质教育和课程改革的要求，向着有利于学生的全面和谐及个性化发展、有利于学校创新发展、有利于课程改革健康发展、有利于基础教育均衡发展的方向努力。在试题命制方面，各地在重视考查基础知识与基本技能的基础上，普遍关注对学生在具体情境中运用所学知识与技能分析和解决问题能力的考查，注意加强试题与社会实际和学生生活的联系，杜绝设置偏题、怪题，成为各地命题单位的共同追求。在考试管理方面，各地都加强了命题、审题、阅卷、考务、招生的管理制度建设，促进了考试管理的科学化、制度化，并初步建立了各地自评与专家评价相结合的初中毕业、升学考试评价监控机制。随着新课程的推进，需要各地进一步深化初中毕业、升学考试改革，加大高中招生制度改革的力度，为新课程的顺利实施创造条件。为了确保2004 年17 个国家基础教育课程改革实验区的初中毕业和普通高中招生制度改革符合基础教育课程改革的理念和课程标准的要求，基础教育司于2003 年成立了由北京师范大学心理学院院长、全国心理测量专业委员会理事长车宏生教授为组长的“初中毕业与普通高中招生制度改革项目组”。项目组将通过专项研究和专业指导，力求在初中毕业生学业考试、综合素质评定、高中招生录取三方面取得突破，改变以升学考试科目分数简单相加作为唯一录取标准的做法，以促进基础教育课程改革的顺利实施，并为2005 年在更大范围内进行初中毕业与普通高中招生制度改革奠定基础。与此同时，教育部基础教育司继续组织国家课程标准组的核心成员、部分师范院校学科教学论研究人员、评价研究人员、部分省市教研人员共计100 余名专家，对2003 年全国抽中毕业、升学考试情况进行评价。根据各地上报的材料及专题调查，课题组通过研究形成了较为系统的分析报告。初中毕业生英语学业考试是义务教育阶段的终结性考试，其目的是全面、准确地考查初中毕业生在英语学习方面达到《全日制义务教育英语课程标准》(以下简称《课程标准》)所规定的英语毕业水平的程度。考试结果既是衡量学生是否达到毕业标准的主要依据，也是高中阶段学校招生的重要依据之一。初中毕业生英语学业考试落实《课程标准》所确立的课程评价理念，有利于促进和引导英语教学全面落实《课程标准》所规定的课程目标，有利于
试卷命制的基本要素Revised on November 25, 2020
命制试卷的基本要素 考试说明一共有六大部分，这六大部分包括第一，考试的性质，第二，考试的范围，第三，考试的内容和目标，第四，考试的方式，第五，试卷的结构，第六是题型示例以及参考答案。简单地说，这一个小小的册子就告诉我们中考数学要考什么，怎么考，考试范围是什么，考试的难度又会怎样。那这个难，难会难在哪儿 一、中考的性质： 考试的指导思想是：有助于高级中等学校的招生录取工作，有助于进一步促进初中教学质量的提高，有助于课程改革的实施和中学素质教育的全面推进。考试应具有较高的信度、效度、必要的区分度和适当的难度。 考试命题“一切为了学生的发展”，从考试对象的实际状况出发，遵循课程标准但不面面俱到、人为追求“知识技能”考点的覆盖面，注意数学思考、解决问题方面的教育目标达标测评，有所体现对过程性目标（经历、体验、探索）的测评。要为教与学的方式的改进服务，通过考试抑制将数学能力技能化的过分训练，使探索性与接受性学习并行，为动手实践、主动探索、合作交流的学习方式提供活跃的生存空间。 试卷编制应适应课改要求： （1）体现知识的迁移、转化、应用或问题解决等能力因素。 （2）重视知识技能形成过程的考查，引导加强过程教学。例如；对一些公式的形成，规律的得出可以设计探究性的试题，让学生通过观察、分析、归纳、猜想，发现其中蕴含的规律。 （3）注重联系生活实际，突出学科知识的实践和运用。试卷命题的外在形式上都要努力体现生活化、情节化，应避免单纯用符号、公式、模型表达的题目，避免类似于物理学科中“一个小球”“一个铁块”之类抽象的表述形式，尽可能将每一道题设计成实际生活中的情境或故事．这样既可以激发学生的创造灵感，又可以使学生所学的知识与方法生活化． （4）体现试题的开放特点，引导探究、创新的学习风气。例如，对概念、规则等知识的考查，可以把它们揉合在实际问题的解决中去。这类试题新意浓，思路广，自由度大，探究性强，可以激发学生的学习兴趣。再如，对应用问题的考查，也可以考虑设计一些开放性试题。如一题多解、一题多问、一题多编、一题多变的题型。多解题可要求学生说明其中的最佳解法，并且在量分上作出区别，对创新性解法给予特别加分。教师要避免总以教材例题为标准去套用试题的不良影响。另外，试卷中可对问题设计解决万案,尝试依据问
试卷命制的基本要素集团文件发布号：（9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-
命制试卷的基本要素 考试说明一共有六大部分，这六大部分包括第一，考试的性质，第二，考试的范围，第三，考试的内容和目标，第四，考试的方式，第五，试卷的结构，第六是题型示例以及参考答案。简单地说，这一个小小的册子就告诉我们中考数学要考什么，怎么考，考试范围是什么，考试的难度又会怎样。那这个难，难会难在哪儿 一、中考的性质： 考试的指导思想是：有助于高级中等学校的招生录取工作，有助于进一步促进初中教学质量的提高，有助于课程改革的实施和中学素质教育的全面推进。考试应具有较高的信度、效度、必要的区分度和适当的难度。 考试命题“一切为了学生的发展”，从考试对象的实际状况出发，遵循课程标准但不面面俱到、人为追求“知识技能”考点的覆盖面，注意数学思考、解决问题方面的教育目标达标测评，有所体现对过程性目标（经历、体验、探索）的测评。要为教与学的方式的改进服务，通过考试抑制将数学能力技能化的过分训练，使探索性与接受性学习并行，为动手实践、主动探索、合作交流的学习方式提供活跃的生存空间。 试卷编制应适应课改要求： （1）体现知识的迁移、转化、应用或问题解决等能力因素。 （2）重视知识技能形成过程的考查，引导加强过程教学。例如；对一些公式的形成，规律的得出可以设计探究性的试题，让学生通过观察、分析、归纳、猜想，发现其中蕴含的规律。
（3）注重联系生活实际，突出学科知识的实践和运用。试卷命题的外在形式上都要努力体现生活化、情节化，应避免单纯用符号、公式、模型表达的题目，避免类似于物理学科中“一个小球”“一个铁块”之类抽象的表述形式，尽可能将每一道题设计成实际生活中的情境或故事．这样既可以激发学生的创造灵感，又可以使学生所学的知识与方法生活化． （4）体现试题的开放特点，引导探究、创新的学习风气。例如，对概念、规则等知识的考查，可以把它们揉合在实际问题的解决中去。这类试题新意浓，思路广，自由度大，探究性强，可以激发学生的学习兴趣。再如，对应用问题的考查，也可以考虑设计一些开放性试题。如一题多解、一题多问、一题多编、一题多变的题型。多解题可要求学生说明其中的最佳解法，并且在量分上作出区别，对创新性解法给予特别加分。教师要避免总以教材例题为标准去套用试题的不良影响。另外，试卷中可对问题设计解决万案,尝试依据问题、目标构思和探索问题解决的思路、策略。这种以考查学生学科应用能力的做法，可以引发教师在教学中注意实施自主型开放式教学模式。 试卷编制还应体现学科特点： （1）重视对数学核心观念、基本运算能力、发散性思维、数学思考、数学思想方法和空间观念的考查。突出知识学习和形成数学观念,发展数学思考之间的联系。注重考查活学活用教材、知识迁移于新情景的能力，变式的能力，注重通性通法的考查，要考活知识。
谈谈如何命制一份合适的试卷 晋江市南侨中学教研室胡启山 几年来，随着高中新课程改革的不断推进，各学科各阶段各种各样的考试命题也面临着新挑战。试题的题目是否真正体现“知识与目标”“过程与方法”、“情感态度价值观”等方面的考察？题目是否具有科学性?题目能不能检测学生真实学习水平?题目是否能真正暴露出教与学之中存在的问题?在考查学生对过 程体验和运用方法解决问题能力的同时,是否贴近生活,体现时代性？这一个个问题我们是否引起我们的注意，我们注意到了，但是否思考过？，思考过了，但我们是否尝试过如何解决的它等等。诸如此类的问题我们可以提出很多，这都不重要，我们应当如何做这才是最重要的。今天我就与各位同仁谈一谈如何命制一份试题。 当老师就免不了要命题，命题并不是一件容易的事。命好题是教师一项重要的能力体现。课上得好的老师不见得能命好题。因为命题能力的提高，必须是在学习、探索和实践中实现的。命制一份合适的试卷，是很不容易的。在教学实践中，我们部分教师不会独立命制出合适的试题，尤其是新教师，在这个方面的能力就更差一些，也可以说这是新教师的水平与能力的缺陷。命题大致分为两类，一为科学型，一为经验型。科学型命题要求过于专业，要建立题库，要有数据统计分析，要经过测量等。目前中考，甚至会考、高考，一直都是采用的经验型命题，我想着手研究科学型命题是我们以后追求的一个目标，在当前一个较长时期内，尤其在平时的考试、测验中，我们仍将采用经验型命题。当然，经验型命题中也应不断地加入科学的成分，如试题分析等。一般来说经验型命题大都经历三个阶段：拿来、模仿、创造。先是从众多的试卷中，筛选自以为满意的部分试卷，
试题命制要求 Company number：【WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998】
试题命制筛选要求 试卷按模板排版，试题完整，无残缺题，分数设置合理，有参考答案。 一、九大基本原则： 1.从零散走向综合； 2.从积累走向运用； 3.从书本走向生活； 4.从知识走向方法； 5.从结果走向过程； 6.从封闭走向开放； 7.从学科走向素养；8.从教师走向学生； 9.从内容走向形式； 二、八点关键要求： 1.原创：试卷要求原创，可适当精选组合，所选题必须更换内容或考题形式。 2.范围：试题覆盖面要广，是经过仔细研读课标，教材内容、学生学习情况后制订的。 3.题型：考点不能重复。 4.表述：题干描述要准确，不设陷井，不要因为题目理解干挠学生完成试题。 5.难度：难度是指试题的难易程度，它是衡量试题质量的一个重要指标参数，它和区分度共同影响并决定试卷的鉴别性。 一般认为，试题的难度指数在－之间比较合适，整份试卷的平均难度最好在左右，高于和低于的试题不能太多。 P=1—x/w x为某题得分的平均分数，w为该题的满分。 这种定义法，难度值小时表明试题容易，值大时表明试题难，最小值为0，最大值为1。 P=x/w 这种定义法，难度值小时表明试题难，值大时表明试题容易，最小值为0，最大值为1。 6.区分度：区分度是区分应试者能力水平高低的指标。试题区分度高，可以拉开不同水平应试者分数的距离，使高水平者得高分，低水平者得低分，而区分度低则反映不出不同应试者的水平差异。通常来说，中等难度的试题区分度较大。 7.信度：信度是指测得结果的一致性或稳定性，稳定性越大，意味着测评结果越可靠。相反，如果用某套试题对同一应试者先后进行两次测试，结果第一次得80分，第二次得50分，结果的可靠性就值得怀疑了。